BiblioAsia - National Library Singapore

More documents

Recommendations

Info

REFERENCES19. Colijn, H. (1995). Song of survival:Women interned. Ashland: WhiteCloud Press.Call no.: RSING 940.547252COL [WAR]20. Harper, T. N. (1999). The end ofempire and the making of Malaya.Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Call no.: RSING 959.5105 HAR21. Hicks, G. (1995). The comfort women:Sex slaves of the Japanese imperialforces. Singapore: Heinemann Asia.Call no.: RSING 364.153 HIC22. Hilsdon, A. M. (1995). Madonnas andmartyrs: Militarism and violence in thePhilippines. Australia: Allen & Unwin.Call no.: RSEA 305.409599 HIL23. Huie, S. P. (1992). The forgottenones: Women and children underNippon. Pymble, N.S.W.: Angus &Robertson Publishers.Call no.: RSEA 940. 547252HUI-[WAR]24. Ibrahim, C. (2004). Memoir IbrahimChik: Dari API ke rejimen ke-10.Bangi: Penerbit UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia.Call no.: RSEA 355.0092 IBR25. Jan, R. O. (1994). 50 years of silence:Comfort women of Indonesia. Australia:Editions Tom Thompson.Call no.: R 364.153 RUF26. Kathigasu, S. (1983). No dram ofmercy. Singapore:Oxford University Press.Call no.: RSEA 940.547252 KAT-[WAR]27. Khoo, A. (2004). Life as the riverflows: Women in the Malayan anticolonialstruggle. Petaling Jaya: SIRD.Call no.: RSING 959.5105 LIF28. Macdonald, S. (1987). Drawing thelines – Gender, peace and war: Anintroduction. In S. Macdonald, P.Holden and S. Ardener (Eds.), Imagesof women in peace and war: Crossculturaland historical perspectives.London: Macmillan Education.Call no.: RU 355.00882 IMA29. Michiko, N. (2008). Women’sinternment camp in Singapore: Theworld of POW WOW. Singapore:National University of Singapore Press.Call no.: R SING 940.5337NEW-[WAR]30. Pierson, R. R. (1987). Did your motherwear army boots?: Feminist theoryand women’s relation to war, peaceand revolution. In S. Macdonald, P.Holden and S. Ardener (Eds.). Imagesof women in peace and war: Cross-cultural and historical perspectives (pp.205–27). London: Macmillan Education.Call no.: RU 355.00882 IMA31. Rashid, M. (2005). Memoir RashidMaidin: Daripada perjuanganbersenjata kepada perdamaian .Petaling Jaya: Stratejic InformationResearch Development.Call no.: R 323.04209595 RAS32. Shamsiah, F. (2004). Memoir ShamsiahFakeh: Dari AWAS ke rejimen ke-10.Bangi: Penerbit UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia.Call no.: RSEA 923.2595 SHA33. Short, A. (1975). The communistinsurrection in Malaya 1948-60.London: Frederick Muller.Call no.: RSING 959.5104 SHO34. Stubbs, R. (2004). Heart and minds inGuerilla warfare: the Malayanemergency, 1948-1960. Singapore:Eastern Universities Press.Call no.: RSING 959.504 STU35. Suriani, A. (2006). Memoir SurianiAbdullah: Setengah abad dalamperjuangan. Petaling Jaya: StrategicInformation ResearchDevelopment (SIRD).Call no.: R 322.4209595 SUR36. Swee, L. (2008). Tears of a teenagecomfort women. Singapore:Horizon Books.Call no.: RSING 940.5405092SWE [WAR]37. Tan, A. (2008). The forgotten womenwarriors of the Malayan CommunistParty. IIAS Newsletter, No. 48.Retrieved November 18, 2009 fromhttp://www.iias.nl/article/forgottenwomen-warriors-malayancommunist-party.38. Tanaka, Y. (1999). Introduction. InM.R. Henson, Comfort women: AFilipina’s story of prostitution andslavery under the Japanese Military.Lanham: Rowman & LittlefieldPublishers.Call no.: RSEA 940.5405092HEN [WAR]39. Turner-Gottschang, K. & Phan,T. H. (1998). Even the women mustfight: Memories of war from NorthVietnam. New York: JohnWiley & Sons.Call no.: RSEA 959.70430922TUR- [WAR]40. Xiulan. (1983). I want to live: Apersonal account of one woman’s futilearmed struggle for the Reds. PetalingJaya: Star Publications.Call no.: RU RCLOS 322.4209595 XIU41. Yoji, A. & Mako, Y. (Eds.) (2008). Newperspectives on the Japaneseoccupation in Malaya and Singapore,1941-1945. Singapore: NationalUniversity Press.Call no.: RSING 940.5337 NEW [WAR]42. Zhou, M (1995). Elizabeth Choy: Morethan a war heroine. Singapore:Landmark Books.Call no.: RSING 371.10092 ZHONewspapers & Magazines43. Dewan Masyarakat, 1991,February – August.44. Straits Echo and Times of Malaya,1949-195145. Utusan Malaysia (2009, May 30).Videorecording/CD-ROM46. Amir, M. (Writer & Director) (2007). Apakhabar orang kampong [Village peopleradio show] [videorecording].Singapore: Objectifs Films.Call no.: RAV 791.437 APA47. Amir, M. (Producer & Director) (2006).The last commununist [videorecording].Singapore: Comstar Entertainment.Call no.: RSEA 959.510409248. Chan, K. M., Len, C., Ho, C.H., Lau,E., Wang, E. E. (Directors) (2006).I love Malaya [videorecording].Singapore: Objectifs Films, 2006.Call no.: RSING 320.53209225951Interviews49. Aishah @ Suti, personalcommunication, January 7, 1998.50. A’Ling @ A’Yu, personalcommunication, March 11, 2009.51. A’Por @ Wun Jun Yin, personalcommunication, March 11, 2009.52. Chang Li Li, personal communication,January 1, 2009.53. Khadijah Daud @ Mama, personalcommunication, February 25, 2009.54. Leong Yee Seng @ Hamitt, personalcommunication, March 14, 2009.55. Maimunah @ Khamsiah, personalcommunication, February 25, 2009.56. Muna or Mek Pik, personalcommunication, March 14, 2009.57. Shiu Yin, personal communication,March 14, 2009.58. Ya Mai, personal communication,January 1, 2009.18 biblioasia • April 2010
Feature19Chinese Dialect Groups andTheir Occupationsin 19 th and Early 20 th Century Singapore“The Teochews are reputed for making fine kuayteow,the Hokkiens for their mee,the Hainanese for their coffee,and the Cantonese for their pee”. 1Li Yih Yuan, Yige Yizhi de Shizhen[ 一个移殖的市镇 : 马来亚华人市镇生活的调查研究 ]By Jaclyn TeoLibrarianLee Kong ChianReference LibraryNational LibraryThe above ditty is a common saying indicative of socialstereotyping among Chinese dialect groups observed in Muar,Johore, in the 1950s. In fact, as far back as the 19 th and early20 th century, there were already studies in Singapore highlightingthe relationship between the occupations held by Chineseimmigrants and their dialect origins (Braddell, 1855; Seah,1848; Vaughan, 1874). Hokkiens and Teochews, being earlysettlers on the island, were known to dominate the more lucrativebusinesses, while later immigrants and minority dialectgroups like Hainanese and Foochows were frequently regardedas occupying a lower position in the economic standings(Tan, 1990). Drawing on published English resources availablein the Lee Kong Chian Reference Library, this articleaims to explore why certain Chinese dialect groups in Singapore,such as Hokkiens, Teochews, Cantonese, Hakkas andHainanese, seem to have specialised in specific trades andoccupations, particularly during the early colonial period untilthe 1950s. It also posits some reasons why dialect groupidentities are no longer as dominant and obvious now asthey used to be.CHINESE MIGRATION TO SINGAPOREBefore delving into the occupational specialisation of eachdialect group, it is important to first understand the social andeconomic background that resulted in the large-scale migrationof Chinese from China to Singapore in the 19 th century. Duringthat time, life was extremely difficult in China; overpopulationresulted in a shortage in rice, a basic food staple, which led toinflation. Chinese peasants were also exploited by landlords,who imposed exorbitant rents on cultivable land to counter thehigh land taxes and surcharges levied by the Qing government.Natural calamities further aggravated the situation. From 1877to 1888, for example, the drought in north and east China leftclose to six million people homeless and, without any aid fromthe government, many starved to death. Moreover, China wasalso mired in political turmoil. The Taiping Rebellion (1850-65),which originated in southern China, wiped out about 600 citiesand towns, destroyed all the central provinces of China and adverselyaffected agricultural production, leading to widespreadpoverty and lawlessness. All these factors pushed manyChinese to go overseas in search of a better life (Yen, 1986).Fortuitously, the founding of Singapore by the British in 1819,and the subsequent establishment of the Straits Settlementsstates of Penang, Malacca and Singapore by 1826 opened upnumerous trade and work opportunities for the Chinese. In thelast quarter of the 19 th century, the discovery of tin in the Malayanstates, as well as the large-scale development of rubberplantations, were additional pull factors for the Chinese tomigrate to the region (Tan, 1986). The British brought aboutlaw and order in the Straits Settlements and initiated policiesof free trade, unrestricted immigration (at least until the AliensOrdinance was introduced in 1933 to limit the number of malemigrants) (Cheng, 1985) and non-interference in the affairs ofthe migrant population, all of which were advantageous to theChinese migrants in search of economic advancement (Tan,1986). Singapore, which came under direct British control as acrown colony in 1867, was not only the most important hub inthe south of the Malayan Peninsula for the handling and processingof raw materials, it was also one of the major transitpoints where indentured labour from China and India were deployedto other parts of Southeast Asia. With a thriving economy,abundant job opportunities, and favourable British policies,large numbers of Chinese flocked to Singapore. In a letterto the Duchess of Somerset in June 1819, Stamford Raffles,the founder of modern Singapore, claimed that his “new colonythrives most rapidly… and it has received an accession ofpopulation exceeding 5000, principally Chinese, and their numberis daily increasing” (quoted in Song, 1923, p. 7). By 1836,the Chinese population (at 45.9%) had already surpassed theindigenous Malay community to become the major ethnic groupin Singapore (Saw, 1969).FORMATION OF TRADE SPECIALISATIONSDespite originating from the same country, the Chinesecommunity in Singapore was not a homogenous one, but washighly divided and fragmented instead (Tan, 1986). The Chinesecame from different provinces in China and spoke different dialects:those who came from the Fujian province spoke Hokkien;the ones from Chaozhou prefecture spoke Teochew; peoplefrom Guangdong province spoke Cantonese, while those fromHainan Island spoke Hainanese. In addition, the dialect groupsworshipped different local deities and considered their own
Page 1 and 2: Vol 6 I Issue 1 I April 2010 I ISSN
Page 3 and 4: DIRECTOR’SCOLUMNThe eagerly await
Page 5 and 6: ¸¼óÐ ¸ôÀÄ¢ø º¢í¸ôâ
Page 7: ¾¡öÄ¡óÐ «Ãº¡í¸ò¾¡ø
Page 10: An example is the film The Leap Yea
Page 14 and 15: the Angkatan Wanita Sedar (AWAS), t
Page 16 and 17: was no clear method to controlrecru
Page 20 and 21: traditions and customs to be superi
Page 22 and 23: they made up more than 95%of the Ch
Page 24 and 25: HainaneseHainanese originated from
Page 26 and 27: 26FeatureNational Library Distingui
Page 28 and 29: NL: How would you describe your exp
Page 30 and 31: Environmental ethics: An antholgy (
Page 32 and 33: ENDNOTES4International Energy Agenc
Page 34 and 35: Bahru. In delineating thejourneys,
Page 36 and 37: About George Murray Reith(b.1863, A
Page 38 and 39: 38Collection HighlightsThe AsianChi
Page 40 and 41: mischievous life of aChinese boy in
Page 42 and 43: The Hall of Heavenly Records:Korean
Page 44 and 45: 44NewsResearch Collaboratory Client
Page 46 and 47: 46NewsLee Kong Chian Research Fello
Page 48: National Library Singaporewww.nl.sg

BiblioAsia - National Library Singapore

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?