7.4 Reaction Rates Interactive Guide - Lower Cape May Regional ...

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Name Class DateSECTION 4Reaction Rates and Equilibrium continuedA DYNAMIC PROCESSChemical equilibrium is a dynamic process. That is,changes happen all the time. However, when a changeis made, the chemical reaction adjusts to maintainequilibrium.Consider the Haber process, which is used to makeammonia, NH 3. Ammonia is a chemical used in fertilizers,dyes, plastics, cosmetics, cleaning products, and fireretardants. The Haber process is shown in the followingequation.N 2(gas) + 3H 2(gas) ⇆ 2NH 3(gas) + energyNotice that the process is reversible. However, manufacturerswant more NH 3than N 2or H 2. In other words,they want to change the equilibrium so that the right sideof the equation is favored. Some conditions that affectequilibrium are shown below.The Effects of Change on EquilibriumConditionTemperaturePressureConcentrationEffectIncreasing temperature favors thereaction that absorbs energy.Increasing pressure favors thereaction that produces fewermolecules of gas.Increasing the concentration of onesubstance favors the reaction thatproduces less of that substance.13. Apply Concepts Whatcould you do if you wantedto favor an endothermicreaction?LE CHÂTELIER’S PRINCIPLELe Châtelier’s principle is a general rule that describeshow equilibrium systems respond to changes.Le Châtelier’s principleIf a change is made to a system atchemical equilibrium, the equilibriumshifts until the system reaches a newequilibrium.Look again at the equation for the Haber processabove. Recall that increasing pressure favors the reactionthat produces the fewer gas molecules. Thus, if youincrease pressure, the equilibrium shifts and the rightside of the equation is favored. As a result, more NH 3forms. For this reason, the Haber process is carried outunder extremely high pressure.14. Apply Concepts Whatfactor would you changein the Haber process if youwanted to favor the left sideof the equation? Explain youranswer.(Hint: Use the table in thetext above.)Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.Interactive Reader 159 Chemical Reactions

Name Class DateSection 4 ReviewSection Vocabularycatalyst a substance that changes the rate of achemical reaction without being consumed orchanged significantlychemical equilibrium a state of balance inwhich the rate of the forward reaction equalsthe rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrationsof products and reactants remainunchangedenzyme a molecule, either protein or RNA, thatacts as a catalyst in biochemical reactionssubstrate the reactant in reactions catalyzed byenzymes1. List Identify five factors that may affect the rate of a chemical reaction.2. Explain If you add a piece of potato to hydrogen peroxide, tiny gas bubbles willform. However, if you crush the piece of potato first, more gas bubbles will form.Explain these observations.3. Compare What is the relationship between a catalyst and an inhibitor?4. Predict How will an increase in pressure affect the following chemical equilibrium:2NOCl (gas) ⇆ 2NO (gas) + Cl 2(gas)? Explain your answer.5. Evaluate Assumptions A person tells you that a reaction must have stoppedbecause the amounts of products and reactants have not changed. What is wrongwith the person’s reasoning?Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.Interactive Reader 160 Chemical Reactions