Confined Production Processes for Non-Food Corn - Seed Science ...

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PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NURSERY ANDFIELD PRODUCTION PROCEDURESThe procedures for larger scale field production and fornurseries are generally similar, but nurseries have somesignificant differences:• Nursery operations depend more heavily on teams toplant, pollinate, and harvest.• Procedures give more attention to pollen control.• Outcrossing during hand pollination is rare.• Procedures give less attention to roguing.• Planting is nearly always in rows and ranges. Fieldproduction is less likely to be in rows and ranges.• Rows of 2-5 m in length are described by range androw coordinates.• Record keeping is required for each row.• Planting is complex and prone to error. Plantingerrors can result in misidentification of rows.• For some smaller nurseries, mechanical proceduresbecome optional, and it may be easier to performprocedures by hand than to clean the equipmentbefore and after use.• Some events are eliminated before flowering.• The entire nursery is unlikely to be cancelled inmid-season, whereas a failed production field couldbe canceled in mid-season.• Pollen inflow is less of a consideration because ofhand pollination.• Pollination is complex and prone to error.• Mixing of events is possible at pollination.• Labels on individual plants used in crosses can be lost.• Increases for one PMP event could be mixed with seed orpollen from another, resulting in incorrectly labeled seed.• Sometimes ears are harvested very early to speedplanting of the next cycle.• Not all ears are pollinated in the nursery. Many ears areopen pollinated. There is more relatively more dry matterfor destruction in relation to the grain harvested.• Errors in labeling are possible at harvest.• Seed processing is all in batch mode with easilycleaned equipment.• Errors in labeling are possible during processing.• The number of items in inventory can be very large.The reliance on teams opens the door to discussion ofquality and teamwork in management that goes beyondthe scope of this document. In practice, the relationship ofthe researcher as manager with a team has a significantimpact on errors and error rates.SUMMARYPMP and PMI nurseries and research inventory systemsare subject to both the possibility of misidentification ofevents and lines and to the possibility of genetic outflowof pollen, seed, and plant material. The unique aspect ofresearch nurseries is that they may contain a number ofevents, and these events can be associated with varyingdegrees of hazard.Conventional corn research nurseries are managed withprocedures that minimize the chance of error in theidentification of lines. When used for PMPs and PMIs,these procedures provide redundant systems for identificationthat allow the detection and correction of errors whenthey occur. Event-specific checks allow for the specificidentification of events in lines, especially when they arereleased from research nurseries to be used in foundationand field production. Event-specific tests also can beconducted to confirm that undesired genes are not present.The procedures for the prevention of outflows ofgermplasm and materials for nurseries are much the sameas for sterile field production. It seems prudent to classifythe risk that nurseries pose based on the hazard associatedwith the event with the highest LD50. Nurseries containinghazardous events likely pose greater concern than fieldproduction of less hazardous events, even when the areaof the field production is much larger.Nurseries containing hazardous events have a componentof risk that is associated with the number of tasks that areperformed in them. A research nursery may require tensof thousands of hand pollinations, and each has somepossibility of error. The work may involve dozens oftechnicians, so the frequency of human error is a concern.Field production procedures, especially those using sterilefemales and nontransgenic males, are inherently simpler.Where PMP or PMI nurseries are associated with greaterpotential risk due to uncertainties as to the nature of theexpressed product, isolation from nurseries with unregulatedcorn and from foundation seed stocks of unregulated corncan be an especially important consideration.
FIGURE 6. NURSERYNurseryManagement StaffRegulatorytrainingAuditNoTeam TrainingOKYesTrain StaffNursery PlanPrintEnvelopes w/Inventory IDand Range andRowInventoryRecordsStaffKnowledgeExperienceOK?NoNon-PMPInventoryEvent InfoDatabaseYesPrepareDetailedNursery PlanNursery PlanFill Envelopesfrom InventoryContainersPMP InventoryPlanOK forResources,NoObjectives?InventoryContainerAgrees w/EnvelopesNoYesRegulatoryNoYesApprovalYesFIGURE 6. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGENursery Processes 31
Page 5: A necessary first step in the proje
Page 8 and 9: There are no other restrictions on
Page 10 and 11: IntroductionIt is our expectation t
Page 12 and 13: take place, we suggest that in prac
Page 14 and 15: DefinitionsSystem: A set of interre
Page 16 and 17: Laboratory andGreenhouse ProcessesR
Page 18 and 19: NIH GUIDELINES AND PMPS OR PMISWe h
Page 20 and 21: The event-specific probe becomes a
Page 23 and 24: PCR,Expression &Copy NumberTestsA t
Page 25 and 26: Lab Checks onPMP IdentityEvent Info
Page 27 and 28: Event InfoDatabasePlan Action forNe
Page 29 and 30: NURSERIES AND THEIR MANAGEMENTNurse
Page 31: target field in inverse proportion.
Page 35 and 36: Nursery PlanMark and LabelRanges an
Page 37 and 38: Label, Sign andRecord PlotHistoryNo
Page 39 and 40: PollinationInspection.Remove Off-ty
Page 41 and 42: Pollination ofSurrounding inToleran
Page 43 and 44: Contain PMP PlantMaterialYesAll PMP
Page 45 and 46: Receive Corn,Verify, Label,RecordRe
Page 47 and 48: Nursery PlanRegulatoryTestsEvent In
Page 49 and 50: 5. POLLEN DRIFT CONSEQUENCES,EFFECT
Page 51 and 52: 11. DETASSELING MACHINE16. EMPTYING
Page 53 and 54: Assuming production of PMPs or PMIs
Page 55 and 56: • Specialized equipment is used f
Page 57 and 58: TABLE 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCT
Page 59 and 60: APHIS standards do not currently di
Page 61 and 62: Clean PlanterField HistoriesPlanter
Page 63 and 64: AreRoguePlantsNormal?NoIsContaminat
Page 65 and 66: Remove Off-typesAfter FloweringYesW
Page 67 and 68: Processing& StorageFIGURE 10. PROCE
Page 69 and 70: Record Ear andTrack Weight &Moistur
Page 71 and 72: Check All Grainand Trash Weightsand
Page 73 and 74: Clean BinCheck IncomingWeight Again
Page 75 and 76: Destroy VolunteerPlant MaterialChec
Page 77 and 78: • Properly document test results
Page 79 and 80: D. Second Year Field Management•
Page 81 and 82: E. Product storage and disposition
Page 83 and 84:
No system is risk free, but some sy
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Confined Production Processes for Non-Food Corn - Seed Science ...

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