standards / manuals / guidelines for small hydro development

DraftMay 19, 2008STANDARDS / MANUALS / GUIDELINES FORSMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENTSPONSOR:MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGYGOVERNMENT OF INDIAGENERALSMALL HYDROPOWER DEFINITIONS ANDGLOSSARY OF TERMS, LIST AND SCOPE OFDIFFERENT INDIAN AND INTERNATIONALSTANDARDS/GUIDELINES/MANUALSLEAD ORGANIZATION:ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTREINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE

CONTENTS1.0 General1.1 GlossaryItemSMALL HYDROPOWER DEFINITIONS AND GLOSSARY OFTERMS, LIST AND SCOPE OF DIFFERENT INDIAN ANDINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS/ GUIDELIENS MANUALS1.2 Standards/ Manuals/ Guidelines for Small Hydropower DevelopmentProposed to be Prepared with following titles under the Sponsorship ofMinistry of New & Renewable Energy Sources, Govt. of India1.3 Indian Standards1.3.1 River valley development1.3.2 Hydro Mechanical Equipment1.3.3 Electrical Equipment1.3.4 Cement and Concrete1.3.5 Stones1.3.6 Cement Matrix Products1.3.7 Concrete Reinforcement1.3.8 Structural Engineering and Structural Sections1.3.9 CED 39 Earthquake Engineering1.3.10 Structural Safety1.3.11 Plastic Piping System1.3.12 Sanitary Appliances and Water Fitting1.3.13 Flooring, Wall Finishing and Roofing1.3.14 Doors, Windows and Shutters1.4 International Standard1.4.1 IEC/ISO/BS/AISI/DIN/ASTM1.5 Books/ Reference Reports

SMALL HYDROPOWER DEFINITIONS AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS, LIST ANDSCOPE OF DIFFERENT INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS/GUIDELINES/ MANUALS1.0 GENERAL1.1 GlossaryAbutmentAditAfflux BundAllowable bearing capacityAlternating current (AC)Ambient temperatureAmpere (amp)Anadromous fishAngle of repose.Annual energy costAnnual load factorAnnual operating costA structure that supports the ends of a dam or bridge. Anartificial abutment is sometimes constructed, as a concretegravity section, to take the thrust of an arch dam wherethere is no suitable natural abutment.A nearly horizontal underground excavation in anabutment having an opening in only one end. An openingin the face of a dam for access to galleries or operatingchambers.An embankment or dyke designed to ensure that thestructure is not outflanked during flood flows. In somecases, it also acts as an embankment to prevent flooding tothe country side due to an afflux.The maximum pressure that can be permitted onfoundation soil, giving consideration to all pertinentfactors, with adequate safety against rupture of the soilmass or movement of the foundation of such magnitudethat the structure is impaired.Electric current that reverses its polarity periodically (incontrast to direct current). In Europe the standard cyclefrequency is 50 Hz, in N. and S. America 60 Hz. (1 Hz = 1cycle /sec.).Temperature of the surrounding air (or other medium).A unit of electric current or rate of flow of electrons. Onevolt across 1 ohm of resistance causes a current flow of 1ampere.Fish that live in saltwater habitats most of their lives, butperiodically migrate into freshwater to spawn and developto the juvenile stage (e.g., salmon, alewife).Angle between the horizontal and the maximum slope thata particular soil or geologic material assumes throughnatural processes. For dry granular soils, the effect of theheight of slope is negligible; for cohesive soils, the effectof height of slope is so great that the angle of repose ismeaningless.Variable costs relating to energy production in a year,usually expressed in mills per kilowatt-hour.This factor is equal to energy generated in a year dividedby the product of the peak demand for that year and thenumber of total hours in a year.This is a general term which is sometimes called annualoperating expense and includes all annual operation andmaintenance expense, wheeling, purchased power, etc.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 1

ApronAquatic lifeAqueductArch damAtmospheric pressureAt-rest earth pressureAuxiliary equipmentAverage annual runoffAverage daily flowAverage energyBack pressureBackfillBackfill concreteBackflowBackwaterBackwater curveA protective layer of stone of concrete block or othermaterial, extending out from a structure on or extendingbeyond the toe on the bed of a channel, or situated at someother location in the bed of a channel, laid in order toprevent erosion.Any plants or animals which live at least part of their lifecycle in water.Elevated canal supported on bridge work crossing a watercourse or gully.A concrete or masonry dam which is curved upstream inplan so as to transmit the major part of the water load tothe abutments and to keep the dam in compression.Pressure of air enveloping the earth, averaged as 14.7 psi atsea level, or 29.92 inches of mercury as measured by astandard barometer.The value of the earth pressure when the soil mass is in itsnatural state without having been permitted to yield orwithout having been compressedAccessory equipment necessary for the operation of agenerating station.For a specified area, the average value of annual runoffamounts calculated for a selected period of record thatrepresents average hydrologic conditions.The flow of water passing a specified gauging stationaveraged over a day (24 hours).The total power generation produced by a power plantduring all of the years of its actual or simulated operationdivided by the number of years of actual or simulatedoperation.A pressure that can cause water to backflow into the watersupply when a user's water system is at a higher pressurethan the public water system.Material used in refilling excavation, or the process of suchrefilling. Material used to fill an excavated trench.Concrete used in refilling excavation in lieu of earthmaterial.A reverse flow condition, created by a difference in waterpressures, which causes water to flow back into thedistribution system.A small, generally shallow body of water with little or nocurrent of its own. Stagnant water in a small stream orinlet. Water moved backward or held back by a dam, tide,etc.The upstream longitudinal profile of the surface of water instream or an open channel from a point where such watersurface is raised above its normal level by a diversionstructure.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 2

BaffleBaffle block (dentate)Balancing reservoirBanking chargeBarrageBase loadBaseload.BaseloadingBed loadBed load sluiceBed materialBed-load dischargeBenefit cost ratioBifurcationA flat board or plate, deflector, guide or similar deviceconstructed or placed in flowing water to cause moreuniform flow velocities, to absorb energy, and to divert,guide, or agitate the flow.One of a series of upright obstructions designed todissipate energy as in the case of a stilling basin or dropstructure. A block, usually of concrete, constructed in achannel or stilling basin to dissipate the energy of waterflowing at high velocity.A reservoir or basin – constructed downstream of theintake to provide daily pondage to support daily peakingoperation of a hydro plant.Charge for storing energy for subsequent use so that itcould be utilized as and when needed during the agreedperiod. Normally charged by the owner of the Grid(usually the State Electricity Board) from the SHP.A diversion dam comprising a series of spillway gateswhich occupy the main flow channel of a river. When thegates are lifted the main flow channel is once againavailable for handling flood flows and sedimentdischarges. Occasionally referred to as “movable barrages”from the French term “barrages mobiles”.A power plant that is planned to run continually except formaintenance and scheduled or unscheduled outages. Alsorefers to the nearly steady portion of demand on a utilitysystem.Minimum load in a power system over a given period oftime. The minimum constant amount of load connected tothe power system over a given time period, usually on amonthly, seasonal, or yearly basis.Running water through a power plant at a roughly steadyrate, thereby producing power at a steady rate.Sediment that moves by rolling or sliding along the bedand is essentially in contact with the streambed in the bedlayer.A component of a lateral intake to trap and flush bed loadfrom in front of the entry to intake or head regulator.Unconsolidated material, or sediment mixture, of which astreambed is composedThe quantity of bed load passing a cross section of astream in a unit of time.The benefit cost ratio is the ratio of project benefits toinvestment (capital costs) generally expressed in terms oflife time benefits and costs.A section of pipeline where the pipe is divided into twobranching pipelines.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 3

BoulderBusbarButt joint (open joint)Butterfly valveButterfly valveButtress damBypass valveCamberCanalCanal fallCanal head worksCapacitorCapacityCapital costsCapital investmentCasingCatchment AreaA rock fragment, usually rounded by weathering orabrasion, with an average dimension of 12 inches or more:will not pass a 12-inch screen.A heavy metal conductor used to carry a large current.In pipe, flat ends that meet but do not overlap.A valve designed for quick closure that consists of acircular leaf, slightly convex in form, mounted on atransverse shaft carried by two bearings.A disc type water control valve, wholly enclosed in acircular pipe, which may be opened and closed by anexternal lever. Often operated by a hydraulic system.A dam consisting of a watertight upstream part (such as aconcrete sloping slab) supported at intervals on thedownstream side by a series of buttressesBypass (or turbine bypass) valve opens in step with closureof turbine wicket gates to divert flow from the turbine to abypass pipe, thus allowing the turbine to be closed quicklywithout provoking excessive water hammer pressure riseon load rejection. Upon completion of a load adjustmentthe bypass valve closes slowly. This option provides goodprotection against water hammer resulting from loadrejection but can only permit load acceptance at a slowrate. (Alternative to surge tank).The extra height added to the crest of embankment dams toensure that the freeboard will not be diminished byfoundation settlement or embankment consolidation.A channel, usually open, that conveys water by gravity tofarms, municipalities, etc.A structure designed to secure lowering of the watersurface in a canal over a short distance and safe dissipationof the excess hydraulic energy.The beginning of a canalA dielectric device which momentarily absorbs and storeselectric energy.The load for which an electric generating unit, otherelectrical equipment or power line is rated.Costs (usually long-term debt) of financing constructionand equipment.A general term used to identify any money amount whichis to be considered as an investment as opposed to anannual expense. Can be either interest bearing or noninterest bearing.A pipe lining for a drilled hole. The material that isinstalled in wells to prevent the collapse of the walls of thebore hole, to prevent pollutants from entering the well, andto house the pump and pipes.See drainage area.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 4

CavitationCavitation damageCentrifugal pumpChamferCheck valveChuteCircuitCircuit breakerClass (pipe and fittings)ClayCoatingCofferdamCompensation flowConcrete damA hydraulic phenomenon whereby liquid gasifies at lowpressure and vapour bubbles form which collapse virtuallyinstantaneously when the flow enters a zone of highpressure causing hydraulic shock to the containingstructure. The can lead to severe physical damage toturbines runners and concrete structures.Damage caused when partial vacuums formed in a liquidby a swiftly moving solid body (e.g. a propeller) pit andwear away solid surfaces (e.g. metal or concrete). Theattack on surfaces caused by the implosion of bubbles ofwater vapor.A pump that moves water by centrifugal force developedby rapid rotation of an impeller.To bevel or slope an edge or corner.Any device which will allow fluid or air to pass through itin only one direction.Portion of spillway between the gate or crest structure andthe terminal structure, where open- channel flowconditions will exist. A conduit for conveying free-flowingmaterials at high velocity to lower elevations.The complete path of an electric current, including thegenerating apparatus or other source; or, a specific segmentor section of the complete path.A safety device in an electrical circuit that automaticallyshuts off the circuit when it becomes overloaded. Thedevice can be manually reset.The working pressure rating of a specific pipe for use inwater distribution systems which includes allowances forsurges. This term is used for cast iron, ductile iron,asbestos cement, and some plastic pipe.Fine-grained soil or the fine-grained portion of soil that canbe made to exhibit plasticity (putty-like properties) withina range of moisture contents, and that exhibits considerablestrength when air-dry.The protective material applied to the outer surface of amaterial, frequently metalwork.A temporary dam to divert water around a work site (of adiversion dam or other in-river-structure) via tunnel,culvert or ditch, as appropriate, or to enclose a portion ofriver bed which can then be dewatered to permitfoundation preparation etc.The minimum flow legally required to be released to thewatercourse below an intake, dam or weir, to ensureadequate flow downstream for environmental, purposesand public use (synonymous with reserve flow and riparianflow).See arch dam, buttress dam, or gravity dam. See alsomasonry dam. A concrete dam generally requires a soundrock foundation.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 5

Concrete liftConductorConduitConsolidationConsumptive water useContourContracted weirControl areaControl structure (controlhouse)Conveyance loss (distributionloss)Conveyance system efficiencyCrestCrest elevation (crest of dam,top of dam, dam crest)Crest gate (spillway gate)Crest length (length of dam)Crest structureCrest width (top thickness)Critical depthCritical dischargeCritical flowCross drainage structureIn concrete work, the vertical distance between successivehorizontal construction joints.A substance, body, device, or wire that readily conducts orcarries electrical current.A closed channel to convey water through, around, orunder a dam. Covered portion of spillway between the gateor crest structure and the terminal structure, where openchannel flow and/or pressure flow conditions may exist.Reduction in particle spacing in a soil, and decrease inwater content, resulting from an increase in externalpressure.Total amount of water used by vegetation, man's activities,and evaporation of surface water.A line of constant elevationThe crest and sides of a rectangular weir are far enoughfrom the bottom and sides of the channel so that theireffect on flow is negligible.Part of a power system, or a combination of systems, towhich a common electrical generation allocation scheme isapplied.Concrete portion of an outlet works, located at thedownstream end of the tunnel or conduit, housing thecontrol (regulation) gates.Loss of water from a channel or pipe during conveyance,including losses due to seepage, leakage, evaporation andtranspiration by plants growing in or near the channel.The ratio of the volume of water delivered to users inproportion to the volume of water introduced into theconveyance system.The top surface of the dam.The elevation of the uppermost surface of a dam, usually aroad or walkway, excluding any parapet wall, railing, curb.etc.A gate on the crest of a spillway to control the discharge orreservoir water level.The distance, measured along the axis or centerline crest ofthe dam at the top level of the main body of the damPortion of spillway between the inlet channel and thechute, tunnel or conduit, which does not contain gates.The thickness or width of a dam at the level of the top ofdamThe depth of flow when the Froude number equals one.The maximum discharge for a given specific energy, or thedischarge which will occur with minimum specific energy.When the Froude number is equal to one, the flow iscritical and surface waves remain stationary in the flow.Flow at critical depth.An aqueduct or culvert transporting flow from a lateralstream across (above or under) a power canal.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 6

Current (I)Curtain Wall / Cut-Off WallCycleCyclingDaily pondageDaily storageDamDamDead capacity (dead storage)Dead storageDemandDemandDemand chargeThe movement of electrons through a conductor, measuredin amperes.A wall-like structure, of masonry, plain or reinforcedcement concrete or steel sheet pile, under the floor of ahydraulic structure with the object of:a. Dividing the work into suitable compartments,b. To reduce the percolation of water through permeablestrata,c. To minimize the likelihood of undermining of thefoundation by increasing the path of percolation andreducing the exit gradient,d. As a safeguard against erosion and under mining ofthe structures by scour,e. To intercept permeable strata in the foundation and /or, andf. To increase the resistance of the structure againstsliding.A completed round of regularly recurring events orphenomena.Power plant operation to meet the intermediated portion ofthe load (9 to 14 hours per day).Storage for which a reservoir has a daily filling andemptying cycle also called “daily storage”See daily pondage.A barrier built across a watercourse to impound or divertwater. A barrier that obstructs, directs, retards, or stores theflow of water. Usually built across a stream.A structure constructed across a river; typically, used toincrease the hydraulic head at headworks of a hydropowerstation. A dam typically reduces the velocity of water in aparticular river segment and increases the depth of waterby forming an impoundment behind the dam. It alsogenerally serves as a water control structure.The reservoir capacity from which stored water cannot beevacuated by gravity.Zone below Min.W.L. from which water can only bewithdrawn at reduced rates or not at all. Nominally, the“empty” level of a reservoir.The instantaneous requirement for power on an electricsystem (kW or MW). Synonymous with load.The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by asystem, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. It isexpressed in kilowatts, kilovolt amperes, or other suitableunits at a given instant or averaged over a designatedperiod of time. The primary source of “demand” is thepower-consuming equipment of customers. Synonymouswith load.That portion of the charge for electric supply based uponthe customer’s demand characteristics.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 7

Dependable capacityDesalinizationDesanderDesign FloodDesign water levelDesignated frequency floodDesilterDewateringDifferential head (unbalancedhead)Differential surge tankDirect accessDirect current (DC)Direct current (DC)Direct runoffDisasterDischargeDischargeDischarge capacityThe capacity that can be relied upon to carry system loadfor a specified time interval and period, provide assumedreserve, and/or meet firm power obilgations.The removal of dissolved salts from water by naturalmeans (leaching) or by specific water treatment processes.See desilterFlood adopted for design purposes, which may be probablemaximum flood or standard project flood or a floodcorresponding to some adopted frequency of occurrence(50, 100, 200, 500 years, etc.) depending on the standard ofsecurity to be provided.The maximum water elevation, including the floodsurcharge, that a dam is designed to be able to withstand.Refers to the probability that a flood will occur in a givenyear.System of settlement basins for removal of suspendedsediments greater than a specified (design) size. Desiltersare of two generic types:• Continuous flushing type• Intermittent flushing typeAlso known as a desander or settling basinRemoval of water from foundation excavations bypumping, drainage ditches etc.The condition in which the water pressure on the upstreamand downstream sides of an object differ.A differential surge tank is a throttled surge tank with anadditional riser pipe which may be inside the tank (internalriser) or outside the tank.An arrangement in which customers can purchaseelectricity directly from any supplier in the competitivemarket, using the transmission and distribution lines ofelectric utilities to transport the electricity.Electrical current flowing in one direction only andessentially free from pulsation.Electricity that flows continuously in one direction ascontrasted with alternating current.Water that flows over the ground surface or through theground directly into streams, rivers, or lakes.An event that demands a crisis response beyond the scopeof any single line agency or service (e.g., beyond the scopeof just the police department, fire department, etc.) and thatpresents a threat to a community or larger area.Volume of water that passes a given point within a givenperiod of time.See flow.The maximum amount of water that can safely releasedfrom a given waterway.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 8

Distribution linesDistribution systemDiversionDiversion capacityDiversion channel (canal ortunnel)Diversion damDiversion inletDouble regulated turbineDrainageDrainage areaDrawdownDrum gateDykeDynamic pressureEarth dam (earthfill dam)Earth liningEarth pressureEarthquakePower lines, like those in neighborhoods, used to carrymoderate voltage electricity which is “stepped down” tohousehold levels by transformers on power poles.The portion of an electric system that is dedicated todelivering electric energy to end users. The distributionsystem “steps down” power from high-voltagetransmission lines to a level that can be used in homes andbusiness.A process which, having return flow and consumptive useelements, turns water from a given path.The flow which can be passed through the canalheadworks at a dam under normal head.A waterway used to divert water from its natural course.A dam built to divert water from a waterway or stream intoa different watercourseA conduit or tunnel upstream from an intake structure.Diversion inlet may be integral with the outlet works or bepart of a separate conveyance structure that will only beused during construction.Turbine regulated by two flow control devices forexample:- Kaplan turbine where runner pitch and wicket gates areboth used in flow control.- Pelton turbine where needle valves and jetdeflectors are both used in flow control.Process of removing surface or subsurface water from asoil or area.Area contributing flow at a given point on a riverThe depth by which the water surface of a reservoir islowered from a given elevation as the result of releasingwater.A movable crest gate in the form of a sector of a cylinderhinged at the centerline.A raised bank, typically earthen, constructed along awaterway to impound the water and to prevent flooding.When a pump is operating, the vertical distance from areference point (such as a pump centerline) to the hydraulicgrade line.An embankment dam in which more than 50 percent of thetotal volume is formed of compacted earth materialgenerally smaller than 3-inch size.Compacted layer of earth on surface of canal or otherexcavation.The pressure or force exerted by soil on any boundary. Seeactive earth pressure, at-rest earth pressure, and passiveearth pressure.A sudden motion or trembling in the earth caused by theabrupt release of accumulated stress along a fault.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 9

EarthworkEcologyEddyEfficiencyEGLElbowElectric power systemEmbankment.Emergency gateEmergency spillwayEnergyEnergyEnergyEPC contractErosionAny one or combination of the operations involved inaltering or movement of earth.Branch of biological science which deals with relationshipsbetween living organisms and their environments.Circular current of water moving against the main current.See recirculation zone.Ratio of useful energy output to total energy input, usuallyexpressed as a percent. Effective operation as measured bya comparison of production with cost.Energy grade line.A pipe fitting having two openings which causes a run ofpipe to change direction 90 degrees.Physically connected electric generating, transmission, anddistribution facilities operated as a unit under one control.An earth structure the top of which is higher than theadjoining surface.A standby or auxiliary gate used when the normal means ofwater control is not available. The first gate in a series offlow controls, remaining open while downstream gates orvalves are operating.A spillway which provides for additional safety shouldemergencies not contemplated by normal designassumptions be encountered,The capacity for doing work as measured by the potentialfor doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of thispotential to motion (kinetic energy). Energy has severalforms, some of which are easily convertible and can bechanged to another form useful for work. Most of theworld’s convertible energy comes from fossil fuels that areburned to produce heat that is then used as a transfermedium to mechanical or other means in order toaccomplish tasks. Electrical energy is usually measured inkilowatt hours and represents power (kilowatts) operatingfor some time period (hours), while heat energy is usuallymeasured in British thermal units.Work, measured in Newton-metres (or Joules). Theelectrical energy term generally used is kilowatt-hours(kWh) and represents power (kilowatts) operating for someperiod of time (hours) 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10 3 Joules.Force or action of doing work. Measured in terms of thework it is capable of doing; electric energy, the electriccapacity generated and/or delivered over time, is usuallymeasured in kilowatt hours (kWh).Engineering, procurement and construction contract.A gradual wearing away of soil or rock by running water,waves, or wind. Concrete surface disturbance caused bycavitation, abrasion from moving particles in water, impactof pedestrian or vehicular traffic, or impact of ice floes.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 10

EvacuationEvaporationEvapotranspirationExcavation.Excess capacityExciterExpansion jointFacilitiesFacingFactor of safetyFailureFaunaFeeder canalFinancial analysisFirm energy (power)Fish ladder (fishway)Fishway (fish ladder)FloodFlood boundaryThe fifth of five Early Warning System componentsconsisting of the plans, personnel, equipment, and facilitiesneeded to move the population at risk to safety.Water vapor losses from water surfaces, sprinklerirrigation, and other related factors.The combined effect of evaporation and plant transpiration.The action or process of excavating (to dig or removeearth).Power generation capacity available on a short-term basisthat exceeds the firm energy on a long-term contractoffered to an electricity customer.Device on a generator for controlling generator powerfactor and generator output voltage.A separation between adjoining parts of a concretestructure which is provided to allow small relativemovements, such as those caused by temperature changes,to occur independently.Structures associated with Reclamation irrigation projects,municipal and industrial water systems, power generationfacilities, including all storage, conveyance, distribution,and drainage systems.With reference to a wall or concrete dam, a coating of adifferent material, masonry or brick, for architectural orprotection purposes,The ratio of the ultimate strength of the material to theallowable or working stress.An incident resulting in the uncontrolled release of waterfrom a dam. Destroyed and made useless, ceases tofunction as a dam. More severe and hazardous than abreach.All animals associated with a given habitat, country, area,or period.Canal between headwork intake and desilter carryingsediment laden water.Procedure that considers only tangible factors whenevaluating various alternatives.Non-interruptible energy and power guaranteed by thesupplier to be available at all times, except foruncontrollable circumstances.An inclined trough which carries water from above tobelow a dam so that fish can easily swim upstream.A structure consisting e.g. of a series of overflow weirswhich in serve as a means for allowing migrating fish totravel upstream passed a barrier such as a dam or weir.A temporary rise in water levels resulting in inundation ofareas not normally covered by water.Line drawn or outer edge of colored (inundation) area onan inundation map to show the limit of flooding.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 11

Flood hydrographFloraFlowFlowFlow augmentationFlow duration curveFlow regulationFlumeFlushingForebay (headrace)Forebay TankFoundation drainsFree BoardFreeboardFrequencyA graph showing, for a given point on a stream, thedischarge, height, or other characteristic of a flood withrespect to time.All plant life associated with a given habitat, country, orperiod. Bacteria are considered flora.Quantity of water per second (m 3 /s) flowing at a givenlocation. May be expressed as:• Base flow, low/dry season flows sustained bycontributions from ground water• Mean flow – flows averaged over discrete periodstypical, daily, monthly or yearly.• Firm flow (or dependable flow) is determined as theflow available 90% to 100% of the time.• Secondary flow, flow in excess of firm flow that maybe used to generate additional (secondary) energy inperiods of high inflows in interconnected systems.• Peak flow, maximum flow due to a flood.Volume of water that passes a given point within a givenperiod of time.The release of water stored in a reservoir or otherimpoundment to increase the natural flow of a stream.Distribution curve showing flow versus percent of timeequaled or exceeded for specified periods.Operation of a storage reservoir to enhance firm and / orreduce spillage. Surplus water is held in storage andreleased in an orderly pattern to meet system demand.Flow regulation may be on a daily, weekly, seasonal,annual or multi-annual basis, depending on the reservoirvolume.A flume is an artificial water channel, usually made ofwood or concrete and often elevated as part of an aqueductor flume bridge.A method used to clean water distribution lines by passinga large amount of water through the system.Impoundment immediately upstream from a dam orhydroelectric plant intake structure.Storage tank for handling turbine flow changes due to loadrejection / acceptance.Tile or pipe for collecting seepage within a foundation.The vertical distance between a specified water surface andthe top of the non overflow section of a structure,embankment or canal dyke.The difference in elevation between the maximum watersurface in the reservoir and the dam crest.Refers to the rate of current reversals in AC electricalsystems. The common system frequencies are 50 Hz in(Europe, most of Asia and India) and 60 Hz in North andSouth America.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 12

Frequency demand schedulingFull supply level (FSL)FuseGantry craneGateGate sealsGate valveGauge (gage)Gauge pressureMethod of irrigation scheduling similar to demandscheduling, but typically involves a fixed duration of thedelivery, such as 24 hours.The water level corresponding to the “full” reservoircondition. In the case of simple overflow diversion weirsthe FSL is equal to the crest elevation of the weir.A thin core of black powder surrounded by wrappings,which when lit at one end, will burn to the other at a fixedspeed.A fixed or traveling, bent-supported crane for handlingheavy equipment.Movable devices in steel that are used to control waterlevel and flow in headworks (intakes and spillway), canals,tunnels, powerhouse intakes and outlets, etc.Gates of the following types are common on hydropowerprojects:• Vertical lift gate (wheeled type or sliding type)• Radial gate in the form of a sector of a circle rotatingabout at trunnion.• Pneumatic or rubber gate in the form of an inflatedtube attached to the crest of a dam (weir)Gates may be raised or lowered using wire cables, chainhoists, screw jacks or hydraulic pistons.Elements along the perimeter of a gate to ensure watertightness. Typically made of rubber.A valve with a circular-shaped closing element that fitssecurely over an opening through which water flows.Device for registering water level, discharge, velocity,pressure, etc. Thickness of wire or sheet metal.Absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Thepressure within a closed container as measured with agauge.Gauging station Specific location on a stream where systematicobservations of hydrologic data are obtained throughmechanical or electrical means.GenerationGeneration (electricity)GeneratorGeneratorGeologyGeophysicsThe energy generated in kWh (kilowatt-hours) representsgross generation.The process of producing electric energy by transformingother forms of energy; also, the amount of electric energyproduced, usually expressed in kilowatt hours (kWh).Machine that converts mechanical energy into electricalenergy.A machine that converts mechanical energy into electricalenergy.The science that deals with the physical history of theearth, the rocks of which it is comprised, and the physicalchanges which the earth has undergone or is undergoing.Refers to the physics of the earth, e.g., seismology,oceanography, volcanology, geomagnetism, etc.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 13

Gigawatt (gw)Gigawatt-hour (GWh)Glacier (ice sheet)Global positioning systems(GPS)GovernorGravel EjectorGravity arch damGravity damGridGross generationGross Head (H G )Ground water tableGround-faultinterrupter (GFCI)circuitUnit of power equal to 1 billion watts.One billion watthours of electrical energy.A large thick mass of ice formed on land by thecompacting and recrystallization of old snow and moveunder the influence of gravity. Glaciers survive from yearto year, and creep down slope or outward due to the stressof their own weight.Space-based radio positioning systems that provide 24-hour, three-dimensional position, velocity, and timeinformation to suitably equipped users anywhere on or nearthe surface of the Earth.Device for controlling turbine operation, there are threeconventional types of governor:• Speed governor, operates to keep turbine operating atthe design rotational speed.• Water level control operates to keep forebay waterlevel constant (between prescribed limits).• Load control governor operates to keep turbineoperating at a selected load. .All three functions may be provided in a single moderndigital governor.A gravel ejector intercepts and diverts bed load and somesuspended sediment load moving close to the bed. Gravelejectors are of two generic types:• Under sluice type• Vortex typeA gravel ejector would be considered where the probabilityof some fraction of bed load entering an intake isconsidered to be significant. These structures are alsoknown as silt ejectors and gravel traps.A dam designed to combine load resisting features of botha gravity and arch type dam.A dam constructed of concrete and/or masonry whichrelies on its weight and internal strength for stability.A system of interconnected power lines and generators thatis managed so that the generators are dispatched as neededto meet the requirements of the customers connected to thegrid at various pointsTotal amount of electrical energy produced by a generatingstation or stations, measured at generator terminals.Difference in elevation between the water levels of theforebay and tailrace.The upper boundary of ground water where water pressureis equal to atmospheric pressure, i.e., water level in a borehole after equilibrium when ground water can freely enterthe hole from the sides and bottom.An electrical device designed to protect people (notequipment) from electrical shockAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 14

GWhHabitatHeadHead lossHead PondHead RegulatorHead worksHeadwaterHeadwater level (HWL)Hertz (Hz)High-pressure gateHydraulicHydraulic efficiencyHydraulic grade line (HGL)(Hydraulic gradient).Hydraulic transientHydroelectric powerHydrographHydrographHydrologic cycleGiga Watt hour is a unit of energy equal to a million kWhor 10 9 Wh.The locality or external environment in which a plant oranimal normally lives and grows.Differential of pressure causing flow in a fluid system,usually expressed in terms of the height of a liquid columnthat pressure will support.The energy lost from a flowing fluid due to friction,transitions, bends, etc.Reservoir upstream of diversion dam (or headworks)An intake equipped with gates to control (regulate) flowentering a waterway system.A complex comprising: spillway, diversion dam and intakefor diversion of flow from the river into the waterconductance system, for handling floods and for control ofsediment.The waters immediately upstream of a dam. For powerdams, also referred to as the water in the impoundmentwhich supplies the turbinesGenerally refers to water level in the head pond, butsometimes refers to water level in the forebay tank.The number of complete electromagnetic cycles or wavesin one second of an electrical or electronic circuit.A gate consisting of a rectangular leaf encased in a bodyand bonnet and equipped with a hydraulic hoist for movingthe gate leaf.Powered by water. Having to do with water in motion.Efficiency of a pump or turbine to impart energy to orextract energy from water. The ability of hydraulicstructure or element to conduct water with minimumenergy loss.The hydraulic grade line lies below the energy grade lineby an amount equal to the velocity head at the section.A facility at which the turbine generators are driven byfalling water.A graphical representation of the stage or discharge as afunction of time at a particular point on a watercourse; atime-discharge curve of the unsteady flow of water.A graph showing the variation of gauge/river stage,discharge, velocity, sediment concentration or sedimentdischarge or some other feature of flowing water withrespect to time at a given place.Cycle of water movement from atmosphere to Earth byprecipitation and its return to the atmosphere byinterception, evaporation, runoff, infiltration, percolation,storage, and transpiration.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 15

HydrologyHydrometerImpellerImpermeableImpoundmentIn situInstalled capacityInstalled capacityInstitutionalized populationsIntakeIntake structureInternal Rate of ReturnInverted syphonKaplan turbineScientific study of water in nature: its properties,distribution, and behavior. The science that treats theoccurrence, circulation properties, and distribution of thewaters of the earth and their reaction to the environment.A device for measuring the specific gravity of fluids.A rotary pump member using centrifugal force to dischargea fluid into outlet passages.Having a texture that does not permit water to movethrough quickly.The body of water created by a dam.In place, the original location, in the natural environment.A measure indicating the nominal generating capability ofa project or unit, as designated by the manufacturer. Alsotermed nameplate capacity.The total of the capacities shown on the nameplates of thegenerating units in a powerplant.People in schools, hospitals, nursing homes, prisons,federal buildings, or other facilities that require specialcare or consideration during emergencies by virtue of theirdependency on others for appropriate protection.A structure controlling entry of water from the river intothe water conductor system or from a canal into a flume orpipeline. Intakes can be if several types, notably.• Lateral (or stream side intake).• Trench intake.• Tyrolean intake (a variation of trench intake formountainous streams).• Penstock/ pipeline.Concrete portion of an outlet works, including trashracksand/or fish screens, upstream from the tunnel or conduitportions.The internal rate of return is the discount rate at which thesum of periodic benefits (revenues minus operating andmaintenance costs) is equal to the present value of theinitial investment.A waterway passing underneath the bed of a water coursewith flow under pressure.Similar to propeller turbine but with adjustable runnerblades and adjustable guide vanes, thus double-regulated.Kilovolt-ampere (kVA) 1000 volt-amperes and approximately 89/100 of a kilowatt.Kilowatt (kW) Unit of electric power equal to 1,000 watts or about 1.34horsepower. For example, it’s the amount of electric powerrequired to light ten 100-watt light bulbs.Kilowatt-hour (kWh)Kinetic energyThe unit of electrical energy commonly used in marketingelectric power; the energy produced by 1 kilowatt actingfor one hour. Ten 100-watt light bulbs burning for onehour would consume one kilowatt hour of electricity.The energy of a body with respect to the motion of thebody.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 16

Laminar flowLateral intakeLevelLiningLive storage (available)Live storage capacityLoadLoadLoad (Electric)Load controllerLoad factorLoad factorLoad governorLow supply levelManifold (Header)Manning's roughness coefficient(n)Flow in which the head loss is proportional to the firstpower of the velocity.An intake located in a river bank usually as a component ofplant head works drawing off water laterally from thestream or river.To make level or to cause to conform to a specified grade.Any instrument that can be used to indicate a horizontalline or plane.Any protective material used to line the interior surface ofa conduit, pipe, or tunnel. With reference to a canal, tunnelor shaft, a coating of asphaltic concrete, concrete,reinforced concrete, or shotcrete to provide watertightness,to prevent erosion, or to reduce friction.Volume of water available at any time between actualwater level and dead storage level in a reservoir.Capacity (volume) available between full reservoir leveland dead storage level.The total customer demand for electric service at any giventime.Amount of electrical capacity or energy delivered orrequired at a given point.The amount of electric power delivered or required at anyspecific point or points on a system. The requirementoriginates at the energy-consuming equipment of theconsumers. Synonymous with electrical demand.See load governor.The ratio of production within a specified period (year,mouth etc.) to production that would result if the plant wasoperating at maximum (rated) output during that period.The ratio of an average load to the maximum load.Average load carried by an engine, machine, or plant,expressed as a percentage of its maximum capacity.A load governor comprises an electronic sensing deviceand ballast load in parallel with the system load. Thesensor measures frequency and detects deviations from thesystem frequency. The sensor then adjusts the ballast loadby switching preset resistance elements on/off to correctsuch speed deviations. In effect the turbine / generatoroperates at constant capacity at all times and the loadgovernor operates to equate system plus ballast load toturbine / generator output. Commonly used in mini hydroprojects up to about 100 kW.See minimum water level in a reservoir.A large pipe to which a series of smaller pipes areconnected.A coefficient used to describe the relative roughness of achannel and overbank areas; used in hydrauliccomputations.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 17

ManometerMasonry damMaximum demandMaximum flood level (MFL)MeanderMegaMegawatt (MW)Megawatt-hour (MWh)MemorandumofUnderstanding (MOU)Minimum water level(Min.W.L.)MitigationMorning glory spillwayMotor efficiencyNatural floodwayNegative pressureNet capabilityNet head (H N )Net present value (NPV)Normal operating level (NOL)Off peakAn instrument for measuring pressure.Any dam constructed mainly of stone, brick or concreteblocks jointed with mortar.The greatest of all demands of the load that has occurredwithin a specified period of time.The maximum water level in the head pond resulting fromthe design flood assuming normal operation of floodcontrol equipment, typically spillway gates.Big bend and loops in a river channel as the river snakesthrough a flat land area.A prefix meaning "million".One million watts of electrical power (capacity).One million watt- hours of electrical energy.A formal document that states the intentions and/orresponsibilities of the signatory parties.The water level corresponding to “empty” reservoircondition. At levels below the Min. W.L. the plant designflow cannot be delivered and plant output would thereduced. Sometimes referred to as minimum operatinglevel.Special structures and / or operation practices to reduce oreliminate adverse environment effects of a hydropowerdevelopment.A circular or glory hole form of a drop inlet spillway.Usually free standing in the reservoir and so called becauseof its resemblance to the morning glory flower.The ratio of energy delivered by a motor to the energysupplied to it during a fixed period or cycle.The channel of a water course and those portions of theadjoining flood plain which are reasonably required tocarry a selected probability floodPressure within a pipe that is less than atmosphericpressure.The maximum load-carrying ability of the equipment,exclusive of station use, under specified conditions for agiven time interval, independent of the characteristics ofthe load.Net head is equal to gross head less all hydraulic lossesbetween reservoir/forebay to tailrace except thosechargeable to the turbine.The difference between revenues and expenses, bothdiscounted at a fixed periodic interest rate and time period,is the net present value (NPV) of the investment. Often thelifetime NPV is of interest.The water level in the forebay tank when plant is operatingunder design conditionsA period of relatively low demand for electrical power,such as the middle of the night.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 18

Ogee crestOhmOn peakOrificeOutageOutageOutflowOutletOutlet capacityOutlet gateOutlet WorksOutputOver speedParts per million (ppm)The shape of the concrete spillway crest that represents thelower profile of the undernappe of a jet of water flowingover a sharp-crested weir at a design depth.The unit of electrical resistance to current flow. Theresistance in a conductor in which one volt of potentialdifference produces a current of one ampere.A period of relatively high demand for electrical power.An opening with a closed perimeter and a regular formthrough which water flows.The period during which a generating unit, transmissionline, or other facility is out of service.Period during which a generating unit, transmission line, orother facility is out of service.The amount of water passing a given point downstream ofa structure, expressed in acre-feet per day or cubic feet persecond.An opening through which water can be freely dischargedfrom a reservoir to the river for a particular purpose.The amount of water that can be safely released throughthe outlet works.A gate controlling the flow of water through a reservoiroutlet.A combination of structures and equipment required for thesafe operation and control of water released from areservoir to serve various purposes, i.e., regulate streamflow and quality; release floodwater; and provideirrigation, municipal, and/or industrial water.The amount of power (or energy, depending on definition)delivered by a piece of equipment, station or system.The maximum speed a runner reaches when, under designconditions, all external loads are removed and turbinewicket gates are closed at the prescribed rate.A measurement of concentration on a weight or volumebasis. Equivalent to milligrams per liter (mg/l).Pascal (Pa) The pressure or stress of one newton per square meter. 1psi = 6895 Pa.Pay-back-periodThe number of years for the invested capital to be offset byfinancial benefits of a project. Also termed recovery orbreak-even period.PaylinePeak demand (peak load)Peak demand.Peak flowLines of excavation, backfill, compacted backfill orembankment which are described in the specifications orshown on the drawings which describe or show the limitsto which earthwork is paid for.A one hour period in a year representing the highest pointof customer consumption of electricity.Maximum electrical demand occurring within a specifiedperiod of time. Maximum power used in a specific timeperiodMaximum instantaneous flow in a specified period of time.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 19

Peak load plant.Peak load.Peaking capacityPeaking plantPeaking powerPenstockPenstockPenstock intakePenstock/pipeline intakePer capita usePercolation ratePerennial streamPermeabilityPiezometerPilePipingPitchingPlantPlant factorPowerplant that normally is operated to provide powerduring maximum load periods.The maximum power load in a stated period of timeCapacity of generating equipment normally reserved foroperation during the hours of highest daily, weekly, orseasonal loads.A plant which operates at high or maximum capacityduring hours of peak (maximum) system demand and isshut down or operates at reduced output for the remainderof the day. For run-of-river projects peaking operation isonly possible where the head pond reservoir in largeenough to provide daily pondage or a balancing reservoirhas been provided.Powerplant capacity typically used to meet the highestlevels of demand in a utility's load or demand profile.Pressurized pipeline supplying water to the turbine fromthe Forebay tank or reservoir. For low pressure pipelines atother locations in the water conductor system the term“pipeline” is preferred.A pipeline or conduit designed to withstand pressuresurges leading from a forebay or reservoir to powerproducingturbines, or pump units.Intake located at the upper end of a penstockAn intake controlling entry of water from the forebay orpower canal into a penstock or pipeline.The average amount of water used per person during astandard time period, generally per day.The rate at which water moves through porous media, suchas soil.A stream that flows continually throughout the year.The measure of the flow of water through soil.An instrument which measures pressure head or hydraulicpressures in a conduit or hydraulic pressures within the fillof an earth dam or the abutment; at the foundation becauseof seepage or soil compression; or on a flow surface of aspillway, gate, or valve.Relatively slender structural element which is driven, orotherwise introduced, into the soil, usually for the purposeof providing vertical or lateral support.The erosion of embankment or foundation material (soil)due to leakage.A protective covering of material on the earthen surfaceslope (side pitching) and beds (bed pitching) of rivers orcannels.Station where mechanical, chemical, and/or nuclear energyis converted into electric energy.Ratio of average energy production of a plant to theproduction obtained assuming the plant was operatedcontinuously at its installed capacity (for the period underAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 20

PorosityPositive pressurePotential energyPowerPowerPower canalPower canal surgePower demandPower factorPower factorPowerhousePowerplantPowerplant capacityPressure headPrivate sectorProjectPropeller turbinePumped-storage plantPurchased powerRate of returnstudy)The ratio of the volume of void space to the total volumeof an undisturbed sample.Pressure within a pipe that is greater than atmosphericpressure.The energy of a body with respect to the position of thebody.Mechanical or electrical force or energy. The rate at whichwork is done by an electric current or mechanical force,generally measured in kilowatts or horsepower.Electrical energy generated, transferred, or used; usuallyexpressed in kilowatts.Canal downstream of desilter carrying clean water.A wave produced in a power canal by sudden shut down orstart up of a turbine is termed a canal surge. On suddenshutdown a negative (rejection) surge is produced which isoften manifest as a hydraulic bore. On startup the hydrauliceffects of the positive surge (wave) are less dramatic.Rate at which electric energy is required and delivered toor by a system over any designated period of time.The ratio of the amount of power, measured in kilowatts(kW) to the apparent power measured in kilovolt-amperes(kVA).The ratio of real to total power.The building that houses electric generating equipment andrelated auxiliaries.Structure that houses turbines, generators, and associatedcontrol equipment.The capacity for powerplants is the nameplate rating in kW(kilowatts) and generally includes only the main generatingunits, except for very large plants such as Grand Couleeand Hoover where the station service units are included inthe total rated capacity.The amount of force or pressure created by a depth of onefoot of water.Industry, volunteer, quasi-governmental, etc., having a rolein emergency planning and preparedness.A single financial entity which can be composed of severalunits or divisions, integrated projects, or participatingprojects.An axial flow turbine with adjustable guide vanes andfixed runner blades, thus single regulated.Powerplant designed to generate electric energy for peakload use by releasing water previously pumped into anelevated storage reservoir, usually during off-peak periods.Normally this type is used to represent the purchase cost ofenergy for firming up the power supply.The rate of return on investment in the ratio of annualbenefits (net of annual cost) as a percentage of the originalAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 21

Rated capacityRated headRating curveReactive powerRectangular weirRegulated turbineRehabilitationRelative densityRelative humidityReleaseRelief valveReserve FlowReservoirReservoirRestricted orifice surge tankReturn-flow system (reusesystem)Revetmentbook value of the investment.That capacity which a hydro generator can deliver withoutexceeding mechanical safety factors or allowabletemperature rise for design head and design flow. Ingeneral this is also the nameplate rating.Water depth for which a hydroelectric generator andturbines were designed.A curve giving the relationship between flow and waterlevel at a given location.The portion of power that is produced by load inductancesor capacitances.A contracted or suppressed weir with a horizontal crest,rectangular in shape, having vertical sides.A turbine in which the flow is controlled by a flow controldevice, such as needle valves, adjustable guide vane(wicket gates), variable runner blades or deflection arm.The process of renovating a facility or system whoseperformance is failing to meet the original criteria andneeds of the project.Used in construction control for cohesionless soils wherethe in-place density is compared to the minimum andmaximum density of the soil from laboratory tests.The ratio of the amount of moisture in the air to themaximum amount of moisture the air could hold under thesame conditions; usually expressed as a percentage.The amount of water released after use.A valve which will allow air or fluid to escape if itspressure becomes higher than the valve setting.See compensation flow or riparian flow.A body of water impounded by a dam and in which watercan be storedAn artificial lake into which water flows and is stored forfuture use.Similar to a simple surge tank except that the inlet isthrottled to improve damping of oscillations by offeringgreater flow resistance.A system of pipelines or ditches to collect and conveysurface or subsurface runoff from an irrigated field forreuse.An embankment or wall of sandbags, earth, etc.,constructed to restrain material from being transportedaway.Reynolds Number A dimensionless parameter used in pipe frictioncalculations, and derived from pipe diameter, liquidvelocity and kinematic viscosity.Riparian flowIn the sense used in this Standard, riparian flow means theminimum flow that (by law) has to be released below adiversion dam to provide for domestic use, for protectionof the aquatic environment or to meet the licensed waterAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 22

Rip-rapRiserRock fill damRunaway speedRunner (wheel)RunoffRunoff.Run-of-river plantRun-of-river plants.Saddle damSandSandstoneScreenSedimentSedimentationSeepageSeepage lossSemi-Kaplan turbineShaft spillwayallocation of pre-existing (and valid) water use permitholders in the zone affected by a hydropower development.(Synonym: compensation flow, reserve flow).Stone, broken rock or concrete block revetment materialsplaced in layers on an embankment as protection againsterosion.Vertical pipe between surge tank cylinder and “T” Junctionon pipeline (also see surge tank).An embankment dam in which more than 50 percent of thetotal volume is comprised of compacted or dumpedcobbles, boulders, rock fragments, or quarried rockgenerally larger than 3-inch size. The rock providesstructural integrity for the dam around an impervious core.The maximum speed a turbine would reach if the wicketgates remained open after loss of full load (100% loadrejection).The rotating part of a turbineNet of precipitation less evapo-transpiration may beexpressed as total runoff (synonymous to flow), unit runoff(as litres/s per km 2 ) or depth (precipitation – evapotranspiration(in mm).The portion of precipitation, snow melt, or irrigation thatflows over the soil, eventually making its way to surfacewater suppliesPlant without storage reservoirs where water is used at therate at which it “runs” in the river.The regulated inflow of one powerplant is equal to theoutflow from a powerplant upstreamA subsidiary dam of any type constructed across a saddleor low point on the perimeter of a reservoir.Mineral grains whose particle size vary from a No. 4 sieveto a No. 200 sieve.Sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized grains (usuallyquartz) cemented together.A mesh or bar surface used for separating pieces orparticles of different sizes. A filter.Any finely divided organic and/or mineral matter depositedby air or water in nonturbulent areas.Deposition of waterborne sediments due to a decrease invelocity and corresponding reduction in the size andamount of sediment which can be carried.The slow movement or percolation of water through soil orrock.Water loss by capillary action and slow percolation.Fixed guide vanes and adjustable runner blades, singleregulated.A vertical or inclined shaft into which water spills and thenis conveyed through, under, or around a dam by means of aconduit or tunnel.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 23

Shut-off-valveSilt ejectorsSiltingSimple surge tankSingle regulated turbineSlide gateSluiceSluice gateSpecific gravitySpecific speedSpecific weightSpeedA shut off valve is used to:• Isolate turbine from penstock• Shut off the conduit in case of an emergency• Temporarily regulate non-regulated turbinesShut-off valves can be of the following types:• Butterfly valves• Spherical valves• Gate valves (mini-hydro)See gravel ejectors.Filling with soil or mud deposited by water.A simple surge tank is a tank connected by a short riser tothe upstream pressure tunnel (or pipeline). The crosssection area of the riser should be equal or greater than thecross section area of the tunnel (or pipeline).Regulated turbine with one flow control device.A steel gate that upon opening or closing slides on itsbearings in edge guide slots.An opening for releasing water from below the static headelevation.A gate that can be opened or closed by sliding insupporting guides.The ratio of the mass of a body to an equal volume ofwater.From consideration of flow, dynamic and geometricsimilitude it can be shown that runners having similarspecific speeds will have similar geometries and operatingcharacteristics. Specific speed is a parameter defined aspNs=No5 / 4Hwhere:N = specific speedsNo= design (synchronous speed (rpm)P = power in kW (or horsepower)H = Net head (m)Selection of type of turbine and synchronous speed ( Nsisnormally, based on empirical equations giving Ns as afunction of H.The weight per unit volume.Defers to the rate of rotation of a generator in rotations perminute (rpm). The following formula gives the relationshipbetween generator speed and (electric) system frequency120fN =pWhere:N= generator speed (rpm)f = system frequency (Hz)p = number of poles in generator (normally aneven number)AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 24

Speed-no-loadSpillsSpillwaySpillwaySpillway channelSpillway chuteSpillway crestStage (of a river)Static headStatorStator windingsStilling BasinStorageStreamSubcritical flowSubgradeSubstationSubstation capacityIt is the condition where the turbine generator unit is put online at synchronous speed but with insignificant poweroutput. It is then ready for picking up new load that may beadded to the system.Water releases that cannot be put to use for projectpurposes (includes floodflows).Structure for safely discharging flows in excess of turbinecapacity past the diversion dam and head works. Spillwaydesigns are based on rare flood flows. Typically the Q 100 isused for SHP.There are two basic generic designs• Over flow spillway (weir)• Gated spillway, or• A combination of bothA structure that passes normal and/or flood flows in amanner that protects the structural integrity of the dam.An open channel or conduit conveying water from thespillway inlet downstream.A steeply sloping spillway channel that conveys dischargesat super-critical velocities.The lowest level at which water can flow over or through aspillway.The elevation of water surface relative to a convenient(local) datum.The difference in elevation between the pumping sourceand the point of delivery. The vertical distance betweentwo points in a fluid.That portion of a machine which contains the stationary(non-moving) parts that surround the moving parts (rotor).The armature or stationary winding of a synchronousgenerator.A short reach of paved channel downstream of a spillwaywithin which a hydraulic jump, used for energy dissipationin hydraulic structures, is confined either partly or entirely.The retention of water or delay of runoff either by plannedoperation, as in a reservoir, or by temporary filling ofoverflow areas, as in the progression of a flood wavethrough a natural stream channel.Natural water course containing water at least part of theyear.Those conditions of flow for which the depths are greaterthan critical and the velocities are less than critical.The soil prepared and compacted to support a structure or apavement system.Facility equipment that switches, changes, or regulateselectric voltage.The substation capacities are given in kVA (kilovoltamperes).AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 25

SumpSupercritical flowSuppressed weir.Surface runoffSurgeSurge chamberSurge tankSuspended load (suspendedsediment)SuspensionSwitchyardSynchronous condensersSynchronous speedTailraceTailrace curveTailwaterA pit or pool for draining, collecting, or storing water. Achamber located at the entrance to the pump whichprovides water to the pump.Those conditions of flow for which the depths are less thancritical and the velocities are greater than critical.A rectangular weir that has only the crest far removed fromthe channel bottom, the sides are coincident with the sidesof the approach channel, so no lateral contraction of waterpassing through the weir is possible.Precipitation, snow melt, or irrigation in excess of whatcan infiltrate the soil surface and be stored. Surface runoffis a major transporter of non-point source pollutants.A rapid increase in the depth of flow.A chamber or tank connected to a pipe and located at ornear a valve that may quickly open or close or a pump thatmay suddenly start or stop.A surge tank provides protection against excessive waterhammer pressure rise on load rejection and provides avolume of water for facilitating turbine start up on loadacceptance.Types:• Simple type with minimal flow restriction in riser• Restricted orifice type with orifice in riser to dissipateenergy orifice may have different loss characteristicsfor inflow and outflow.• Differential type with main tank and central riser withport holes (intermediate in behaviour between simpleand orifice types).Sediment that is supported by the upward components ofturbulence in a stream and that stays in suspension for anappreciable length of timeA method of sediment transport in which air or waterturbulence supports the weight of the sediment particles,thereby keeping them from settling out or being deposited.Area holding power transformers and related switchgear,circuit breakers etc.A synchronous machine running without mechanical loadand supplying or absorbing reactive power.The rotational speed of the generator such that thefrequency of the alternating current produced is preciselythe same as that of the system being supplied.The channel located between a hydroelectric powerhouseand the river into which the water is discharged afterpassing through the turbines.A curve relating tailrace W.L. at the powerhouse to flow intailrace waterway.The water in the natural stream immediately downstreamfrom a dam.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 26

Tailwater levelThe water level immediately downstream of a dam orpowerhouse.TeeA pipe fitting that has two threaded openings in line, and athird at right angles to them.Temporary river diversion Temporary works typically comprising cofferdams,diversion conduits (pipes or culverts) or ditches for thepurpose of dewatering the river bed, or portion thereof, forfoundation preparation and construction of in riverstructures.TerrainGround surfaceTop of dead capacityThe lowest elevation in the reservoir from which water canbe drawn by gravity.TopographyTotal capacityTransformerTransmissionTransmission lineTransmission lineTransport capacityTrapezoidal weirTrashrackTrench IntakeTubular TurbineTunnelTurbinePhysical shape of the ground surface.The reservoir capacity below the highest of the elevationsrepresenting either the top of exclusive flood controlcapacity, the top of joint use capacity, or the top of activeconservation capacity.Device for increasing (stepping up) or decreasing (steppingdown) line voltage between generator to transmission lineand transmission line to distribution line.The act or process of transporting electric energy in bulk.Facility for transmitting electrical energy at high voltagefrom one point to another point. Transmission line voltagesare normally 115 kilovolt or larger.A power line normally used to carry high voltageelectricity to substations where it is “stepped down” to alower voltage for distribution to individual customers.The capacity of a river to carry sediment in suspension orto move sediment along the riverbed. Usually expressed asmass per unit of timeA contracted weir of trapezoidal shape in which the sidesof the notch are given a slope of 1 horizontal to 4 verticalGrating installed at the entrance to an intake to preventfloating debris from entering the water conductor(waterway) system or penstockAn intake installed in the bed of a river abstracting waterthrough a rack into a lateral trench leading to the waterconductance system in one or other of the river’s banks.Axial turbine with axial or diagonal inflow to the guidevanes, usually with horizontal or inclined shaft. The unitmay be double, single or non-regulated. Tubular turbinesinclude: bulb, pit and S-type units.Covered portion of spillway between the gate or creststructure and the terminal structure, where open channelflow and/or pressure flow conditions may exist.A machine for generating rotary mechanical power fromthe energy of flowing water. Turbines are of the followingtypes:• Francis, radial flow to runnerAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 27

Turbulent flowTyrolean intakeUnitUnit Parameters:Uplift.ValveVelocityVenturiViscosity• Kaplan, axial flow to runner• Pelton, impulse type with 1-6 jets impinging a seriesof runner wheel buckets.• Cross-flow, a variant of the impulse type where jetimpinges on entry and exit to the runner.That type of flow in which any water particle may move inany direction with respect to any other particle, and inwhich the head loss is approximately proportional to thesecond power of the velocity.A variant of the trench intake employed on mountainstreams.A turbine and connected generator that work together as aunit.The following unit parameters give relationships betweenmodel and prototype characteristics. These parameters arevery useful for the analysis, evaluation and prediction ofthe performance of turbines.D.NnUnit speed ( )11=H nQUnit flow ( q11 ) =2D . H nPUnit Power ( p11) =2 3/ 2D . HnMUnit torque ( m11) =3 3/ 2D . HnN QSpecific speed ( N s) =3/ 4HN.POr =5 / 4HWhere:D is runner diameter (m)N is rotational speed (rpm)H n is net head on turbine (m)M is output torque (m.N.)The upward pressure in the pores of a material (interstitialpressure) on the base of a structure.A device used to control the flow in a conduit, pipe, ortunnel that permanently obstructs a portion of thewaterway.Rate of flow of water expressed in feet per second or milesper hour.A pressure jet that draws in and mixes air.The resistance of a fluid to flow. A liquid with a highviscosity rating will resist flow more readily than will aliquid with a low viscosityAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 28

V-notch weirVoidVoid ratioVoltVolt (V)Voltage (E)Volt-ampere (VA)Volt-amperes reactive (VARS)VortexWater conductor systemWater conveyance efficiencyWater conveyance structureWater cycleWater qualityWaterhammerWatershed (drainage area)WaterwaysWattWatt hour(Wh)Wave celerityWeirWeirWheeling chargesWicket gateA weir that is V-shaped, with its apex downward, used toaccurately measure small rates of flow.Space in a soil or rock mass not occupied by solid mineralmatter.The ratio of the volume of void space to the volume ofsolid particles in a given soil mass.The unit of electromotive force or electric pressure, akin towater pressure in pounds per square inch.The unit of measurement of electromotive force.Electrical pressure, i.e. the force which causes current toflow through an electrical conductor.A unit of apparent power in an ac circuit containingreactance.The unit of measure for reactive power.A revolving mass of water (whirlpool) in which thestreamlines are concentric circles and in which the totalhead is the same. Water rotating about an axis.System of canals, aqueducts, pipelines, tunnels - etc. fortransporting water from intake to turbine.Sometimes termed “waterway”Ratio of the volume of irrigation water delivered by adistribution system to the water introduced into the system.Any structure that conveys water from one location toanother.The movement of water from the air to and below theEarth's surface and back into the air.The condition of water as it relates to impurities.Is a pressure wave produced in a water piping system dueto rapid valve opening or closing. This phenomenonsometimes produces audible “thumping” sounds in apiping system.Surface drainage area above a specified point on a stream.See water conductor systemBasic unit of electrical power produced at one time.An electrical energy unit of measure equal to one watt ofpower supplied to, or taken from, an electrical circuitsteadily for one hour.The speed at which a pressure wave will propagate througha penstock, pipeline or power tunnel.See spillway (overflow type)An overflow structure built across an open channel to raisethe upstream water level and/or to measure the flow ofwater.Charges for transportation and delivery of electrical powerat an agreed location.In hydropower applications a gate which pivots openaround the periphery of a turbine or pump to allow water toenter.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 29

Work planPlans that are prepared which detail the scope, direction,and purpose of a proposed Resource Management Plan.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 30

1.2 STANDARDS/ MANUALS/GUIDELINES FOR SMALL HYDROPOWERDEVELOPMENT PROPOSED TO BE PREPARED WITH FOLLOWINGTITLES UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF MINISTRY OF NEW &RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES, GOVT. OF INDIA1. General1.1 Small hydropower definitions and glossary of terms, list and scope of differentIndian and international standards/guidelines/manuals1.2 Guidelines for planning the projects on existing structures1.3 Guidelines for planning: run-off-river projects1.4 Manual on project hydrology and installed capacity1.5 Guidelines for reports preparation: reconnaissance, pre-feasibility, feasibility,detailed project report, as built report1.6 Guidelines for project cost estimation1.7 Manual for economic and financial analysis and tariff calculation1.8 Model contracts for execution and supplies of works1.9 Guidelines for SHP project management1.10 Guidelines for Environment Impact Assessment for SmallHydropower projects1.11 Guidelines for performance evaluation of SHP stations1.12 Guidelines for modernization and renovation of SHP stations1.13 Guidelines for Site Investigations2. Civil Works2.1 Guidelines for layouts of SHP projects2.2 Guidelines for hydraulic design of SHP projects2.3 Guidelines for structural design of SHP projects2.4 Guidelines for maintenance of civil (including hydro-mechanical)works of SHP projects3. Electro Mechanical works3.1 Guidelines for selection of SHP generating equipment3.2 Guidelines for electrical designs of SHP plants including switchyard3.3 Specifications for procurement of SHP generating equipment3.4 Specifications for procurement of auxiliaries for SHP plants3.5 Specifications for procurement of switchyard equipments and power lines3.6 Specifications for connection to the grid at various levels3.7 Guidelines for operation and maintenance of power plant3.8 Specifications for monitoring, control and protection of SHP stations3.9 Guidelines for automation and remote control of SHP stationsAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 31

Title 1.1: Small hydropower definitions and glossary of terms, list and scope ofdifferent Indian and international standards/guidelines/manualsScope • Glossary of terms list of small hydropower standards being prepared• List of available Indian Standards for small hydropower• List of available International Standard for small hydropower• List of related reference booksStatusDraft ReadyAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 32

Title 1.2: Guidelines for planning the projects on existing structuresScope • Assessment of hydropower resources• Power market surveys• Estimation of Growth- Domestic Category- Commercial- Institutional Loads- Industrial Loads• Development Plan• ReferencesStatusUnder preparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 33

Title 1.3: Guidelines for planning: run-off-river projectsScope • Planning (or Inventory) Studies• Reconnaissance Study• Feasibility Studies• System Planning Study• Project Preparation for Run-of-River Projects- Hydrology:- Sediment:- Access:- Slope Stability- Daily peaking operation• Toe of Dam Projects - Type of Development and Issues of Concern• Condition Assessment- Physical condition of structures: Assessment of the physical condition ofthe structures.- Equipment:- Design review• Intake and Waterways in Dam Abutments• Powerhouse Location - Downstream of Outlet Structure- Review of original foundation geology (if available).- Stability review of dam and auxiliary structures for conformance withcurrent norms.- Review of construction photos and reports (if available)- Condition assessment of the dam.- Ground water conditions and risk of seepage in to excavations.- Stability of excavated slopes.• Extension of Outlet Conduit• Powerhouse Location - Downstream of Spillway Bay• Raising Reservoir Full Supply Level (FSL)• Canal Fall Projects - Types of Developments and Issues- Condition Assessment- Powerhouse Location - In Bypass Canal- Powerhouse Locations - in Unused Navigation Locks- Interference with Irrigation Operations• Renovation of Existing Plants• IS Standards Cited• Other ReferencesStatus Draft issuedAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 34

Title 1.4: Manual on project hydrology and installed capacityScope • Objective and scope• Sources of data• Assessment of data quality• Estimation of missing data and extension of period of record• Transposition of data to project drainage area• Water supply assessment:- Preparation of flow duration curve- Preparation of energy versus capacity curve• Flood hydrology- Methodology (frequency analysis and/or regional formulae)- Derivation of spillway design flood and construction floods• Sedimentation• Water quality• Conclusions and recommendations• IS standards cited• Other referencesStatus Under preparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 35

Title 1.5: Guidelines for reports preparation: Reconnaissance, pre-feasibility,feasibility, detailed project report, as built reportScope • Introduction• Objectives• Planning- Sources of data- Hydrology studies- Conceptual design- Preliminary cost estimate- Preliminary economic assessment- Recommendations (on socio-economic impacts and further studies)• Reconnaissance report- Inspection team members- Dates of inspection program- Summary of observations and findings- Recommendations on structure locations, confirmation of head etc.- Access and T.L. routes, sources of construction material etc,- Outline program for site investigation program- Upgrading of planning (desk) report- Conclusions• Feasibility Report- Location- Data collection and analysis- Investigations- Water power studies- Installed capacity- Equipment selection- Layout of schemes- Civil works- Cost aspects- Techno-economic analysisStatus Under PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 36

Title 1.6: Guidelines for project cost estimationScope • Cost of civil works including type of project area,• Cost of electrical works including transportation, erection andcommissioning.• Cost of Mechanical works including transportation, erection andcommissioning.• Cost of other items.• Cost of miscellaneous items.• Cost of land.• Cost of preliminary works.• Maintenance during construction• Communication – roads & other means of communication• T&P• Special T&P• Buildings• Environment and ecology• Establishment including design of works.• Audit and accounts• Losses on stock• RecoveriesStatusUnder PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 37

Title 1.7: Manual for economic and financial analysis and tariff calculationScope• Economic analysis• Financial analysis• Interest during construction• Working capital• Operation and maintenance cost• Depreciation of assets• Cost of Generation• Auxiliary consumption• Losses of energy• Tariff-• Moratorium Period• Discount rate• Benefit cost ratio• Return on equity.• Annual capacity charges.• Annual energy charges• Grant in aid or Subsidy-.• IncentivesStatusUnder PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 38

Title 1.8: Model contracts for execution and supplies of worksScope To be decidedStatusUnder PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 39

Title 1.9: Guidelines for SHP project managementScope To be decidedStatusUnder PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 40

Title 1.10: Guidelines for Environment Impact Assessment for SmallHydropower projectsScope • Introduction: Classification of impacts, Likely env. consequences of SHPs,Env policy on SHPs, Need for EIA, Objectives and scope of theguidelines• Laws, Rules, Directives, Procedure for obtaining environmental clearance• Environmental Indicators: Socioeconomic, Biological, PhysicalEnvironment, Relevance to SHPs• Base Line Data• EIA Methodology: Screening, Scoping (surveys, participation of public,scoping matrix), Checklist• Water Quality Aspects: Water quality effects during construction, duringoperation, upstream and downstream, Design of water quality monitoringprogram (sampling, regulatory audit), Interpretation of results.• Stake Holders in EIA Process: Methods and procedures for engagingstable holders, Socio economic and cultural assessment, Publicparticipation• Principles and Procedures of Env. Management Plan: Impact monitoring,Monitoring plan / schedule, Env. auditing, Auditing plan / schedule• Preparation of (i) Terms of Reference (good practice criteria) and (ii) EIAReport• Useful Reference MaterialStatusDraft IssuedAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 41

Title 1.11: Guidelines for performance evaluation of SHP stationsScope • Objective of Performance Evaluation• Scope of Performance Evaluation• Inspection- Qualitative Evaluation- Quantitative Evaluation• Verification of Conformity of Equipment to National/InternationalStandards• Functional Checks• Error Checks on Measuring Instruments• Secondary Injection Tests on Protective Relays• Measurement of Functional Parameters- Measurement of Hydraulic Parameters- Measurement of Electrical Parameters- Measurement of Noise Levels- Measurement of Vibrations• Test of Maximum Power Output• Test of Efficiency of Generating Units- Choice of Efficiency Measurement Method- Discharge-Head Method- Absolute Methods & Instruments for Discharge Measurement- Head Measurement Methods & Instruments- Free Surface-Level Measurement Methods & Instruments- Electrical Power Measurement- Efficiency Calculations- Uncertainty Assessment- Thermodynamic Method- Measurement Parameters- Probes and Measuring Vessels- Measuring Instruments- Data Acquisition System- Hydraulic Efficiency Calculation- Assessment of Losses- Assessment of Unit Efficiency- Uncertainty Analysis• Evaluation of Weighted Efficiency of Generating Units• Index Test- Objective of Index Test- Relative Methods of Discharge Measurement• ReportingStatus Under PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 42

Title 1.12: Guidelines for modernization and renovation of SHP stationsScope • Assessment of operating conditions- Availability of water- Need for increased capacity- Forced outage- Equipment operating data• Assessment of maintenance records• Assessment of major overhauls / repairs• Inspection of equipments for performance, general condition andidentification of problems• Testing of generating equipments for assessment of life extention andperformance• Assessment of civil works- Intake works- Water conductor systems- Gates and trash racks- Powerhouse building• Inspection of cables, control and protection equipments• Inspection of transformer and switchyard equationStatusUnder PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 43

Title 1.13: Guidelines for Site InvestigationsScope • Topographical surveys• Hydrological surveys- Discharge measurement techniques- Discharge measuring instruments• Geological surveys• Meteorological surveys• Power evacuation line survey• Socio-economic survey• Load assessment surveys• Environmental and ecological surveys• Surveys for construction material• Sub surface explorationStatus Under PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 44

2. Civil WorksTitle 2.1: Guidelines for layouts of SHP projectsScope • Type of schemes- Canal based SHP schemes- Run – of –river SHP schemes- Dam toe SHP schemes- Dam based SHP schemes- Rehabilitation• Selection and type of components of civil works –- Diversion structure- Power channel- Tunnel- Bye pass channel- Close conduits- Desilting arrangement- Forebey- Balancing reservoir- Surge shaft- Penstock- Spillway- Power house building- Tailrace channel- Cross drainage worksStatusDraft issuedAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 45

Title 2.2: Guidelines for Hydraulic design of SHP ProjectsScope • Hydraulic Design of Head works including Intake- Gated Weirs- Trench Weirs- Bush & Boulder Weirs• Hydraulic Design of Trash racks• Hydraulic Design of- Headrace Channels- Headrace tunnels- Pipe conduits- Cross drainage works• Hydraulic design of bypass power channel including pilling workspertaining to development on existing canal falls• Hydraulic Design of Desilting Works- Vortex Tubes- Desilting tanks including flushing system• Hydraulic design of Forebay- Forebay- Spillway channel• Hydraulic Design of surge shaft• Hydraulic Design of penstock• Hydraulic Design of tailraceStatusDraft issuedAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 46

Title 2.3: Guidelines for structural design of SHP projectsScope • General• Structures for River-off Type Small Hydro Projects• Structures for Canal Type Small Hydro Projects• Basic Data for Structural Design• Design Details for Structures for River-off Type SHP Projects- Intake Structures- Feeder Channel and Power channel- Desilting tank (Settling Basing)- Forebay Tank- Penstocks and Their Supports- Powerhouse Building- Machine Foundation- Tailrace Channel• Design Details for Structures for Canal Type SHP Projects- Canal Walls- Power House Building• ReferencesStatusDraft issuedAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 47

Title 2.4: Guidelines for maintenance of civil (including hydro-mechanical)works of SHP projectsScope • Maintenance of head works including intake/head regulator- Frequency of Inspection- Normal repairs- Extra-ordinary repairs• Maintenance of power channel/power conduit/tunnel- Frequency of Inspection- Normal repairs- Extra-ordinary repairs• Maintenance of Desilting tank including flushing conduits- Frequency of Inspection- Normal repairs- Extra-ordinary repairs• Maintenance of Forebay/surge shaft- Frequency of Inspection- Normal repairs- Extra-ordinary repairs• Maintenance of Penstocks & related structures- Frequency of Inspection- Normal repairs- Extra-ordinary repairs• Maintenance of powerhouse structure- Frequency of Inspection- Normal repairs- Extra-ordinary repairs• Maintenance of tailrace & river protection works- Frequency of Inspection- Normal repairs- Extra-ordinary repairs• Maintenance of Trash racks (Gates & Hoists)- Frequency of Inspection- Normal repairs- Extra-ordinary repairsStatusUnder PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 48

3. Electro Mechanical WorksTitle 3.1: Guidelines for selection of SHP generating equipmentScope • Overview• Purpose• Site Data• Net Head• Classification and Types of Turbines- Francis Turbines- Axial Flow turbines- Tubular Turbines- Bulb Turbines- Vertical Semi-Kaplan Turbine with Syphon Intake- Pit Type Bulb Turbine- Impulse Turbine- Turgo Impulse Turbines- Cross Flow Turbines• Selection of Hydraulic Turbine- Specific Speed (Ns)- Selection Procedure for Small Hydro upto 3 MW unit size- General- Micro Hydel Range (upto 100 kW)- Cost Elements- Step by step procedure for selection of turbine• Mini Hydro in the Range 0.1 MW to 5 MW• Setting and Cavitation of Reaction Turbine Performance- Pressure Regulation- Speed Regulation- Speed Rise- Small Hydro (grid connected)- Small Hydro (isolated grid operation)• Type of Generators- Synchronous generators- Synchronous (or induction) generators• Applicable Standard• Cooling Classification• Operational Requirements• Transient event and emergency duty requirements• Sudden short circuit at the generator terminals• Synchronizing• Short-time volts/hertz variations• Over speed• Ratings and Electrical Characteristics• Mechanical Characteristics• Controllers and Governors, Flow Regulators• Ballast• Instrumentation• Voltage and Frequency Protection Functions• Islanding Protection FunctionsAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 49

Status• Electrical CharacteristicsDraft IssuedAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 50

Title 3.2: Guidelines for electrical designs of SHP plants including switchyardScope• Design of following equipments for generation voltages at 415 V, 3.3 kVand 11 kV• Francis, Propellor, Kaplan, Pelton, Turgo Impulse, Cross Flow Turbine• Governor• Speed Icnreaser• Synchronous Generator, Induction Generator• Transformer• Switchyard Equipments such as Circuit Breaker, Isolator, CTs, PTs,Lightning Arrestor• Crane – Electric, Semi-electric and manual operated• Power and Control Cables• Battery and Battery Charger• Station Service Board• Diesel Generating Set• Ventilation and Air ConditoningStatusUnder PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 51

Title 3.3: Specifications for procurement of SHP generating equipmentScope • Hydro Turbines- Guidelines for technical specification for Francis Turbine & GoverningSystem- Guidelines for technical specification for Kaplan Turbine & governingsystem- Guidelines for technical specification for Pelton Turbine & governingsystem- Guidelines for technical specification for Tubular Turbine & governingsystem• Hydro Generator- Guide lines for technical specifications for Synchronous Generator- Guide lines for technical specifications for Induction GeneratorStatusUnder PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 52

Title 3.4: Specifications for procurement of auxiliaries for SHP plantsScope • Introduction- Purpose- Applicability- References- Limitations- Contents- Design Practice- Safety Provisions• Purchase specifications for Mechanical Auxiliaries- EOT crane- Dewatering and drainage system- Cooling Water System with water pipe lines and valves up to feedingpoints.- High Pressure Compressed Air System- Water level sensing and transmitting device for fore bay and tail race.- Governor/lubricating oil centrifuge type purifier- Fire Protection System- Ventilation and Air conditioning• Purchase specifications for Electrical Auxiliaries- Auxiliary Transformers- Station Batteries and Battery Chargers- L.T Switchgear (AC and DC)- Power and Control Cables- Power House & Switch Yard Lighting System- Cabling, Earthing and Lightning Protection- Communication System- Transformer Oil Purifier- Personal Computer System- D.G. SetStatusUnder PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 53

Title 3.5: Specifications for procurement of switchyard equipments and powerlinesScope • Design & Engineering specifications of all the equipments, and materials to beused for switchyard and power lines.• Bid documents for procurement action.• To asses and plan the Bill of quantities to complete the job.• Publication of Tender notice, Pre-bid conference, Receipt of Bids, evolution ofBids, acceptance of Bid and Placement of order for procurement.• Implementation specifications of work by• Receipt & Storage specifications of material.• Installation specifications of equipments and material• Testing and commissioning specifications of all equipments individually andpower plant as a whole.• Switchyard- Power Transformer,- Station Supply Transformer,- Circuit Breakers- Isolators,- Current Transformer,- Potential Transformer- Lightening Arrestor,- Control & Relay Panels,- A.C. Board,- D.C. Charger & Board,- Battery Set,- Bus-Bar includes conductor, Hardware, Disc Insulators, P.G. Clamps,- Structures,- Earthing materials includes M.S. Bar, G.I. Flat,- PVC Control Cables, Power Cables & L.T. Cables- Lighting includes Steel Tubular Poles, Light fixtures, Switches etc.- Bolts & Nuts, Spring washers, Flat washersStatus Under PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 54

Title 3.6: Specifications for connection to the grid at various levelsScope • Necessity• Modes of operation – isolated; grid connected; islanding• Provisions in generating equipment• Protection – transformer, line faults synchronizing for SHP interconnectedwith grid at 11 kV• Protection – transformer, line faults, synchronous for small hydro upto 5MW interconnected with grid at sub transmission level (33 kV).• Protection – transformer, line faults and synchronizing for small hydroabove 5 MW and interconnected with grid at transmission voltage 66 kVand above.Status Under PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 55

Title 3.7: Guidelines for operation and maintenance of power plantScope • Guidelines for operation of small hydropower station- Introduction- Civil & Hydraulic Structure- Powerhouse- Switchyard- Other systems- Guidelines for Operation of Power Plant- Water Operation- Operation of Power Station- Guidelines for Preparing Operation Manual- Guidelines for Plant Reports and Records- Guidelines for safety Manual- Guidelines for Disaster Management• Guidelines for maintenance of small hydropower stations- Introduction- Type of Maintenance- Reactive (run to failure)- Preventive Maintenance- Predictive Maintenance- Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)- Requirement of Effective Maintenance- Guidelines for Maintenance of Small Hydropower- Preventive Maintenance of Hydro Turbine & Auxiliaries- Preventive Maintenance of Hydro Generator- Preventive Maintenance of Power Transformer- Preventive Maintenance of Hydro-mechanical Equipment- Procedure for Typical Maintenance Activities• General guidelines- Guidelines for Taking over O&M of SHP- Guidelines for Manpower, Selection and Training- Essential T&P, Instrument ETC- Fire Protection & Fire Fighting- Safety Aspect of Running SHP- Guidelines for DocumentationStatus Draft issuedAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 56

Title 3.8: Specifications for monitoring, control and protection of SHP stationsScope • Objective• Scope- Monitoring- Control- Protection- Auxiliary D.C. Supply• Monitoring- Mechanical Parameters- Electrical Parameters- Measuring Instruments- Computer-Based Monitoring- Fault Annunciators• Control- Generator Connection to System- Synchronous Generator- Induction Generator- Unit Control- Control Functions- Control Equipment- Manual Control- Computer/ PLC Control- Remote Control• Protection- Protecting Relays- Adequacy, Cost and Complexity of Protective Relaying- Circuits Breakers- CTs and VTs• Protection of Turbine- Malfunctions/Troubles- Protective Devices• Protection of Generator- Malfunctions/Troubles- Electromechanical Protective Relays for Generator- Digital Protective Relays for Generator- Generator Management Relay• Protection of Power Transformer- Troubles- Electromechanical Protective Relays for Transformer- Digital Protective Relays for Transformer- Transformer Management RelayProtection of Station TransformerStatus Under PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 57

Title 3.9: Guidelines for automation and remote control of SHP stationsScope • Manual Versus Computer-Based Control• Objective and Meaning of Automation• Local Versus Remote Control• Requirements of Remote Control• Automation- Control Requirements- Choice of Computer, PLC and Microprocessor- Automation System Architecture- “Open” Versus “Proprietary” Architecture Systems- Software Configuration Database- “Open Source” Versus “Proprietary” Software- Control-Level Data Network- Device-Level Data Network- “Standard” Versus “Proprietary” Network Protocols.- Wireless Versus Wired Networks• Schemes of Automation- Single PLC System with Manual-Control for Backup- Redundant PLC System- Computer-Based Control System- Computer-Based SCADA System- User Interface Plant Interface• Remote Control- Requirements of Remote Control- Backup with Local-Control- Remote and Local Displays / Alarms- Choice Computer, PLC and Microprocessor- Choice of Communication Medium- Choice of Communication Protocols• Integration with Existing Control System- Integrating with Existing Contact Outputs- Integrating with Existing Sensor Outputs- Integrating with Existing Actuator Inputs• Power Source- Voltage and VA Ratings- Un-interruptible Power Supply (UPS)- Dual Battery Bank Versus Dual UPSStatusUnder PreparationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 58

1.3 INDIAN STANDARDS3.1.1 River valley developmentIS 6066IS 11293(Part 2)IS 14344IS 4997IS 6512IS 6934IS 7365IS 9297IS 10135IS 10137IS 11485IS 11527IS 11772IS 12200IS 12720- Recommendations for pressure grouting ofrock foundations in river valley projects- Guidelines for the design of grout curtains:Part 2 Masonry and Concrete dams.- Design and construction of diaphragms forunder seepage control - Code of practice- Criteria for design of hydraulic jump typestilling basins with horizontal and slopingapron- Criteria for design of solid gravity- Recommendations for hydraulic design of highogee over-flow spillways- Criteria for hydraulic design of bucket typeenergy dissipators- Recommendations for lighting, ventilation andother facilities inside the dam- Code of practice for drainage system forgravity dams, their foundations and abutments(first- Guidelines for selection of spillways andenergy dissipators- Criteria for hydraulic design of sluices inconcrete and masonry dams- Criteria for structural design of energydissipators for spillways- Guidelines for design of drainage arrangementsof energy dissipators and training walls ofspillways- Code of practice for provision of water stops attransverse contraction joints in masonry andconcrete dams- Criteria for structural design of spillwaytraining walls and divide wallsAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 59

IS 12966(Part 1&2)IS 13144IS 13195IS 13551IS 14591IS 15058IS 7563IS 4880 (Part 1 to 7)IS 5878(Part 2 to 7)IS 12633IS 7357- Code of practice for galleries and otheropenings in dams: Part 1 General requirements- Recommendations for provision of facilities outsidedams- Preliminary design, operation and maintenanceof protection works downstream of spillways -Guidelines- Criteria for structural design of spillway pierand crest- Guidelines for temperature control of massconcrete for dams- Specification for PVC waterstops at transversecontraction joints in masonry and concretedams- Code of practice for structural design ofcut and cover concrete conduits- Code of practice for design of tunnels conveyingwater: Part 1 General design- Code of practice for construction of tunnel conveyingwater: Part 2 Underground excavation in rock, Section1 Drilling and blasting- Guidelines for first filling and emptying of pressure- Code of practice for structuraldesign of surge tanksIS 7396 - Criteria for hydraulic design of surge tanks: Part 1Simple, restricted orifice and differential surgeIS 9761- Hydropower intakes - criteria for hydraulic design* IS 11388 - Recommendations for design of trash racks for intakesIS 4247(Part 1 to 3)IS 4461*IS 4720- Code of practice for structural design of surfacehydroelectric power stations: Part 1 Data for design- Code of practice for joints in surface hydro-electricpower stations- Code of practice for ventilation of surface hydropower stationAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 60

IS 4721IS 7207IS 10824IS 7436IS 8282(Part 1&2)IS 10334IS 10434(Part 1&2)IS 13073(Part 1&2)IS 13232IS 14278IS:11155-1994IS: 712IS:2116IS:2185- Code of practice for drainage and dewatering ofsurface hydroelectric power stations- Criteria for design of generator foundation forhydroelectric power stations- Code of practice for amenities in power houses- Guide for types of measurements for structures in rivervalley projects and criteria for choice and location ofmeasuring instruments: Part 2 Concrete and masonrydams- Code of practice for installation, maintenance andobservation of pore pressure measuring devices inconcrete and masonry dams: Part 1 Electricalresistance type cell- Code of practice for selection, splicing, installationand providing protection to the open ends ofcables used connecting resistance measuring devices inconcrete and masonry dams- Installation, maintenance and observation ofdeformation measuring devices in concrete andmasonry dams - Guidelines, Part 1 Resistance typejoint meters (First Revision)- Code of practice for installation, maintenance andobservation of displacement measuring devices inconcrete and masonry dams: Part 1 Deflectionmeasurement using plumb lines- Code of practice for installation, maintenance andobservation of electrical strain measuring devices inconcrete dams- Stress measuring devices in concrete and masonrydams - Installation, commissioning and observations -Code of practice.- Specification for Admixtures for Concrete- Specification of building limes- Specification for sand for masonry mortars- Specification for concrete masonry unitsAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 61

IS 1192:1981IS 1194:1960IS 3910:1992IS 3918:1966IS 3913:2005IS 4477 (Part-2):1975IS 4890:1968IS 9163 (Part 1): 1979ISO9555-1:1973IS 9922:1981ISO 8363:1980IS 12752:1989ISO 8368:1980IS 13083:1991ISO 4377:1990IS 14673:1999ISO 4360:1984IS 14869:2000ISO 4359:1983IS 15118:2002ISO 4373:1995IS 15119 (Part 2):2002ISO 1100-2:1998IS 15123:2002ISO 4362:`1999DOC.WRD 1 (338)IS 4410(Part 1): 1991IS 4078: 1980*IS 4453: 1980IS 4464: 1985IS 5313: 1980*IS 5497: 1983*IS 10060: 1981*IS 13578: 1992IS 4008: 1985IS 4186: 1985: Velocity area methods for measurement of flow of water in openchannels (first revision): Forms for recording measurement of flow of water in openchannels: Requirements for rotating element current meters (cup type) forwater flow measurement (first revision): Code of practice for use of current meter (cup type) of water flowmeasurement: Specification for suspended sediment load samplers (first revision): Methods of measurement fluid flow by means of venture meters:Part 2 compressible fluids: Methods for measurement of suspended sediment in open channels: Dilution methods of measurement of steady flow Part 1 constantrate injection method: Guide for selection of method for measuring flow in open channels: Guidelines for the selection of flow gauging structures: Liquid flow measurement in open channels-flat-V weirs: Liquid flow measurement in open channels by weirs and flumes –Triangular profile weirs: Liquid flow measurement in open channels-Rectangular, trapezoidal and U-shape flumes: Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Part 1Establishment and operation of a gauging station: Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Part 2Determination of the stage-discharge relation: Hydrometric determination – Flow measurement in open channelsusing structures – Trapezoidal broad crested weirs: Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Field measurementof discharge in large rivers and floods (based on ISO 9825: 1994): Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects Part 1 Irrigationpractice (first revision): Code of practice for indexing and storage of drill cores (firstrevision): Code of practice for exploration by pits, trenches, drifts and shafts(first revision): Code of practice for presentation of drilling information and coredescription in foundation investigation (first revision): Guide for core drilling observations (first revision): Guide for topographical surveys for river valley projects (firstrevision): Code of practice for subsurface investigation for power house sites: Subsurface exploration for barrages and weirs – Code of practice: Guide for presentation of project report for river valley projects(first revision): Guide for preparation of project report for river valley projects(first revision)AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 62

IS 4877: 1968IS 5510: 1969IS 4622: 2003IS 4623: 2000*IS 5620: 1985IS 6938: 2005IS 7326(Part 1): 1992IS 7326 (Part 2): 1992IS 7326 (Part 3): 1976: Guide for preparation of estimate for river valley projects: Guide for soil surveys for river valley projects: Recommendation for structural design of fixed wheel gates (thirdrevision): Recommendation for structural design of radial gates (secondrevision): Recommendation for structural design criteria for low head slidegates (second revision): Code of practice for design of rope drum and chain hoists forhydraulic gates (second revision): Penstock and turbine inlet butterfly valves for hydropower stationsand systems: Part 1 Criteria for structural and hydraulic design(first revision): Penstock and turbine inlet butterfly valves for hydropower stationsand systems: Part 2 – Guidelines for design and selection of controlequipment (first revision): Penstock and turbine inlet butterfly valves for hydropower stationsand systems: Part 3 – Recommendations for operations andmaintenanceIS 7332 (Part 1): 1991 : Spherical valves for hydropower stations and systems: Part 1 –Criteria for structural and hydraulic design (first revision)IS 7332 (Part 2): 1993 : Spherical valves for hydropower stations and systems: Part 2 –Guidelines for design and selection of control equipment (firstrevision)IS 7332 (Part 3): 1994 : Spherical valves for hydropower stations and systems: Part 3 –Recommendation for operation and maintenance of sphericalvalves (first revision)IS 7718: 1991IS 9349: 2006IS 10021: 2000IS 10096 (Part 1/Sec1): 1983IS 10096 (Part 1/Sec2): 1986IS 10096 (Part 2):1983IS 10096 (Part 3):2002IS 10210.1993IS 11228:1985IS 11793:1986IS 11855:2004: Recommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of fixedwheel and slide gates (first revision): Recommendations for structural design of medium and high headslide gates (second revision): Guidelines for de-icing systems for hydraulic installations (firstrevision): Recommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of radialgates and rope drum hoists: Part 1 – Inspection, testing andassembly at the manufacturing stage Section 1 Gates: Recommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of radialgates and rope drum hoists: Part 2 – Inspection, testing andassembly at the manufacturing stage Section 2 Rope Drum Hoists: Recommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance or radialgates and their hoists: Part 2 – Inspection, testing and assembly atthe time of erection: Recommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of radialgates and rope drum hoists: Part 3 after erection (first revision): Criteria for design of hydraulic hoists: Recommendations for design of screw hoists for hydraulic gatesGuidelines for design of float-driven hoisting mechanism forautomatic gated controlGeneral requirements for rubber seals for hydraulic gates (firstrevision)AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 63

IS 13041:1991IS 13591:1992IS 13623:1993IS 14177:1994IS 15466:2004DOC.WRD 12(379)IS 3872:2002IS 3873:1993IS 4515:2002IS 4558:1995IS 4701:1982IS 4893(Part 1):1992IS 4893(Part 2):1992IS 4893(Part 3):1992IS 5256:1992IS 5690:1982IS 5968:1987IS 6004:1980IS 6522:1972IS 6936:1992IS 7112:2002IS 7113:2003IS 7114:1973IS 7331:1981IS 7495:1974IS 7784(Part 1):1993IS 7784(Part 2 /Sec1):1995IS 7784(Part 2/Sec2):2000IS 7784(Part 2/Sec3):2000Recommendation for inspection, testing and maintenance ofhydraulic hoist (after erection)Criteria for design of lifting beamsCriteria for choice of gates and hoistsGuidelines for painting system for hydraulic gates and hoistsSpecification for rubber seals for hydraulic gatesRecommendations for structural design criteria for low head slidegates (second revision of IS 5620:1985)Code of practice for lining of canals with burnt clay ties (firstrevision)Laying cement concrete/ stone slab lining on canals – code ofpractice (second revision)Stone pitched lining for canals – code of practice (second revision)Code of practice for under-draining of lined canals (secondrevision)Code of practice of earthwork on canalsMaintenance of canals – code of practice : Part 1 Unlined canals(second revision)Maintenance of canals – code of practice : Part 2 lined canals(second revision)Maintenance of canals – code of practice : Part 3 canals structures,drains, jungle clearance, plantation and regulation (second revision)Code of practice for sealing expansion joints in concrete lining oncanals (first revision)Guide for laying combination lining for existing unlined canals(first revision)Guide for planning and layout of canal system for irrigation andpower canals (first revision)Criteria for hydraulic design of sediment ejector for irrigation andpower canals (first revision)Criteria for design of silt vanes for sediment control in off takingcanalsGuide for location, selection and hydraulic design of canal escapes(first revision)Criteria for design of cross section for unlined canals in alluvialsoil (first revision)Code of practice for soil-cement lining for canals (first revision)Criteria for hydraulic design of cross regulators for canalsCode of practice for inspection and maintenance of cross-drainageworks (first revision)Criteria for hydraulic design of silt selective head regulator forsediment control in off taking canalsCode of practice for design of cross drainage works: Part 1 Generalfeatures (first revision)Code of practice for design of cross drainage works: Part 2 specificrequirement section 1Code of practice for design of cross drainage works: Part 2 specificrequirement section 2 superpassages (first revision)Code of practice for design of cross drainage works: Part 2 specificrequirement section 4 level crossingsAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 64

IS 7784(Part 2/Sec Code of practice for design of cross drainage works: Part 2 specific4):2000requirement section 4 level crossingsIS 7784(Part 2/Sec Code of practice for design for cross drainage works: Part 25):2000specific requirement section 5 syphon aqueducts (first revision)IS 7871:1975Criteria for hydraulic design of groyne walls (curved wing) forsediment distribution of off take points in a canalIS 7873:1975Code of practice for line concrete lining for canalsIS 7880:1975Criteria for hydraulic design of skimming platform for sedimentcontrol in off taking canalIS 7986:1976Code of practice for canal outletsIS 8835:1978Guidelines for planning and design of surface drainsIS 9097:1979Guidelines for laying lining of canals with hot bitumen orbituminous feltsIS 9447:1980Guidelines for assessment of seepage losses from canals byanalytical methodIS 9451:1994Guidelines for lining of canals in expansive soils (second revision)IS 9452(Part 1):1993 Code of practice for measurement of seepage losses from canals:Part 1 Ponding method (first revision)IS 9452(Part 1):1993 Code of practice for measurement of seepage losses from canals:Part 2 inflow outflow methodIS 9452(Part 1):1993 Code of practice for measurement of seepage losses from canals:Part 3 by seepage meter methodIS 9698:1995Lining of canals with polytheylene film – Code of practice (firstrevision)IS 9913:2000Code of practice for construction of cross drainage works (firstrevision)IS 10430:2000Criteria for design of lin3ed canals and guidelines for election oftype of lining (first revision)IS 10646:1991Canal linings – Cement concrete tiles – Specification (firstrevision)IS 11809:1994Lining for canals by stone masonry – code of practice (firstrevision)IS 12331:1988General requirements for canal outletsIS 12379:1988Code of practice for lining water courses and field channelsIS 13143:1991 Joints in concrete lining of canals – sealing compound –specificationDOC WRD 13(340) Guidelines for planning of parallel canalsDOC WRD 13(411) Draft amendment no. 2 to IS 9451:1994Guidelines for lining of canals in expansive soils (second revision)DOC WRD 13(9001) Guidelines for canal lining in dispersive soilsDOC WRD 13(349) Guidelines for estimation of transmission losses in canalsDOC WRD 13(378) Guidelines for adopting coefficient of friction (Rugositycoefficient) for design of canalsDOC WRD 13(447) Code of practice for design of cross drainage works: Part 1 Generalfeatures (first revision) Revision of IS 7784(Pt 1):1993IS 4880 (Part 1): 1987 Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water: Part 1General design (first revision)IS 4880 (Part 2): 1976 Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water: Part 2Geometric design (first revision)IS 4880 (Part 3):1976 Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water: Part 3AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 65

Hydraulic design (first revision)IS 4880 (Part 4) : 1971 Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water: Part 4structural design of concrete lining in rockIS 4880 (Part 5) : 1972 Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water: Part 4Structural design of concrete lining in soft strata and soilsIS 4880 (Part 6) : 1971 Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water: Part 6tunnel supportIS 4880 (Part 7): 1975 Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water: Part 7structural design of steel liningIS 5330:1984Criteria for design of anchor blocks for penstocks with expansionjoints (first revision)IS 5878 (Part 1):1971 Code of practice for construction of tunnels conveying water: PartIS 5878 (Part 2 /Sec1):1970IS 5878(Part 2/Sec3):1971IS 5878(Part 4):1971IS 5878(Part 5):19761 Precision survey and setting outCode of practice for construction of tunnel conveying water: Part 2underground excavation in rock, section 2 ventilating, lighting,Mucking and DewateringCode of practice for construction of tunnels conveying water: Part3 underground excavation in soft strataCoded of practice for construction of tunnels conveying water: Part4 tunnel supportsCode of practice for construction of tunnels conveying water: Part5 concrete lining (first revision)IS 5878(Part 6):1975 Code of practice for construction of tunnel conveying water: Part 6steel liningIS 6966 (Part 1):1989 Guidelines for hydraulic design of barrages and weirs: Part 1Alluvial Reaches (first revision)*IS 7349:1989IS 7720:1991IS 9461:1980IS 9795 (Part 1):1981IS 10084(Part 1): 1982IS 10084(Part 2): 1994IS 11130:1984IS 11150:1993IS 12892:1989IS 13912:1993IS 14592(Part 1): 1998IS 14815:2000IS 14955:2001Guidelines for operating and maintenance of barrages and weirs(first revision)Criteria for investigation, planning and layout of barrages and weirs(first revision)Guidelines for data required for design of temporary river diversionworksGuidelines for the choice of type of diversion works: Part 1 CofferdamsDesign of diversion works – criteria : Part 1 Coeffer damsDesign of diversion works – Criteria : Part 2 Diversion channelsand open cut or conduit in the body of damCriteria for structural design of barrages and weirsConstruction of concrete barrages – Code of practice (first revision)Guidelines for the safety of barrage and weir structuresClosure of diversion channel and open cut of conduit in the body ofdam-Code of practiceGuidelines for planning and design of river powerhouses integratedwith barrages Part 1 investigation, planning and layoutDesign flood for river studies of barrages and weirs – GuidelinesHydraulic model studies of barrages and weirs - GuidelinesAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 66

1.3.2 Hydro Mechanical EquipmentIS 5330 : 1984IS 7326 : Part 1 :1992IS 7326 : Part 2 :1992IS 7326 : Part 3 :1976IS 11625 : 1986IS 11639 : Part 1 :1986IS 11639 : Part 2 :1995IS 11639 : Part 3 :1996IS 11639 : Part 3 :1996IS 207 : 1964IS 207 : 1964IS 778 : 1984IS 3042 : 1965IS 4410 : Part 16 :Sec 1 : 1999IS 4410 : Part 16 :Sec 2 : 1981IS 4622 : 2003IS 4622 : 1992IS 4623 : 2000IS 4854 : Part 1 :1969IS 5620 : 1985IS 6938 : 2005IS 6938 : 1989IS 7718 : 1991IS 9349 : 2006Criteria for design of anchor blocks for penstocks with expansionjointsPenstock and turbine inlet butterfly valves for hydropower stationsand systems: Part 1 Criteria for structural and hydraulic designPenstock and turbine inlet butterfly valves for hydropower stationsand systems: Part 2 Guidelines for design and selection of controlequipmentPenstock and turbine inlet butterfly valves for hydropower stationsand systems: Part 3 Recommendations for operations andmaintenanceCriteria for Hydraulic Design of PenstocksCriteria for structural design of penstocks: Part 1 Surface penstocksStructural Design of Penstocks - Criteria - Part 2 :Buried/Embedded Penstocks in RockCriteria for structural design of penstocks: Part 3 Specials forpenstocksCriteria for structural design of penstocks: Part 3 Specials forpenstocksSpecification for Gate and Shutter Hooks and EyesSpecification for Gate and Shutter Hooks and EyesSpecification for Copper Alloy Gate, Globe and Check Valves forWaterworks PurposesSpecification for single faced sluice gates (200 to 1200 mm size)Glossary of Terms Relating to River Valley Projects - Part 16 :Gates and Valves - Section 1 : Gates and Terms Related with GatesGlossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 16 Gatesand valves Section 2 ValvesRecommendations for Structural - Structural Design of Fixed-Wheel GatesFixed-wheel Gates Structural Design - RecommendationsRecommendations for Structural Design of Radial GatesGlossary of terms for valves and their parts: Part 1 Screw downstop check and gate valve and their partsRecommendations for Structural Design Criteria for Low HeadSlide GatesDesign of Rope Drum and Chain Hoists for Hydraulic Gates - Codeof PracticeCode of practice for design of rope drum and chain hoists forhydraulic gatesRecommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of fixedwheel and slide gatesRecommendations for Structural Design of Medium and High HeadSlide GatesAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 67

IS 9349 : 1986IS 10096 : Part 1 :Sec 1 : 1983IS 10096 : Part 1 :Sec 1 : 1983IS 10096 : Part 1 :Sec 2 : 1986IS 10096 : Part 1 :Sec 2 : 1986IS 10096 : Part 2 :1983IS 10096 : Part 2 :1983IS 10096 : Part 3 :1992IS 10096 : Part 3 :2002IS 10210 : 1993IS 11228 : 1985IS 11855 : 1986IS 11855 : 2004IS 13623 : 1993IS 13623 : 1993IS 14177 : 1994IS 15466 : 2004IS 11388 : 1995Recommendations for structural design of medium and high headslide gatesRecommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of radialgates and their hoists: Part 1 Inspection, testing and assembly at themanufacturing stage Section 1 GatesRecommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of radialgates and their hoists: Part 1 Inspection, testing and assembly at themanufacturing stage Section 1 GatesRecommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of radialgates and their hoists: Part 1 Inspection, testing and assembly at themanufacturing stage Section 2 Rope Drum HoistsRecommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of radialgates and their hoists: Part 1 Inspection, testing and assembly at themanufacturing stage Section 2 Rope Drum HoistsRecommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance or radialgates and their hoists: Part 2 Inspection, testing and assembly at thetime of erectionRecommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance or radialgates and their hoists: Part 2 Inspection, testing and assembly at thetime of erectionRecommendations for inspection, testing and maintenance of radialgates and ropedrum hoists: Part 3 After erectionRecommendations for Inspection, Testing and Maintenance ofRadial Gates and Rope Drum Hoists - Part 3 : After ErectionCriteria for Design of Hydraulic Hoists for GatesRecommendations for design of screw hoists for hydraulic gatesGeneral Requirements for Rubber Seals for Hydraulic GatesGuidelines for Design and Use of Different Types of Rubber Sealsfor Hydraulic GatesCriteria for choice of gates and hoistsCriteria for choice of gates and hoistsGuidelines for painting system for hydraulic gates and hoistsRubber Seals for Hydraulic Gates - SpecificationRecommendations for design of trash racks for intakesAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 68

1.3.3 Electrical EquipmentIS 2705- Current transformersIS 2705- General requirementsIS 2026- Power transformersIS 2026 (Part 1 to 4)- GeneralIS 335- New insulating oilsIS 3231- Electrical relays for power system protectionsIS 3034- Code of practice for earthingIS 10918- Nickel-Cadmium BatteriesIS 13118- Specification for high voltage alternatingcurrent circuit breakersIS 2147- Degree of protection provided by enclosuresfor low voltage switchgear and control gearIS 1554 (Part 1)- PVC insulated (heavy duty) electric cables forworking voltages upto and including 1100 VIS 13947 (Part1-5)- Specification for low voltage switchgear andcontrol gearIS 7098 (Part-2)- Corss-linked polyethylene insulated PVCsheathed cables for working voltages from 3.3kV up to and including 33 kV.IS 3961- Recommended current ratings for cablesIS 8130- Conductors for insulated electric cables andflexible cordsIS 5831- PVC insulation and sheath of electric cablesIS 3646- Code of practice for interior illuminationIS 732- Code of practice for wiring installationIS 9537- Conduits for Electrical InstallationIS 2309- Code of practice for the protection of buildingsand allied structures against lighteningIS 807- Code of practice for design, manufacture,erection and testing (structural portion) ofcranes and hoistIS 3177- Code of practice for electric-overhead travelingcranes and gantry cranes other than steel workcranesIS 1646- Code of practice for fire safety of buildingsIS 3034- Fire safety of industrial buildings: Electricalgenerating and distributing stationsIS:4722 - Rotating electrical machinesIS: 4889 - Method for determining Efficiency RotatingElectrical MachinesIS:325 - Three phase induction motorsIS:8789 - Values of performance for three-phaseinduction motorsAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 69

IS:3156 - Voltage transformersIS:L3156 - General requirementsIS:3156 - Measuring voltage transformersIS:3156 - Protective voltage transformersIS:3156 - Capacitor voltage transformersIS:2705 - Current transformersIS:2705 - General requirementsIS:2705 - Measuring current transformersIS:2705 - Protective current transformerIS:2704 - Protective current transformers for specialpurpose applicationsIS:2026 - Power transformersIS:2026 - GeneralIS:2026 - Temperature-riseIS:2026 - Insulation levels and dielectric testsIS:2026 - Terminal markings, tappings and connectionIS:335 - New insulating oilsIS:3231 - Electrical relays for power system protectionsIS:3043 - Code of practice for earthingIS:13300 - Nickel Cadmium Aircraft Batteries (aerobaticand Non-Aerobatic) - specificationIS:13118 - Specification for high voltage alternatingcurrent circuit breakersIS:2147 - Degree of protection provided by enclosuresfor low voltage switchgear and control gearIS:L1554 - PVC insulated (heavy duty) electric cables Forworking voltages upto and including 1100 VIS:13947 - Specification for low voltage switchgear andcontrol gear – Part 5 – Control circuit devicesand switching elements - section – 1Electromechanical Control Circuit DevicesIS: 7098 - Cross-linked polyethylene insulated PVCsheathed cables for working voltages from 3.3KV up to and including 33 kV.IS: 3961 - Recommended current ratings for cablesIS: 8130 - Conductors for insulated electric cables andflexible cords.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 70

IS: 5831 - PVC insulation and sheath of electric cables.IS: 3646 - Code of practice for interior illuminationIS: 732 - Code of Practice for wiring installationIS: 9537 - Conduits for Electrical InstallationIS: 2309 - Code of practice for the protection of buildingsand allied structures against lightning (secondrevision)IS: 807 - Code of practice for design, manufacture,erection and testing (structural portion) ofcranes and hoistIS: 3177 - Code of practice for electric-overheadtravelling cranes and gantry cranes other thansteel work cranesIS: 1646 - Code of practice for fire safety of buildings(general): Electrical InstallationIS: 3034 - Fire safety of industrial buildings: Electricalgenerating and distributing stations1.3.4 Cement and ConcreteIS 269IS 383IS 456:2000IS 457IS 516IS 1199IS 1489(Part 1)IS 2386(Part 1to8)- Specification for ordinary Portland cement, 33 grade- Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from naturalsources for concrete- Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete- Code of practice for general construction of plain andreinforced concrete for dams and other massive structures- Method of test for strength of concrete- Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete- Specification for Portland pozzolana cement: Part 1 Flyashbased- Methods of test for aggregates for concreteIS 2430IS 2502IS 2505- Methods for sampling of aggregates for concrete- Code of practice for bending and fixing of bars for concretereinforcement- Concrete vibrators - immersion type –general requirementsAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 71

IS 2506IS 2645IS 3085IS 3535IS 3558- General requirements for screed board concrete vibrators- Integral waterproofing compounds for cement mortar andconcrete –Specification- Method of test for permeability of cement mortar and concrete- Methods of sampling hydraulic cement- Code of practice for use of immersion vibrators forconsolidating concreteIS 4031(Part 1&2) - Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement: Part 1Determination of fineness by dry sievingIS 4032IS 4926IS 5525IS 5816IS 6925IS 7246IS 7320IS 8112IS 8142IS 9012IS 9103IS 9284IS 10080IS 10086- Method of chemical analysis of hydraulic cement- Ready mixed concrete - Code of practice- Recommendations for detailing of reinforcement in reinforcedconcrete works- Method of test for splitting tensile strength of concrete- Methods of test for determination of water soluble chloridesin concrete admixtures- Recommendations for use of table vibrators for consolidatingconcrete- Specification for concrete slump test apparatus- Specification for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement- Method of test for determining setting time of concrete bypenetration resistance- Recommended practice for shotcreting- Specification for admixtures for concrete- Method of test for abrasion resistance of concrete- Specification for vibration machine for casting standardcement mortar cubes- Specification for moulds for use in tests of cement andconcreteAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 72

* IS 10262 - Recommended guidelines for concrete mix designIS 12269IS 12468IS 12600IS 13311(Part 1&2)IS 14687SP 23(S&T)SP 34(S&T)- Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland- General requirements for vibrators for mass concreting;Immersion type- Specification for low heat Portland cement- Methods of non-destructive testing of concrete- Guidelines for falsework for concrete structures- Handbook on concrete mixes- Handbook on concrete reinforcement and detailing1.3.5 StonesIS 1121(Part 1&4)IS 1122IS 1123IS 1124IS 1125IS 1126IS 1127IS 1129IS 1130- Methods of test for determination ofstrength properties of natural buildingstones: Part I Compressive strength- Method of test for determination of truespecific gravity of natural building stones- Method of identification of naturalbuilding stones- Method of test for determination ofwater absorption, apparent specificgravity and porosity of natural buildingstones- Method of test for determination ofweathering of natural building stones- Method of test for determination ofdurability of natural building stones- Recommendations for dimensions andworkmanship of natural building stonesfor masonry work- Recommendation for dressing of naturalbuilding stones- Specification for marble (blocks, slabsand tiles)AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 73

1.3.6 Cement Matrix ProductsIS 458 - Precast concrete pipes (with and without 1reinforcement) - SpecificationIS 783IS 785IS 1332IS 1916- Code of practice for laying of concrete pipes- Specification for reinforced concrete poles foroverhead power and telecommunication lines- Specification for precast reinforced concretestreet lighting poles- Specification for steel cylinder pipe withconcrete lining and coating1.3.7 Concrete ReinforcementIS 432(Part 1&2)IS 1566- Specification for mild steel and medium tensilesteel bars and hard-drawn steelwire forconcrete reinforcement: Part I Mild steel andmedium tensile steel bars- Specification for hard-drawn steel wire fabricfor concrete reinforcement* IS 1786 - Specification for high strength deformed steelbars and wires for concrete reinforcement1.3.8 Structural Engineering and Structural Sections* IS 800 - Code of practice for generalconstruction in steel** IS 806 - Code of practice for use of steel tubesin general Mar 2002 1 buildingconstructionIS 1730IS 1732IS 7215- Dimensions for steel plates, sheets,strips and flats for general engineeringpurposes- Dimensions for round and square steelbars for structural and generalengineering purposes- Tolerances for fabrication of steelstructuresAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 74

IS 12843IS:226IS: 1977- Tolerances for erection of steelstructures- Structural Steel (standard quality)- Specification for structural steel(ordinary quality)1.3.9 CED 39 Earthquake Engineering* IS 1893(Part 1) - Criteria for earthquake resistant designof 1 structures: Part 1 GeneralProvisions andIS 1893(Part 4)IS 4326- Criteria for earthquake resistant designof structures: Part 4 Industrial structuresincluding- Code of practice for earthquakeresistant design and construction ofbuildings* IS 13920 - Ductile detailing of reinforced concretestructures subjected to seismic forces-Code of practice1.3.10 Structural SafetyIS 875 (Part 1to5)1.3.11 Plastic Piping SystemIS 3076IS 4984IS 4985IS 7634(Part 1&2)- Code of practice for design loads (otherthan earthquake)for buildings andstructures Part 1 Dead loads - Unitweights of building material and storedmaterials (Second Revision)(Incorporating IS:1911-1967)- Specification for low density polyethylenepipes for potable water supplies- Specification for high density polyethylenepipes for potable water supplies- Specification for unplasticised PVC pipes forpotable water supplies- Code of practice for plastic pipes work forpotable water suppliesAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 75

IS 7834(Part 1&3)IS 9271- Specification for injection moulded PVCfittings with solvent cement joints for watersupplies: Part 1 General requirements- Specification for unplasticized polyvinylchloride 1 UPVC single wall corrugated pipesfor drainage* IS 13592 - Specification for UPVC pipes for soil andwaste discharge systems inside buildingsincluding ventilation and rainwater systemIS 14333 - High density polyethylene pipes for sewerage -SpecificationIS 14402- Specification for GRP pipes, joints and fittingsfor use for sewerage, industrial waste and water(other than potable)1.3.12 Sanitary Appliances and Water Fittings* IS 651:1992 - Specification for salt glazed stoneware pipe andfittingsIS 771(Part 1to7)IS 772IS 774IS 778IS 781IS 782IS 1701IS 1703IS 1711- Specification for glazed fire-clay sanitary appliances:- Specification for general requirements for enameledcast iron sanitary appliances- Specification for flushing cistern for water closets andurinals (other than plastic cistern- Specification for copper alloy gate, globe and checkvalves for water works purposes- Specification for cast copper alloy screw down bibtaps and stop valves for water services- Specification for caulking lead- Specification for mixing valves for ablutionary anddomestic purposes- Specification for copper alloy float valves (horizontalplunger type) for water supply fittings- Specification for self-closing taps for water supplypurposesAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 76

IS 1726IS 1795IS 2326IS 2373IS 2548(Part 1&2)IS 2556(Part 1to17)IS 2685IS 2692- Specification for cast iron manhole covers and frames- Specification for pillar taps for water supply purposes- Specification for automatic flushing cisterns forurinals- Specification for water meters (bulk type)- Specification for plastic seats and covers for waterclosets- Specification for vitreous sanitary appliances (vitreouschina)- Code of practice for selection, installation andmaintenance of sluice valves- Specification for ferrules for water servicesIS 2963IS 3004IS 3006- Specification for copper alloy waste-fittings for washbasins and sinks- Specification for plug cocks for water supply purposes- Specification for chemically resistant glazedstoneware pipes and fittingsIS 3042 - Specification for single faced sluice gates (200 to 1200mm size)IS 3311IS 3950IS 4038IS 4346IS 7231IS 8931IS 9140- Specification for waste plug and its accessories forsinks and wash-basins- Specification for surface boxes for sluice valves- Specification for foot valves for water works purposes- Specification for washers for use with fittings forwater services- Specification for plastic flushing cisterns for Waterclosets and urinals- Specification for copper alloy fancy single taps,combination tap assembly and stop valves for waterservices- Method of sampling of vitreous and fire clay sanitaryAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 77

appliancesIS 9338IS 9739IS 9758IS 9762IS 9763IS 11246IS 12234IS 12701IS 13049IS 13114IS 13349IS 13983IS 14399(Part 1&2)- Specification for cast iron screw-down stop valves andstop and check valves for water works purposes- Specification for pressure reducing valves fordomestic water supply systems- Specification for flush valves and fittings for waterclosets and urinals- Specification for polyethylene floats (spherical) forfloat valves- Plastic bib taps, pillar taps, angle valves, hot and coldwater services – Specification- Specification for glass fibre reinforced polyester resins(GRP) squatting pans- Specification for plastic equilibrium float valve forcold water services- Specification for rotational moulded polyethylenewater storage tanks- Specification for diaphragm type (plastic body) floatoperated valves for cold water services- Specification for forged brass gate, globe and checkvalves for water works purposes- Specification for single faced cast iron thimblemounted sluice gates- Specification for stainless steel sinks for domesticpurposes- Hot press moulded thermosetting glass fibrereinforced (GRP) sectional water storage tanks1.3.13 Flooring, Wall Finishing and RoofingIS 653IS 1198*IS 1237- Specification for linoleum sheets and tiles- Code of practice for laying, fixing and maintenance oflinoleum floor- Specification for cement concrete flooring tilesAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 78

IS 1443IS 1542IS 2571*IS 4457IS 6278IS 12866IS 13630 (Part 1&15)IS 15224- Code of practice for laying and finishing of cementconcrete flooring tiles- Specification for sand for plaster- Code of practice for laying in-situ cement concreteflooring- Specification for ceramic unglazed vitreous acidresisting tile- Code of practice for white-washing and colour- Specification for plastic translucent sheets made fromthermosetting polyester resin- Ceramic Tiles – Methods of Test, Sampling and10545-2 Basis for Acceptance Part 1 Determination ofdimensions and surface quality- Code of practice for laying of plastic translucentsheets made from thermosetting polyester resin (GRP)above or in conjunction with asbestos cementsheets/aluminium sheets1.3.14 Doors, Windows and ShuttersIS 1038IS 1081IS 1361IS 4021IS 4351IS 6248- Specification for steel doors, windowsand ventilators- Code of practice for fixing and glazingof metal (steel and aluminium) doors,windows and ventilators- Specification for steel windows forindustrial buildings- Specification for timber door, windowand ventilator frames- Steel door frames - Specification- Specification for metal rolling shuttersand rolling grillsAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 79

1.4 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD1.4.1 IEC/ISO/BS/AISI/DIN/ASTMIEC 41 : : Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulicperformance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumpsand pump-turbinesIEC 193 : International code for model acceptance tests ofhydraulic turbines. Amendment No. 1 (1997IEC 193A: 1972 : First supplement to IEC 193 (1965).IEC 308: 1970 : International code for commissioning, operationand maintenance of hydraulic turbines.IEC 609: 1978 : Cavitation pitting evaluation in hydraulicturbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines.IEC 545: 1976 : Guide for commissioning, operation andmaintenance of hydraulic turbines.IEC 60994: 1991 : Guide for field measurement of vibrations andpulsations in hydraulic machines (turbines,storage pumps and pump turbines)IEC 61362 : Guide to specification of hydro-turbine controlsystems1ISO 3740: 1980 : Acoustics- Determination of sound power levelsof noise sources- Guidelines for the use of basicstandards and for the preparation of noise testcodesIEC 61366 : Hydraulic turbine of giving outputs higher thanrated outputs to match 10% overload capability ofthe generators.VDI 2056 and VDI 2059 : Vibration level in rotating machinesIEC-34-1: 1983 : Rotating Electrical MachinesRating and PerformanceIEC-34-2A-1972 : Rotating Electrical MachinesMethods for determining losses and efficiency ofelectrical machinery from tests (excludingmachines for traction vehiclesIEC-34-5-1991 : Classification of degrees of protection providedby enclosures for rotating electrical machines (IPCode)IEC-85-1987 : Classification of materials for the insulation ofelectrical machinesIS-4722 –2001 : Rotating electrical machinesIS-325 –1996 : Three phase induction motorIS-8789 –1996 : Values of performance characteristics for threephase induction motorsANSI/IEEE 1010-197 : American National Standard IEEE Guide forControl of Hydro Power PlantsANS/IEEE 1010 – 1987 : IEEE Guide for Control of Hydroelectric powerplantsIEEE. 1249 – 1996 : IEEE std. for computer-based control forAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 80

Hydroelectric power plant Automation.ISO 9001/9002 - : Standard Mentioned in TextIS/IEC/ISO :IEC 60041 (1991-11) : Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulicperformance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumpsand pump-turbinesIEC 60041 Corr. 1 (1996-03) : Corrigendum 1 – Field acceptance tests todetermine the hydraulic performance of hydraulicturbines, storage pumps and pump-turbinesIEC 60041 (1991-11) : Field acceptance tests to determine the hydraulicperformance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumpsand pump-turbinesIEC 60193 (1999-11) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Model acceptance testsIEC 60193 (1999-11) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Model acceptance testsIEC 60308 (2005-01) : Hydraulic turbines – Testing of control systemsIEC 60545 (1976-01) : Guide for commissioning, operation andmaintenance of hydraulic turbinesIEC 60609-1 (2004-11) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Cavitation pitting evaluation – Part 1:Evaluation in reaction turbines, storage pumpsand pump-turbinesIEC 60609-1 (1997-11) : Cavitation pitting evaluation in hydraulicturbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines – Part2: Evaluation in Pelton turbinesIEC 60805 (1985-09) : Guide for commissioning, operation andmaintenance of storage pumps and of pumpturbinesoperating as pumpsIEC 60994 (1991-02) : Guide for field measurement of vibrations andpulsations in hydraulic machines (turbines,storage pumps and pump-turbines)IEC 60994 Corr. 1 (1997-04) : Corrigendum 1 – Guide for field measurement ofvibrations and pulsations in hydraulic machines(turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines)IEC 61116 (1992-10) : Electromechanical equipment guide for smallhydroelectric installationsIEC 61362 (1998-03) : Guide to specification of hydraulic turbine controlsystemsIEC 61362 Corr.1 (2000-03) : Corrigendum 1 – Guide to specification ofhydraulic turbine control systemsIEC/TR 61364 (1999-07) : Nomenclature for hydroelectric powerplantmachineryIEC 61364 Corr.1 (2000-08) : Corrigendum 1 – Nomenclature for hydroelectricpowerplant machineryIEC/TR 61364 (1999-07) : Nomenclature for hydroelectric powerplantmachineryIEC/TR 61364 (1999-07) : Nomenclature concernant less machineshydrauliques equipant less centrales hydroelectriquesAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 81

IEC/TR 61366-1 (1998-03) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Tendering Documents – Part 1:General and annexesIEC/TR 61366-2 (1998-03) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Tendering Documents – Part 2:Guidelines for technical specifications for FrancisturbinesIEC/TR 61366-3 (1998-03) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Tendering Documents – Part 3:Guidelines for technical specifications for PeltonturbinesIEC/TR 61366-4 (1998-03) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Tendering Documents – Part 4:Guidelines for technical specifications for Kaplanand propeller turbinesIEC/TR 61366-5 (1998-03) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Tendering Documents – Part 5:Guidelines for technical specifications forTubular turbinesIEC/TR 61366-6 (1998-03) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Tendering Documents – Part 6:Guidelines for technical specifications for PumpturbinesIEC/TR 61366-7 (1998-03) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Tendering Documents – Part 7:Guidelines for technical specifications for StorageturbinesIEC 62256 (2008-01) : Hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pumpturbines– Rehabilitation and performanceimprovementIEC 62270 (2004-04) : Hydroelectric power plant automation – Guide forcomputer-based controlAHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 82

1.5 BOOKS/REFERENCE REPORTS1. Inversin, J.R., “Micro Hydro Power Source Book”, NRECA, USA, 1986.2. Fritz, “Small Mini Hydro Power Structure”, McGraw Hills.3. Nigam, P.S., “Handbook on Hydro Electric Engg.”, Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee.4. Gulliver and Arndt, “Hydro Power Engg. Hand Book”, McGraw Hills, USA.5. Brown, J. Guthrie, “Hydro Electric Engg. Practice, (3 Vols)”, CBS Publishers &Distributors, Delhi.6. Monsonyi, Emil, “Water Power development Vol. 1 – Low Head Power Plants”,“Water Power Development Vol. 2 – (A&B)”, Hungarian Academy of ScienceSkademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary.7. “Small Hydro Stations (Publication No. 175)”, Central Board of Irrigation and Power,New Delhi.8. “Micro Hydropower Information Package”, SKAT, Tigerberg Str 2, CH-9000 St.Gallen, Switzerland.9. Mckinney, “Micro Hydro Power Handbook (2 Vols.)”, U.S. Deptt. of Energy (Jan.1983).10. “Hydropower Cost Estimating Manual”, US Army Corps of Engineers (June 1979).11. “Reconnaissance Evaluation of Small Low Head Hydroelectric Installations”, USDeptt. of Interior USA.12. Warnick, C.C., “Hydropower Engg.”, Prentice Hall/Vol (1984).13. Raabe, J., “Hydropower: The Design Use and Function of HydromechanicalHydraulic and Electrical Equipment”, VCI Verlag Dussdorf (1985).14. “Guidelines for Development of Small Hydro Electric Schemes”, Central ElectricityAuthority, Govt. of India, 1982.15. Creager & Justin, “Hydroelectric Handbook”, John Wiley & Sons Inc.16. Naidu, BSK, “Planning & Management of Hydropower in India”, Central Board ofIrrigation & Power, New Delhi – 110016.17. “Guidelines for Evaluating Aging Penstocks”, ASCE Manual United Engg. Centre,345 East 47 th Street New York, NY 10017-2398.18. “Guidelines for Design of intakes for hydroelectric plants”, ASCE United Engg.Centre, 345 East 47 th Street New York, NY 10017-2398.19. “Civil Engineering Guidelines for Planning & Designing hydroelectric developmentsVol. 1 – Planning, design of dams and related topics & environmental”, ASCE UnitedEngg. Centre, 345 East 47 th Street New York, NY 10017-2398.20. “Vol. 2 – Waterways”, United Engg. Centre, 345 East 47 th Street ASCE New York,NY 10017-2398.21. “Vol. 3 – Power Houses & Related Topics”, ASCE United Engg. Centre, 345 East47 th Street New York, NY 10017-2398.22. Vol. 4 – Small Scale Hydro”, ASCE United Engg. Centre, 345 East 47 th Street NewYork, NY 10017-2398.23. “Hydraulic Engineering Manual Vol. – 2”, Swiss centre for development cooperationin technology & Management, Vedianstrasse 4 CH-9000, St. Gallen Switzerland.AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards / General ­ Small Hydropower Definitions and Glossary of Terms 83