Video Vortex Reader II: moving images beyond YouTube

194 Video Vortex Reader II Moving Images Beyond YoutubeAsia online195ReferencesAppadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalizations, Minneapolis, USA:University of Minnesota Press, 1996.Castells, Manuel .The Rise of the Network Society, Oxford: Blackwell, 1996._____. The Power of Identity, Oxford: Blackwell, 1997.de Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Steven Rendall, Berkeley, USA: University ofCalifornia Press, 1984.Forum Lenteng, Videobase: Video-Sosial-Historia, Jakarta, Indonesia, Pusat Informasi Data Penelitiandan Pengembangan Forum Lenteng, 2009.Garcia, David and Geert Lovink. ‘The ABC of Tactical Media’, http://subsol.c3.hu/subsol_2/contributors2/garcia-lovinktext.html.Gunkel, David J. ‘Second Thoughts: Toward a Critique of the Digital Divide’, New Media & Society 5(2003): 499–522.Jayasrana, Dimas. ‘Fragmen Sejarah Film Indonesia’, unpublished article, 2008. Summary text titled‘A Fragmented History: Short Films in Indonesia’ is available from: http://www.clermont-filmfest.com/00_templates/page.php?lang=2&m=72&id_actu=494&id_rub=&mois.Juliastuti, Nuraini. ‘Whatever I Want: Media and Youth in Indonesia Before and After 1998’, Inter-AsiaCultural Studies 7.1 (2006): 139-143._____. Understanding Movie Piracy in Indonesia: Knowledge and Practices of Piracy, University ofAmsterdam. unpublished thesis, 2008.Juris, Jeffrey S. ‘Networked Social Movements: Global Movements for Global Justice’, in ManuelCastells (ed.) The Network Society: a Cross-Cultural Perspective, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004,pp. 341-362._____. ‘The New Digital Media and Activist Networking within Anti-Corporate Globalization Movements’,Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 597, 2005, pp. 189–208.Hermanto, Budhi. ‘Sejarah Pertumbuhan Televisi Komunitas di Indonesia’ in Muzayin Nazaruddindan Budhi Hermanto (ed.) Televisi Komunitas; Pemberdayaan dan Media Literasi. Jakarta, Indonesia,Combine Resource Institution, Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi FPSB UII and Jakarta ArtsInstitute, 2009.Lim, Merlyna. ‘The Internet, Social Network and Reform in Indonesia’ in N.Couldry and J.Curran(eds) Contesting Media Power: Alternative Media in a Networked World, Lanham, MD, USA: Rowmanand Littlefield, 2003, pp. 273–288._____. ‘From War-net to Net-War: The Internet and Resistance Identities in Indonesia’, The InternationalInformation & Library Review, 35 (2003): 233-248._____. ‘Lost in Transition: The Internet and Reformasi in Indonesia’ in Jodi Dean, Jon Anderson andGeert Lovink (eds) Reformatting Politics: Networked Communications and Global Civil Society,London: Routledge, 2006, pp. 85–106.Pickard, Victor W. ‘United yet Autonomous: Indymedia and the Struggle to Sustain a Radical DemocraticNetwork’, Media Culture Society 28 (2006): 315-336.Prakoso, Imam. Conditions of Communication Environment for Freedom of Expression in Indonesia.Combine Resource Institution and Global Partner Associated, UK, unpublished version, 2008.Sen, Krishna and Hill, David T. ‘Wiring the Warung The Global Gateways: The Internet in Indonesia’,Indonesia 63 (1997): 67–90._______. Media, Culture and Politics in Indonesia. Australia: Oxford University Press, 2000.Sihar, Alex. ‘Prospek Distribusi Film Alternatif di Indonesia’, Ikonik 1 (2007): 33-42.Sinikka, Sassi. ‘Cultural Differentiation or Social Segregation? Four approaches to the Digital Divide’,New Media & Society 7.5 (2005): 684–700.Still Mobile: Networked Mobile Media,Video Content and Users in SeoulLarissa HjorthIn each location, what constitutes the ‘online’, and hence online video, is different. These areshaped by technological, socio-cultural, linguistic and governmental factors – to name just afew. In technologically innovative locations such as Seoul, where fourth generation (4G) mobilemedia has been a reality since 2006, participation in the online takes a particular form.For example, it is not uncommon to find public spaces such as subways filled with peoplewatching videos on Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB), commonly known as mobile TVor as ‘Takeout TV’ (TU Media).By March 2010, more than 48 million people owned mobile phones in Korea 1 or, in otherwords, more than 90% of Koreans possess a mobile phone. A more recent trend is to own twophones, being dubbed the ‘second mobile phone era’. 2 With approximately 94% of Koreanshaving a high speed internet connection 3 and being considered the leader in 3G (third generation)mobile technologies, 4 Korea provides a complex and technologically sophisticatedmodel for 21st century technocultural practice. In 2005, South Korea (henceforth Korea) wasthe first location to launch and successfully implement DMB and thus the nation became amodel for global stargazing for 21st century media. From older women congregating aroundone DMB watching television dramas, to young lovers watching music clips, to boys playingonline games, the diversity of the multimedia experience of the online via mobile media is obvious.These types of mobile media practices demonstrate the creative ways in which onlineculture in Korea is embedded with the collective nature of spaces – be they public or private.One look around and we can see many forms of interaction with online content. These activitiestransgress the mobile and immobile, public and private, and the young and the old.Seoul has long demonstrated a high degree of engagement with the multimedia capacitiesof mobile media – from camera phones, video and games – often resulting in the citybeing showcased as one of the greatest images of 21st century networked mobile media.A significant element of this revolution of mobile media and its attendant forms of engage-1. KCC (Korean Communications Commission) May 2010, Statistics of subscribers of wired/wirelesscommunication service in Korea, http://www.kcc.go.kr/user.do?mode=view&page=P02060400&dc=K02060400&boardId=1030&cp=1&boardSeq=29191.2. JI Lee, ‘Opening new era of 2 mobile phones per person in Korea’, Asia Economics 2009,http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2009010207554653133&nvr=3. OECD 2009, OECD Broadband Portal 2009, http://www.oecd.org/document/54/0,3343,en_2649_34225_38690102_1_1_1_1,00.html.4. Research and Markets 2009, South Korea-Mobile Market-Overview & Statistics,http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/915801/south_korea_mobi.