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Dozens of scientists from six Canadian universities and three governmentagencies are involved in this project. This network is being used for relatedprojects such as Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (see below.)The data collected through the CGMS is also playing an important role inforecasting space weather, disturbances in the space environment above theEarth. CSA is currently negotiating a new contract for the provision of forecastingservices with Natural Resources Canada, which runs the Canadian SpaceWeather Forecast Centre in Ottawa. The centre issues alerts and warnings usingdata on conditions above the Earth collected by the CGMS network and otherinternational monitoring stations.CSA recently gave a contract to scientists at the University of Waterloo toimprove computer models of the solar drivers of space weather and to buildCanada’s expertise in using simulation techniques for space weather forecasting.Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (ePOP)In June 2009, Canada plans to launch a small satellite called CASSIOPE intopolar orbit around the earth. It will carry the enhanced polar outflow probe(ePOP), a collection of eight scientific instruments that will investigate the role ofthe “polar wind” in causing space weather. This “polar wind” or “polar outflow”,which consists of electrically-charged and neutral particles flowing up from theEarth’s ionosphere into the magnetosphere, has not been well-studied so far; infact, scientists didn’t even know of its existence until the last few decades.The key goal of ePOP is to study the effect of this outflowing plasma on spaceweather occurring in the magnetosphere. The eight instruments (six Canadianand one each from the U.S. and Japan) are in the process of being integratedinto the spacecraft and the CSA recently issued the science contract for themission, which will enable the researchers to start preparing data analysis tools.This project will take advantage of a high-capacity store-and-forward data systemon the spacecraft that will enable it to dump large amounts of information when itpasses over receiving stations on the ground. In addition, the ePOP team willtake measurements from the ground-based CGSM network. These data will helpCanada improve its ability to forecast space weather.Time History Of Events And Macroscale Interactions During Substorms(THEMIS)Canada is participating in a NASA-led project to study mysterious auroralsubstorms caused by an explosive release of energy from the solar wind in the18
Earth’s magnetosphere. In February 2007, NASA launched five small satellites toobserve the aurora from above. Meanwhile, Canadian researchers are using anetwork of ground stations to take images of the aurora every three seconds.These data are being coordinated with the measurements taken by the satellitesto provide a comprehensive look at dynamic events occurring in the aurora.Themis has already captured data on one large substorm with an amount ofenergy equivalent to a magnitude 5.5 earthquake that crossed the entire polarzone in a mere 60 seconds. THEMIS has revealed previously unknown magnetic“ropes” that link the sun with the Earth’s upper atmosphere and provide aconduit—essentially a superhighway—for the solar wind particles that power theauroras and geomagnetic storms. These and other findings from the THEMISproject will contribute to increased understanding of space weather and itseffects on Earth.Canada is uniquely well positioned to participate in this study because it hasmost of the landmass underneath the auroras and has a long history of auroralresearch. Sixteen of the 20 ground stations are located in Canada, with theremaining four in Alaska. Because they produce an unprecedented flood ofinformation, the Canadian science team, led by Eric Donovan of the University ofCalgary, developed a new software program called GAIA -- Global AuroralImaging Access -- to manage the enormous amounts of data.In return for their contributions to the project, Canadian researchers participate inthe THEMIS science team and gain access to the data collected by the satellites.The Outer Radiation Belt Injection, Transport, Acceleration, and LossSatellite (ORBITALS)ORBITALS, which is currently in the advanced study phase, involves thedevelopment of a new Canadian small satellite that will carry instruments to mapand study changes in the Van Allen radiation belts surrounding Earth. Scientistsbelieve this region of the Earth’s magnetosphere has been under-explored andthat it’s important to gain a better understanding of the conditions there for bothscientific and practical reasons. Intense radiation in this region, which can beamplified by outbursts of charged particles from the sun, can damage satellitesand other spacecraft. Because of the height of their orbits, geosynchronoussatellites used for global communications are particularly vulnerable to suchradiation.ORBITALS is intended as a contribution to the satellite infrastructure for theInternational Living With a Star (ILWS) program, which focuses on improvingscientific understanding of space weather, disturbances in near-Earth space19
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