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Eubios Journal of Asian andInternational BioethicsEJAIB Vol. 22 (5) September 2012www.eubios.info ISSN 1173-2571Official Journal of the Asian Bioethics Association (ABA)Copyright ©2012 Eubios Ethics Institute(All rights reserved, for commercial reproductions).Special Issue – Abstracts13 th Asian Bioethics Conferenceand the 6 th UNESCO Asia-PacificSchool of Ethics RoundtableConference theme:Bioethics and Life:Security, Science and Society27 - 30 August 2012Institute of Diplomacy & Foreign Relations (IDFR)Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaOrganized by the Asian Bioethics Association (ABA), theAsia Pacific Forum on Ethics & Social Justice (Malaysia);the Regional Unit in Social and Human Sciences in Asiaand the Pacific (RUSHSAP), UNESCO Bangkok. Thisconference is also organized with the Institute ofDiplomacy & Foreign Relations (IDFR) Malaysia, Facultyof Social Sciences & Humanities - Universiti KebangsaanMalaysia, the Institute of Malaysian & InternationalStudies - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (IKMAS-UKM),and the Eubios Ethics Institute as strategic partners.MONDAY 27 TH AUGUST 2012Venue: Auditorium, Institute of Diplomacy & ForeignRelations (IDFR)Opening Session (9.30 – 11.00 A.M.)Welcoming RemarksDr. Ravichandran Moorthy, Conference Chairperson.RemarksProf. Dr. Darryl J. Macer, Regional Adviser, UNESCOBangkokRemarksH.E. Dato’ Ku Jaafar Ku Shaari, Director General,Institute of Diplomacy & Foreign Relations (IDFR)MalaysiaABA Presidential AddressProf. Dr. Anoja Fernando, President, Asia BioethicsAssociationOpening SpeechHon. Prof. Tan Sri Dato’ Wira Dr. Sharifah Hapsah SyedHasan Shahabudin, Vice Chancellor,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.Book Launch Environmental Ethics in ManagingResources in the Asia Pacific by Ravichandran Moorthy& Darryl J. Macer (Eds). Discussant: Prof. S.Pannerselvam, University of Madras, India.11.00 – 11.30 A.M. RefreshmentsSession 2: Climate, Environment & Conflict(11.30 – 1.00 P.M.)Chairperson: H.E. Dato’ Ku Jaafar Ku Shaari, DirectorGeneral, Institute of Diplomacy & Foreign Relations(IDFR)Environmental Ethics, Protecting Nature and CivilSocietySalleh Mohd Nor, (Tan Sri, Dr)Vice Chair, National Bioethics Council; MalaysiaHydropolitics and water ethics in AsiaRavichandran Moorthy (Dr.)President, Asia Pacific Forum of Ethics & Social Justice;Vice-President, ABA; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia;drravi5774@gmail.comAsia faces major water crisis that threatens, not only itssocioeconomic progress and environmentalsustainability, but also its national security. Asia’s risingpopulations, economic development and agriculturalactivities has placed enormous demand on the steadysupply of water. Rivers and water basins in Asia are the

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 167Environmental Security and Regional Dispute in theLower Mekong river basin: A case study of theXayaburi hydropower damAyesha LorenzaM.A. Student; IndonesiaThis paper examines the impact of the proposedconstruction of the Xayaburi Hydropower dam on themainstream of Mekong River will have on environmentalsecurity and the ensuing issues relating to the relationsamong the stakeholder states in the lower Mekong Riverbasin that include Thailand, Laos, Viet Nam, andCambodia. This mega dam project is estimated toproduce a large amount of electric power that can supplyelectricity not only for domestic use in Laos but also forits neighboring countries. Thus, it is hoped that theconstruction of the hydropower dam can help reduce theeconomic development problems faced by Laos, alandlocked country. However, this proposed dam projectraises a storm of protest because of its adverse impacton the ecosystem of the river as well as theenvironmental security of the lower Mekong River basincountries that include Laos, the proposer itself. In theworst-case scenario it may even lead to disputes amongthe stakeholder countries of Mekong River over the watersource. There are many precedents for this and theimpact of the Baglihar Dam and the Aswan Dam has hadon the environment as well as the ensuing issues relatingto the relations among the stakeholder states are goodexamples. Thus, it is submitted that the Xayaburihydropower mega dam project proposed by Lao hasmore disadvantages than advantages for all partiesinvolved.A study on the concept and method of processmanagement for democratic nature restorationprojectDr. Tomoki TakadaTokyo Institute of Technology; Japant-takada@valdes.titech.ac.jpOne of the most important issues regarding naturerestoration projects is how to involve variousstakeholders. If a project is carried out without relevantpublic participation, it may lead to unsustainableconsequences. This study aims at considering themethod of process management for democratic naturerestoration through actual restoration activities. For thispurpose, as a social experiment, the authors havelaunched a public organization named the KAMOKENresearch center on Sado Island, Niigata, Japan.KAMOKEN was established as a result of the discussionwith local fishermen who strongly wished to improve theenvironmental conditions of Lake-Kamo. KAMOKENstarted a lakeshore restoration at the inlet called“Kogome-no-iri” by facilitating the collaboration of localresidents, researchers and governmental officials. Inorder to develop a restoration project based oncollaboration with stakeholders, process manager needsto assess people’s interests. In “Kogome-no-iri” project,when we assessed the interests, the concept of “localmilieu” has been highlighted. “Local” is used as vicinity,and “milieu”, which is put from a Japanese word of“Fudo”, is used to describe the inter-relationship betweenhuman beings and their environments. “Local milieu” is acharacteristic of a region whose specific geographicalelements underlie both its natural climate and socialconditions. A variety of interests held by differentstakeholders have developed in association with climaticand geographical characteristics of the area in which thestakeholders live. “Local milieu”, in other words, is deeplyrelated to the interest building process of stakeholders.But, such a difference has not been cleared beforehand.KAMOKEN has been running the project by coordinatingworkshops and conducting construction works incollaboration with local residents. In this way, we havedeveloped and embodied a unique restoration plan bygradually elucidating people's interests and specificenvironmental characteristics.Lunch 1.00 p.m. -2.00 p.m.Session 3: Ethics in Food, Agriculture &Development (2.00 – 3.30 p.m.)Chairperson: Dr. Ravichandran Moorthy, Asia PacificForum on Ethics and Social Justice; MalaysiaFish pain, suffering and their value of life: ethics ofwhat we eatLea Ivy O. Manzanero,University of Philippines, the Philippines; Researcher;Co-Chair UNESCO Bangkok ECCAP WG13leaivy.manzanero@gmail.comThe trend in aquaculture provides an increasingproportion of food supply and fish have importantadvantages compared to livestock in terms of foodconversion efficiency. Compared to livestock whichrequire extensive skeletons, fish provide more flesh asavailable food compared to total body mass, and somepeople consider it more ethical to eat fish than meat.While eating fish benefits humans, will human societyever acknowledge that fish, like other vertebrates whichhad been given much attention especially in animalfarming, also have rights? This paper describeshistorically why fish have remained invisible to the eyesof some humans and are often subjected to unjust ordisproportionate suffering and examines ethical conceptssuch as consciousness, sentience, intrinsic value andright to life. By using ethology, this paper also tries toencourage discussion on fish welfare issues especially inthe advent of intensifying capture fisheries andaquaculture.Tapping of idle resources to address environmentaland socio-economic issues: the kitchen gardeninitiative in Chennai, IndiaS.S. RadhakrishnanPresident, Good Governance Guards, IndiaA nation has to make use of all its natural wealth to thrivewell. Modern technological innovations have caused amismatch between the demand and supply in all walks ofhuman life. Innovative steps, by involving all segments ofthe population, have to be taken by every country so thatsocieties uphold the rich values of civilization and culturefor a fulfilling and celebrative existence. This paperaddresses the need to involve the idle population in

168 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)urban areas for enhanced food production by urbanhorticulture. About one-third of the urban population inIndia, who are capable of getting engaged in creativeactivities is now idling. This group consists of ablebodiedsenior citizens (of above the age of 60),unemployed housewives and children. They can beguided to grow vegetables and fruits in courtyards,balconies and roof-tops. Organic farming is possible alsoby converting the household bio-degradable waste intocompost manure. If so, the civic administration can savehuge amounts of money they spend for garbagemanagement. In turn, civic taxes can be got reduced orthe money saved could be diverted for otherdevelopmental works. Growing a kitchen garden helps inproducing safe organic food, more food production,fighting inflation and global warming, enriching thecountry’s economy, better care of the aged by keepingthem physically and mentally engaged, inculcatingfarming habits among children, better happiness at homeand saving energy by reducing the use of electricity in thehouse kept cool by more vegetation above and around.Development ethics and native developmentSelvadurai, S. , Lyndon, N., Er, A.C. & Moorthy, R.Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; sivap02@gmail.comDevelopment discourses have conventionally beenunderstood in terms of material improvement inenhancing the economic, social and physical livingcondition. However issues of inequality, human concerns,environmental and sustainability issues have reframedthe debate. A key missing link in this debate in thedeveloping world discourse is the development ethicswhich suggest the need to assess the developmentmeans and ends as well as the evaluate the state ofdeprivation of poor or peripheral communities.Conventional development promotes the idea ofintegrating the economy into the market forces and itseventual embedding in the globalization of trading andeconomic exchange. From a macro perspective thisrealist stance appears pragmatic and desirable. Howevernot all communities are adaptive to this mainstreamdevelopment. There are inequalities within a country interms of peripheral regions with displaced and isolatedcommunities who are excluded from mainstreamdevelopment. The Penans been once predominantlynomadic has now become settled communities. Howeverthey are confronted with a state development discoursethat is premised on the development of natural resourcefor commodities and market economy. This modernistdevelopment ethics comes into conflict with the Penancommunities dependent on forest resource for theirlivelihood and their sustenance of cultural practices andidentity. This paper explores the development ethics andthe dilemmas in the development of the Penan nativecommunity in Belaga District in Sarawak.Ethics and sustainability of aquatic meat productionLea Ivy O. Manzanero,University of Philippines, the Philippines; Researcher;Co-Chair UNESCO Bangkok ECCAP WG13leaivy.manzanero@gmail.comProjected demands for fish is increasing in line with otherprotein food sources, especially in parts of East andSouth Asia where population growth and per capitaincome are expected to increase and this demand will bemet through aquaculture. While producing food andcontributing to food security, promoting employment,livelihood and wealth, capture fisheries and intensifyingaquatic meat production also generate a significant levelof negative impact on climate change, the environment,humans and other species. As is the case of intensiveland-based meat production (Ethics and Climate Changein Asia and the Pacific (ECCAP) WG13 first report onEnergy Flow, Environment and Ethical Implications forMeat Production), negative externalities also arise fromunsustainable fisheries practices and intensification ofaquatic meat production. This paper examines theseexternalities and describes existing post harvesttechnology practices related to aquatic meat production,and looks at how existing international, regional andnational laws play a role in promoting food safety,sustainability and humane treatment.Trading aquaculture products between Asia andEurope – Ethical issuesMattias Kaiser (Prof)University of Bergen, NorwayAbstract not available.Session 4: Human Security, EnvironmentalEthics & Sustainability (3:30 – 5.00 p.m.)Chairperson: Prof. Dr. K.S. Nathan, Director, Instituteof Malaysian & International Studies, IKMAS - UKMBioethics, humanism and Vedic thought:Conceptions of the human bodyChamundeeswari Kuppuswamy (Dr),University of Sheffield, United Kingdomc.kuppuswamy@shef.ac.ukThe United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganisation (UNESCO) is unique amongst thespecialized agencies of the UN. With a broad remit andcreative agenda, it houses apolitical bodies such as theInternational Bioethics Committee (IBC) which acts as aglobal arena for pioneering reflection on advancementsin science and technology pertaining to intervention inand manipulation of human biological materials, includingthe human person. While national discussions on thesethemes produce various outcomes, none have thepotential for inclusivity as does the UNESCO’s IBC. Inthe spirit of bringing diverse ideas and thoughts fromvarious periods in human history, from various cultures,this paper explores conceptions of the human body inVedic Thought. Human rights instruments placeimportance on human beings and by extension, on theirbodies. The international instruments developed by IBCuse a human rights framework to elaborate a system ofrules for regulation of technologies. This paper seeks tounderstand the human body in a fundamentally differentway to the mainstream understanding of the body. Wouldwe be able to break through the current stalemate in biolawif we were to apply new understandings to our bodiesand beings?

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 169The promotion of human dignity as manifest in theIfugao familial and socio-political structure and oraltraditions as primary factors in developing asustainable and peaceful communityJae Woo JangUNESCO Club Global City & International School ofManilajangj8523@gmail.comBuilders of the world renowned Banaue Rice Terraces,the Ifugao, has developed a way of life that sustainedboth its environment and culture for thousands of years.As we look for solutions to environmental and socialdilemmas that beset modern society, it is important for usto glean knowledge from the Ifugao way of life so as todetermine factors that contributed to their sustainabilityand survival. The Ifugao’s promotion of human dignityand equality as seen in the familial, socio-politicalstructure and oral traditions manifest in its epic tales suchas the Hudhud chants, greatly contributes to ourunderstanding of a sustainable way of life and theperpetual preservation of culture- ideals that modernsocieties have neglected to advance. Hence, it issignificant, thereby, for us to examine the Ifugao’s familialand socio-political structure as well as its oral traditionswhich guarantee the preservation of its cultural heritageand environment and to use this knowledge as a paragonof cultural and environmental sustainability. The researchinvolves analysis of data and empirical studies takenfrom published ethnographic fieldwork, academic papersand journals written by anthropologists, sociologists andscholars and includes interviews of experts on Ifugao’sculture and traditions. It will explore the causal linkbetween cultural and environmental sustainability and thepromotion of human dignity among individuals andmembers of the community as the promotion of humandignity among the Ifugaos thereby engenders ethicalcertainty and maintains secured peace. Through thisresearch we learn that the sustainability of one’s societycan be determined by how an individual member of acommunity is viewed upon by the society. This paperlikewise establishes the correlation between thepromotion of human dignity and sustainability and theIfugao socio-political structure and oral traditions, asprimary factors in developing a sustainable and peacefulcommunity.A Study on the vision to achieve sustainable societyfocus on the concept of home place in ecotopiaMasami KatoTokyo Institute of Technology, JapanIlovegeography@nifty.comSustainability is one of the most important challenges fordecades. Many urban dwellers in Japan seek safer andcleaner lifestyle after Fukushima Nuclear accident inMarch 2011. Common vision to achieve sustainablesociety is needed more than ever. Some hints for thevision may be found in American writer, ErnestCallenbach’s Ecotopia, a title of his novel and histhoughts. Ecotopia (1975) receives a high recognition forholistically illustrating a path to the sustainable society.Some critics denounce it is too unrealistic, however someof Eco-friendly ideas in the novel have become muchvisible, some in existence today (2012). The purpose ofthis study is to answer a question whether Callenbach’sEcotopia is applicable to urban region. In order to build aprocess to eco-sound society, we scrutinize his novel andhis works to extract some key elements such as “stablestate”, “home place”, “bioregion” and “urban ecology”.And we find out that people tend to think the wordecotopia as “ecological utopia”, and they misinterpret thenovel. Utopia, written by Thomas More, is a novel aboutideal state in imagination. He originated the word Utopiawith Greek components “u” and “topo”, meaning “NoPlace” or “a place which does not exist”. It eventuallyevolved into “an ideal place”. On the other hand,Callenbach used the word Ecotopia as “Home Place”from its Greek origin “oikos” and “topos”. Ecotopia ishome place where people not only belong to but alsohave emotional ties with others as well as landscapes.According to his vision, awareness of home place is thefirst step for urban dwellers in industrial society, whotends to live without a sense of community being awayfrom natural environment, to practice eco-sound lifestyle.The concept of home place emphasizes importance ofhuman aspect to achieve sustainability.Some thoughts on climate changeSong Sang-Yong (Prof),Hallym University, South Koreasongsy63@hotmail.comMuch has been talked about climate change in thescientific community since the 1980s. But science alonecannot help us with the answers we need. The 1980salso witnessed the coming of the ethics of science andtechnology. It started with the upsurge of the interest inbioethics. Then bioethics was extended to environmentalethics, nanoethics and neuroethics. Ethics of climatechange is the hot issue at the moment. Beginning withthe origins of scientism, the paper will discuss the ethicaldimension of climate change.Investigation of environmental attitudes amongelementary school teachers: Case study in Iran-AhvazForouzan Farrokhian;Islamic Azad University, Iran.foroz.farrokhian@gmail.comEnvironmental education increasingly promoted as a toolin environmental management and School teachers playa significant role to develop positive attitudes towards theenvironment. The objective of this research wasinvestigating the environmental attitudes amongelementary school teachers in relation to gender,education and residential background in Iran. Aquestionnaire to measure the environmental attitude wasadministered to a random sample of 346 elementaryschool teacher in Ahvaz city. The questionnaire consistedof 20 closed questions grouped into the followingcategories of major environment issues: Need forEducation about Environmental Problems, TheImportance of Fieldwork and Activities for EnvironmentalEducation, Environmental Contamination and the Needfor Conservation, Environmental Protection Action.Analysis of statistical results revealed significantdifference in the environmental attitude of elementary

170 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)school teachers in relation to their education level.However, no significant difference was observed inrelation to the gender and residential background ofelementary school teachers.Environmental ethics: Recycling Styrofoam forbuilding human habitatKartini Aboo Talib Khalib (Dr), Ravichandran Moorthy(Dr)& Suhana Saad (Dr), Universiti Kebangsan Malaysia,MalaysiaStyrofoam is extensively used in food packagingbusinesses throughout the world. Its light weight makes ita favorite food package for entrepreneurs in foodbusinesses. However, unlike its content, the food, whichdecomposed easily after some time, Styrofoam remainsun-decomposed due to its oil-based structure. This studydiscusses the prospects of re-utilization of Styrofoam asenvironmentally friendly recycled material. Approach:This study uses the data from an exploratory survey onthe usage of Styrofoam for food packaging-conducted inthe district of Bangi, Malaysia-to highlight the magnitudeof Styrofoam-waste generated in these activities. Results:The study shows that Styrofoam can be used incombination of cement and concrete to produce a lightweight, energy efficient and strong building can be built.Since there are a lot of supplies of waste Styrofoam, thismaterial can be re-used in as part of constructionmaterial. In addition the use of Styrofoam in constructioncould be an innovative way for constructing termite‘s freebuildings. Conclusion: This study shows that recyclingStyrofoam can assist in building environmentally friendlyand cost efficient human habitat. Styrofoam can bechanneled for a good cause and ways of governing therecycled materials. As such, the industrial wastegenerated by Styrofoam can be turned into other uses,thus reducing its environmental problems.5.00-5.15 p.m.: Refreshments5.15-6.15 p.m.: Discussion of creation of a Asia-Pacific Society of Food and Agricultural Ethics(APSAFE) All Welcome5.15-5:45 pm: Future Activities of Ethics and ClimateChange in Asia and the Pacific Project (Facilitator:Darryl Macer)5.45-6:15 pm: Discussion on creation of an Asia-Pacific Society of Food and Agricultural Ethics(APSAFE) - All Welcome7.30 – 9.30 p.m.: Conference DinnerTUESDAY 28 TH AUGUST 2012Venue: Auditorium, Institute of Diplomacy & ForeignRelations (IDFR)Session 5: Special Session for MalaysianBioethics (9.00 – 11:30 a.m.)Chairperson: Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mahani Mansor Clyde,Chairperson, National Bioethics Council, MalaysiaThe role of IKIM in the bioethics discourse inMalaysiaAzizan Baharuddin (Prof)Deputy Director, Institute of Islamic UnderstandingMalaysiaSince they first made its impact in the world of scienceand technology about 1000 years ago Muslim scientistshad always held a substantive ethical approach in thetreatment of the natural and biological world throughscience and technology. Carrying on such a traditionsince its inception in 1992, the Institute of IslamicUnderstanding Malaysia (IKIM) has played a significantrole via a number of seminars, research projects as wellas publications concerning the bioethical issues beingintroduced into the fabric of Malaysian life. With eachissue, IKIM plays several important roles (understandingand explicating the issues, negotiating local responsesand disseminating information) especially in the contextof providing a socio-cultural response andrecommendations to Malaysia’s multi-ethnic society.Examples of how this was done will be the focus of thispaper.Malaysian bioethics: Is such a concept possible?Ravichandran Moorthy (Dr),President, Asia Pacific Forum of Ethics & Social Justice;Vice-President, ABA; Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBioethics is a recent phenomenon in Malaysia. Less thana decade ago, except the medical science fraternity,most academics and the public in Malaysia wereoblivious of the concept of bioethics. Even in medicalsciences, bioethics as an academic discipline was notwell develop, with most hospitals and medical schoolslimiting their activities to issues of medical ethics andmedical ethics committees. It should be noted that thecurrent discourse in bioethics pervades many academicdisciplines and addresses many issues that affectmankind and the environment. The wealth of academicresearches and the maturity of its philosophical debateshave enabled bioethics to emerge as an academicdiscipline in its own right. This paper addresses thequestion how Malaysian bioethics, being at its infancy,can effectively address the multifaceted ethical issues inthe country. More significantly, the paper will examinethree issues – firstly the lack of philosophical maturitythat may decelerate the development of bioethics inMalaysia. Secondly, how the multiple sets of valuesystemsdue to ethno-religious plurality influence thedevelopment of national bioethics culture or standards.Thirdly, how ethical debates are managed in Malaysia,especially with regards to human-centred policyapproaches.

172 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)opportunity best realized through cooperation and theequitable sharing of power and control of resources. Inrecent times, we have witnessed unprecedenteduprisings in Asia as a result of these dichotomies. We livein a globalized world where information technology andthe internet pervade almost every aspect of our lives in arapidly developing country such as Malaysia. We arechallenged daily by various situations and have tograpple with new and difficult issues, which can be incertain cases seem to undermine familiar establishedprinciples and conventional norms. Most of thesechallenges confer various degrees of uncertainly,perhaps discomfort and even alarm. At times, urgentresponses are required which have a direct bearing onindividuals and societies in which we live. Bioethicsdiscourse provide an avenue for reflection, discussionand measured responses to these challenges, ratherthan thoughtless and instantaneous knee jerk reactionswhich often times, prove to be ineffective and detrimentalin the long run.The protection of patient-subject in clinical trial inMalaysiaYuhanif Yusof, Anisah Che Ngah & Zaki MoradMohamed Zaher,School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysiayuhanif@uum.edu.myIn the performance of clinical trials, the protection ofpatient-subjects is of paramount importance, Clinicaltrials (CT) by nature are full of uncertainties and noabsolute assurances can be afforded to patient-subject.Thus, it is appropriate that the aspect of patient-subjectprotection be given a serious consideration. It should beborne in mind that, the patient-subjects have ‘voluntarily’accepted the risks inherent in a trial for the benefit offuture patients and not themselves. Hence this study hasbeen undertaken to analyze the medical ethical principlesthat are being used in clinical trials to protect patientsubjects.The findings show that the medical ethicalprinciples such as beneficence and respect for personare applied in conjunction with the concept of autonomyto protect patient-subject. However, the philosophicalbasis of these ethical principles in clinical trials differsfrom those used in medical practices. In addition, theapplication of these principles in Malaysia is differentwhen compared to that practiced in the West especiallyin areas that involved information dissemination bydoctor-investigators. To enhance this study, theresearchers also made reference to the process ofobtaining informed consent. Previous experience hasdemonstrated that the patient-subject cannot rely on thebeneficence of doctor-investigators in the clinical trialarena. In fact, a breach of duty that lead to negligence inclinical trial often occurs due to failure of doctorinvestigatorsto disclose full information to enable patientsubjectsto give consent to participate in the clinical trial.The study reveals that doctor-investigators fail to disclosefull information to patient-subjects. Considering thatprotection to patient-subject is important to ensureparticipation in clinical trial, doctor-investigators areresponsible to acknowledge patient-subjects’ rights to getinformation to give consent.Ensuring the legal protection on the mentallydisordered persons: The Malaysian experienceAnisah Che’ Ngah (Dr) & Mazlena Mohamad Hussain,International Islamic University MalaysiaThe World Health Organization defines mental illness asa psychiatric disorder that results in a disruption in aperson's thinking, feeling, moods, and ability to relate toothers. Persons who are suffering from mental illness areoften known as the mentally disordered persons. Theyhave been commonly misunderstood by the society asdangerous, prone to violent, incurable and a threat to thesociety. Consequently they are often discriminated bymany, including their own family members. The truth isthat not all mentally disordered persons are dangerousand most mental illnesses are curable. Nevertheless, thediscrimination and stigma associated with mentaldisorder have discouraged people from seeking thenecessary treatment. As far as the Malaysia laws areconcerned there are several laws, in particular the MentalHealth Act 2001 to address the need of the mentallydisordered persons. The Mental Health Act 2001 bycomparison to the former Mental Disorders Ordinance1952 is more ‘wholesome’ in addressing various aspectsof mental disorder. The issue is whether the lawsprovided are adequate to both address the needs andprovide proper protection to the mentally disorderedpersons. This paper seeks to identify the relevant lawsthat address the protection of the mentally disorderedpersons and examine whether the existing laws haveadequately protect the rights of the mentally disorderedpersons in Malaysia or not. In order to determine as suchnot only we have to look at the provisions themselves,but we must also ascertain whether the laws provided forthe mentally disordered persons are consistent with thestandard set by the World Health Organization. Thispaper also seeks to propose any necessary amendmentto the laws. Keywords: mental disorder mental healthlaw, insanity.Protecting bioethical issues relating to LMOS inMalaysia: The adequacy of the Biosafety Act 2007Siti Hafsyah IdrisUniversiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM)yasmin_yazid99@yahoo.comMalaysian National Biosafety Board (the Board) hasrecently approved the field testing of genetically modified(GM) male mosquitoes. Despite the fact that the approvalwas made based on the requirements under theBiosafety Act 2007 (the 2007 Act), this decision hascreated wide debates locally and internationallysurroundings the scientific, social and legal issues. Theseinclude bioethical issues, risk assessment measurement,public participation, transparent decision, and theadequacy of the law. Although the Act was developeddiligently to regulate all living modified organisms (LMOs)in Malaysia, as to strike a balance betweenbiotechnology development and environment and humanhealth protection, but the law is rather vague inresponding the abovementioned debates. This paper is acritical analysis of the adequacy of the 2007 Act inregulating LMOs, specifically in protecting social andbioethical issues. The definition and scope of the said Actwill also be examined as to whether it is sufficiently

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 173addressed the novel aspects of existing and emergingmodern biotechnologies. The discussion will also touchon the extent to which the stakeholders in theperformance of their functions and roles are applying the2007 Act. Keywords: LMOs, bioethical issues, biosafetylaw, adequacy.Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis for Social SexSelection (PGD for SSS) in Malaysia: Analysing the“wisdom of repugnance.”Haniwarda Yaakob (Dr)Law Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysiahani75@ukm.my, hani_yaakob@yahoo.comThe advent of new medical technologies has alwaysbeen greeted with scepticism and revulsion from thepublic. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis has alsosuffered the same ‘fate’ when it made its way intoMalaysia. The technique, which was used by a couple toselect the sex of their child for non-medical reasonsignited instinctive negative response from the public whowere appalled by the thought of parents choosing the sexof their unborn child. This type of objection which isbased on intuition or gut-feelings or also known as the‘yuk factor’ relates to the feeling of revulsion that thepublic have over new medical breakthroughs and is oftendifficult to comprehend or justify with sound reasons. Aquestion thus arises on the acceptability of this publicintuition or the ‘yuk factor’ in formulating law and policyon new bio-medical practice. This forms the crux of thispaper where public intuition or the ‘yuk factor’ expressedover Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for Social SexSelection (PGD for SSS) is critically examined with theview of determining whether such an objection should beheeded in formulating law and policy on the technique inMalaysia. Based on the arguments advanced, it isconcluded without any justifiable grounds, parentalautonomy to use PGD for SSS to select the sex of theirchild should be upheld over revulsion expressed by thepublic. Keywords: Bioethics; Preimplantation GeneticDiagnosis: the ‘yuk’ factor.11.30 – 11.45 a.m. Refreshments.Session 6: Health Care Systems & HumanEnhancement (11:45 – 1.15 p.m.)Chairperson: Prof. T. Manohar, Ambedkar LawUniversity, IndiaSecurity and the human right of access to affordablehealthcareNader Ghotbi (Prof)Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japannader@apu.ac.jpArticle 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsrefers to “the right of everyone to a standard of livingadequate for the health and well-being of himself and ofhis family, including … medical care …” and also “theright to security in the event of … sickness, disability, …,old age, …”. This article also entitles mothers andchildren to “special care and assistance”. Ensuringaccess of almost every individual living in a country to theneeded medical care usually depends on the provision ofhealth insurance coverage to a population pool andgradually expanding the pool to the whole population.The four general methods of healthcare insurance, statefunded,social, private, and community-based healthinsurance, have been used in different countries withvarying details in the sources of funding, pooling ofcontributions, and the purchase of the health servicesunder coverage. These methods have had varying levelsof success depending on not only the availability offunds, whether domestic or from foreign assistance, butalso on the political commitment of the state, and thesocial solidarity and cultural attitudes of the populationregarding universal healthcare coverage. Thispresentation provides a summary of the worldwidesituation of healthcare coverage and then speciallydiscusses the sociopolitical issues that influence thesocio-cultural demand of people as well as the politicalcommitment of their governments regarding access tohealthcare. The ethical perspective of pooling resourcesacross various groups of people in a population whohave different levels of income, as well as different healthrisks associated with age, genetics and lifestyle, will bediscussed in the context of individual autonomy versussolidarity. It is hoped that a cross-cultural discussion ofthe various options and choices can help with theidentification of the necessary steps for implementingarticle 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Integration of various health systems and health caredelivery services in India: Is it really a welcome oneor ruining the existing system without placingemphasis on merits and demerits of systems – anethical perspectiveR. Manivelan (Dr)Tamilnadu Health Systems Project (TNHSP), Indiadr.r.manivelan@gmail.comIn india, various systems of medicine like ayurveda,siddha, unani, homeopaty and allopathy(evidence basedmedicine) are practiced. The Indian civilization datesback 2000 BC had pioneered the native system ofhealing (ayurveda—based on the vedic literature) and isstill practiced without much stakeholders. The physiciansof ayurveda and other indigenous systems have failed todocument the processes and procedures followed inhealing the disease or disease process per se. Theyclaim that their systems are holistic one and not relyingon or placing exclusive emphasis on symptoms or signsas practiced in the modern or method of medicine. Thesacred texts written by rishis/ religious leaders of thenative system of medicine claim that if they startdocumenting their method of healing process, the art ofhealing will not be effective (in the sense that) it will notcure the individual or patient completely. In the beginningof 20th century the discovery of penicillin antibioticfollowed by vaccination and immunization have greatlyreduced the epidemic of various vaccine preventablediseases and finally contributed to the greater reductionin morbidity and mortality and eventually helped thehumankind. When the western world and the otherdeveloped countries claim that evidence based medicinealone is having the answer for all sorts of bacterial andviral diseases --to mention a few (tuberculosis andHIV/AIDS) which confront the humanity in a big way. Aschool of thought has focusing on integrating various

174 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)systems of medicine in India without going into thehistorical perspectives on the evolution and the practicemedicine. Is there any real reason why there should bean integration among the systems? Will the integrationhelp in synthesizing the nuances of various methods andmethodologies into a single comprehensiveconglomeration with the ultimate aim of helping incombating newer diseases as well? Can’t these systemsexist as water tight compartments and work within theirrespective domains without attracting vehementopposition and criticism which dilute each other’s uniquequalities and special emphasis? The move to integratethese systems will really work in tantum or will work atcross purposes because each system has got its ownway of approach and healing methods. By remaining as aseparate and distinct identity will these methodologieswill serve the noble intention of healing or compromise oncertain aspects will really help in conglomerating theunique and special qualities of each systems into a newproduct which can be really termed as an “ integration intrue sense”.How do medical students perceive medico-ethicaldilemmas? a study from a developing countryMuhammad Masood Kadir (Dr)Aga Khan University, Pakistanmasood.kadir@aku.eduIntroduction: Although ethical theories differ, certainethical rules and principles appear consistently. Theseinclude non-maleficence, beneficence, respect forindividual autonomy, justice and a physician’s or patient’sown beliefs specific to his or her culture and religion.Although it is recognized that teaching of such ethicalprinciples to medical students is an essential componentof their education, there are yet no established means ofevaluating them with respect to moral reasoning. Method:We conducted a cross sectional study done on allmedical students (391) enrolled in a private university atKarachi, Pakistan in 2005. A structured questionnairebased on six domains of medical ethics, i.e. Autonomy,Beneficence, Morality, Justice, Religion and Doctor’sRights, was designed and administered to assess themoral judgment of medical students. Results: 320medical students enrolled at the university responded tothe questionnaire. Significant changes in moral reasoningof these students were seen across the years of medicaleducation in three of the six domains assessed, i.e.Autonomy (p = 0.038), Beneficence (p = 0.018) andJustice (p < 0.001). Final year students were found to bethe most indecisive, with 63% unable to come to adecision in at least one of the four ethical scenarios.Conclusion: Previous studies have shown deterioration inethical sensitivity and reasoning amongst medicalstudents. However, our study shows that the reasoningmedical students use does not vary as they progressthrough their medical curriculum.Accreditation and ethical issues in laboratorypracticesKaruna Ramesh Kumar (Dr) & Rema Devi Rajgopal (Dr),St.John's Medical College, India. karunark@yahoo.comBackground: Accreditation of the laboratory as per ISO15189 addresses ethical issues in sample collection,analysis, results, storage and access to results andspecimens. Objective: To evaluate awareness of ethicsamong technical staff in laboratory practice. Material andmethods: Collection of information, consent andconfidentiality were taken as parameters for evaluation.Questions related to sample collection, consent andconfidentiality were incorporated along with othertechnical questions during annual evaluation process. 18technicians from clinical pathology and 4 technicians incytogenetics participated. Results: Average number ofoutpatients in clinical pathology (CP)for sample collectionis 300 per day while in cytogenetics (CG) is 15-20. InCP, collection of information for identification was donefor all patients. A verbal consent was taken for less than5% of patients; for rest, consent was inferred which wasreflected in answers as consent was not included as astep in sample collection. Technicians were aware ofconfidentiality of results, as agreement is taken in writingand also as part of individual integrity. However, theywere not aware that consent and confidentiality are partof respecting patient’s right and autonomy. In contrast, inCG written consent was routinely taken from all patientsprior to sample collection and same was reflected in theirresponse. The staff were aware of need for confidentialityof reports, associated with genetic reporting especially ifreports are ‘abnormal’ and maintenance of rights andautonomy of patients. Comment: In the same institution,different practices exist, probably in view of the specialty.Accreditation process helps in implementation of ethicalpractices to a great extent. However, there is lack ofawareness of ethical concepts underlying suchprocesses. Hence there is a need to include ethics aspart of technical staff training either at institutional level orat laboratory level in case of stand-alone laboratories.Key words: Consent, confidentiality, laboratory practice,accreditation.The ethics of human enhancement and the viabilityof the treatment-enhancement distinctionArnald Mahesh IrudhayadhasonCatholic University of Leuven (Ku Leuven), Belgium,arnaldmahesh@gmail.comHuman enhancement - generally understood as anyactivity to improve our bodies, minds, or abilities in orderto enhance our well-being - is an ethically complex issue.This paper investigates the viability of the treatmentenhancementdistinction in the ethical evaluation ofhuman enhancement. In the first part we will investigatethe concept of human enhancement by consideringvarious definitions and approaches to the phenomenon.Among the three approaches - Pragmatic DistinctionApproach (Treatment vs. Enhancement), Metaphysical(Human Nature) Approach (Sandel, 2007; Kass, 2009)and the Welfarist Approach (Savulescu, 2011; Buchanan,2008) - we claim that maintaining the treatmentenhancementdistinction (Jeungst, 1998; Daniels, 2000)is crucial for investigating the moral permissibility ofvaried forms of human enhancement. The second partfocuses on the prominent kinds of human enhancement(Cognitive Enhancement, Mood Enhancement, PhysicalEnhancement, Lifespan Extension, Moral Enhancement,and Designer Children) in order to bring forth the variousforms of debate emerging from them. The intensecontroversy generated by the contrasting hopes and

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 175fears of the proponents and opponents of humanenhancement, will be analyzed critically with a view tohighlight the pertinence of the treatment-enhancementdistinction. The third part analyses how this distinctionhas been discussed (Sandel, 2004; Kamm, 2005),criticized (Daniels, 2000; Harris, 2007), and even rejected(Stock, 2003; Savulescu, 2006) by numerous authors,basing on its major flaws. We will also highlight how thedistinction is difficult, elusive and to some extentarbitrary. Underscoring the number of purposes thedistinction serves, like drawing the boundaries of themedical domain, moral acceptability of biomedicalinterventions and their reimbursement, and the personaldecisions regarding self-improvement, we will justify theline between treatment and enhancement. Hence, wedefend the pragmatic distinction approach which justifiesthe viability of the treatment-enhancement distinction inthe ethics of human enhancement. Key words: HumanEnhancements; Treatment-enhancement distinction;Types of enhancements; Human Nature approach;Welfarist Approach; Playing-God argument;Precautionary principle; Designer children.Biobanking – Ethical issuesKaruna Ramesh Kumar (Dr) & Rema Devi Rajgopal (Dr)St.John's Medical College, Indiakarunark@ yahoo.comBio banks play an important role in the development ofdiagnostics, discovery of novel drugs and biomarkers,studying disease progression and treatment. The conceptof the biobank which includes operations like collection ofsamples/ specimens, processing, storage and distributionis changing. Each country has its own guidelines for biobanks and the ethical and legal issues which govern biobanks are still evolving. The ICMR guidelines in India arefairly inclusive. India with its huge diverse population hasits own unique problems. The pathology departments invarious medical colleges and institutions are aware oftheir potentiality in bio banking. However, all are notaware of the grey zones. While the issue of ‘broadconsent” for bio banking has been widely discussed inliterature, there is little understanding of what potentialresearch participants in India feel about bio banking andthe implications of it for themselves. The specific natureof genetic studies with regard to confidentiality, sensitivityof the obtained information which might have a bearingnot only on the individual, but also on the family orcommunity, the possibility of discrimination orstigmatization arising out of the same makes it necessaryto provide counseling along with the revelation of geneticinformation. As most of the genetic work may occur at alater time, the ethical issues pertain to consentrequirements for the banking and further uses of theobtained samples, their control and ownership, and thebenefit sharing to the individual or community. There is arequirement under current ICMR guidelines (2006) that aseparate Bio repository / Bio bank Ethics ReviewCommittee be set up wherever these facilities exist andthe institution is considered as “custodian” of samplesEthical issues with regard to Indian guidelines incomparison with others will be discussed.Lunch 1.15 - 2.15 p.m.Session 7: Health, Disease & Medical Ethics(2.15 – 4.30 p.m.)Chairperson: Dr. Jasdev Rai, Sikh Human RightsGroup, United KingdomHistory of clinical research and ethicsShamima Parvin Lasker (Prof)City Dental College, Bangladeshsplasker03@yahoo.comThe primary goal of clinical research is to generate usefulknowledge about human health and illness. Benefit to theparticipants is not the purpose of research although itdose secondarily. Therefore exploitation of humansubjects was happened in clinical research by placingsome people at risk for the good of others. There havebeen many tragedies throughout the history of researchinvolving human subjects. Many people were harmedand basic human rights were violated as a result of theirunwillingness participation in research. Every period ofresearch scandals have been followed by attempt toinitiate some ethical codes to protect the human fromclinical research. First of such codes is the NurembergCode. Thereafter, Helsinky Declaration, Belmont Reportand lastly Obama commision on Guatemala syphilisstudy. Need to remember history is essential so that it isnot repeated again. Researchers and the healthcareproviders have no awareness of the history of ethicalrequirements for of clinical research. Moreover, there arefew sporadic studies on this issue as well. Knowledge ofthe history will provide a better understanding to handlethe research fairly. Formulation of UNIVERSAL rules andregulations is required which will not limited to a specifictragedy or scandal or the practice of researcher in onecountry for common understanding and unique values ofresearch, although their application will requireadaptation to particular culture, health condition andeconomic setting.Prospective consensus building based on ‘history ofreason’ and ‘list of risks’Kumiko YoshitakeJuntendo University, Japankumiko.yottake3@gmail.comIn consensus building process in medicine, it is said thatit is crucial for its participants to understand why eachstakeholder, patient, his/her family, physician, nurse, etc,in decision making has his/her own opinion. In order tounderstand this condition more deeply, I develop thenotion of ‘reason of opinion’ to characterize the processas ‘prospective consensus building.’ This prospectiveconsensus building should satisfy the requirements ofhaving ‘history of reason’ and ‘list of risks’. The formerrequirement, history of reason, can be characterized bymaking clear when one started to form the reason of anopinion, how one formed the reason, what kind ofrelationship is supposed to be between the presentopinion and its reason, and what kind of result isexpected to come out after a decision making. The latterrequirement, the list of risks, should display what kind ofoutcomes are supposed to come out in each alternative

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 177Common causes of resubmission/rejection ofresearch proposals – an experience from adeveloping countryMumtaz Muhammad (Dr),Postgraduate Medical Institute Peshawar, Pakistanmumtaz_kmc@yahoo.comIntroduction: Intuitional Review Board (IRB) hasimportant role in reviewing research proposals to pointout potential ethical issues, deficiencies in consentprocess and documentation and advise the investigatorsto make desired corrections in order to make a proposalethically sound. A search for common reasons ofdeferring and resubmission of proposals is thus importantto help researchers to prepare their research proposals,informed consent forms and necessary researchdocumentation properly. Objective: To identify thereasons for resubmitting proposals that were previouslydeferred by the ethics committee. Methods: This crosssectional study was conducted in Postgraduate MedicalInstitute Lady Reading Hospital and Hayatabad MedicalComplex Peshawar, Pakistan. Research proposalssubmitted in 2010 and 2011 were evaluated for commonreasons of resubmission. Results: Two hundred andeighteen research proposals were submitted toinstitutional review boards of the two hospitals. From thetotal 140 were included in the study. The main reasonsfor returning the projects to the researchers were lack ofinformed consent (25.8%), use of inadequate (non local)language (26.5%) and doubts regarding methodologicaland statistical issues of the proposal (9.3%). Otherreasons included lack of information on supply ofmedication after end of the study, justification of rationaleand liaison with respective personnel. Key words:bioethics, institutional review board, ethics in research.A study of the informed consent process: The role ofresearch coordinator in biobank JapanHyunsoo Hong, Kaori Muto,Chiungfang Chang, University of Tokyo, Japankumahyun@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jpA major function of Biobank Japan is not only to collectand manage human samples, medical records, andlifestyles whether on a personal or a large-scale level butalso to exercise ethical consideration towardsparticipants of long-term researches. Otherresponsibilities such as recruitment necessary to obtainthe target number of participants, securing informedconsent (IC), and doing follow-ups on participants duringparticipation are all imperative for the research toprogress. Procurement of participant's responses throughcontinuous communication while taking part in theresearch is also required. The success of the researchdepends on who is in charge and how theseresponsibilities are carried out. The purpose of thispresentation is to elucidate the role of the ResearchCoordinator (RC), which includes acquiring IC from theparticipants at the start of the project. This study alsoaims to analyze the duty of Research Coordinators inBiobank Japan's Personalized Medicine Project, which isfunded by MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,and Science & Technology) in Japan since 2003. Weconducted a semi-structured interview to a group of 54RCs. For analysis, the method of the Modified Groundedtheory (M-GTA) was used. We first review the ethicalproblems on human genome research and the responsein BBJP. Next, we explore the kinds of ethicalconsiderations RCs performed in the informed consentprocess, which is divided into five stages: recruitment,information, consent, collection of blood samples, andfollow-ups. Finally, we discuss the role of RCs in ICdiscussions as the bridge between participants and thecomplicated scientific concepts and trends in hugehuman genome research projects.An examination of the establishment of biobanks InEast Asian, The case of Taiwan BiobankChiungfang ChangInstitute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japanaspire@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jpIn 2002, as the Human Genome Project had almostcompletely identified all of the genes in human DNA,national biobanks began being established in East Asia,starting with Biobank Japan in 2003 and Korea Biobankin 2008. In Taiwan an initial phase “Super ControlGenomic Database” was implemented in 2003, and theTaiwan Biobank Project was established in 2005.However, because of questions concerning human rights,taking blood samples was stopped. To address thebalance between human rights and research, theBiobank Act (2010) was passed. In July of 2011, theNational Science Council announced an expansionbudgeting 6.8 trillion NTD (US$224 million) over 12 yearsstarting in 2012. Although the Taiwan Biobank Projecthas been criticized by experts for human rights and ELSIissues, the project has received a high level of supportfrom the general population. This paper identifies threekey factors for the support related to the project’s statusas a national policy and the lag in democracy andindustrialization compared to the West. As Taiwan hasraced to catch up with more advanced countries,technologies have developed faster than governmentregulations. There is also an acceptance of leadershipand a central role of the national government in directingscience policies. Finally, since the end of WWII, Taiwanhas implemented several large-scale public healthprograms with the aid from the US and UN, and as aresult, the public is used to cooperating with nationalhealth programs. However, because the biobanks inJapan, Korea and Taiwan have been developed withoutadequate communication between policy makers,researchers and the public, this presents issues of publictrust concerning the banks.Application of the bioethics principles in helpingIndonesian’ patients to stop smoking; an evaluationof smoking cessation clinics in primary care settingYayi Suryo Prabandari (Dr)Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine,University of GadjahMada, Yogyakarta, Indonesiapyayisuryo@yahoo.comBackground: Prevalence of adult smoker in Indonesiahas been increased in the last 5 years. In line with theeffort in reducing the number of smoker, 18 smokingcessation clinics have been opened in all Puskesmas

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 179undergone mastectomies while 5 had had some form ofbreast conservation. The results described disclosure ina two parts, firstly nuances of terms within the languagealong with the word “cancer” and secondly the disclosureof medical jargon. One of the most interesting findingsthat emerged from my study is the use of language ininteractions with patients. Patients I interviewed generallyavoided the word “cancer” and had strong views on thelanguage of communication between the doctor andpatient. The other element if disclosure was theknowledge of the disease labeled medical jargon in mystudy. The appeared to be an absence of any medicalinformation of choices, such as whether breast can beconserved, the prognostic finding in the reports or eventhe choice to have chemotherapy or surgery first. Incontemporary bioethics this information/disclosure isconsidered a fundamental right of the patient. So thequestion arises as to what needs to be disclosed? Otherareas that appeared as themes were religion, privacy,confidentiality and the role of the family. Interestingly, mystudy has led me to believe that the implementation ofbioethical principles cannot be a text book affair that maybe read and learnt. But contextualization of the norms ofa culture, religion and society is a major stake holder forethical practice.Postmenopausal pregnancies - some ethical issuesSubir Biswas (Dr) & Gargi Saha (Dr)West Bengal State University, Indiagargisubir@gmail.comA woman’s reproductive age, once a dictate of nature,now has been challenged and artificially extended byusing donated oocytes fertilized in vitro and transferred totheir uteri. Postmenopausal pregnancies have been andwill remain controversial as there are overlappinginterests of national, religious, medical, legal, social,cultural as well as ethical views. Medical, psychological,and ethical factors weigh heavily in the decision to have achild of postmenopausal women. Again the perspectivesare of different in nature-from prospective mother’s sideas well as to be born child’s rights. Postmenopausalpregnancies also widen the scope of reproductiveoptions and challenge conventional ideas and theoriesabout motherhood, pregnancy, childbirth, parenting aswell as evolutionary perspective. Present paper intendsto explore such issues and discuss accordingly tounderstand ethical and other issues behindpostmenopausal pregnancies.Use of surplus embryos in embryonic stem cellresearch: Nothing unethical is happeningMathana Amaris Fiona a/p Sivaraman & Siti Nurani MohdNoor (Dr)University of Malayafatima@siswa.um.edu.my; sitinuraninor@um.edu.myAmong the sources of human embryonic stem cells(hESC) are (i) surplus embryos left from IVF trials and (ii)embryos created via IVF solely for research purposes.Ethical controversies arise due to the need to extractstem cells from a 4-5 day old embryo that issubsequently destroyed whether from source (i) or (ii).Like many countries, research on hESC is also inprogress in Malaysia. A medical centre in Malaysiarecently announced the birth of its 3000th IVF baby, anda success rate of 62.1% of the total IVF trials performedin the year 2011 alone. Couples from the program whodo not wish to freeze surplus embryos are given theoption to either discard or donate them for hESCresearch. Some writers have argued that it is ‘respectful’to use surplus embryos for research rather than discardthem. Biologically, the moral concern of harming theembryo does not arise as a 5-day old embryo is not asentient being due to the absence of the primitive streak.Furthermore, embryos in a petri dish do not possessmoral status for the fact that they do not reside within thewomb, the natural nurturing environment of ‘human’embryos. Subsequently, it would be morally obligatorythat such embryos are used optimally for research. TheUS National Bioethics Advisory Commission (1999)permits research on surplus embryos with the intention tofind cures for diseases. Research aimed at improvinghealth is also viewed as a noble act according to somereligions. According to the Malaysian Fatwa (2005),research on surplus embryos is permissible with consentfrom parents. To conclude, we believe that nothingunethical is happening here and the intention to promotehappiness for the greatest number overrides all ethicalpresuppositions related to the destruction of surplusembryos.Experiences and expectations on the process ofdelivering bad news from nasopharyngeal cancerpatientsDiyah Woro Dwi Lestari & Amalia Muhaimin (Dr)Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesiaamalia.muhaimin@gmail.comDelivering bad news is a crucial part of communication interminal illness. Informing cancer diagnosis to patientshas been regarded as “delivering bad news”; althoughtreatment for many types of cancer in early stadiumshave been established, including nasopharyngeal cancer(NPC). The aim of this study is to explore patients’experiences in receiving the diagnosis of their illness forthe first time, information about the treatment, andprognosis of their illness. This study also wishes toexplore patients’ expectations on the process ofdelivering bad news, including which persons should beinvolved in the process of delivering and receiving theinformation. Nasopharyngeal cancer patients aged 17-56years who were undergoing treatment were interviewedin the hospital using a semi-structured questionnaire.Patients with impaired hearing and speech wereexcluded. Interviews were recorded and transcribed forqualitative analysis. A number of themes related to theprocess of delivering bad news were identified. Resultsshow that different terms for “nasopharyngeal cancer”were used by doctors to inform the diagnosis. A numberof patients did not receive clear information beforehandabout the treatment and prognosis of their illness.Patients expect to receive clear information about thediagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of their illness.However, a number of patients prefer that doctors deliverthe information first to their family, not to themselves asthe patient.

180 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)WEDNESDAY 29 TH AUGUST 2012Venue: Auditorium, Institute of Diplomacy & ForeignRelations (IDFR)Session 9: Panel on Narrative Turns inSocial Contexts for Promoting ClinicalBioethics in Taiwan (9.00 – 10:15 a.m.)Chairperson: Prof. Duujian Tsai, Taipei MedicalUniversity, TaiwanPhysicians’ disclosure of hereditary illness;Huntington’s disease in TaiwanSheu, Shuh-Jen (Dr)National Yang-Ming University, Taiwansjsheu@ym.edu.twThis study uses a qualitative approach to explore thelocal and possible meanings of physicians’ patterns ofillness disclosure in Huntington’s disease (HD) andissues relating to genetic testing technology. We usedparticipant observation and in-depth individual interviewsand family interviews with 12 participants from six HDfamilies. We produced a total of 20 rich texts frommultiple contacts with them. Participants portrayedextreme shame and stigma relating to their family’shereditary disease and demanded high requirements toguarantee their privacy. Participants expressed that thephysicians’ disclosure of their illness and the results ofthe genetic test had tremendous impact on them.Therefore, the phenomenon of physicians’ disclosure ofhereditary illness is the main focus under exploration inthis paper. Data analysis revealed five patterns of howphysician disclosed hereditary illness: “paternalisticallytraditional or contemporary,” “humanly conservative oreccentric,” “scientifically neutral or subjective,” “artfulethical and caring,” and “reflectively conflicting oraffirming.” The results of this study can have implicationsfor genetic, psychological, and ethical counselors inclinical settings to remind them that ethical reflection andskillful communication significantly affect the illnessdisclosure process and outcome. Key words:Huntington’s disease, genetic test, truth disclosure,qualitative study.Comprehending lives beyond illness: Narratives ofaids patients in TaipeiLinda Gail Arrigo (Dr)Taipei Medical University, Taiwanlinda2007@tmu.edu.twIn recent decades, as the practice of medicine hasincreasingly become a task of technology-drivendiagnosis, a complementary awareness has beenemerging that caring for patients must integrate personalconcern for the patient (Rita Charon, JAMA.2001;286(15):1897-1902). Narrative medicine has beenrecognized as a medium for creating an emotionalconnection with the patient, by entering into his or herworld of meaning. The direct experience of listening to alife history, especially that of a person such as an AIDSpatient, who could easily be written off as hopeless orculpable for the illness, changes the perceptions andvalues of the interviewer. In this light, I have includedvisiting and interviewing AIDS patients in my medicalanthropology class. Through these narratives we come tofeel how the person makes sense of his/her life; and forthe interviewee, the process of narration seems to impartsubjective meaning and even acceptance of fate to whatcould be objectively seen as a random affliction. Twonarratives will be presented along with insights as howthese affected the students. Ms. Lee, a conservative 65-year-old woman who was a refugee from China in 1949,did not know she was infected by her common-lawhusband of 12 years until she broke out with violentpsychiatric symptoms a few years ago; medication hasgradually helped to clear her mind. Her greatest pain isthe stigma of AIDS, both to herself and others: her elderlyparents and her children by a previous marriage refuse tosee her. Mr. Can, now age 55, was almost sold as a maleprostitute to settle his mother’s gambling debts when hewas 16, after admitting he had homosexual experiences.But his most emotional outpouring revolved around hisdecision at age 25 to give up plans to marry a girl slightlyolder whom he had loved platonically for six years. Wasthis due to his natal family’s claim on his income, or theforbidden lure of his demonstrated capacity to seducemen? Successful in business as well, he was notsurprised to turn HIV+ at age 51, and closed down hisshop when problems with eyesight emerged. He hadplanned to end his own life in an orderly fashion whenpenniless, but now after seeing signs from the Taoistgods he is setting out again to learn computers (he canread the screen with lettering set large) and reset hisgoals. Although Taiwan provides free HAARTmedication, physical affliction and perhaps early deathdue to a sexually transmitted disease such as HIV carrieswith it a particular burden of stigma and social sanctionsfor “immoral” behavior, and even difficulties in gettingmedical and dentistry services. But facing pain andmortality are common to all patients with seriousillnesses. In these narratives we see a person facing anillness in the context of his or her perceptions and goals,not a disease inhabiting a body. Key Words, Narrativemedicine, HIV carries, stigma, free HAART medication.Reflections on clinical ethics in building therapeuticcommunities for psychiatric patients: comparingnarrative identity in several mental illnesses andchronic substance abusersDuujian Tsai (Prof)Taipei Medical University, Taiwandj.tsai@msa.hinet.netThis paper investigates the formation of two kinds ofpsychiatric therapeutic community building efforts inTaiwan through the lens of Jonsen's four-box rationalesfor clinical ethical decision-making. A narrative identityapproach has been applied to our fieldwork on treatmentmodels for two groups: those with severe mental illnessand low cognitive function at Yu-li Veterans Hospital andchronic substance abusers with high cognitive function atCao-Tung Psychiatric Hospital. Contextual features andsupportive social network formations are first identifiedfor target patients in each model. Then, with the goal ofmaintaining quality of life, I will then further analyze thecomplex relationship between patients' autonomy andmedical indications. A complementary therapeutic modelis finally proposed based upon narrative identity findings.This paper argues moral dilemmas related to current

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 181therapeutic models for psychiatric patients of significantlydifferent types are in fact inherited from a rather strictbiomedical paradigm that has a monopoly on treatmentassumptions and prevents consideration of contextualfeatures for individual cases.The purpose, theory, and strategy for implementinginterdisciplinary and intercultural medical ethicsamong Taiwanese doctors: constructivist qualitativeresearchChien-Yu Jonathan Chen (Dr)Taipei Medical University, Taiwanjonathan630514@yahoo.com.twThis study explores the challenges of implementinginterdisciplinary and intercultural medical ethics amongTaiwanese doctors in both clinical and educationalcontexts. A sophisticated understanding of the purpose,theory, and strategy behind doctors’ teaching, learning,and practice of medical ethics are constructed byinterviewing 25 local stakeholders and analyzing relevantliterature worldwide. This research uses a constructivistqualitative approach to generate practical insights intohow to improve doctors’ practice in Taiwan’s increasinglypluralistic society. First I address the question ofpurpose: why should Western-trained doctors practicingin non-western countries learn about and exercisemedical ethics outside their profession and tradition. Byoutlining local doctors’ cognitive bewilderment andsituational vulnerability in the face of a diversity of moralstandpoints, a proposition emerges: doctors’ learning ofnormative information should equip and empower themto transition from practicing medicine in a simplistic andrigid manner towards a more holistic and sophisticatedmanner. To define holistic and sophisticated medicalpractice, six kinds of learning milestones that indicatedoctors’ moral accomplishment are identified and thenintegrated as a whole into the notion of ethics asempowerment. I argue that by developing various kindsof knowledge, reasoning, skill, competency, habituation,and attributes, doctors can balance the tension betweenthe global and the local, the ideal and the practical, andbetween thinking and doing. However, this theoreticalframework is not proposed as a basis for furthergeneralization but rather, for demonstrating the richnessof doctors’ ethical development. To translate thissophisticated learning model into a teaching strategy, Ifirst concentrate on the issues of doctors’ power,knowledge, and role. I then argue that doctors’ powercan be self-constraint by inspiring them with moralphilosophy that fosters reflective ethical understanding. Ialso argue that by equipping them with academicreasoning ability, doctors’ knowledge can becomeholistic. I finally argue that doctors’ role can becomecommunity-oriented by empowering them with explicitprofessional duties to help them fulfilling theircommitment to patients’ welfare. My thesis offers analternative perspective, which I argue is practical andholistic, to help local practitioners, teachers, and policymakersin Taiwan embrace the emerging global, multidisciplinary,and reasoning-based medical ethics. Keywords: medical ethics, reasoning, doctor role, pluralism.A tense walk in the clouds? – electronic medicalrecord and Taiwan’s legislative development inprivacy protectionJu-Yin Chen (Dr)Hsuan Chuang University, Taiwanjychen@wmail.hcu.edu.twA plan in Taiwan approved by the Department of Health(DOH) that will allow about 80 percent of the country'shospitals to use an integrated system of electronicmedical records for patients is ready to start in 2012.Under the plan, about 400 hospitals of the total in thecountry will be using e-medical records, and 60 percentof the nation's hospitals will be able to shareelectronically stored medical records. The so-called e-medical records will include medical examination reports,prescription records, blood test results and imagingpictures. Certainly, there should have some legal basesfor the establishment of e-medical record systems,nevertheless, the practice of computerizing patientrecords is not wide accepted yet. Purpose of this article isto study Taiwan’s status of legal development in privacyprotection for electronic medical record. In particular,there is a law – a Computer Processed PersonalInformation Protection Act – which was enacted in 1995to cope with the needs of an emerging informationsociety, recently was revised in 2010 and expanded intoa general law: The Personal Information Protection Act(PIPA). Article 6 of said law provides: “Personalinformation of medical treatment, genetic information,sexual life, health examination and criminal record shouldnot be collected, processed or used. However, thefollowing situations are not subject to the limits set in thepreceding sentence: 1. when in accordance withlaw;…….” However, are the current provisions in MedicalCare Act sufficient to support this plan? And can the riskdistributionfrom emerging technologies be justified aswell as fair? It is hoped that this paper can provide somelegal introspection and Taiwan’s experience for theinformation world. Keywords: electronic medical record,privacy, information security, cloud computing.Session 10: Research Integrity &Technologies (10:15– 11.30 a.m.)Chairperson: Dr. Aamir Jafarey, CBEC, PakistansThe review of medical ethic researches in Iran withattention to the nation and universal prioritiesZohreh Rahimi & Farhanchi Afshin,Hamedan University of Medical Science, Iranrahimi_zozo2003@yahoo.comIn order to development of medical ethics in community,recognition process and description of current situationcan provide the possibility of pathology and finding theexistence strengths and weakness points for planningand implementing the scientific map of medical ethics inthe country. This study evaluated and considered thepapers status in one year in medical ethic and medicalsciences universities publications in Iran and review asummary of researches in these centers in 5 recentyears. we evaluated the titles of the published articles in1390 through 205 formal journals to Persian and Latin in

182 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)medical universities and research centers. Then thesearticles were classified based on education and title'authors , place of research, topic and the type of article.These results with prioritization of Iran medical ethicstrategic plan and results of survey that obtained frommedical ethic researchers already, have compared.Results showed that in 1390, 46 journals of 208 generalmedical and specific medical ethics journals, havepresented 158 medical ethics papers. The most of thesewere about patient rights subject and philosophy ofmedical ethics and referring to the medical ethics ingenetic and vulnerable groups is the lowest. Some titlessuch as children subject and life began discussions wasnot allocated any articles . About 55% of papers arereview and analytical article and 45% of them aredescriptive and original. The most of researchers areassociate professor and the least ones are BS. Withrespect to the importance and Present necessity ofcommunity, Some of the titles have been neglected andsome other have been considered although not priority.So, we can see some inconsistency between researchestopics and practical and functional necessities in Iran.Moreover , internal approach to medical ethics in somepoints is different with universal approach . Keywords :Medical Ethics Research , Country Priorities , StrategicPlan , Scientific map, papers.Bioethical issues arising from the pharmaceuticalindustry’s relationships with its stakeholders:Examples from Asia.Marisa De Andrade (Dr)University of Stirling, Scotlandmarisa.deandrade1@stir.ac.ukIn 2005, a health committee in the United Kingdomproduced a report on The Influence of thePharmaceutical Industry – the first of its kind since 1914.The inquiry concluded that there were ‘over-ridingconcerns about the volume, extent and intensity of theindustry’s influence, not only on clinical medicine andresearch but also on patients, regulators, the media, civilservants and politicians’, and stressed the need ‘toexamine critically the industry’s impact on health to guardagainst excessive and damaging dependencies’ (HoC2005, p. 97). It also noted that it is important tocomprehensively analyse pharmaceutical regulation inorder to ascertain whether there are systemic problems.A study addressed this recommendation and wasconducted to examine whether recognised concerns aremerely ad hoc or as a result of systemic flaws in thecurrent system of pharmaceutical regulation. The workaddressed a gap in the academic literature by drawing onthe fragmented criticisms of the pharmaceutical industryin order to produce a model of intra-elite communicationin drug regulation (called Pharmaffiliation) to illustratehow various stakeholders collaborate with drugcompanies to promote licensed products, and to explorethe nature of the relationships between thesestakeholders which include groups; medicalcommunication companies; academics; regulators; publicrelations firms; lobby groups; the media; and medicalpractitioners. This paper applies the model and presentsexamples from Asia to illustrate how systemic problemsin the current system of pharmaceutical regulation, whichcan ultimately harm the patient, are not unique to theWestern world. The implications of these findings arediscussed. Solutions on a micro-level include consumerinvolvement in decision making processes, which can beenhanced through public education and awarenesscampaigns and the instigation of public inquirieswhenever drugs are withdrawn from the market. On amacro-level, this will involve critically exploring neoliberalcapitalism and the empowerment of the citizenry.E-Health: Modern health care technology andbioethics issues surrounding itM. Moein Montazeri, Fereshte Asgari & SaeedeMokhtarzadeUniversity of Paris, FranceMontazeri.law@gmail.comCountries around the globe are increasingly usingInformation and Communication Technologies (ICT) toimprove individual and public health, to strengthen healthcare systems, in the world. This advancement could alsohave problems that besides the threat to public normshave endangered dignity, personal freedom and people’scivil and basic rights. Hence, it is required for researchersin law and ethics field to investigate the roots of thosethreats and provide legal and ethical guidelines andstandards to protect human rights. Today, one of thesemodern technologies that have raised many questions inthe field of bioethics is electronic health (E-health). Thisterm is used to describe the application of informationand communication technology (ICT) in the health sector.It encompasses a couple of purposes ranging from purelyadministrative to the delivery of health care. For example:1. Electronic administration of patient informationsystems, as part of hospital care. 2. Tele-control systemsand remote vital signs as part of home care. 3. Use ofcomputer systems for patient monitoring, medical recordsand electronic prescribing, as part of primary care. Afundamental component of all these applications isElectronic Health Record (EHR), which allows sharing ofnecessary information among care professionals fromdifferent disciplines and medical institutions. There areother important uses of e-Health in the field of continuingmedical education and public health education. Becausehealth information, products, and services have thepotential both to improve health and to do harm,organizations and individuals that provide healthinformation have obligations to provide high qualitycontent and protect users’ privacy. Regarding theseissues, some questions could be raised: How theactivities of health care technology adapt for bioethicalissues? What measures implement by the executiveoperators of this system to protect patients’ rights? Whatjudicial and ethical measures perform to protect theprivacy of people who put their information in this cyberspace? In this paper, we investigate ethically thethreatening problems of patients’ rights that associatewith this emerging technology and to provide somesolutions in order to solve these problems. Key words: E-health, Bioethical issues, technology, privacy, security,patients’ rights.

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 183Research integrity and responsibilityFatima Janat Ali Khuwaja & Sumaira Khowaja-PunjwaniSindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT),PakistanDuddly.pal@gmail.comThe aim of the paper is to highlight the application ofintegrity within the field of research and the role ofBioethics in establishing a monitoring mechanism forresearch misconducts. Background: Research integrityis very broad term which is further misrepresented intothe negative attributes of data fabrication, falsificationand plagiarism to attain authorship by the researcher.Nowadays, it is considered very crucial around the globe,still a lot has to be done in developed as well asdeveloping countries. Although numerous misconductsare happening in research, various bioethics groups indiverse institutions have initiated steps to instill ethicalstandards. Many research studies have been done tosignify the conflict of interest of academicians that theytend to opt for research misconduct to fulfill the criteria ofachieving personal motives i.e. promotion, through meremeans. However, it is a well established fact that noacademician can necessarily be a good researcher.Method: To analyze the issues related to researchintegrity and its magnitude, comprehensive literaturereview was carried out from March 15, 2012 to March 25,2012. For extensive searching manual data extractedfrom periodical, electronic databases were accessedincluding Google Scholar, Pub Med, The Lancet(Commentary), Office of Research Integrity (ORI), Nature(Editorials), CINAHL and other Ethics related journals.Conclusion: Clear guidelines should be established todetermine the criteria for authorship i.e. authorshipshould be limited to those individuals only who haveprovided their best into the research study. There is astrong need to create an insight of ethical standardsimplied in research ethics to tackle misconduct. Theincidence of authorship will never persist if allresearchers do their studies according to the perspectiveof research integrity. The role of institutional Ethicsreview committee is also very significant to speak on theissues of research misconduct which will indeed facilitatethose investigators who carry out their research studieswith sincerity. Keywords: Research Integrity, ResearchEthics, Misconduct.Contesting ethics in the use of forensics andbiometrics for human securityMinakshi Bhardwaj (Dr)Associate Fellow, Cardiff University, United Kingdombminakshi@hotmail.comThe sweeping of DNA during criminal investigations andsampling of many individuals has become a goldstandard and routine procedure for forensicidentifications since its introduction; however not withoutrisks and ethical concerns. The rapid success of forensicutility of DNA led to creating local and global DNAdatabanks exclusively for criminal investigations. By2008, about 120 countries were using DNA profiling incriminal investigations, 54 countries have national DNAdatabase, 26 countries plan to introduce a national DNAdatabase. The continuous expansion on the criterion forthe DNA collections is ethically alarming and raises ahost of critical questions about its inherent purpose,usefulness and implications for individuals and society.As such the issue of collection and storage of personaldata and potentially incriminating information is highlysensitive issue with serious implications for individualrights, privacy protection and civil liberties; with DNA it iseven greater as it may yield information that may haveprofound implications on social relationships and futurehealth. With the population growth and increasingmobility, personal identification has become a new issue,as new threats such as international crime, terrorism, andidentity theft are growing. With the development ofbiometric technologies surveillance mechanisms arerapidly growing globally. The second-generationbiometrics also use DNA for identification and verificationpurposes, with the aim of profiling people based on theiractions and behaviors. As these technologies develop,there is a potential to use and integrate thesetechnologies with DNA profiling in the futureinvestigations. In this paper I make an attempt to exploresome of the ethically contesting concerns with regards tothe use of these technologies in human security and itsimplications for individual privacy.11.30- 11.45 a.m. Refreshments.Session 11: Worldviews & CommonWisdoms (11.45 – 1.15 p.m.)Chairperson: Dr Arujunan Narayanan, Asia Pacific Forumof Ethics & Social Justice, MalaysiaIndo-chinese knowledge and wisdom: a culturaldialogue between confucius and tiruvalluvarSivanandam Panneerselvam (Prof),University of Madras, Chennai, Indiasps@md4.vsnl.net.in, sipasel@rediffmail.comAncient Indian tradition and ancient Chinese culture arebased on moral and spiritual values. Both countries haveancient histories, which appreciate the role of man in theupliftment of the self. Both countries have synthesizedtradition and modernity. In the background of ancientculture and wisdom, one can understand social progressand justice. There is a treasure of wisdom which isdeeply embedded in Indian and Chinese culture whichmust be taken into account when it comes to develop thevalues which are required in order to make economicprogress more beneficial to the public. The values like,fairness, freedom, honest, humanity, responsibility andsolidarity, sustainable development, tolerance andtransparency are the values stressed both by Indian andChinese wisdom. In the Confucian tradition weunderstand the importance of self-realization in the overcomingof the ego-self and the fixed perspective that thisego-self entails. The concept of tradition is very muchrecognized in the Confucian thought. The concept oftradition for example in the Analects plays a dynamicrole. It is approached from a moral or humanisticperspective, which is reflected as follows: “It is man thatcan make the Way great and not the Way that can makeman great”. What kind of man can enlarge the Way orTao? It is the “superior man” which serves as the moralidea in the Analects. Like Indian tradition, in Chinesetradition too, we find a synthesis of both spiritual and the

184 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)moral. Two great traditions of the world, the Chinese andIndian, have many commonalities. Both traditionsemphasized the need for ethical values. The life world ofboth the traditions are based on the ethical values. Iwould like to present the two great thinkers, namely,Confucius and Tiruvalluvar to see their relevance in thepresent age. Confucius in the Lun Yu says: “I will notteach a man who is not anxious to learn, and will notexplain to one who is not trying to make things clear tohimself. And if I explain one fourth and the man does notgo back and reflect and think out the implications in theremaining three-fourths for himself, I will not bother toreach him again. The Indian ethical text, Tirukkuralexamines the human life to show how there can be allroundprogress in life and how man can live a better life.Thus it could be viewed as a critique of life. It examinesthe present conditions of human life and guides for thebetterment of life. Further, in the text, we see a movefrom "what is" to "what ought to be". The values whichare prescribed in the text clearly prove the need forpossessing them. The text does not accept life as it isavailable to us, but gives a direction for improving it sothat life would be more meaningful. As a critique of life,the Tirukkural prescribes some norms for life. It ispossible to prescribe them only after examining the lifewhich man leads; and Tiruvalluvar, the author of the text,Tirukkural as well as Confucius saw the society asvitiated by some basic evils which have to be eradicated.Thus in the text we find an inseparable relation betweenvalue and action. The value-oriented text is also anaction-oriented one. The ethical texts clearly support therelation between value and action. The values heprescribes as norms are for the purpose of practisingthem. Indeed, Confucius and Tiruvalluvar represent thelife-world of the people.The great four books and the Dao De Jing as sourcesof direction in solving modern man’s social andethical problemsJoerald Manabat GadiaBataan Peninsula State University / Ateneo de ManilaUniversity, College of Arts and Sciences, Philippinesjoegadia@yahoo.comIn recent decades, we saw a lot of progress in everyaspects of society. What puzzles a lot of persons is thatwhile we enjoy a lot of improvements, we are also facinga lot of social and ethical issues that cause negativeimpact and divisions into our society. The very purpose ofthis paper is to look at the Ancient Chinese Thought,particularly the Great Four Books of ConfucianPhilosophy and the Daodejing, and seek for an answeron how to solve these social and ethical dilemmas. Man,in trying to attain more development in his life, loses hispath towards the way in a number of circumstances. Inthe process, inner and external peace are lost and oftenbecomes the source of misery in the form of social andethical problems. The Ancient Chinese in the persons ofConfucius and his Disciples and the author of Daodejingare once again reminding the modern man to review hischaracter, including his way of life and his socialrelationships, because he might be off track from the rightway. Change of character or may I say, a return to theoriginal character which is according to the way (dao) assuggested by the Ancient Chinese philosophers is thekey for modern man to live in peace and harmony, freefrom the burdens of ethical and social problems.Keywords: Ancient Chinese Thought, Confucianism,Ethical Problems of Modern Man and the solution.Civilization, environment and humansJasdev Singh RaiSikh Human Rights Group, United Kingdomjasdevrai@yahoo.comIt is becoming increasingly evident that differentcivilizations have all had some if not comprehensive viewon the environment, the association, role andresponsibility of humans within it and the larger issue ofcosmos. It is also becoming evident that differentcivilizations have had concerns for the environment andhad rituals and practices that limited the scope ofhumans from damaging the environment. It is importantthat we bring these to the fore and move away from onefits all approach.Japanese views of natureSawa KatoEubios Ethics Institute, Thailand. sawa@eubios.info.The Chinese character meaning “nature,” was originallybrought from China into Japan. The usage at the timewas different from the present one. It was used as anadverb to mean “spontaneously” and called jinen. Thepresent-day concept of nature is said to have arrived inJapan from the West during the Meiji period (around1868- 1912). Then, the concept was given the translationof shizen. In sum, for the Japanese people, “nature” isthe imported concept doubly from China and Europe.Just because the Japanese had lacked the Westernconcept of nature, it does not mean that they hadpossessed their own views of nature. Ancient people hadbelieved that beings such as mountains, rivers, grasses,trees, and so on are special beings in which gods canlive. Such an animistic belief of nature derives fromShinto, and is an indigenous belief considered peculiar toJapan. At the same time, it has been affected byBuddhism and Confucianism. Because of those mixedeffects, the Japanese views of nature appearsambiguous. Certainly, it seems that objectifying natureenvironment itself have not been adequate through thehistory in Japan. Rather, the Japanese has enjoyed theblessings from the nature and psychologically dependedstrongly on it, although nature has punished peoplethrough different natural disasters, such as earthquake,tsunami, typhoon, eruption. In other words, the Japanesepossessed the apparently contradictory attitudes ofnature at the same time: the love of nature and the fearof it. In this paper, the ambiguous characteristics of theJapanese views of nature will be pointed out and thenthe apparently contradictory attitudes of nature in Japancan be described based on the original animistic views.Moral agent-lead relationship approach: OneBuddhist perspectiveChao-Cheng ShiNational Central University, Taiwanhillkan@yahoo.com.tw

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 185The growing interest among philosophers working on thestatus of non-human animals can be regarded as thereflection towards influential thoughts offered by Aristotle,Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Those significantthinkers express a view with the tendency to deem nonhumananimals as mere resources or items of propertyfor human use. Along this line of thought, it is morallypermissible to treat non-human animals in a very differentway to how we treat humans. The emergence of animalrights movement therefore aggressively seeks to justify ahigher moral status of animals. The well-knownphilosophical accounts are Peter Singer’s Utilitarian workand Tom Regan’s rights-based study. Both of themingeniously make inference to justify non-human animals’higher moral status. I call those arguments devoted toentitle animals’ moral status with certain capacity as“moral status approach.” This paper is organized asfollows. In the first section, I modify the famous lifeboatexample made by Regan to examine Singer’s andRegan’s responses to the argument from modified case.The examination leads to the conclusion that “moralstatus approach” is insufficient to respond to the pressingand core issue of sustainable development. In thesecond section, a non-mainstream proposed by CoraDiamond is considered. Diamond raises relationalproperties which are ignored by Singer and Regan, thatis called “relationship approach”. Without consideringmoral agent, Diamond’s ideal equal relationship fails toface the challenge of moral dilemma involved in theabove-mentioned lifeboat example. Finally, this paperexplicates Buddhist perspective towards non-humananimals. In the light of Buddhist philosophy, moral agentleadrelationship approach offers another line of thoughtto explore both the issues of non-human animals andsustainable development.Moral philosophy of bioethics: A comparativeperspectiveAbdurezak Abdulahi Hashi (Dr)International Islamic University Malaysiahashi@iium.edu.myAs an academic discipline, bioethics signifies theintersection of ethics and life science. It addresses moralissues of contemporary scientific researches andpractices in fields of biomedical and biotechnology,particularly, those biological and medical procedures,technologies, and treatments, such as organ transplant,genetic engineering, stem cell researches, surrogatemother and care of the terminally ill patient. It raisesquestions on human life, death, dignity, creativity, role ofreligious beliefs in human innovations and moral values,standards and professional practices. This paper usesanalytical method, and aims to present a comparativeaccount of moral philosophy of bioethics betweenreligious and conventional ethics on selected bioethicalcases. Keywords: moral justification, bioethics,biomedical practices, comparative analysis.1.15 – 2.15 p.m. Lunch.Session 12: Religion & Ethics (2.15 – 5.15 p.m.)Chairperson:Madras, IndiaProf. S. Pannerselvam, University ofThe human nature and the right to life of a deformedfetus from the perspective of shiite jurisprudenceM. Moein Montazeri, Fereshte Asgari & SaeedeMokhtarzade,University of Paris 12, FranceMontazeri.law@gmail.comThroughout the History, abortion and fetus’s right to lifehave been controversial issues among the intellectuals ofmedical ethics so that there are references to abortionmethods in old medical texts. But the turning point datesback to the second half of the twentieth century and theyear of 1950 in which abortion was legally recognized insome of the eastern and central European countries. Theissue which has always been subject to disagreementamong different religions or legal systems is defining thetime when a fetus becomes a human being. Thesignificance of biological considerations and the methodsfor its formulation particularly fertilization from theperspectives of different religions, legal systems and theacknowledged international regulations is a known fact.The question posed in the present paper is whether adeformed fetus has a human nature and the right to life?Since when a fetus is entitled to this right? And in case amother is informed of the deformity of the fetus, does shehave the right to abort it? There are certain perspectivesthat consider the decision to keep or end the life of afetus a personal choice, and without considering theissue of a fetus right to life, emphasize on the health ofthe mother. Moreover, in order to analyze this issue, oneshould take into account different legal, religious, andinternational perspectives identifying probable gaps andcoming up with appropriate solutions would be quitenecessary as well. Therefore, after presenting the subjectand defining the fetus from the three aforementionedperspectives briefly, the present paper will have a quickreview of the history and the philosophical underpinningsof the issue. Subsequently, will embark on comparing thementioned underpinnings with progressive legal systemswith a positivist approach. The following sections willfocus on comparing the mentioned underpinnings withShiite Jurisprudence and international documentsrespectively. And eventually a conclusion will be drawnbased on the presented arguments. Key words: fetus,abortion, right to life, human nature, Shiite Jurisprudence.Ethics of fortune telling and counsellingAnanya TritipthumrongchokUNESCO, Bangkokananya@eubios.infoIn Thailand when someone faces a bioethical problem,most of them will go to see fortune tellers more thanmeeting a psychiatrist. In case of someone who goes tohospital for seeing a psychiatrist, they are look like theyface a serious mental problem in eyes side of otherpeople. That is why psychiatrist job in Thailand is not aspopular as fortune tellers. Also Mental HealthCounsellors are less supported as a public social servicecompared to Physical Health or Nursing. Fortune-telling

186 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)is the practice of predicting information about a person'slife. The scope of fortune-telling is similar to the practiceof divination. The difference is that divination is the termused for predictions considered part of a religious ritual,invoking deities or spirits, while the term fortune-tellingimplies a less serious or formal setting, even one ofpopular culture, where belief in occult workings behindthe prediction is less prominent than the concept ofsuggestion, spiritual or practical advisory or affirmation.For many Westerners, fortune tellers – more oftenreferred to as psychics – are generally seen as dwellingin the fringes of legitimacy. However, ‘mor doo’ (‘seeingdoctors’) in Thailand play a much broader social role.From Prime Ministers to street sweepers, seeing afortune teller is something that many Thais do regularlyand with quite a bit of conviction, As any long-term expatcan tell you, making fun of their craft or trying to disprovea session with a cold dose of reality will only earn youscorn, and even actual bad consequences. In thismodern world, we try to avoid suffering. Often this onlyseems to create more suffering when one person’spositive work can be someone else’s suffering. How dowe judge? Shouldn’t we just accept a certain amount ofsuffering and discomfort? Our experiences and feelingsare related to both our bodies and our minds. We knowfrom our daily experience that mental happiness isbeneficial. For instance, although two people may facethe same kind of tragedy, one person may face it moreeasily than the other due to his or her mental attitude. Weall cherish and wish to hold onto life. In the teaching ofthe Buddha, like many religions, all of us will pass awayeventually as a part in the natural process of birth, oldageand death and that we should always keep in mindthe impermanence of life. To Buddhism, however, deathis not the end of life, it is merely the end of the body weinhabit in this life, but our spirit will still remain and seekout through the need of attachment, a new body and newlife. Where they will be born is a result of the past and theaccumulation of positive and negative action, and theresultant karma (cause and effect) is a result of ones’past actions. The Thai way of life is based upon Buddhistreligious beliefs as well as the animistic elements ofBrahmanism and folklore. As a result, religion hasbecome a mixture of philosophical, mythical andsupernatural elements, all of which deeply influenceone's way of life. Just as some people go to see thedoctors to treat their physical ailments, some Thais go tofortune – tellers, ‘mor doo’ the “all seeing” doctor, to curetheir spiritual ills, and prevent future maladies. Fortune -tellers are engaged to give auspicious names to a babyaccording to his exact birth calculations. Weddings,investments, travel, car purchases, building construction,traveling and other significant decisions in life, are alldirected by the fortune - teller. There are many forms offortune - telling: palm reading, star charts, playing cards,physical features, spirit mediums and high - techcomputerised fortune - telling. Fortune - tellers can befound in many places - under the shade of the trees likethe tamarind trees around the Grand Palace, in themarkets, in the hotel lobbies and shopping plazas. Mostcan be identified by small altars with offerings of flowersand lighted incense dedicated to various deities whohave given them with the skill and knowledge of this art.The scope of paediatric autonomy in health-relateddecision making: An Islamic view”Alireza ParsapoorTehran University of Medical Sciences, Iranaliparsa@tums.ac.irIn recent decades, changes have come about in thephysician-patient relationship with stronger emphasis onautonomy based on the patient’s understanding of thereasonable and irrational elements of his/her decision.Also, there have been changes in the rearing andupbringing of children, granting them more freedom inordinary life decisions. This poses numerous questionsabout the scope of pediatric autonomy in decisionsrelated to their health. Some of these questions are thenecessity and the limits of these decisions withinchildren's different age groups, as well as the approachto be taken in relation to the difference of opinionbetween children with parents or physician in thesedecisions, and the actions physician should take withregards to parents who make decisions “clearly opposed”to the child’s best interest. These questions have beenanswered to great extent within the context of modernmedical ethics, which is based on a secular worldview.However, there are certain challenges and ambiguitieswhen one attempts to answer them in an Islamic Medicalethics context, which places emphasis on the strengthand stability of the family structure. In Iranian law, whichdraws on Shiite jurisprudence, the various developmentalstages of a child’s growth are divided into non-discerningchild (Gheyre-Momayyez), discerning child (Momayyez),adolescent and ultimately fully grown (Rashid). Theindividual’s scope of autonomy is different in each stage.The principle appears to be that the adolescent hasautonomy in making a decision relating to his or herhealth after reaching religious adulthood, which for girls isthe age of nine, and for boys fifteen. This is on conditionthat the decisions do not impose financial burdens on himor her or the child's parents. In circumstances where thedecision involves control over finances or assets, theindividual’s maturity will be decided in court. On anotherhand, the child’s parents are required by religious law tohave her or his best interests in mind, and in the eventthat any malice or even misjudgment on their partbecomes apparent, they shall be stripped of theirauthority in deciding for the child’s health, and a qualifiedindividual shall make these decisions with the child’s bestinterests in mind. This paper shall aim to elaborate onthis view in more detail by referring to legal texts andviews from Islamic Jurisprudents (Faqihs). Key words:Autonomy, Pediatrics, Iran, Shiite jurisprudence.Therapeutic cloning: Legislative framework forharmonization with Islamic lawMohd. Shuhaimi Haji Ishak (Dr) & Sayed Sikandar ShahHaneefInternational Islamic University Malaysiamshuhaimi@iium.edu.myMedical technology continues to unfold new ways andmeans for treating diseases which were traditionallyunthinkable to remedy. For instance, through stem celltechnology a diabetes patient can be successfully treatedby the process of generating pancreatic cells from acombination of his somatic cells and human oocyte from

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 187an egg donor and then transplanting them into him. Thisprocedure, among others, impinges upon some corelegal and ethical principles of Islam such as creatinghuman embryos outside the natural legitimate process ,conjoining of the sexual fluid of a strange woman withanother person`s cell etc. Consequently, its legitimacyeven on account of medical reason has been dealt withmixed reaction by Muslim jurists. This legal scenarioproves perplexing to Muslims and paradoxical to healthauthorities. Accordingly, to dispel the confusion, thisstudy proposes to identify the broader legislativeframeworks within which this medical technology can beharmonized with Islamic norms. Key notes: Medicaltechnology, stem cell, legislative frameworks,harmonized and Islam.Rethinking concerns about PGD: An IslamicperspectiveFarzaneh Zahedi (Dr)Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iranfzahedi@sina.tums.ac.irPreimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is being usedfor primary prevention of genetic disorders in recentdecades. However, some new uses of PGD have raisedchallenges. Looking at the extended uses of PGD, thepaper describes main ethical issues, and then,summarizes the Islamic perspective on the permissibilityof PGD. The article has also a quick glance at theadvancements in Iran, as an Islamic country. It concludesthat according to the Islamic views, most indications ofPGD are permissible but there are objections toeugenics, and the use of the techniques fordiscrimination against minors is prohibited. Key words:Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD), AssistedReproductive Technologies (ART), medical ethics,reproductive ethics, sex selection, eugenics, Islam, Iran.Religion and ethics in the Indian contextPadma PadmanabhanSri Vishnumohan Foundation, Chennai, Indiapadmavatip2003@yahoo.comIndian ethics has some distinctive characteristics whichdistinguish it from Western ethics. The differencebetween Indian and Western ethics lies in the method ofapproach and the interpretation of the supreme good. Inorder to distinguish Indian ethics from Western ethics, wemay enumerate its following special features: (1)Remoteness in time; (2) Practicality; (3) A metaphysicalbasis; and (4) Absoluteness. The Vedas, the oldestliterature available in the world, are the perennial sourceof Indian philosophy and ethics. In the Rigvedic Mantras,we find the idea of an universal moral law. Theremoteness of Indian ethics is a mixed blessing,responsible for ambiguity of certain theories on one hand,while making Indian ethics so well established, on theother. Western philosophy has an intellectual approach tomoral problems. Indian ethics, on the other hand, laysdown practical means of attaining a life of perfection,here and now. Indian ethics propounds the fourPurusharthas or the ends of human life, which are themeans as well as the end, our duties as well as our goalof self-realization. Compared to Kantian ethics and theutilitarianism of Mill, which exist only in the books of theWest, Indian ethics is the actual application of moralideals. The third and most important feature of Indianethics is its strong and deep metaphysical foundation.The ethics of the Bhagavad Gita, which is regarded asthe most practical and universal moral ideal, alsoindicates the metaphysical nature of Indian ethics. Itregards God as the eternal infinite self-caused principle.The metaphysical background of Indian ethics makes itan ethico-metaphysical theory,with Moksha, or perfectionas the highest goal. Thus, though Indian ethics is anabsolute ethics, the ethics for each case is considered onan individual basis.Indian ethics is through and throughspiritual in nature.Religion benefitting neurosurgical patients: aqualitative studyNidhi RavishankarToronto Western Hospital, Canada.nidhi272@gmail.comAs the focus on modern neurosurgery has shifted to therealm of technological advancement, some patients andtheir loved ones still hold a strong faith in their religion toguide them through the process. This study aimed todetermine whether religion as a coping mechanism wasbeneficial for patients before, during and aftercraniotomy. Qualitative case study methodology wasused. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36adult patients who underwent surgery for a benign ormalignant brain tumour. Interviews were audio recordedand transcribed, and the data subjected to thematicanalysis. Four overarching themes emerged from thedata: 1) religion significantly benefited neurosurgicalpatients; 2) neurosurgical patients did not require adedicated religious room in the hospital; 3) neurosurgicalpatients required religious resources such as leadersand/or groups; and 4) patients were not in favour of theirphysician engaging in the religious ritual. Most patientsfound religion to be an effective coping mechanism,offering them strength, comfort and hope through thesurgery. The findings from this study emphasize the needfor including a "religious time-out" before and aftersurgery and the inclusion of religious leaders/groups forthose in favour to ensure quality care and patientsatisfaction.Ethical decision making in medicine through Islamicethico-legal deliberationMohd Salim Bin MohamedUniversity of Malaya, Malaysiamohdsalim@um.edu.myThis article conveys the Islamic interpretive-evaluativemaxims of problem solving to medical ethics, taking theissue of sex assignment surgery (SAS) for infants withdisorders of sex development (DSDs) or intersex as acase study. The main objective is not to proffer an Islamiclegal rule on the issue examined, but to converseproblem-solving maxims within the matrix of Maqasid al-Shariah through which such moral dilemmas in medicalfield, particularly can be revised and resolved. Indeed,Maqasid al-Shariah reflects the holistic view of Islam andintegrated code of life and its goals encompasses thewhole life, individual and society; in this world and thehereafter. Alongside with Qur’an and hadith, a number of

188 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)bioethical questions can be discussed and evaluated onthe maqasidic scheme of benefits and harms. Anypractice which overweighing benefits is consideredpermissible, meanwhile those overweighing harm isconsidered prohibited. The case of SAS for newbornswith DSDs for instance, affects the overall futurelivelihood of those affected infants or individuals and theprocess of decision making seemed to be very complexsince the time of making decision, in some cases, has tobe done during the early age of those individuals forsome emergency problems so as to avoid future medicalproblems. The decision making must consider theamount of benefits and harms to the individuals, takinginto account, their future wellbeing. Keywords: sexassignment surgery (SAS), Ethical decision making,Maqasid al-Shariah, Intersex, Islamic interpretiveevaluativemaxims.Moral status of embryo and time of ensoulment; Anew look to Islamic traditionLeila Afshar (Dr)Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iranlafshar@gmail.comThe ethical acceptability of medical procedures such asabortion, stem cell research and cloning is based on ourconsideration about the moral status of embryos. Thereare different theological, philosophical and scientificviews about this issue. The beginning of personhoodvaries in these views from time of conception toimplantation, sensory organs and central nervous systemdevelopment, quickening, birth, consciousness and selfconsciousness. The major western religions, Islam,Christianity and Judaism, focus on the spiritual part of thehuman beings and their opinion about the moral status ofembryo is based on the time of ensoulment. In this viewwhen the body meets the soul it becomes a full humanperson, with all rights, especially his basic right to life. Sounderstanding the exact time of ensoulment couldprevent us from terminating the lives of actual humanpersons. Among these religions, only the holy book andmost important ethical source of Muslims, The Quran,describes the development of the embryo and speakingof the breathing-in of the soul. Although, The Quran doesnot give the exact time of the ensoulment but It can beunderstood from its verses that, in order to receive thesoul, a prenate must pass the stages of conception,zygote (nutfa), implantation (alaqa), somites occurrence(mudgha), and beginning of ossification andmusculation(ezam). The majority of Islamic scholarsbelieve that ensoulment occurs around 120th day ofpregnancy. This view is a juridical pragmatic one in orderto prohibit the abortion due to the high value of humanbeing life in Islam. In the Islamic Middle Ages, the onlysigns of pregnancy were the repeated lack of menstrualflow, the visible changes of the maternal body and thesense of fetal movement by mother (quickening) whichcan justify the time of ensoulment around 4 month ofpregnancy in their believe . But today embryologicalstudies and the ability to monitor the embryonicdevelopment can play an important role in ourunderstanding about the time in which an embryo couldbe ready to receive the soul and this may led theformation of a positive position towards protectingembryos. It is known that at day 10 of conception theblastocyte completely embedded in the endometrium.After that the embryo of 22-24 days resembles a leech,or bloodsucker and the somites of the embryo occur inday 24-25. The first ossification centre occurs in theclavicle at day 36-38 and in the jaws and palate at day42-44. At week 7, some of the neck and trunk musclesbegin to contract spontaneously; arm and leg movementsthen occur and are detectable by ultrasound methods.So, based on the Quran verses, we can conclude thatduring the eighth week of pregnancy the embryo isphysically ready to join the soul and its moral statusshould be treated.Bioethics and religion: A study on the response ofselected muslim scholars to bioethicsNoor Munirah Isa, Azizan Baharuddin (Prof) & SaadanManUniversity of Malaya, Malaysianoormunirah@um.edu.myBioethics is a multi-disciplinary field whereby analysis ofbioethical issues depends on inputs from experts fromvarious fields of knowledge; history, philosophy, scienceas well as religion. Religious scholars and theologiansare among the important contributors to this field since itsbeginning. However, due to the pluralist-secularbackground of the American society where bioethics firststarted and the dominant involvement of moralphilosophers in the discourse of bioethics, this field isperceived as secular by nature. Its main theoretical andmethodological framework is philosophy whichemphasizes the pervasiveness of human morality inreligious or secular sense. Critics have argued thatapplication of this contemporary approach may beinappropriate in societies where religious convictions andcultural norms do play important roles in bioethicaldeliberation. They assert that rigorous and deeperanalysis of bioethical issues in such societies should beachieved by incorporating local values derived fromreligious and cultural traditions. Studies on the ethicalissues from Islamic perspectives have shown thatMuslims are strongly attached to their religiousframework of bioethics, but little attention has been givento expound the views of such Muslim scholars towardsmainstream bioethics. This paper intends to shed somelight on the subject of bioethics from the Islamicperspective, based on the data derived from literaturesurveys and interviews with selected Muslim scholars. Itis clearly shown that Muslim scholars strongly assert thatreligion is important in bioethical discussions. Theypositively accept bioethics and urge Muslims to benefitfrom the field especially for critical assessment of theimpact of science and technology on humanity. It can beconcluded that most of the Muslim scholars agree thatinteraction between bioethics and Islam can be betterexpounded and established in two forms, namelyintegration and dialogue. Keywords: bioethics, religion,Islamic perspective.Ethical values of HinduismV. Balambal (Prof)University of Madras, Chennai, Indiadrbala50@gmail.com

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 189All religions have ethical values. India has given birth tomany religions and accepted some from outside.Hinduism is the ancient religion of India. It embraces amultiplicity of beliefs, practices, and peoples. Ethics arethe vital part of life of the Hindus in India. The cardinalvirtues according to Hinduism are purity, self control,detachment, truth and non violence. Ethics, which is amajor branch of philosophy, encompasses right conductand good life. A Hindu is expected to possess somecharacteristics, such as compassion, forgiveness,patience, kindness, hospitality, absence of jealousy,cleanliness, self control, right conduct, love, peace andnon- violence, non-miserliness and non-desiring nature.More emphasis is placed on empathy than in othertraditions. Women are sometimes upheld as great moralexamples and great gurus. All Hindu ceremonies, ritualsand worships end with a prayer for universal peace andharmony. “The whole of religion is concerned withconduct, because it is more a way of life than a doctrineabout the divine or a system of ritual. Morality is taughtthrough Hinduscriptures like Ramayana andMahabharatha. The elders at Hindu homes tell stories tochildren and impart ethical values from childhood. Tamiltexts Tiukkuraland Naladiyar also stress moral codes.Hinduism is not a pacifist religion. It recognises that thereare situations where it may be necessary to take uparms. The scripture of authority for Hindus - theBhagavad Gita - was preached on a battlefield. TheHindu individual is constrained by his or her position in acaste- oriented society. Some ethical traditions inHinduism have been influenced by caste norms which isa great black dot in Hinduism. The theory of rebirth inHinduism cautions individuals to practise ethical values.Though Hinduism places great emphasis on thesacredness of life, in modern times, it would view issueslike abortion or voluntary euthanasia in a slightly differentway. Key words: Hinduism; values; scriptures; stories;modernity.War crime & Buddhist ethics as witnessed in the SriLanka civil conflictArujunan Narayanan (Dr)Asia Pacific Forum of Ethics & Social Justice, MalaysiaRealism and Idealism are two contending internationaltheories that explain events in international relations. Thefirst explains with power politics while the later explains interms of ethics, international law and internationalorganizations. Sri Lanka is a democratic state withBuddhism as its official religion and claims itself as thecustodian of Buddha’s teaching. The fundamentalprinciples of Buddhism are not to kill, loving kindness,tolerance and others. During the civil war between theLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and the SriLankan Armed Forces (SLAF) for three decades, theSangha, one of the three gems of Buddhism, involved inpolitics supporting the actions of the SLAF and it waseven an obstacle against peace efforts. The questionwas whether Buddhist ethics had become subservient todomestic power politics. The civil was finally ended withthe defeat of the LTTE in May 2009 by the SLAF. Duringthe civil war, both the LTTE and the SLAF committed warcrimes. In the war that defeated the LTTE, the SLAFdeliberately breached International Humanitarian Law.While it was denied by the Sri Lankan government in thebeginning, the investigation by a UN investigation teamconfirmed that the SLAF committed those crimes. Theattempts to bring the SLAF to answer for these violationsat the United Nations Human Rights Council did notreceive adequate support of its members due to powerpolitics of the major powers and their supporters,especially China, India and Russia. Due to the pressurefrom the West, especially the US, it was finally imposedon the Sri Lankan government to enforce the findings ofits own investigation team. Knowing from the LeipzigTrial, US trials for crimes committed in the Philippines,the My Lai trial, it is quite clear that the Sri Lankangovernment will not be in a position to deliver justice tothe victims. It will quite clear that Buddhist ethics and warcrimes justice are victims of power politics.5.15 – 5.30 p.m. Refreshment.5.30 – 6.30 p.m. ABA Board Meeting.(Only for Board Members and Country Representatives)THURSDAY 30 TH AUGUST 2012Venue: Auditorium, Institute of Diplomacy & ForeignRelations (IDFR)Session 13: Bioethics Education9.00 – 12.15 a.m.Chairperson: Prof. Darryl J. Macer, UNESCO BangkokEvaluation of course on ethics by medical students:A study from Saudi ArabiaJamal S. Aljarallah (Prof)King Saud University, Saudi ArabiaBackground: At the College of Medicine at King SaudUniversity in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, a course in ethics istaught in the first clinical year). At the time of conductingthis study course was given in the form of interactivelectures. Objectives: To evaluate the course from thestudents perspectives and to examine their attitudestowards teaching ethics. Methods: A predesigned, selfadministeredand piloted questionnaire was used for thestudy. All students in the third year were included. Thequestionnaire included questions about the curriculumespecially the methods of instruction, and the contents, inaddition to opinion about the contents of the course.Results: 327 questionnaires were distributed and theresponse rate was 77%. The majority of students werehappy about the course and its timing(84%). However,more than 85% believed that the methods of instructionneed to be changed to case-based teaching. Also, themajority (89%) agreed that ethical issues based onIslamic Fiqh (jurisprudence) should continue to bediscussed, and they prefer discussing issues related todoctor-patient relationship and professionalism. Thestudents opinion regarding the topics to be covered wasas follows: Brain death (76.8%), organ transplantation(72..4%), cosmetic surgery (68.8%), abortion (66.8%),terminal care (61.6%), ethics of reproduction (59.6%),doctors right (56.4%) end of life issues (56%), andmedical errors (45%). Conclusion: Medical student atCollege of Medicine, at KSU were happy about thecourse and its contents, but were unhappy about the

190 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)methods of instruction. This was taken into considerationin the subsequent year.What do they say about medical professionalism?perceptions of first year medical students of schoolof medicine of Universitas Gadjah MadaEndah Rahmawati (Dr)Taipei Medical University, Taiwandr_endah04@yahoo.comProfessionalism education for medical practice isessential in today’s complex world because medicalpolicies and patient rights legislation are ever-changing,health care systems function differently than before, andclinical practice now involves decision-making aboutmany new issues. Everyone who has contact withincoming medical students is struck with their idealismand commitment and we do agree that they are “the bestseeds”. We addressed the perception of first yearmedical student about professionalism after they justfinished their first block. We opted for a qualitativeapproach by holding semi structured focus groupdiscussions. We selected by purposive twenty studentsregular program in batch 2011 after they had just finishedtheir first block about “being medical student andlocomotor system”. We categorize our result into fivemain theme (1) motivation being medical students; (2)definition medical professionalism; (3) teaching andlearning professionalism; (4) Assessmentprofessionalism; and (5) Learning environment forfostering professionalism. Their perception to look atteaching, learning and assessing professionalism mightbe as our consideration to develop the new framework forfostering professionalism in medical students at earlystage of their journey. By armed to the term “start fromour own self, start from a little thing, and start from now”we do believe that the fresh medical students have verypromising future and they are pretty potential for bringingout the new paradigm of professionalism. Keywords :Professionalism, Medical education, Medical Students,Learning Environment.Knowledge, attitude and practice of medical ethics offaculty members of a medical university in Karachi,PakistanZulfiqar Ali Shaikh (Dr)Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistandrzulfiqarshaikh@gmail.comBackground: Though bioethics has gained priority informal medical education, but is not much recognizedeverywhere. Due to increased public health awareness,complaints against unethical behaviour of medicalstudents and professionals are proliferating. To design anethical curriculum, the first step is to assess the basicknowledge and attitude of medical teachers regardingbioethics, and second to well equip them to impart sameskills to the students to workout ethical dilemmas. Thisstudy attempted to assess knowledge, attitude andpractice of medical teachers regarding bio-ethics in aMedical University of Karachi, Pakistan. Results: Totalstudy participants were 202. They conducted research intheir field of specialty to get promotion (71%), get funding(9%), discover new ideas (4%), for personal interest(5%), and multiple reasons (11%). Among them, 16%had received training of research / bioethics, and only 2%got refresher training; 70% knew the difference betweenmedical research and care, and 43% did not want to givefull information to the study participants. According to77%, the authors’ list included only those who hadcontributed, but 17% also included supervisors/higherseniors and 6% colleagues. Among the respondents,45.5% did not get prior approval from Ethical ReviewCommittee, 32% did not declare conflict of interest, 79%did not take informed consent, and 24% had idea ofvulnerable population. Among these medical teachers,only 17% had ever taught or discussed Medical Ethicswith the students. Conclusion: As the medical teachers,who train the future doctors, were not fully equipped withappropriate knowledge, and keeping in view theimportance of bioethics, it should be included incurriculum and teachers be trained for the same. KeyWords: Research Ethics, Medical Ethics, MedicalTeachers, Medical University.Making a movie as methods to improve cognitive ofinformed consent in bioethics teachingDedi Afandi (Dr)University of Riau, IndonesiaInformed consent is one of topic in bioethics curriculum.Role play is one of method teaching. By using role playmethods, the learning process demand student centerlearning. In this study, we investigated effect of making amovie about informed consent to cognitive achiementamong undergraduate medical student in Faculty ofMedicine University of Riau. This study was pre dan posttest parallel design. Score of Cognitive Informed Consentas a parameter was measured using Informed ConsentTest (ICT). There were significantly increased cognitiveachiement before and after making a movie (p = 0.025).This study suggests making a movie can improvecognitive of informed consent in bioethics teaching.Bioethics in Pakistan: Disconnect betweenproduction and utilizationAamir Jafarey (Dr)Centre of Biomedical Ethics and Culture, SIUT, Pakistanaamirjafarey@gmail.comBioethics made landfall in Pakistan about 3 decades ago,but there is hardly any evidence of it actually taking root.There are only a very few Ethical Review Committeesscrutinizing human subject research for ethical issues.Few of them function on standard, established protocols,and are generally ad hoc bodies. There are perhaps nomore than two Hospital Ethics Committees, looking anddealing with ethical issues encountered in thedispensation of healthcare within hospital settings. Thesetwo have also come up only in response to accreditationrequirements for international recognition. Breach ofethics is common and is frequently debated in publicforums including print and electronic media, often withopinion makers passing judgments based on their ownpersonal agendas with practically no considered inputfrom those with formal training or background inbioethics. In the past few years, more than 20 or sohealth care and other professionals have been obtaininghigher qualifications in bioethics each year, includingmasters degrees or postgraduate diplomas in bioethics,

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 191from two leading institutions in Karachi. However, apartfor perhaps a handful of people, none of them areactually involved in bioethics professionally. Till now,bioethics offers no potential on employability on its own,and hardly provides an opportunity for careeradvancement for most. Although there is clearly ademand for higher qualification in the field, and also aclear need for establishing various bioethics processessuch as different committees, there seems to be no clearframework for absorbing and utilizing this growing pool ofhuman resource. This paper studies this obvious andwidening disconnect between production and utilizationof bioethics resources in the country.Bioethics integration: effects on critical thinkingskills of biology studentsSally B. GutierezUniversity of the Philippines, the Philippinessallybgutierez@yahoo.com, sbgutierez@up.edu.phThe continuous advancement of science during the pastdecades has been coupled with ethical issues. Thebenefits and risks of these biotechnologicaladvancements like genetic engineering, stem cellresearch, cloning, the Human Genome Project andGenetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and their socialacceptance comprise most of the issues. This scientificdilemma has propelled educators to make their studentsmore informed and critical in judging these issues. Withthe aim to address this dilemma, the education sectorstarted the inclusion of bioethics education in the tertiarylevel especially those in the medical sciences.Apparently, the inclusion of this subject improved theawareness of students on the current bioethical problemsand issues concerning professional integrity. Since it hasbeen offered in the tertiary level and positive results wereobserved in terms of ethical consciousness, secondarystudents also need to be informed not only on thesignificant facts and theories of the natural sciences butalso the conflicts of values and ideals arising from thepractical applications of these facts and theories. Thispaper therefore, aims to discover the effects of bioethicsintegration on the critical thinking skills of high schoolbiology since they also share the responsibility ofknowing the impact of science and technology. This is toensure that science and technology are used to protectrather than endanger human dignity, health, well-beingand diversity (Selvakumar & Joseph, 2004). Science,which plays a major role in the changing physical world,is seen as the proactive media in targeting the criticalthinking and skills of students.Adult education in NigeriaOkesola Temitope Gabriel (Mr)Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeriaokesolatope@gmail.comAdult education is conceived as any activity that seeks tobring about improvements in the perceptual, intellectual,attitudinal and physical outlook of any adult and makeshim/her function more effectively, economically, politicallyand socially. The role of Adult education is to help peopleacquire the knowledge and skills which are necessary forimprovement of their living standards and to beconcerned actively with the economic and socialdevelopment of their community. He lack of awareness ofthe existing literature, fewness and lack of readingmaterials on some aspects of Adult education in Nigeriaare identified as part of the problem of Adult educationdevelopment in Nigeria. Some of the weaknesses of theNigerian education system, which can be remediedthrough Adult education, are listed. This includes,Provisions for (1) the drop-outs from school, (2) thosewho finished the primary school education and there arenot enough secondary schools for them, (3) those whocannot find job and so on. This study set out toinvestigate the specific areas in which there are adequateand / or inadequate sources of literature on Adulteducation in Nigeria. This study reveals that aspects ofAdult education in Nigeria that are well covered include,community development, literature education, design ofprogrammes, workers and vocational education. Thosethat are inadequate covered are philosophy, sociology ofAdult education, History of Adult education, Lifelongeducation, correspondence education, Rural andextension education. Other aspects of Adult educationthat are really lacking and need urgent attention are:Methods of programme design, Psychology, Research inAdult education, Mass media, Visual aids, face to faceapproach and supporting institution to Adult education.Perception on being involved in medical education inPakistanSaima Perwaiz Iqbal (Dr)Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistansaimapi@yahoo.comPatients’ perception with regards to their use in medicalteaching is an under-researched area in Pakistan. Theobjective of this qualitative, pilot study was to determinethe perspectives of hospital admitted patients on theirbeing used in the medical education of students in aprivate medical institution. An attempt to understand thedynamics of interactions between patients, students anddoctors was also made and to see how this affected thedoctor-patient relationship. A total of 20 adult patients,both male and female were interviewed with the focusbeing on their experiences with bedside teaching. Twofocus groups with medical students and one briefmeeting with faculty were also conducted. This pilot studyreveals interesting findings about patient-physicianinteractions in Pakistan. Patients had a traditionallypassive role in medical education putting more onuses onthe doctor to impart knowledge to the medical students.Patients comforted themselves in the knowledge thatthey were following Allah’s command when they wereinvolved in the teaching of medical students. Theapparent altruism of Pakistani patients in this study wasinfluenced mainly by religious reasons, following thecommandments of Allah to help develop future healersfor humanity. Students experienced moral discomfort intheir teaching activities especially when examiningpatients with findings. They realized that patients had aright to refuse on their involvement in medical educationbut that was hardly ever the case. The culture evident inthe medical college where this study was conducted isreflective of the social power ladders that pervadePakistani society. The positions of doctors and medicalteachers in Pakistani society are hardly challenged todebate. Little attention has been paid to the values that

192 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)influence the cultural and social frameworks within whichPakistani medical teachers, medical students and thepatients function. This study is a small step in thatdirection.Attitude of Hamedan non-governmentalorganizations in health field about the basics ofbioethicsFarhanchi Afshin & Rahimi ZohrehHamedan University of Medical Science, Iran.afarhanchi1970@yahoo.comWith regard to the human`s right and dignity, in variousareas, the importance of preservation and promotion ofhuman`s life quality appeared. Special attention to theVisitors` right in the health system causes considerationof dignity and provide the necessary services to them.The existence challenges in Observance of the Rights ofPatients depends on some factors such as organizationstrategy, planning, expert personnel or another factors .In this situation, with respect to the identity and structureof the NGOs, their role in forming of patient`srequirement seems more useful and effective than theother factors. At first, were identified the active NGOs inhealth field in Hamedan (one of the western provinces ofIran). Then, the researchers evaluated the knowledgeand actions of these organizations administrators in 3fields including patient right, medical ethic principles andethical standards for NGOs with questionnaire. Afterresults exploitation, according to the defined needs, theauthors held an training workshop about patient rightsand medical ethic principles for these groups. In addition,some consulting meetings were held about theimplementation of patient`s right policy. The results andeffectiveness of these educational and consultingmeetings were under review. The results shows that theamount of knowledge NGOs administrators in health fieldabout patient rights issue is about 30%, about medicalethic Principles is 70% and about ethical standards forngos is 70% .But practical obligation to this ethicalstandards in these organization about patient`s right is27%, medical ethic is 16% and NGOs behaviors is 43%.In sufficiency of knowledge in these 3 fields and thestriking reduction in practical obligation to thesestandards reminds the necessity of reconsidering anddesigning the consulting and educational compiledprograms and plans. Key words: Non governmentalorganization, Health system, Patient right, Medical ethic,Charter of ethics.Teaching medical ethics in a multi-religious class:“what is the right answer?”Nurazid Mahardinata (Dr)Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities, School ofMedicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesianurazid_mahardinata@yahoo.comThis paper was intended to capture 6 years of experiencein teaching medical ethics to medical students in multireligiousbackground at the School of Medicine,Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. Medical ethicsteaching was aimed to train students to become morecompetent decision-makers. In order to achieve that goal,we exposed students to various ethical dilemmas in bothreal and simulated cases. However, since most of thestudents are using religious values as the main ground totheir ethical arguments, ethical discourses are oftenended with uncompromised answers. This situation isfeared to lead students into skepticism on medical ethicsteaching. In order to avoid students’ skepticism, weimplement an academically based culture of interreligiousdiscussion. Some selected medical ethics caseswere presented to the students to trigger discussion inwhich we ask the students to build scientifically andethically sound argument. Instead of disregardedreligious values in this process, we encourage studentsto explore their religiously grounded moral values andenable them to stand on their argument. We hope that byconducting this activity, we will cultivate generations ofphysicians who have broader understanding andtolerance towards other religions, not only to followethical codes but becomes their professional character.Illustration of new Apple Ibook “Bioethics acrosscultures” and educational features of Apple StoreProfessor Dr. Darryl J. MacerRegional Advisor on Social and Human Sciences in Asiaand the Pacific, in RUSHSAP, UNESCO Bangkok,Thailand (http://www.unescobkk.org/rushsap)d.macer@unesco.orgNew technology is revolutionizing the dissemination ofinformation and approaches to learning for students. Thispresentation will illustrate the new Apple Ibook“Bioethics across cultures”, which is free to downloadas an iBook from iTunes in all countries which Apple haslaunched iBooks. This opens up an audience of over onebillion persons, and this is rapidly expanding. The days ofprinted books are rapidly disappearing.The book also features photos, videos, interactiveactivities and other features that can make bioethicsopen to all those who have the tablet computer (currentlydesigned for iPad). A pdf file version without theinteractive features is 40Mb and is available.The earlier version of this book is Cross CulturalIntroduction to Bioethics, available for free download onwww.eubios.info and http://www.unescobkk.org/rushsap/resources/shs-resources/ethics-resources/multilingualmaterial/The paper will also update progress on trials of UNESCOBioethics Core Curriculum.12.15 – 12.30 p.m. RefreshmentsSession 14: Memorial Lecture for Dr. SahinAksoy (12.30 – 1.00 p.m.)Chaiperson: Prof. Anoja FernandoIn Memorium:Sahin Aksoy: A Young OutstandingBioethicists from the Land of AbrahamUmar A. Jenie, Vice President ABA/ Chairman of theIndonesian National Bioethics Commission (KBN)On 2 June 2012 sad news came from the AsianBioethics Association (ABA) Secretariat, that Prof. Dr.Sahin Aksoy passed away at the age of 46 years-old. Hedied due to pancreatic cancer which he had suffered fromsince 2011. I felt a great loss of a friend who was one of

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 193the best bioethicists I have ever met. Let us give deeplycondolescence to Mrs Nurten Aksoy and the twins, mayAllah received his soul, forgive his wrong doings, andplace his soul under His Mercy and Forgiveness, amien.Allow me now to give you a brief life history of the lateProf. Aksoy. He was born in Izmir, Turkey on 9 October1965; and graduated as a Medical Doctor from theFaculty of Medicine, University of Ankara in 1990. Hecontinued to do his Ph.D. Program at the Center forSocial Ethics and Policy at the University of Manchester,UK, and got his Ph.D. in 1998. After returning home, hejoined the Department of Deontology and History ofMedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, and in1999 became Head of Department.His main research activity was on Medical Ethics andHistory of Medicine. He was a member of InternationalBioethics Association since 1995, and also a member ofAsian Bioethics Association (ABA) since its founding in1997. Prof. Sahin Aksoy was appointed as VicePresident of ABA from 2002 to 2006.I met him for the first time in Sanliurfa, a small citySoutheast of Ankara, during the 6th Asian BioethicsConference (ABC-6) that he hosted. I was impressed byhis statement at the welcoming speech on why the city ofSanliurfa was chosen as a place for ABC-6 in Turkey. Hesaid that Sanliurfa in the Harran Region was a place ofyoung Abraham, who migrated from the city of Ur (intoday’s Iraq) to Palestine, and stayed for a while atHarran. He continued to say that Abraham is the father ofthree World Great Ethics, namely Judaism, Christianityand Islam. So Sanliurfa of Harran is the right place for ameeting of bioethicists who adhered to greatreligion/ethics such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam,as well as for Buddhism, Hinduism, etc. His speech gaveme the impression about the personality of Dr. Sahin; i.e.,he is indeed a man of religion, and he knew his religion:Islam, in precise detail. Returning from Harran, I wasthen trying to download many of Sahin’s papers onbioethics which were published in many journals. In hispaper (together with Ali Tenik) entitled “The ‘four principleof bioethics’ as found in 13th century Muslim scholarMawlana’s teachings”, he tried to seek the four Principleof Bioethics (always called as Primafacie) within the 13 thCentury Muslim Scholar, Mawlana Jalalaluddin Rumi’steaching. We know that the Primafacie, proposed byBeachump and Childres, consists of four bioethicalprinciples, namely respect to Autonomy, Beneficent, Nonmaleficence,and Justice. Mawlana teaching not onlyguides people how to worship God to be close to Him,but also advises people how to lead a good life to enrichtheir personality, as well as to create a harmonioussociety and a peaceful world. Mawlana’s original teachingis stressing on loving and accepting everybodyregardless of their colour, race, and religion. Thus Sahinconcluded that the Primafacie which is universallyapplicable to any culture and society, existed in theMawlana teaching. Sahin seems to adhere strongly toMawlana’s teaching, believing in “Universal Existence”,but at the same time he was a good Muslim.In another paper, entitled: Historical Perspective onIslam and Bioethics, he explained more about the fourPrinciple of Bioethics within the Islamic Teaching.Concerning the principle of Non-maleficence, Sahinexplained that in Islamic tradition, there are a lot ofstatements regarding “to avoiding harm others”. ProphetMuhammad (peace be upon him) for example,commanded that “there should be neither harming norreciprocating harm”. Islam orders not to be harmful ormaleficent to others. Even in the case of being harmed;Islam advice not to reciprocate harm for vengeance.Sahin also explained the principle of Beneficence withinIslamic Teaching, by quoting the Prophet saying that,“The best among you is the one who is most benefial toothers”. In Islamic understanding, the principle ofbeneficence is so dominant to other principles, that wecan say it is a starting point in all kind of human relations.Regarding the principle of Justice in Islamic teaching,Sahin said that justice is very much central to Islamicteaching. The Qur’an says: “Allah (God) commandsjustice (principle of justice), doing of good (principle ofbeneficence), and giving to kith and kin, and forbids allindecent deeds and evil (principle of non-maleficence)and rebellion; He instructs you that you may receiveadmonition” (An-Nahl/XVI:90). On the principle ofAutonomy, Sahin explained that in Islam, Muslims areexpected to act with ‘ilm (knowledge), and knowledge issignificantly important in decision making. Islam does notpermit person to act as he wishes, but limits him/her withcertain rule. If there is a prevailing opinion or a fairlycertain presumption based on ‘knowledge’, the individualis obliged, and the physician is authorized to actaccordingly to protect health and life.As Chairman of the Organizing Committee of the9 th Asian Bioethics Conference (ABC-9), which was heldon November-December 2008 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia,I invited Prof. Sahin Aksoy to be a key-note speaker atthe Conference. His key-note speech was entitled“Bioethics in Asia: Healthy and Productive Life withNature”. He was stressing that Asia was a land wheremany great ethics were born, namely Abrahamic Ethics(such Judaism, Christinaity, and Islam), Zoroastrianism,Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, Shintoism,etc. He said that despite differences among those Asianethics, but communitariansm is common in Asian way ofthinking. He explained that Asian moral traditions are allholistic; they tend to put a higher value on nature,society, community, neighbor, family and mutual aid thanindividual ego. He suggested that Asian bioethics shouldnot abandon their deep rooted and many times testedmoral values in the name of globalization anduniversalism. Asian bioethicists shall concentrate moreon traditional life styles and derive ethical principles fromthose. Those are the legacy of the late Prof. SahinAksoy.From my experience in talking and discussing withhim, I feel that he is a humble person, a warm friend, adeeply religious man, but deeply respectful to adherentsof other religions, and also a man of principle. We indeedlost one of our best friends: Sahin Aksoy, an youngoutstanding bioethicist from Harran, a land of Abraham.But we have to accept sincerely on God’s decision, goodbye my friend and have a nice rest in peace.Lunch: 1.00 – 2.00 p.m.

194 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)Session 15: Women, Gender & Bioethics(2.00 – 3.30 p.m.)Chairperson: Dr. Bushra Shirazi, Vice-President, ABA;PakistanReligious fatwa by expert to guide medical practice:a way to enlighten or indistinct pathwaySumaira Khowaja-Punjwani & Fatima Khuwaja,Sindh Institute of Urology & Transplantation, Pakistansumaira.khowaja@yahoo.comBackground: Autonomy of vulnerable group and decisionmaking capacity is controversial even if the decision isbeing made by weighing benefits verses risk associatedwith a particular treatment modality. The right to decidefor the treatment in context to vulnerable population i.e.women and fetus is a big issue. Moreover, it ischallenging to make a decision where religious and moralvalues and beliefs are conflicting. Method: Case study: A22 years old lady, 24 weeks pregnant gravida 2, para1+0, was admitted in obstetric and gynecology ward ofone of the secondary care hospital of Karachi forTermination of Pregnancy (TOP). At 22 weeks ofgestation her ultrasound was done that reveals fetushaving anencephalopathy and spinabifida. It wasidentified that her husband is not informed about heradmission as he was not in favor of TOP. With theconsensus of that lady her husband was called. Duringcounseling three ultrasounds from different labs wereshown by the patient’s husband but mentioning the samefindings as well as a fatwa in which it was suggested thatthis pregnancy should be continued regardless of theultrasound findings. The statement written in fatwa wassupported by a Quranic verse of sura Nisa. Results: Weas a team tried to explain the reason for TOP to bothparents, although, they understood but there was agenuine conflict between their religious, medical andmoral values and beliefs. Finally, it was suggested by usto ask two questions by those fatwa makers i.e. what iffetus is abnormal, and what should be done if mother’slife is in danger? Later on, individual and couplecounseling that was focused on multiple dimensions forfamily harmony and health. As a result, client wasdischarged without TOP and family conflict was settled tocertain extent. Conclusion: These types of clinicalsituations are very prevalent in many hospitals of adeveloping country like Pakistan. This case illustrates aconflict between religious and moral values and beliefs.Moreover, this depicts the power deferential andautonomy of women living in developing country indiverse perspective. Therefore, the concepts provided bywest have a modified implication in this context. KeyWords: Women Right, Autonomy & Religion.A survey to assess the female sexual harassment inthe higher educational institutes of Karachi PakistanZulfiqar Ali Shaikh (Dr)Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan,drzulfiqarshaikh@gmail.comBackground: Sexual harassment is a serious social andpsychological issue and the women from every walk oflife are affected by it. Perceptions differ about whatbehaviors constitute sexual harassment. The victim mayfeel threatened, humiliated, harassed and insecure. Thecases are not reported by victims because of variousreasons. Sexual harassment is the least spoken issue inPakistani society. Objectives: To determine the natureand frequency of the exposure of female students tosexual harassment at higher educational institutes; andexplore the adverse effects on the victims and copingstrategies implied by them. Subjects and Method: Fromten educational institutes, 480 female students wereconveniently selected, and were provided aquestionnaire with their consent. Their identity was keptsecret. The study was conducted from January toSeptember, 2009. Results: A total of 460 (96%) studentsreturned the filled questionnaires. Among them, 65%reported sexual harassment of various degrees/levels.They were harassed by the fellow students (37%), faculty(32%), the staff (2%) and strangers (64%) who includedpatients, attendants, visitors and passersby. The victimsreported feelings of powerlessness, humiliation, disbelief,shock, anger, fear, anxiety and depression, badlyaffected studies/academic activities, and transientsuicidal tendencies. Though 98% wanted a punishmentfor the harassers, yet 78% were reluctant to discloseperpetrators because of the fear of exploitation, socialtaboo, further embarrassment, adverse consequences,and career obstacles. Conclusion: Sexual harassmentseems prevalent in various forms at higher leveleducational institutes. Many cases go unreported. Thevictims were reluctant to talk against their agony becauseof the fear of humiliation for themselves and theirfamilies. There is a need to sensitize the society to tacklethis issue seriously. Key Words: Sexual Harassment,Female Students, Higher Educational Institutes.Ethical, legal and social issues of donor inseminationin JapanTsuyoshi Sotoya, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japansm101036@g.hit-u.ac.jpBy giving voice to both individuals conceived throughDonor Insemination (DI) and a couple who gave birth to achild through DI, the purpose of this paper is to raise andexamine ethical, legal and social issues regarding DI. DIis a medical procedure utilizing sperm from a donor toassist conception and insure a woman’s pregnancy. As away of having children for those who cannot reproducedue to the physical infertility or other factors, in Japan, ithas been widely practiced for more than 60 years sincethe first DI procedure was undertaken at Keio Universityhospital in 1948. However, there has been little publicinterest in several ethical issues this method hasproduced. This paper first introduces the history of DI inJapan, then defines its current practice, and finally, bylistening to the voices of DI offspring and a couple whoconceived a child using DI, considers a number ofconcerns related to DI. First, DI offspring’s voices havenot yet penetrated the general social consciousness,resulting in a lack of awareness about DI from the child’sperspective. Second, no legal system of regulation inJapan exists to protect the rights of DI offspring to accesstheir biological origins, which in turn affects their identity.Furthermore, without laws regulating the use of AssistedReproductive Technologies (ART), like DI, seriousproblems can arise, such as a couple, where onemember with a gender identity disorder, changes the

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 195sexual orientation and conceived a child via DI. Third, thetension between an individual’s reproductive autonomyand the child’s right to know about his/her origins isaddressed. In raising these concerns, this study seeks toadvance the bioethical discussion of DI."Health equity" of Amartya Sen And rights to accessreproductive health care in IndonesiaYeremias JenaAtma Jaya School of Medicine, Indonesiayeremias.jena@gmail.com /yeremia.jena@atmajaya.ac.idThe idea of health as rights is evident in the 2010Amnesty International report on rights of access toreproductive health services for Indonesian women. Thereport was to position women as victims of discriminationin health policy as an addition to the restrictions of certainlife style such as consensual sex, cohabitation, abortionand others which believed to allegedly harming women.Defending the position of right to health care, 2010Amnesty International report called for the elimination ofdiscrimination against women's reproductive healthrights. Based on Amartya Sen’s notion of "health equity",this paper defends the position that (1) inequality anddiscrimination that are intentionally created in thecommunity should be removed because it inhibits therealization of human capabilities.(2) Although the natural inequalities exist in society,people still able to realize its capabilities.(3) Access to reproductive health services can berealized along with the fight for the elimination ofinequalities that are created intentionally without havingto implement health care as rights (rights to health care)that can destroy the cultural values and local wisdom of asociety. Key words: Health equality, health equity, rights,discrimination, cultural values.Posthumous assisted reproduction in East Asiancontext: the legal and ethical issuesYun-Hsien Diana Lin (Prof),National Tsing Hua University, Taiwanyunslin@hotmail.comIn 2005, a Taiwanese military officer, Chi-hsiang Sun,died from an accident. His fiancée, Ms. Li, requiredOfficer Sun’s sperm to be retrieved so as to bear his childthrough artificial insemination. The Taiwan Department ofHealth gave permission to the extraction of sperm butlater opposed to the posthumous reproduction. Thesperm was finally destroyed. In 2007, the newly enactedTaiwan Artificial Reproduction Act responded toinstances of posthumous reproduction in a forbiddingfashion. This article will argue that the blanket regulationis overly broad that it may impose substantial obstacle toan individual’s autonomy in procreation, which should benarrowly tailored under consideration of all the competinginterests. This article will frame the theme of posthumousreproduction from both the legal and bioethicalperspectives. In the first part, various modes of regulationfrom the restrictive to the permissive approach will bediscussed in light of protecting the procreative autonomyof the deceased. Next, since the assisted reproductionmedicine will be performed upon the surviving spouse,she will need comprehensive consultation in order tomake autonomous choices. The contents, goals,methodologies of such consultation and the system ofcollaboration and referral will be the main concern in thispart. Lastly, the best interests of the resulting child mustbe given due consideration. To reduce the uncertaintyand potential risks, issues of legal parentage andinheritance will be explored. This article will conclude byproposing a comprehensive framework of regulationwhere interests of the deceased, the surviving spouse,the resulting child and social justice will be balanced. KeyWords: posthumous reproduction, procreative autonomy,legal regulation, the best interests of the child.Views on abortion and sex selection in Phnom Penh,CambodiaBun Rong KouyRoyal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodiabunrong.k@gmail.comThis paper describes ethical perspectives of theCambodian urban population and medical practitionerson the issues of sex selection. The aims are to discoverwhether sex selective abortion is practiced and toexamine the reasons hidden behind the decisions ofabortion practice in the country. This study used aquestionnaire for seventy-nine people from eight districtsin Phnom Penh, the capital city of Cambodia. Moreover,two health professionals were interviewed to exploreaspects of sex selection in the hospital. The findingssuggest that Cambodia does not have a tendencytowards the practice of sex selection yet. Nevertheless,sex-selective abortion is indicated to happen if parentsalready have one or more children of a particular gender.Public opinions about gender preference and othermedical, historical, religious and socio-economicalparameters are discussed.3.30- 4.00 p.m. RefreshmentsCLOSING SESSION4.00 – 4:30 p.m. Asian Bioethics Association (ABA)General Meeting.4.30 – 5.00 p.m. Feedback Session & Closing CeremonyPOSTER PRESENTATIONWhy fraud repeats in stem cell research?Bang-Ook Jun (Prof)Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Koreabojun@gwnu.ac.krIt was seven years ago that Woo-Suk Hwang was foundto have fabricated data for breakthrough papers in stemcell research. Recently, Seoul National University againannounced that they were going to investigate four stemcell papers written by its professors after they wereretracted from an international journal, 'Antioxidants andRedox Signaling'. One of authors, Prof. Kang Soo-Kyung,is also being alleged to fabricate the data since 2006. Ifthis allegation turned out to be true, stem cell research in

196 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)Korea may lag behind. Based on these repeatedresearch scandals, this paper tries to find out someplausible reasons as follows. As the research fund islimited. competition to get more research fund isintensifying. These immensely competitive environmenthas forced stem cell researchers to produce moreoutputs and publish them before their competitors claimto be the first. Finally, it cannot be ignored that someproducts can guarantee high business success inbioindustry.VIRTUAL PRESENTATIONSAbleism exhibited by ethics theoriesWolbring GregorEthics of Emerging Technologies, Human Enhancement, Law,Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/ableismethicsasiabioethicsv2.mp3Ethics theories are supposed to be applied to problems humansface. They are envisioned to give members of society guidanceas to how to act, how to relate to each other. They areenvisioned to help society to deal with emerging issues such asthe governance of scientific and technological advancements.At the same time ethics theories exhibit certain forms ofableism which is the favoritism for certain abilities over others.This paper looks at ethics theories through an ableism lens andanalysis the impact the different exhibited ableisms intrinsic toethics theories has for people with disabilities in particular andthe fabric of society in general. Keywords: Ableism; ethics;governance.Nanotechnology and democracy versus democratization ofnanotech: an ableism analysisWolbring, GregorEthics of Emerging Technologies, Human Enhancement, Law,Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/nanodemocracyasiabioethics.mp3Nanoscale science and technology products and processes(NSTPP) are developing at a rapid pace, enabling products andprocesses in various science and technology fields such asphysics; chemistry; material sciences; biotechnology; biology;genetics; synthetic biology; information and communicationtechnology; cognitive sciences and neuro-engineering;bioengineering and geo-engineering. Each field enabled byNSTPP will pose distinct challenges and impact varioussegments of society and influence how we relate to each otherson the individual and societal level, locally and globally. Onefocus of NSTPP was to democratize the field meaning thatstakeholders are heard right at the beginning. Much less focuswas gives how NSTPP visions support democracy. Democracyis one aspect of how we relate to each other on the individualand societal level. Many countries define themselves asdemocracies. Various abilities are seen as essential for afunctioning democracy. This paper looks at whether and howNSTPP can help or hinder democracy and the abilities neededfor it. Keywords: Ableism; nanotechnology; governance.Climate change, water, sanitation and energy insecurity:invisibility of people with disabilitiesLeopatra, Verlyn & Wolbring GregorEnvironmental Ethics & Sustainability, Resource Ethics: Water& Energy Ethics, Law, Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/waterenergyclimatedisabledinvisibility.pdfThe problems associated with climate change, energy scarcity,water and sanitation insecurity and severe natural disasters areat the forefront of both national and international policyagendas. Increasingly, people with disabilities are those mostcritically affected by these environmental challenges; however,literature addressing the implications for people with disabilitiesremains scarce. The well-being of people with disabilities isthreatened by this invisibility. Here, we present survey resultsthat suggest how women, children, people with disabilities,indigenous people, ethnic minorities, and industry in both highand low income countries are perceived to experience theseenvironmental challenges. Respondents ranked people withdisabilities between first and third in regards to experiencingclimate change impact, energy scarcity and water andsanitationinsecurity. Our results emphasize the need to makethe impacts of climate change, energy scarcity and water andsanitationinsecurity experienced by people with disabilities apriority for local and global discourses, public policy formationand academic research. Keywords: disabled people; climatechange security; energy security.Eco-ableism: enabling and disabling the ecosystemWolbring Gregor & Noga JacquelineEnvironmental Ethics & Sustainability, Resource Ethics: Water& Energy Ethics, Law, Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/Ecoableismforasiaanbioethicsconf2012v2.mp3Ecology and cultural studies have a long history of engagementwith each other. Ability expectations and preferences are onedynamic through which members of a group, whether withinhouseholds, communities, societies, sectors, regions orcountries judge others, themselves, and their lives. Abilitypreferences and judgments are at the root of many rules ofbehaviours and customs. Ability preferences also shapevarious ecological aspects. This paper introduces the conceptof Eco-ableism as a conceptual framework to analyse enablingand disabling human ability desires, a class of desires thatshape the relationship between humans and their environment.Keywords: Ableism; eco-ableism; environment; governance.Coverage of neuro and cognitive enhancement beyond thenormal: Canada And UsaBall, Natalie, Martin Angelica & Wolbring GregorHuman Enhancement, Ethics of Emerging Technologies,Neuroethics& Privacyhttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/Neuroenhancement%20Poster_Malaysiaball.pdfNeuroenhancement—the use of pharmaceuticals, surgicalintervention, certain substances and internal/external devicesintended to increase cognitive capacities to a level higher thanwhat is considered to be ‘normal functioning’—is a reality incurrent society and has the potential to exacerbate physical,social and economical inequalities between groups of people orbetween developing and developed nations. Therefore, theobjective of this project is to explore the recent discoursesurrounding neuroenhancement. Specifically, the researchersof this study sought to identify what research was being putforward by various countries and if the ethical concerns,number of clinical trials for neuroenhancements, and thenumber of overall literature being produced from differentcountries differed. Methods/Approach: The presenterscollected articles from JSTOR, ScienceDirect, PubMed,EBSCO—Academic Search Complete, Web of Science andScopus (Elsevier) using KnowledgeShare, a literature reviewsoftware developed by Dean Yergens(http://people.ucalgary.ca/~dyergens/ksv2.htm). These articleswere found using the terms “neuroenhancement” or “cognitiveenhancement.” In order to be included, articles must have beenavailable in full-text English, and the article must address

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 197neuro/cognitive enhancements in a non-rehabilitative fashion;that is, the enhancements that are being used to increaseabilities above what is considered to be ‘normal.’ Onceinclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, articles underwentcontent analysis using Atlas.ti software. These articles werecoded for their country of origin and for the envisioned andappearing applications, concerns, perceived risk and visionsoffered with respect to neuro/cognitive enhancement. Results:We found for example that the majority of authors came fromthe USA, UK, Germany with very few articles from non Westerncountries. This might be partly due to that people publish intheir non-English mother tongue but it might also reflect a lackof coverage of the topic outside of a few countries. We alsofound that inacademic articles about Neuroenhancement termssuch as “low income” (n=0), “global health” (n=0), “developingcountries” (n=0), “developing countries” (n=0) were not present.Conclusion: Neuroenhancements have the potential toexacerbate already existing inequities between certain classesof people, or even between developed and developing nations.Neuroenhancements may only be available to those whoalready possess a great deal of wealth. Increasing theircognitive abilities could further advantage such people—thereby further marginalizing those with few material reasons.For this reason, neuroenhancement is a global issue, and mustbe considered across nations. We found that the amount thatneuroenhancement is being discussed is sharply differentbetween countries. The presenters submit thatneuroenhancement must be addressed globally and greaterdiscussion of the topic is needed in a number of countries,particularly developing nations where possible consequences ofneuroenhancement may be magnified. As one article states ‘“But if policy-makers do intend to intervene, they should do sobefore neurocosmetic technology gains an economic footholdand the neurologically enhanced workforce really does becomean inevitability.” Keywords: Ableism; neuroenhancement;governance.Exploring discourse surrounding therapeutic enhancementand injured veterans and soldiersMartin Angelica, Ball, Natalie, Tynedal Jeremy, YumakulovSophya, Wolbring GregorHuman Enhancement, Ethics of Emerging Technologies, Law,Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/veteranasiabioethics.pdfHuman enhancement is discussed for a long time althoughdifferent facets of human enhancement enjoy different levelsof visibility. Doping, the hidden use of performanceenhancement products with the purpose of obtaining an unfairadvantage, has a long history in sport [1-18] and is questioneda lot [19]. The open use of performance enhancement ingeneral [20-38] and within sport [39-41]is also debated wherebymany feel it should be legalized[42-54].A lot has also beenwritten about the development and use of and push for not astherapeutic perceived human performance enhancementproducts for ‘healthy’ soldiers and its impact [21,55-69].Therapeutic’ body devices developed to mimic species-typicalbody structures and expected body functioning, as a side effect,increasingly allow the wearer to outperform the species-typicalbody in various functions (therapeutic enhancement).Increasingly ‘therapeutic’ enhancements become a therapeuticoption for people with disabilities [70] including injured soldiersand veterans. However therapeutic enhancement is one areathat has seen little coverage and raised little controversy besidethat people debate whether one can make a distinctionbetween therapeutic and non therapeutic enhancements[71].The authors submit that a) discourses around therapeuticenhancement will impact the discourses around so called nontherapeuticenhancements and b) discourse around therapeuticenhancements of injured soldiers and veterans will be inparticular impactful given that injured soldiers and veteranswere often at the forefront of paradigm shifting policydevelopment. The authors discuss 1) historical examples ofpolicies and views linked to injured soldiers and veterans in theAmericas and perception of injured veterans and soldiers; 2)the science and technology therapeutic enhancementlandscape and 3) views of veterans on therapeuticenhancements. The authors conclude that therapeuticenhancements especially of injured soldiers and veterans is anunder researched area with various open ethical questions inneed of more coverage. Keywords: Ableism; humanenhancement; veterans; perception.Nanoscale science and technology and people withdisabilities in Asia: An ability expectation analysisWolbring Gregor and Ball NatalieEthics of Emerging Technologieshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/nanoanddisabilityasiabioethicsv2.mp3http://www.springerlink.com/content/g3463321254xj452/?MUD=MPScience and technology, including nanoscale science andtechnology influences and is influenced by various discoursesand areas of action. Ableism is one concept and abilityexpectation is one dynamic that impacts the direction, vision,and application of nanoscale science and technology and viceversa. At the same time policy documents that involveddisabled people and that relate to disabled people exhibit abilityexpectations of disabled people. This authors presents abilityexpectations exhibited in science and technology directiondocuments from Asia and in policy documents generated andinfluenced by disabled people from Asia and discuss the impactof the ability expectation exhibited in these four documents andthe impact they might have on the relationship between scienceand technology and disabled people. Keywords: Ableism;nanotechnology; disabled people.Technology, health consumerism, and a new age of globalhealth—who will be left behind?Leopatra Verlyn & Wolbring GregorEthics of Emerging Technologies, Law, Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/hc_gapsandinequities%20asianbioethics.pdfProject Objectives: Health consumerism, or the largelytechnology enabled movement of empowered, informed, andactive individuals within the health care system, is a growingglobal movement. Despite this, little has been done to analyzehow this shift towards a technologically revolutionized, healthconsumer driven model may widen disparities between thehealth statuses of different populations. In order to furtherinvestigate the potential impact of continued growth of thehealth consumerism movement on health care inequities, thisproject aimed to identify and synthesize existing healthconsumerism discourse in order to assess relationship betweenhealth consumerism and the health of different populations; theabilities, needs, and values within existing health consumerliterature were qualitatively analyzed. Methods: A scopingliterature review was conducted using the keyword “healthconsumer” within both academic domains (Global Health andHealth Star) and grey literature databases (Canadian NewsStand, the New York Times, and HealthSource ConsumerEdition). Database searches were conducted over 4 timeperiods: 1900-1930, 1930-1960, 1960-1990, 1990-2011.Searches were limited to English full text articles only. To beincluded within the review, articles had to contain “healthconsumer” within the source and/or the term “health” within thetitle or abstract; articles had to address the research questionsexplicitly within and/or one of a set of additional criteria. Allsources passing inclusion criteria were included within thereview and thematically analyzed using NVIVO 9 software.Results: A total of 140 articles were examined (74.3% grey,

198 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)25.7% academic). Health consumers within the literature wereoutlined as requiring choice in healthcare products andservices, enhanced health knowledge and communicativeskills, an active and equal role in the patient-providerpartnership, and empowerment or a sense of control overhealth. Abilities identified within the literature as inherent withinthe role of health consumers include cognitive capacities suchas the ability to problem solve, be aware of oneself, understandand interact with health information, as well as various physicalcapacities such as being able to access health informationwithin a largely technologically based system, andcommunicating for oneself. As a result, there exists varyinglevels of health consumerism ranging from groups pushingtowards new paradigms of conceptualizing healthcare andhealth to groups restricted to passive patient roles.Conclusions: The roles, abilities, and values of healthconsumerism identified overwhelmingly favour educated, healthliterate, affluent, and tech savvy populations. Healthconsumerism may have the potential to increase the healthstatus and access to health services for various vulnerablegroups. However, should the spectrum of varying abilities,values, and need be ignore in future healthcare development—health consumerism has the potential to severely diminish thehealth status of ignored groups by creating and enforcingvarious access barriers to achieving active health stakeholderstatus. Keywords: health consumerism; global health;governance.Consumer focused and technology driven health care —exploring the benefits of health consumerism as a globalhealth tool and the issue of private vs. Public involvementLeopatra Verlyn, Wolbring GregorEthics of Emerging Technologies, Law, Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/Globalhealth_privatevspublichc.pdfProject Objectives: Knowledgeable and active patients, alsoknown as health consumers, have been identified as a potentialsolution for global health system concerns for costeffectiveness, system efficiency, and improving healthoutcomes. However, despite these advantages little has beendone to survey the current acknowledgement of healthconsumerism practices or the perspectives of this healthcaremodel in either public or academic discursive domains. Thepurpose of this project was to review existing literature onhealth consumerism in order to identify the development andimplementation of this movement, varying perspectives ofbenefits and concerns, and the current level of private vs. publicinvolvement. Methods: A scoping literature review wasconducted using the keyword “health consumer” within bothacademic domains (Global Health and Health Star) and greyliterature databases (Canadian News Stand, the New YorkTimes, and HealthSource Consumer Edition). Databasesearches were conducted over 4 time periods: 1900-1930,1930-1960, 1960-1990, 1990-2011. Searches were limited toEnglish full text articles only. To be included within the review,articles had to contain “health consumer” within the sourceand/or the term “health” within the title or abstract; articles hadto address the research questions explicitly within and/or one ofa set of additional criteria. All sources passing inclusion criteriawere included within the review and thematically analyzedusing NVIVO 9 software. Results: Within the literature healthconsumerism discourse developed via a transition of patientattitudes from needs, to wants, to rights as motivators of patientaction. Similarly to existing literature on the topic, healthconsumerism was identified within the review as being apotential solution to inefficiency, improving health outcomes,and out-of-control spending. However, health consumer actionswere also identified as potentially leading to inefficiency in thehealthcare system, particularly in circumstances wereindividuals may demand expensive and unnecessary tests,placing greater strain on system resources. Despite thepowerful role and continued development of healthconsumerism, academia and policy makers appear to be onlymarginally aware of the shift towards health consumerism; as aresult adaption and incorporation of this movement into publicdomains is slow—leading to rapidly expanding growth by theprivate healthcare sector to meet consumer demands.Conclusions: This review was successful in identifying that thehealth consumer plays an active, informed, and empoweredrole within health care interactions and that the growth of thismovement may be guiding the development of health caretechnology and services; it has however, not yet been explicitlyrecognized or studied in its capacity to do so by academic orpolitical domains. Keywords: health consumerism; privateversus public delivery; global health.Shifts in global health services technology: ethicalconsiderations for implementing health sensorsLeopatra Verlyn, Wolbring GregorEthics of Emerging Technologies, Law, Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/sensors_leopatraasiabioethics.pdfProject Objectives: Health sensors are increasingly beingdeveloped and implemented into various health servicedomains worldwide. The automatic generation and transmissionof one’s health information by sensors generates variousimplications for privacy, autonomy, and control of healthinformation. This project aimed to identify and explore theethical implication of these concerns to the use health sensorson differing global populations. Approach: This project is anethical consideration for future study and research into theethics of health sensor development and implementation. As aresult, this project draws from existing research on the topicand is largely logic based. Results: Sensors within the body,on the body, and within the environment to collect and transmithealth information are increasingly being developed andintegrated into the healthcare sector. Although the primarygoals of these types of sensors are largely efficiency ofinformation transfer and the safety of the individuals beingcared for, these technologies are accompanied by a number ofethical issues. Ethical considerations for privacy and autonomywith the widespread implementation and use of this health toollargely center on global populations with varying levels of selfadvocacyand visibility with global health policy domains, suchas elderly and disabled populations. Privacy, autonomy, andcontrol issues related to the wireless generation of healthinformation however, extend beyond specific populations tooverall consumer and health care provider utilization. Inparticular, the inability for individuals to control the generation ofand access to sensitive health information potentially paves thepath for social, medical, financial, and occupationaldiscrimination based on third-party interpretation of informationgenerated. Conclusions: Despite increased efficiency andother benefits of sensor integration into various healthcaresectors, future research into the appropriate use and regulationof this important health tool is necessary. Overall, it isnecessary for global health policy to acknowledge and addressconcerns for privacy, control, autonomy, and discriminationgenerated by the implementation of health sensors into varioushealth care facets. Keywords: sensors; healthcare; privacy;governance.The future of disability studies and social robotics: thefuture is hereYumakulov Sophya and Wolbring, GregorEthics of Emerging Technologies, Law, Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/Yumakulov,%20Wolbring%20-%20Future%20of%20Disability%20Studies%20and%20Social%20Robotics.mp3

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 199The ethics of social robotics in Asia: Needs and opportunities.Asia is currently on the forefront of developments in socialrobotics for numerous applications and settings, includinghealth care, the service industry, and elderly care. While greatstrides are being made in these sectors, there is a need forrobotics researchers and bioethicists to consider ethicalconcerns in the use of social robots. This paper reviewed socialrobotics literature and discourse around robot ethics.Literatures generated around social robotics were imported intoKnowledge Share ver. 2.1.3 (KSv2), a tool developed by DeanYergens (http://people.ucalgary.ca/~dyergens/ksv2.htm) tosystematically review literature. Databases includedScienceDirect, Compendex, IEEE, Communication Abstracts,Scopus, OVID(All), EBSCO(All), Academic One File, Web ofScience, and JSTOR. Out of 489 articles, 30 includeddiscussions of ethics. Articles were coded using Atlas.tiqualitative data analysis software. Within English-languagejournals (including the International Journal of Social Robotics),the Asian perspective is lacking. Most research on ethics isfrom non-Asian countries, and discussions of broader ethicalimplications for social robotics are not considered. For example,what will be the impact of social robots on low-income vs. highincomecountries, people with disabilities, gender relations, orlocal and global economics? We found that the disabilitystudies angle is underrepresented in social robotic research,which presents an ethical issue since this group will be affectedby robotics. For example, are social robotics (designed forpeople with disabilities) trying to improve well-being of thedisabled or simply to normalize them (to fulfill others’expectations of them)? Since robotics is already prevalent inAsian countries, and is expected to grow, the disability studiesangle is relevant not only for Anglo-Saxon countries, but alsoglobally and in Asian contexts. This angle and the othersmentioned above are missing from the current ethical discourseon social robotics and it is an opportunity for Asian bioethicistsand robotics researchers to bring the Asian perspective onthese issues. Keywords: ethics, disability studies, socialrobotics; global, ability expectations.The future of bullying for people with disabilitiesDe Bok, Dana; Wolbring GregorEthics of Emerging Technologies, Law, Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/Asia_Posterdanav3.pdfBullying is a social problem that impacts every corner of theglobe (Volk et al, 2012). Volk and his colleagues (2012) statedthat it involves “hundreds of millions adolescents worldwide”and the effects of bullying are devastating for all that areinvolved. Songsiri and Musikaphan (2011) referred to Tapanya2007 Report on Pattern Development for Bullying Preventionamong Children stating that 60% of students in Japan havebeen bullied. Ismail and colleagues (2010) stated in their articlethat the occurrences of bullying within Malaysian schools areincreasing. Bullying is a social phenomenon that is continuallyevolving; new forms of bullying have been emerging withtechnological advancements, and these advancementscontinue to enable certain forms of bullying. For example overthe past few years we have seen the emergence of cyberbullying; which is the use of various forms of technology (socialnetworks, cell phones, and chat rooms) to victimize. It has beenestimated that 20-40% of students of been the victims of cyberbullying (Tokunaga, 2010). Since these technologicaladvancements have the possibility to create more forms ofbullying and enable them to continue it will be imperative toinvestigate how new technology is and will impact the socialphenomenon of bullying and what the lasting effects will be; aswe know once it is online it is there forever.A look at the influence of communication technologyadvancements from the perspective of special educationschool teachers: impact on education for people withdisabilitiesDiep Lucy and Wolbring GregorEthics of Emerging Technologies, Law, Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/Lucy%20Diep%20-%20A%20LOOK%20AT%20THE%20INFLUENCE%20OF%20COMMUNICATION%20TECHNOLOGY%20ADVANCEMENTS%20FROM%20THE%20PERSPECTIVE%20OF%20SPECIAL%20EDUCATION%20SCHOOL%20TEACHERS%20IMPACT%20ON%20EDUCATION%20FOR%20PEOPLE%20WITH%20DISABILITIES.MP3The new age of communication technologies: Will our changingexpectations of abilities impact the future of special education?Project Objectives: Advancements in technology havetransformed the way we communicate and interact with eachother. Smartphones, emails, video conferencing and evensocial media are forms of communication technologies thathave redefined expectations of how we connect, what weconnect with, and how often we connect with each other.Therapeutic enhancement devices, such as the brain-machineinterface, sub-vocal speech devices, artificial hippocampus, andcochlear implants/hearing aides are in the midst of changingnot only communication expectations but also abilityexpectations. Defined as the preference and value for certainabilities (Wolbring, 2008), ability expectations – or ableism – isanticipated to move beyond our species-typical abilities with theintroduction of these communication devices. This in turn hasimpact on our cultural attitudes of abilities particularly within thediscourse of teaching and learning in education. From a globalperspective, it is known that individuals with disabilities face thelowest level of education as a result of social, economic andpolitical determinants (World Health Organization [WHO],2011). These determinants lead to factors such as decreasedindividual well-being, poverty and increased health risks (WHO,2011). What the global future entails regarding educationaccess and opportunities for people with disabilities andteaching methods and practice in promoting inclusive educationare captured from the perspective of special education schoolteachers. Generated literature was imported into KnowledgeShare version 2.1.3 (KSv2) tool, developed by Dean Yergens(http://people.ucalgary.ca/~dyergens/ksv2.htm). This tool wasused as a way to systematically review the literature. Individualface-to-face interviews were conducted with a group of specialeducation school teachers. The interviews were audio-tapedand then transcribed. The transcribed documents wereimported into the ATLAS.ti© tool and themes were identified forqualitative analysis. Results: Ability expectations played aninfluential role on the perceptions and assumptions of the futureof teaching, learning and accessibility to education with theprevalence of advanced therapeutic enhancement devices bythis particular discourse. Conclusion: Special education schoolteachers exhibited one facet of perspectives around ableism.There are opportunities for further research to be conductedwith other discourses to obtain another dimension of abilityexpectation perspectives with the advancement of thesetechnologies. Reference: Wolbring, G. (2008). The politics ofAbleism.Society for International Development, 51, 252-258.World Health Oragnization (2011).World Report on Disability2011. Geneva, Switzerland. Keywords: communication devices;disabled people; educationSetting the olympic stage: who should be there?Tynedal, Jeremy Wolbring GregorEthics of Emerging Technologies, Law, Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/Asian%20Bioethics%202012jeremy.pdfThe prevailing discourse around sporting abilities is based onspecies-typical abilities, but advances in therapeutic assistivedevices and in other science and technology productsincreasingly open the door for beyond species-typical abilities.

200 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)The cheetah prostheses of double-leg below the knee runner,Oscar Pistorius, are one example of how human performanceenhancement technologies in sport have challenged thehierarchy of athletes competing outside of their acceptableclassification and exceeding their species-typical counterpart.The World Anti-Doping Agency classifies doping as the hiddenuse of performance enhancing products with the purpose ofobtaining an unfair advantage (World Anti-Doping Agency2011), but classification of therapeutic enhancements as a formof techno doping is misinformed because species-typicalsporting disciplines that use special equipment, in almost allwinter sports (for example luge) and in summer sports (such aspole vaulting), are not labelled as doping. Thus, beyond thisquestion is the equal treatment of assistive (as also used bynondisabled athletes in species-typical sports) and therapeuticassistive devices. With equal treatment, disabled athletescompeting in sport alongside nondisabled athletes is a trivialissue and the question of which assistive devices in a particularsport are given entry into the Olympics becomes moreimportant. The possibility of leg prostheses fused to a ski orsnowboard worn by an athlete competing against the speciestypicalskier or snowboarder is just one example of the potentialinfrastructural changes that envision a technological enterpriseof new sport. Convergence and acceptance of technology intoOlympics may be determined by answering these questions.Keywords: sport; therapeutic enhancement; PistoriusEugenics: The never ending threat to disabled peopleBall Natalie and Wolbring GregorEthics of Emerging Technologies, Law, Policy & Ethicshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/Eugenics%20Poster_Malaysiaball.pdfDisability studies scholars and disabled people right activisthave been engaged in questioning Eugenic practices fromsterilization to selection termination of pregnancies based onability judgments for many years. The author submits that thefight is not over. This presentation will outline some to comeeugenic dynamics made possible by technologies underdevelopment such as artificial womb and synthetic biology andchanging ability expectations such as the one by the socialmovement of transhumanist that want to move human abilitiesbeyond the species-typical. Additionally, the author will presentsurvey responses from disability service workers on theirthoughts surrounding the future of eugenics. Keywords:Ableism; ethics; future of eugenics; disabled people;governanceImpact of perception on global health: example of autismdiscourse in the New York Times:Billawala Alshaba, Wolbring GregorLaw, Policy & Ethics, Health, Disease & Medical Ethics, HealthCare System & Managementhttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/Alshaba%20Billawala%20Final%20HOM%20poster%20March%203rdwolbsenttoprint.pdfProject objectives: The numbers of autism in the USA are 1 in88 and 1 in 38 in Korea (1). Autism in India and China are seento surpass one millon (2). When describing autism two mainnarratives have emerged: the medical perspective and theneurodiversity perspective. How people with autism areportrayed impacts how their problems are described and whatsolutions are sought to their medical and social health needs.The objective of this study was to investigate the coverage ofautism in the New York Times given that newspapers areinfluential and shape opinions of its readers. Furthermore, thisstudy aimed to look at what ability expectations are highlightedwithin the autism coverage. Methods/Approach: The historicalNew York Times (NYT) and NYT late edition (East Coast)ProQuest databases were used as one source. The keyword‘autism’ in the title was used as a search strategy to limit thenumber of articles. All 198 articles which had autism in the titlewith the first one being from 1973 underwent frequency, contentand thematic analyses whereby ability expectation was onetheme that was identified. Furthermore we analyzed 34 autismdiagnostic tests developed in the UK and the USA from 1986-2011 to look at what abilities or lack thereof they tested for.Results: In the NYT, 24% of articles discussed lack of abilitiesof individuals labeled as autistic. 19% positive abilities. 49% ofall articles analyzed discussed the symptoms and behaviorsassociated with autism, 43% discussed statistics of autism(medical aspect), 37% focused on providing descriptions ofautism, 24% focused on describing treatments (medications,therapy other). Only 12% discussed the neurodiversityperspective. Only 6% looked at discrimination issues and only2% of articles discussed rights issues. No articles providedstatistics on the social aspects of individuals with autism suchas for example: how many autistic individual are employed, howmany autistic individuals attend university etc. Conclusion: TheNYT coverage of autism is slated heavily towards a medicalnarrative under-representing the neurodiversity and socialjustice narrative. Both the NYT and the autism tests exhibitcertain ability expectations (20 abilities were identified from theautism tests and 163 abilities (and lack of) were identified in theNYT). Cursory coverage of some Asian newspapers alsoshows that the same bias (medical over neurodiversityperspective). We postulate that the bias in the coverage ofautism influences how problems associated with autism aredefined and what solutions are thought. Keywords: autism;media analysis; perception; impact on global health.Ethics of artificial wombs: missing angles and specialconcernsYumakulov, Sophya; Wolbring, GregorLaw, Policy & Ethics, Women, Gender & Bioethics, Ethics ofEmerging Technologieshttp://www.crds.org/docs/Gregor_Wolbring/Yumakulov,%20Wolbring%20-%20Ethics%20of%20Artificial%20Wombs.mp3Artificial womb technology (ectogenesis) is commonlyassociated synthetic biology (generating genomes from bottomup),which leads to visions of science fiction societies wherebabies are manufactured and grown outside the woman’s body;however, ectogenesis is well on its way to becoming a reality.We reviewed literature related to the artificial womb anddiscourses around the ethics of this technology. Literaturesgenerated around “artificial womb” were imported intoKnowledge Share ver. 2.1.3 (KSv2), a tool developed by DeanYergens (http://people.ucalgary.ca/~dyergens/ksv2.htm) tosystematically review literature. Databases includedScienceDirect, Compendex, IEEE, Communication Abstracts,Scopus, OVID(All), EBSCO(All), Academic One File, Web ofScience, and JSTOR. Out of 194 articles, 133 were included(based on relevance to the topic). Current literature on artificialwombs mainly focuses on feminist issues of whether or not thistechnology will liberate or oppress women. Ethicalconsiderations of ectogenesis are discussed, especially in thecontext of the abortion debate within North America. However,the use of artificial wombs has implications for gender relationsand women’s rights on a global scale; women’s rights are anissue for women in Asia and globally, and the artificial wombcan have significant impacts. For example, what affect willectogenesis have on women’s autonomy, social well-being, andstatus in low- and middle-income countries? Will it makewomen’s reproductive function obsolete and thus result in thedevaluation of women? Can it result in the increased use ofwomen as sex slaves rather than reproductive partners? Whatwill be the effect on family structure and gender imbalances thatare already present in countries like India and China? Currentethics discourses are focused on the American-feministperspective, and ethical scholarship from a global perspectiveand the perspectives of low- and middle-income countries is

202 Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012)Marsupial reproduction and the conservation ofendangered species” challenges human-dominatedecosystems, portrays kangaroos in the wild and presentsexamples of endangered species and captive breedingprograms.Irini Pollard, You tube -http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bq0xxq49C6QABC13 Conference Organising CommitteeAdvisory Committee :Asian Bioethics Association Board MembersAsia Pacific Forum on Ethics & Social JusticeInstitute of Diplomacy & Foreign Relations (IDFR)Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanity (UKM)Organizing Committee :Chairperson : Ravichandran Moorthy (Dr.)Vice Chairs : Vasudiwan Narayanan (Mr.)Chin Kok Fay (Mr.)Secretary : Guido Benny (Dr.)Asst. Secretary : Kartini Aboo Talib @ Khalib (Dr.)Treasurer : Jerry Selvamaran (Mr.)Sub-Committee : Rahimah Yeop (Ms)Suresh Kumar(Mr)Nafizal Haris Ismail (Mr)Andy Soh (Mr.),Ayesha Lorenza (Ms.)Nur Azlin binti Abdul Karim (Ms.)Navindar Gunasegaran (Mr.)Lim Hui Chin (Ms.)George Zachariah (Mr)Kamariah Jaafar (Ms)Zaiza Haji Ali (Ms)Khairul Bariah Che Amat (Ms)Raja Azrin Raja Azman (Mr)Suriya Zanariya Binti Zakaria (Ms)Roziyana Che Othman (Ms)Jamiah Rozali (Ms)Izura Ismail(Ms)Badariyah Johari (Ms)Muhamad Idham Hairudin (Mr)Hasili Hadi Amir Hasan (Mr)Ricky Wong (Mr)Mohd Syamsyul Arifin Md. Daud (Mr)Tengku Nurul Alawiyah Tengku Bidin(Ms)Muhammad Faris Zaidi (Mr)Fadilah Shahri (Mr)Norhawati Ismail (Ms)Mohd. Fairuz Asraf Ismail (Mr)Mohamad Fairuz Omar (Mr)The UNESCO Asia-Pacific School of Ethics is aregional network of individuals, institutions andassociations that are working on projects and meetingstogether with the Regional Unit for Social and HumanSciences in Asia and the Pacific (RUSHSAP). The Unitcollaborates with numerous partner organizations to carryout projects and activities, in addition to UNESCO fieldoffices and HQ. RUSHSAP also consults andcollaborates with non-governmental organizations(NGOs), intergovernmental organizations (IGOs),institutions and individuals with special expertise.http://www.unescobkk.org/rushsap/asia-pacificregion/networks/apse/Asian Bioethics Association Boardwww.eubios.info/ABA.htmPresident: Prof. (Ms.) Anoja Fernando (Sri Lanka)Immediate Past-President: Prof. Leonardo de Castro(Philippines, Singapore)Vice President for Asian Ethnic and Religious Minorities:Prof. Umar Anggara Jenie (Indonesia)Vice President for China: Prof. (Ms.) Ruipeng LeiVice President for India: Sr. Daphne FurtadoVice President for Japan: Prof. (Ms.) Miyako TakagiVice President for Korea: Prof. Bang Ook JunVice-President for South Asia: Dr. Ravichandran Moorthy(Malaysia)Vice President for West Asia: Dr. (Ms.) Bushra Shirazi(Pakistan)Secretary: Prof. Darryl Macer (Thailand/New Zealand)ABA ConstitutionArticle 1 (Name)The name of this academic organization shall be the:Asian Bioethics Association (ABA). Hereafter referred toas the Association.Article 2 (Definitions)In interpreting this Constitution the following definitionsshall be used: Bioethics is the interdisciplinary study ofphilosophical, ethical, social, legal, economic, medical,therapeutic, ethnological, religious, environmental, andother related issues arising from biological sciences andtechnologies, and their applications in human society andthe biosphere. Asia is the regions, peoples, and cultureswhich constitute the geographically largest continent ofthe world.Article 3 (Objectives)The basic objective of the Association is to promotescientific research in bioethics in Asia through open andinternational exchanges of ideas among those working inbioethics in various fields of study and different regions ofthe world. In order to achieve this end the Association willencourage the following work and projects: (1) toorganize and support international conferences inbioethics in Asia; (2) to assist the development andlinkage of regional organizations for bioethics; (3) toencourage other academic and educational work orprojects to accomplish their goals consistent with theobjectives of the Association.Article 4 (Membership)4.1 Membership of the Association shall be open to anyindividuals and institutions sharing the objectives of theAssociation.4.2 A member of the Association shall be in goodstanding. There will be a voluntary payment of annualdues. The Board of Directors may tentatively set thesuggested annual dues at a different rate for memberswith different income.

Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 22 (September 2012) 2034.3 Membership shall be valid unless and until they arerejected by the Board of Directors and/or by the majorityvote of members.Article 5 (the Board of Directors)5.1 The Board of Directors shall be nominated fromamong the members of the Association.5.2 Institutional or regional members may nominatedelegate(s) for the Board, but the nominee, if elected,shall hold office in his or her own right, and not as arepresentative of the institution or the region.5.3 The Board of Directors shall consist of no more than15 members and no more than 3 members from any onenation state. The nation state of each member should bedefined by the member on the basis of residence ornationality at the time of nomination for election.5.4 The Board of Directors may appoint, or authorize thePresident to appoint, additional officers, sub-committees,executive staffs to carry out specific tasks of theAssociation. In particular a list of regional representativeswill be maintained for promotion of the ABA.5.5 The board can co-opt, by consensus, associate nonvotingmembers to increase the diversity andgeographical representation of the board for the currentterm. (Adopted by acclamation at the ABA GeneralMeeting on 5 November 2008)Article 6 (the Officers)6.1 Officers of the Association shall be the President,seven vice-presidents (one from each of China, India,Japan, Korea, South Asia (East of India), West Asia(West of India), and Asian Ethnic and ReligiousMinorities, and a General Secretary. They are nominatedand/or elected by members of the Association. ThePresident can serve a maximum of two years in office.The Other Officers should stand re-election every twoyears.6.2 The Officers shall be responsible for the generalmanagement and the direction of business works of theAssociation.The President and/or Secretary shall haveauthority to execute, in the name of the Association, allauthorized deeds, contracts, or other instruments.6.3 The Vice-presidents shall provide secondaryleadership for the Association, substituting for thePresident when needed.6.4 A vice-president can be elected for a maximum of twosuccessive terms as a vice president.6.5 The General Secretary shall keep, or arrange to havekept, a true record of the minutes of all meetings.6.6 The General Secretary shall have custody of theAssociation's funds, keep full and accurate accounts ofthe receipts and disbursements, and deposit all money inthe name and to the credit of the Association in thedepositories designated by the Board of Directors. Theaccounts shall be shared with all members of theAssociation every year.Article 7 (Amendment of the Constitution)This Constitution may not be amended, replaced, orannulled except by an affirmative vote of two-thirds of themembers in secret ballot.Supplemetary Note 1The principles of this Constitution were initially adopted atthe Inaugural Meeting of the East Asian Association forBioethics held in Beijing on the 5th of November, 1995,when the Officers of this Association were alsonominated.At the UNESCO Asian Bioethics Conference,4 Nov, 1997, the Association was broadened to becomethe Asian Bioethics Association, and several furthermembers were nominated.This initial Board of Directorswas replaced by a new Board in November, 2002, at theFourth Asian Bioethics Conference in Seoul, and whenthe Constitution was formally adopted. The 2004 electionwas held on 10 November 2004.Supplementary Provision 2The business office of the Association was placed in theUniversity Research Center, Nihon University, Tokyo,Japan, from 1998 to February, 2002. From February,2002 to February 2005 the secretariat and office was:Prof. Darryl Macer, Institute of Biological Sciences,University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City 305-8572,JAPAN. From February 2005 the secretary and officemoved to Prof. Darryl Macer, Director, Eubios EthicsInstitute, c/o Center for Ethics of Science andTechnology, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Arts,Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandEmail: darryl@eubios.infoFor a list of some ethics meetings in Asia Pacific:http://eubios.info/conferencesEditorial address:Prof. Darryl Macer, Director, Eubios Ethics Institute,c/o Center for Ethics of Science and Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok10330, ThailandEmail: darryl@eubios.infoSite of 2013 and 2014 Asian Bioethics Conferences:Those delegates with proposals should discuss with the secratary or president of ABA as soon as possible. Theproposers should be available to meet the ABA Board with some concrete details.

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