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JC Andrews Memorial Award 2007right ratio), and fish oils are the preferred forms of omega-3 forhumans. Trans fats are now the villains. In all, we spent nearlytwo decades making new and supposedly healthier foods by removingfat, without real scientific evidence. Despite a plethoraof low calorie and low fat products in the supermarkets, obesitycontinues to increase.It’s diet, not foodIn a more recent WHO report (Anon, 2003) an Expert ConsultancyPanel identified that changes in diet, eating behaviours,environmental factors, physical activity and fitness levels plusgenetic factors were contributing to the causal factors underlyingnoncommunicable diseases, even in the poorest countries.They consistently emphasised that the concerns around obesitywere related to diets, not individual food products. I fully agreewith this.The panel stressed that average per capita supply of macronutrients,derived from food commodities on a national basis,did not correspond to actual per capita consumption. If weaccept that the majority of consumers in every country are notobese, then clearly a focus on per capita consumption data (andthe calculated calorie intake) is somewhat meaningless in thisdebate. Obesity is evident in developing countries, primarilyconfined to middle aged women living in households, oftenwhere others are malnourished. But the science establishingcause and effect has still to be done.the majority of consumers in everycountry are not obeseThere has been a substantial increase in fats in our moderndiets, predominantly vegetable fats. It is assumed this has createdan imbalance in our metabolism which has resulted inobesity. Is there a cause and effect?One dimension has been provided in the 2003 WHO reportas shown in Table 2. This is valuable in assisting food technologists’understanding of the areas of greatest concern and inaffecting the confidence that experts have in the current stateof the science. However, direct cause and effect informationis scarce. It is interesting, given the current situation in NewZealand, that the same report states that “despite the obviousimportance of the roles that parents and home [and school] environmentsplay on children’s eating and physical activity, thereis very little hard evidence available to support this view.”Health and metabolismLet’s look at the 1990 WHO report again. A diagram in thatreport shows a U-shaped curve for BMI against mortality. Thereport then proceeds to assume a BMI of 20-25 is ‘normal’ andappropriate for adults in developed countries. But what has thisTable 2. Summary of strength of evidence on factors that might promote or protect against weight gain andobesity a08Evidence Decreased risk No relationship Increased riskConvincingRegular physical activityHigh dietary intake of NSP (dietaryfibre) bSedentary lifestyleHigh intake of energy-densemicronutrient-poor foods cProbableHome and school environments thatsupport healthy food choices forchildren dBreastfeedingHeavy marketing of energy-densefoods and fast-food outlets dHigh intake of sugars-sweetenedsoft drinks and fruit juicesAdverse socioeconomic conditions(in developing countries, especiallywomen) dPossibleLow glycaemic index foodsProtein content of thedietLarge portion sizesHigh proportion of food preparedoutside the home (developedcountries)“Rigid restraint / periodicdistribution” eating patternsInsufficient Increased eating frequency AlcoholaStrength of evidence: the totality of the evidence was taken into account. The World Cancer Research Fund Schema was takenas the starting point but was modified in the following manner. Randomized controlled trials were given prominence as thehighest ranking study design (randomized controlled trials were not a major source of cancer evidence); associated evidenceand expert opinion was also taken into account in relation to environmental determinants (direct trials were usually notavailable).bSpoecific amounts will depend on the analytical methodologies used to measure fibre.cEnergy-dense and micronutrient-poor foods tend to be processed foods that are high in fat and / or sugars. Low energy-dense(or energy-dilute) foods, such as fruit, legumes, vegetables and whole grain cereals, are high in dietary fibre and water.dAssociated evidence and expert opinion included.22 Food New Zealand
Mortality risk as ratio of average for all ages3.02.01.0Mengot to do with health? The true science required is to develop arelationship between your personal BMI (or some better measureof body composition) and how long you will live. It is anexperiment that can never be performed since we die after onlyone treatment. So science, in this instance, cannot tell an individualwhat their 5/21/07 target 7:15 BMI AM should Page 1 0839_PAL_HalfPg_advert be.3.02.01.020 24 28 32 20 24Body-mass indexWomenThe 1990 WHO document included a statement:“the cumulative effect of a sustained 2% discrepancy betweenenergy intake and energy expenditure can leadin an adult to a 5kg weight change over a period of ayear”. This was probably a calculation and a theoreticalconclusion. Similar calculations were made in the 2003 report.C M Y CM MY CY CMY K28 32 36Body-mass index*Reproduced from reference 49, by kind permission of the publisher, Recalculated from data in reference 51,with unpublished data from the American Cancer Society.JC Andrews Memorial Award 2007Powerful membrane solutions come insmall packages.The Pall Aria AP membrane water filtration packages feature high water flow rates within a small footprint. That translatesinto a smaller building, less waste production, and lower maintenance costs. The systems are pre-packaged and skid-mounted,and they’re easy and inexpensive to install, operate and maintain. Our super-tough, patented membranes provide unsurpassedchlorine tolerance and unbeatable flow rates.FREEApplications GuideThe Pall Aria system’s pressurized membranes enable it to power through periods of high turbidity, algae, and organics infeedwater that result from changing seasonal and weather conditions. And the patent-pending EFM technology reduces operatorintervention. The packaged systems share the same technologies that make our large municipal systems so dependable.Your most powerful water treatment solution is a small and simple one – the Pall Aria AP system.For details and specifications call 07 957 9519 or visit us at www.pall.com/waterJuly 200723
Page 1 and 2: July 2007NZ’s Authority on Food T
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