<strong>Isle</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Man</strong> Examiner, May 2005 Businessupdate25K C M YBOOKSReviewbyHannahStephensonIn o<strong>the</strong>r words...Times have changed but DrJohnson’s creation remains anessential part <strong>of</strong> everyday lifeIt’s a book we all take for granted,only occasionally taking it out tolook up a spelling or meaning <strong>of</strong> aword. Yet <strong>the</strong> dictionary remains asimportant to life today as it has ever been,has been programmed into our computerledenvironment and will no doubtcontinue as one <strong>of</strong> our most valuablelearning tools.Here are just a few <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> oddities,definitions and weird words featured inJohnson’s original dictionary:WHAT WORDS MEANT IN 1755barbecue a hog dressed whole, in <strong>the</strong> WestIndian mannerdevotee one erroneously orsuperstitiously religious; a bigotfireman a man <strong>of</strong> violent passionshigh-flier one that carries his opinions toextravaganceorgasm sudden vehemencepedant a schoolmasterlavatory something in which partsdiseased are washedurinator a diver; one who searches underwaterpompous splendid; magnificent; grandjogger one who moves heavily and dullyrecipe a medical prescription.OMISSIONSblond, bank-note, virus, irritable (whichhe uses in four <strong>of</strong> his definitions), athlete(although athletic is included).POETIC DEFINITIONScough a convulsion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lungs, vellicatedby some sharp serosity (as Hitchings says,if you didn’t know what a cough was, youMuch <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> credit for its emergence goesto Dr Samuel Johnson, who produced <strong>the</strong>original Dictionary Of The EnglishLanguage 250 years ago.To mark <strong>the</strong> anniversary, author HenryHitchings has written Dr Johnson’sDictionary: The Extraordinary Story Of TheBook That Defined The World.‘When British speakers <strong>of</strong> English refertoday to “<strong>the</strong> dictionary”, <strong>the</strong>y imply <strong>the</strong>Oxford English Dictionary. But for 150 yearsit meant Johnson’s Dictionary,’ saysHitchings.The first edition was a cumbersome2,300-page volume weighing about 22lbs,<strong>the</strong> weight <strong>of</strong> a large turkey. In Johnson’slifetime five fur<strong>the</strong>r editions werepublished and a sixth came outwhen he died.When it first came out in1755 it cost £4 10 shillings,which would be worth around£300 today.The son <strong>of</strong> a bookseller,Johnson took eight years tocomplete his gruellingtask. France and Italyalready had dictionaries<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir own and it hadbecome a matter <strong>of</strong>national pride thatEngland should rival<strong>the</strong>m.‘A lot <strong>of</strong> people around <strong>the</strong>beginning <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18thcentury were worried aboutlots <strong>of</strong> French words, suchas “finesse”, creeping into<strong>the</strong> English language,which is <strong>the</strong> exactreverse <strong>of</strong> now, whereFrench peopleconstantly fretabout “leweekend”and “leHENRY HITCHINGS: Dictionary became a matter <strong>of</strong> English pridemight be none <strong>the</strong> wiser)embryo <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fspring yet unfinished in <strong>the</strong>wombrant high sounding language unsupportedby dignity <strong>of</strong> thoughtnightmare a morbid oppression in <strong>the</strong>night, resembling <strong>the</strong> pressure <strong>of</strong> weightupon <strong>the</strong> breasthiccough to sob with convulsion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>stomach.WEIRD WORDSfopdoodle a fool; an insignificant wretchgarlickeater a term used <strong>of</strong> anythingconsidered to be vileanatiferous producing duckscamelopard (giraffe) an Abyssiniananimal, taller than an elephant but not sothickdefluxion defluxion.WORDS WHICH DIDN’T EXIST THENfunny, alcoholic, normal, diplomacy,nostalgia, pessimism.MISTAKES IN JOHNSON’S DICTIONARYleeward and windward he defines both <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>m as <strong>the</strong> same thing, towards <strong>the</strong> windgarret a room on <strong>the</strong> highest floor <strong>of</strong> ahousecockl<strong>of</strong>t <strong>the</strong> room over <strong>the</strong> garret.self-made man”,’says Hitchings.Johnsonresearched his workby reading a lot andas he went he’d notedown words.‘If you are readingincredibly widely —and he read around2,000 books while hewas working on <strong>the</strong>dictionary, lookingfor examples <strong>of</strong>usage — you aregoing to comeacross some weirdstuff.‘Some everydaywords didn’t make itin because he basedDr Johnson’sDictionary:TheExtraordinaryStory Of TheBook ThatDefined TheWorld, byHenryHitchings, ispublished byJohn Murray,priced £14.99. Available fromMonday April 11.<strong>the</strong> whole thing on reading, ra<strong>the</strong>r thangoing out into <strong>the</strong> streets to hear whatpeople say.‘These days when you have hugecommittees and people can send in ideasfor words that ought to be in <strong>the</strong> dictionary,nothing is going to get through <strong>the</strong> net.’Johnson’s harvest <strong>of</strong> 42,773 words, forwhich he was paid £1,575 (around £100,000today), doesn’t sound like much when youconsider that English actually comprisedbetween 250,000 and 300,000 words at thattime.Definitions were peppered with his ownfeelings and prejudices, Hitchings observes.‘For example, Johnson wasn’t a big fan <strong>of</strong>people from Scotland, for reasons which areunclear, but his definition <strong>of</strong> “oats” is “agrain which in England is generally given tohorses, but in Scotland supports <strong>the</strong>people”.‘But <strong>the</strong> good things about it, <strong>the</strong> quality<strong>of</strong> a lot <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>definitions and <strong>the</strong>systematic way thatJohnson went aboutit was a big influenceon what happened.‘The things thatweren’t so goodabout his dictionarywere also influentialbecause <strong>the</strong>y forcedpeople to think morecarefully about howdictionaries shouldbe made.’In <strong>the</strong> 19th century<strong>the</strong> Oxford EnglishDictionary attemptedto replace Johnson’s.There was a feelingthat Johnson’sdictionary had limitations and that a gooddictionary <strong>of</strong> English shouldn’t be made byone person, but by a team <strong>of</strong> people.‘The Oxford English Dictionary startedbeing made in 1860 but took 68 years to befinished. They wanted to do away with hisra<strong>the</strong>r authoritative presence.’However, around 1,700 <strong>of</strong> Johnson’sdefinitions remain in <strong>the</strong> OED, saysHitchings, which proves he was on <strong>the</strong> <strong>right</strong>track.Some <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> entries in Johnson’s werevague but o<strong>the</strong>rs were complicated in <strong>the</strong>irdetail.‘He tried to be quite precise andsometimes used pr<strong>of</strong>essional medicalterminology but <strong>the</strong> hazard was that itcould be quite obscure.‘This is <strong>the</strong> problem that persists indictionaries to this day. 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26 Business update<strong>Isle</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Man</strong> Examiner, May 2005IT & IMinimarvelGiles Turnbulldiscovers <strong>the</strong>Apple Mac miniis small butperfectly formedOver <strong>the</strong> years, AppleComputer hasearned a reputationas a creator <strong>of</strong> stylish but expensivecomputer hardware.Apple’s computers have nottraditionally been considered byordinary people looking for a homecomputer for family use; <strong>the</strong>y haveremained popular machines forartists, designers and musicians,but rarely strayed from thoseniches.But times have changed, and sohave Apple’s computers. Therecently launched Mac mini(www.apple.com/uk/macmini) is<strong>the</strong> Apple computer so manypeople have been waiting decadesfor: a cheap one. At roughly £340,it’s one <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lowest-price personalcomputers <strong>of</strong> any kind. It’s also one<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> smallest — two inches high,and slightly wider and longer than aCD case. It’s tiny.browsingaround■ Explore Scotland’shistorywww.historic-scotland.gov.uk■ Mrs Fix It can probablyfix itmrsfixit.com■ Inflict terrible disasterson websiteswww.netdisaster.com■ What happens whenpop stars get <strong>the</strong>ir ownradio stations?www.davidbyrne.com/radio/■ Giles Turnbull has awebsite atgilest.orgYet packed inside <strong>the</strong> sleek metalcase is a perfectly reasonablecomputer capable <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> basics.Web browsing, e-mail, digitalphotos, word processing — all <strong>the</strong>normal day-to-day stuff thatmembers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> family might wantto do. The Mac mini is perfectlycapable <strong>of</strong> handling <strong>the</strong>se tasks.But despite packing a lot into atiny package, <strong>the</strong> Mac mini hasbeen criticised for what it doesn’tinclude — most obviously, akeyboard, mouse and monitor.Yes, when you buy <strong>the</strong> Mac mini,all you’re buying is <strong>the</strong> computeritself. Just <strong>the</strong> box that does <strong>the</strong>tricks. The idea is that you supplyyour own peripherals. You could, <strong>of</strong>course, buy Apple’s own extras, andeasily spend far more on <strong>the</strong>m thatyou would spend on <strong>the</strong> Mac mini.But you could just as easily plugin <strong>the</strong> keyboard, mouse andmonitor you already use with yourWindows computer. Or a secondhandset picked up from eBay or afriend.The Mac mini is not a‘pr<strong>of</strong>essional’ computer, in that <strong>the</strong>specifications are little better than<strong>the</strong> company’s entry-level laptopcomputer. But it is a perfectlydecent home computer.It copes very well with severalopen applications, connects to abroadband internet service wi<strong>the</strong>ase (it found, and configured itselfto use, my wireless network withjust one click on <strong>the</strong> mouse) andmakes a good stab at managingmultimedia applications too.If you’re looking for a machine forserious photo editing, video editing,or creating music, look fur<strong>the</strong>r up<strong>the</strong> Apple product chain.But if all you need is <strong>the</strong> basics,for yourself or members <strong>of</strong> yourfamily, <strong>the</strong> Mac mini is worthconsidering. Although you have toprovide <strong>the</strong> hardware peripherals,<strong>the</strong> price does include a superbcollection <strong>of</strong> applications. On aWindows computer, you’d have tobuy <strong>the</strong>se separately.If you’ve become fed up withWindows getting bogged down byviruses and o<strong>the</strong>r nasties, <strong>the</strong>re’snever been a better time toconsider switching to a Mac.DO THESHUFFLEJust as <strong>the</strong> Mac mini <strong>of</strong>fersjust enough <strong>of</strong> what you needin a personal computer, soano<strong>the</strong>r new Apple product,<strong>the</strong> iPod shuffle(www.apple.com/uk/ipodshuffle)<strong>of</strong>fers just enough <strong>of</strong> what youneed in an MP3 player.Previous iPods used a harddrive and stored thousands <strong>of</strong>songs. The iPod shuffle usescheap flash memory (with nomoving parts) and storesei<strong>the</strong>r 120 or 240 songs,depending on which one youbuy.It’s as basic as things get.There’s no screen and fewcontrols, but <strong>the</strong> beauty <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>iPod shuffle is that it takesaway your need to think. Justplug it into your computer(Mac or Windows) and it willfill itself up with a randomselection <strong>of</strong> songs from yourcollection.Walking around with its (verygood quality) headphones inyour ears means constantsurprises; you never knowwhat it will play next. Andthat's more fun than you mightthink.BETTERIESComputer companies areleading <strong>the</strong> way in <strong>the</strong> field <strong>of</strong>battery research. Toshiba, wellknown for its laptops, says ithas created a tiny batterycapable <strong>of</strong> recharging itself injust 60 seconds. It’s hopedthat <strong>the</strong> technology will beappearing commercially inlaptops and mobile phones by2006.