Mapping winegrape quality attributes using portable fluorescence ...

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Goutouly et al., 2006b). This indication of higher levels of readily available water in clayey easternparts of the plot (cf. Figure 1) is associated to a larger leaf LAI (larger vigour) (Figure 4), thus largershading of clusters, but also larger grape yield (not shown). In that region there would be therefore lessflavonols in grape skins (consequence of shading) but a lager skin anthocyanin content (cf. Figure 6)and lower chlorophyll content attesting for more mature grapes. This is usually the case for Merlotgrown on clayey soils (C. Van Leeuwen, personal communication), as confirmed here.Implementation of Multiplex for viticulture.Assessment of berry mass (size), the most widespread test used for grape quality distributionin vineyards showed an important sampling problem. The maps of the derived from 30 berry samplesand 100 berry samples were very different and none showed spatial correlation (Table 3). It isinteresting to note that the maps of the two major quality attributes for red-wine grapes, anthocyaninsand sugar content, have quite different patterns indicating a multi-parametric control that needs furtheranalysis. Fluorescence sensing and mapping shown here can advantageously be used to define zonesof high and low grape quality (Bramley and Janik, 2005), to verify the technical opportunity indexes(Tisseyre and McBratney, 2008) or to be included in the definition of management zones (Bramleyand Janik, 2005; Taylor et al., 2005). But more importantly, it has generated sets of data that, providedadequate statistical treatment and incorporation in a physiological model, would yield understandingon the relationship between remotely sensed vegetative indices and soil-based estimation of readilyavailable water and grape quality attributes.ConclusionsWe showed that a spatial structure of grape attributes exists at the chosen experimental plotand that it can be assessed (mapped) by the Multiplex optical proximal crop sensor. We will pursuethe acquisition of optical sensed quality attributes on the same plot in the next years. This will permitus to analyse the physical basis of quality attributes spatial variability and hopefully to understand theunderlying controlling physiological processes. Multi-annual data will allow us not only to verify theconstancy and robustness of the spatial patterns but also to perform in-depth statistical analysis, likeco-krigging of optical and wet chemistry data.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank Kamel Soudani for advices on geostatistical analysis.8
Literature CitedAdams, D.O., 2006. Phenolics and ripening in grape berries. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 57, 249-256.Agati, G., Meyer, S., Matteini, P., Cerovic, Z.G., 2007. Assessment of anthocyanins in grape (Vitisvinifera L.) berries using a non-invasive chlorophyll fluorescence method. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55,1053-1061.Agati, G., Pinelli, P., Cortés Ebner, S., Romani, A., Cartela, A., Cerovic, Z.G., 2005. Non-destructiveevaluation of anthocyanins in olive (Olea europaea) fruits by in situ chlorophyll fluorescencespectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 1354-1363.Agati, G., Traversi, M.L., Cerovic, Z.G., 2008. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging for the non-invasiveassessment of anthocyanins in whole grape (Vitis vinifera L.) bunches. Photochem. Photobiol., inpress, DOI 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00424.x.Ben Ghozlen, N., Moise, N., Latouche, G., Martinon, V., Mercier, L., Besançon, E., Cerovic, Z.G.,2008. Assessment of grapevine maturity using new portable sensor: Non-destructive quantification ofanthocyanins. J. Int. Sci. Vigne Vin, submitted.Bilger, W., Johnsen, T., Schreiber, U., 2001. UV-excited chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool for theassessment of UV-protection by the epidermis of plants. J. Exp. Bot. 52, 2007-2017.Bilger, W., Veit, M., Schreiber, L., Schreiber, U., 1997. Measurement of leaf epidermal transmittanceof UV radiation by chlorophyll fluorescence. Physiol. Plant. 101, 754-763.Bramley, R., 2005. Understanding variability in winegrape production systems. 2. Within vineyardvariation in quality over several vintages. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 11, 33-42.Bramley, R., Hamilton, R., 2004. Understanding variability in winegrape production systems. 1.Within vineyard variation in yield over several vintages. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 10, 32-45.Bramley, R.G.V., Janik, L.J., 2005. Precision agriculture demands a new approach to soil and plantsampling and analysis—examples from Australia. Commun. Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 36, 9-22.Buschmann, C., 2007. Variability and application of the chlorophyll fluorescence emission ratiored/far-red of leaves. Photosynth. Res. 92, 261–271.Cambardella, C.A., Moorman, T.B., Parkin, T.B., Karlen, D.L., Novak, J.M., Turco, R.F., Konopka,A.E., 1994. Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58,1501-1511.Cartelat, A., Cerovic, Z.G., Goulas, Y., Meyer, S., Lelarge, C., Prioul, J.-L., Barbottin, A., Jeuffroy,M.-H., Gate, P., Agati, G., Moya, I., 2005. Optically assessed contents of leaf polyphenolics andchlorophyll as indicators of nitrogen deficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Field Crops Res. 91,35-49.Cayla, L., Cottereau, P., Renard, R., 2002. Estimation de la maturité phénolique des raisins rouges parla méthode I.T.V. standard. Revue Française d'Oenologie 193, 10-16.9
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