A Homology Theory for Hybrid Systems: Hybrid Homology - CiteSeerX

A Homology Theory for Hybrid Systems: Hybrid Homology 91the diagram of topological spaces on the right. To complete the description ofthe functor S W H , on identity morphisms SW H is defined to be the identity map.Smooth Categorical Hybrid Spaces. We can define a categorical G-spacein a way analogous to the definition of a categorical H-space, i.e., it is a pairG cat =(H, T G ), where H is an H-small category and T G is a functor T G : H →Man from H to the category of manifolds, such that the pair (H, I ◦ T G ) is alsoa categorical H-space; here I : Man → Top is the inclusion functor. With thisdefinition, Theorem 1 yields the following corollary.Corollary 1. There is an injective correspondence{Classical G − spaces, G class }−→{Categorical G − spaces, G cat }The Category of Dynamical Systems. We can consider both the categoryof dynamical systems and the category of smooth dynamical systems. The categoryof dynamical systems, denoted by Dyn, has as objects dynamical systemsand dynamical subsystems. A dynamical system is a pair (X, ϕ) where X is atopological space and ϕ is a flow on that topological space—more precisely, thisis a local flow (cf. [7]). A morphism of two dynamical systems α :(X, ϕ) → (Y,ψ)in this category is defined by a pair α =(h, r) of continuous maps, h : X → Yand r : R → R, such that the following diagram˜X ϕ ⊂ X × R h × r ✲ Ỹψ ⊂ Y × Rϕ❄Xh✲ Yψ❄commutes, i.e., h(ϕ t (x)) = ψ r(t) (h(x)); here ˜X ϕ is the maximal flow domainof the flow ϕ (as defined in [7]). Clearly, from this definition it follows that twodynamical systems are isomorphic (in the categorical sense) if and only if they aretopologically orbital equivalent. A dynamical subsystem is a pair (U ⊆ X, ϕ| U )where U is a topological space contained in X and ϕ| U is the restriction of a flowϕ on X to U; we say that this dynamical subsystem is a subsystem of (X, ϕ).Morphisms of dynamical subsystems are defined in a way analogous to thedefinition of morphisms of dynamical systems (cf. [8] for a definition).Similarly, we can define the category Sdyn of smooth dynamical systemswhose objects are smooth dynamical systems and smooth dynamical subsystems.1 A smooth dynamical system is a pair (M,V ) where M is a manifold andV is a vector field on that manifold (both of which are smooth). A morphismbetween smooth dynamical systems α =(f,F) :(M,V ) → (N,W) is given bysmooth maps, f : M → N and F : TM → TN, such that the diagram1 This definition is a generalization of the one given in [9], although there it was definedas the category of dynamical systems and not smooth dynamical systems.