Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - East Cheshire ...

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Managing Risks associated with CorticosteroidsAdrenal suppression may occur in patients receiving oral steroids at any dosage and high dosages of inhaledsteroids such as:• Beclometasone diproprionate or budesonide 400 to 1000 microgram twice daily (or 200 to 500 microgramtwice daily if prescribed as either Qvar or Fostair)• Fluticasone 200 to 500 microgram twice daily.These patients should be given a “Steroid card” and advised about the possible need for replacementtreatment during episodes of stress, such as an intercurrent illness or operation.Maintenance use of oral steroids is not normally recommended, although some patients with advanced COPDare unable to manage without them. Oral steroids increase the risk of osteoporosis, and there are someconcerns that inhaled steroids may also affect bone mineral density. The risks of osteoporosis should bediscussed with patients, and they should be advised of general measures to reduce the risk (e.g. adequatedietary calcium, stopping smoking and taking physical activity). Patients at increased risk may require furtherassessment (e.g. DEXA if under 65 years old) and interventions such as a bisphosphonate.Pulmonary Hypertension and Cor PulmonaleCor Pulmonale is a clinical syndrome that includes patients with right heart failure secondary to lung diseaseand those in whom the primary pathology is retention of salt and water, leading to the development ofperipheral oedema.A diagnosis of cor pulmonale should be considered if patients have:• Peripheral oedema• Raised jugular venous pressure• Systolic parasternal heave• A loud pulmonary second heart sound.It is recognised that the diagnosis of cor pulmonale is made clinically and that this process should involveexcluding other causes of peripheral oedema.All patients suspected of having cor pulmonale should be referred to a consultant respiratory physician forfurther assessment and a care plan (including oxygen and diuretics as appropriate).The following are not recommended for the treatment of cor pulmonale:• ACE inhibitors• Calcium channel blockers• Alpha-blockers• Digoxin (unless there is atrial fibrillation).Palliative CareFive-year survival rates in severe COPD are 30% for men and 24% for women, although many patients withCOPD will die with COPD rather than from COPD. Patients with severe disease (FEV 1
Meteorological InformationRecent research from Liverpool has demonstrated a marked reduction of acute exacerbations when patientsare informed of adverse weather and take pro-active measures to minimise the effects.ReferencesNICE Clinical Guideline 12. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Feb 2004The BTS COPD Consortium. Thorax 2004: 59 (Suppl 1): 1-232Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical Knowledge Summary. http://www.cks.library.nhs.uk(accessed 16/09/2008)Calverley PMA, et al. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 775-89Calli B, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 332-338Singh S, et al. JAMA 2008; 300 (12): 1439-1450Szafranski W, et al. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 74-81Calverley PM, et al. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 912-9GOLD Spirometry Quick Guide. (accessed 14 Nov 2008)http://www.goldcopd.com/OtherResourcesItem.asp?l1=2&l2=2&intId=1837
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