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Assyrian Empire
3. The Assyrian demon Pazuzu
Beginning of the 1 st millenium BC, bronze.
H. 15 cm. ; W. 8.60 cm. ; D. 5.60 cm.
Musée du Louvre, Department of Near Eastern Antiquities, MNB 467
© 2007 Musée du Louvre / Thierry Ollivier
Term of loan for display at the Louvre - Lens : 1 year
Pazuzu was one of the demon-gods of the underworld, although
he was sometimes invoked to beneficial ends. This bronze
statuette is one of the finest representations of the figure. The
inscription covering the back of the wings describes the demon's
personality: "I am Pazuzu, son of Hanpa, king of the evil spirits of the
air which issues violently from mountains, causing much havoc."
A hybrid mythological being
Pazuzu first appeared in the 1st millennium BC in hybrid form, with the body of a man and the head of a
scowling dragon-snake which also has both canine and feline features. He is represented as a spirit with two
pairs of wings and talons like those of birds of prey. He also has a scorpion's tail and his body is usually
depicted covered in scales.
A spirit invoked for protection
The inscription on the back of the wings describes the figure's personality: "I am Pazuzu, son of Hanpa, king of
the evil spirits of the air which issues violently from mountains, causing much havoc." The demon Pazuzu was
associated with ill winds, particularly the west wind which brought the plague. His terrifying, scowling face and
his scaly body repel the forces of evil, which meant that in certain circumstances the figure was considered a
protective spirit. Pazuzu, a demon from the hellish underworld, had the power of repelling other demons, and
was thus invoked for beneficial ends, particularly to drive his wife Lamashtu back to the underworld. Lamashtu
was a demoness who attacked men to infect them with various diseases.
A popular image during the Assyrian period
Pazuzu was widely depicted in Assyrian art of the 1st millennium BC in the form of numerous bronze statuettes
and protective amulets, made in a variety of materials ranging from plain terracotta to precious steatite or jasper.
During this period, many beliefs and magical practises were associated with Pazuzu. The ring at the top of the
statuette suggests that this type of object was worn round the neck or hung up in the home, particularly where
invalids were sleeping. Other examples of demon-gods of the underworld, including Bes and Humbaba, are also
attested in the Orient of antiquity.
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