Mechanisation-Alluvial-Artisanal-Diamond-Mining

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About DDI InternationalDDI is an international, nonprofit, charitable organizationthat aims to gather all interested parties into a processthat will address, in a comprehensive way, the political,social and economic challenges facing the artisanaldiamond mining sector, in order to optimise the beneficialdevelopment impact of artisanal diamond mining tominers and their communities within the countries inwhich the diamonds are mined.A major objective is to draw development organizationsand more developmentally sound investment into artisanaldiamond mining areas, to find ways to make developmentprogramming more effective, and to help bring the informaldiamond mining sector into the formal economy.More information on DDI International can be foundat www.ddiglobal.org, and we can be reached atenquiries@ddiglobal.org.www.ddiglobal.orgInternational Executive Offices1 Nicholas StreetSuite 1516AOttawa, ONK1N 7B7DDI International is registered in the United States as aNonprofit 501(c)3 Organization (EIN/tax ID number: 51-0616171© DDI International, 2010ISBN: 978-0-9809798-5-5Research by : Projekt-Consult GmbHBased on country studies by Yves Bertran, Shawn Blore,Nicholas Garett, Marieke Heemskerk, Estelle Levin,Harrison Mitchell, Baudoin Iheta, Geert Trappenier,Babar Turay, and Ghislain Lokonda YausuPhoto Credits: Front Cover and Photo 1: Shawn Blore,Photo 2, 3, 4, and 5: Michel ChapeyrouxFUNDERS OF THE STUDY: Association of DiamondProducing Countries of Africa (ADPA); DFID-UK;Government of Belgium.Publication funded by: DFID and USAID.Printed by: Bonanza Printing and Copying CentreDesign by: g33kDESIGNComplete research study in English only, available online.AbbreviationsAADM artisanal alluvial diamond miningAM artisanal mining / minerAPEMIN Apoyo a la Pequeña Minería (ASM support program in Bolivia)ARM-FLO Association for Responsable Mining and Fair Trade Labelling OrganisationASM artisanal small-scale miningATPEM Asistance Technique au Petit Exploitant Minier (Madagascar)BGR Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Federal Institutefor Geosciences and Natural Resources), GermanyBR BrazilCAR Central African Republicct. Carat (1 ct. = 0,2 g)DDI Diamond Development InitiativeDRC Democratic Republic of CongoEC European CommissionEITI Extractive Industries Transparency InitiativeFONEM Fondo Nacional de Exploración Minera, BoliviaGCD Ghana Consolidated DiamondsGH GhanaGRATIS Ghana Regional Appropriate Technology Industrial ServiceGTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbHGY GuyanaKP Kimberley ProcessMCDP Mwadui Community Diamond ProjectMEDMIN Medio Ambiente y Minería (ASM support program in Bolivia)MSDP Mineral Sector Diversification Programme (Zambia)MSM medium scale miningNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationOSH Occupational Safety and HealthPASMI Projet d’Appui au Secteur MinierPMMC Precious Minerals Marketing CorporationPPP Pequeños Proyectos Productivos (Support program with ASM component in Colombia)PRIDE financial services provider to the personal and smallmicro medium enterprise markets in ZambiaSAESSCAM Small-scale-mining technical assistance and training service, DRCSAM Sustainable Artisanal Mining (Support Programme in Mongolia)SDC Swiss Agency for Development and CooperationSL Sierra LeoneSSM small-scale miningUAP Unité d’apprentissage et de productionUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUS$ United States DollarUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentUV UltravioletWB World BankWGAAP Working Group on Alluvial and Artisanal Producers
Table of Contents1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 Desired development impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Current Mining Practices as aStarting Point for Mechanisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 The actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 Mining Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 Geology and Geography Determine the Mining Process . . . . . 42.4 Mechanization Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Key factors influencing the mechanisation process. . . . . . . . 83.1 Drivers for Mechanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2 Key Barriers and Success Factors to Mechanisation . . . . . . . . . 83.2.1 Enabling environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2.2 Socio-economic factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.3 Technological factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2.4 Geographical factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2.5 Programmatic Design factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3 The relation between the factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Socio-economic and environmentalimpacts of mechanisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Socio-economic and environmental impactsof mechanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.1.1 SAESSCAM, DRC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.1.2 Cooperating with industrial mines in DRC and Guyana . . . 135.1.3 Lessons learned from MEDMIN, Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.2 Access to Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.3 The cost-effectiveness of different typesand levels of mechanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.3.1 Contracting/Rental vs. buying costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.3.2 Local wage levels vs. mechanisation cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.3.3 Slow build or fast track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.4 The Potential for Local Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Conclusion and Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.2 Key elements for a successful Mechanisation Programme . 176.2.1 Techniques for Encouraging Adoption andDiffusion of New Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.3 Proposals for Transversal Aid to the sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.3.1 Solving legal impediments to mechanisation . . . . . . . . . . 176.3.2 Guidance on best practice in AADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.3.3 Develop further understanding of barriersand success factors for formalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.3.4 Support formalisation of AADM byintegrating the sector in the EITI process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181. Artisanal miner, Coromandel, Brazil6.4 Proposals for pilot projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.4.1 Locally improve and adapt existing technologiesfor diamond concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.4.2 Support to suppliers of locally manufactured equipment . . 196.4.3 Experiment with targeted mechanisation services. . . . . 196.4.4 Support cooperation and cohabitation of ASMwith LSM/MSM enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Final Thoughts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20List of FiguresFigure 1 – Process sequence of alluvial diamond mining . . . . 5Figure 2 – The factors grouped according to sphere ofinfluence and level of dynamic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11List of TablesTable 1 – Potential for manual and mechanised artisanalmining for different deposit types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Table 2 – Site of Manufacture for different types ofEquipment used in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Page 5: government and the diamond sector d
Page 8: Table 1 - Potential for manual and
Page 11 and 12: Access to land and land rights (sec
Page 13 and 14: spin-off effects for the self-empow
Page 16: 14◆◆When making technological c
Page 20 and 21: 6.3.2 - Guidance on best practice i
Page 22 and 23: 7 FinAL ThouGHTSThere are examples
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