BABASAHEB B. FAND et al.,Table 1: Cont...........Lepidopteran <strong>pests</strong>1. Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Citrus Ageniaspis citricola Thail<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Taiwan Jamaican isl<strong>and</strong> Hoy et al., 2007Stainton(Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae) Logvinovskaya(Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae)2. Leaf-mining AgromyzidaeLiriomyza Vegetable Crops Neochrysocharis beasleyi Southeast Asia Murphy <strong>and</strong>huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Eulophidae: La Salle, 1999(Diptera:Agromyzidae) Hymenoptera)Neochrysocharis okazakii Southeast Asia Murphy <strong>and</strong> La Salle,Kamijo (Eulophidae: 1999 La Salle, 1999Hymenoptera)Neochrysocharis formo Southeast Asia Murphy <strong>and</strong> La Salle,sa (Westwood)(Eulophidae: 1999 La Salle, 1999;Hymenoptera)WeedsSiam weed Chromalaena Terrestrial invasive Pareucates pseu Sabah, Malaysia Palawan Isl<strong>and</strong> Aterrado, 1986odorata (L.) Pontederiaceae weed from doinsulata Rego Barros <strong>of</strong> PhilippinesNeotropics Mite, Acalitus odoratus Trinidad, West Indies Sabah, Malaysia, McFayden, 1993Kniefer (Acarina: Eriophyidae) Asia2. Lantana camera Terrestrial Teleonemia scrupulosa Pohnpei isl<strong>and</strong>s Chuuk Denton et al. (1991)Stal (Hemiptera: Tingidae)LinnaeusVerbenaceae invasive weed1. Salbia haemorrhoidalis GueneeLepidoptera: Pyralidae)Uroplata girardi Pic,(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)Lantanophaga pusillidactyla Walker - India Muniappan <strong>and</strong>(Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) Viaktamath, 1993;Pohnpeii Chuuk Denton et al. (1991)sl<strong>and</strong>sEpinotia lantana (Busck) Pohnpei isl<strong>and</strong>s Chuuk Denton et al. (1991)Bhumannavar et al., 2004(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)Hypena laceratalis Walker - Mauritius Fowler et al., 2000(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)Hypena laceratalis Walker - Mauritius Fowler et al., 2000(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Mauritius Fowler et al., 2000Orthezia insignis Browne -(Homoptera: Ortheziidae)Lantana seed fly Ophiomyia India Muniappan <strong>and</strong>lantanae (Froggatt) (Diptera: Viraktamath, 1993Agromyzidae)Tropical America Chuuk Muniappan <strong>and</strong>Reddy, 2003Lantana leaf blotch minor, Tropical America Chuuk Muniappan <strong>and</strong>Calycomyza lantanae Frick Reddy, 2003(Diptera: Agromyzidae)3. Opuntia cactii Terrestrial weed Cochineal <strong>insect</strong> Cactoblastis South America Miami, Florida Pemberton, 1995cactorum, Lepidoptera: PyralidaeBrevard Johnson <strong>and</strong> Stiling 1998;Carrot weed, Parthenium Noxious terrestrial Zygogramma bicolorata Mexico Nepal (introduced Shrestha et al., 2010accidehysterophorous Linnaeous weed Pallister (Coleoptera: ntally along with host(Asteraceae) Chrysomelidae) from India)-4
Table 2: <strong>Fortuitous</strong> <strong>biological</strong> <strong>control</strong> <strong>of</strong> accidentally introduced <strong>pests</strong> by indigenous natural enemiesInsect pest/ Weed Host plant/ utility Accidentally Controlled by native Year Referenceintroduced to natural enemy/ sSpherical mealybug Leucaena Guam <strong>and</strong> Anagyrus indicus Shafee, 1970-2000 Nechols, 2003Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) leucocephala Northern Alam <strong>and</strong> Agarwal(Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) Lam. Marianas Isl<strong>and</strong>s (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)Liriomyza trifoli (Burgess) Tomato, cucumber, India Hemiptarsenus 1993-94 Kapadia, 1997(Diptera: Agromyzidae) castor varicornis (Girault)Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis Citrus Argentina Galeopsomyia fausta 1993-97 Lasalle <strong>and</strong> Pena,citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: LaSalle sp. n 1997Gracillaridae)(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).Water hyacinth Eichhornia Invasive aquatic China Blood worm or red worm, - Gao <strong>and</strong> Li, 2006crassipes (Mart.) weed from Brazil (midge) Chironomus sp.(Diptera: Chironomidaethe beneficial species is carried by a pest to new area with noadded cost or efforts (Nechols, 2003; Charles, 1998). e.g.Aphelinid parasitoids, Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani <strong>and</strong>Encarsia sp. nr. Meritoria Gahan, accidentally introduced alongwith the host Aleurodicus dispersus Russell <strong>control</strong>led thepopulation <strong>of</strong> invading whitefly species in India (Ramani etal., 2002).Conversely, the quarantine escape <strong>of</strong> exotic natural enemieswith potential for causing nontarget effects may pose seriousthreat to native biodiversity. Here, We would like to narrate anincidence that happened with the <strong>biological</strong> <strong>control</strong> <strong>of</strong>Lantana camara L. in India; wherein a Tingid bug Telenemiascrupulosa Stal imported from Australia in 1941 (Roonwal,1952), despite its destruction in quarantine testing at ForestResearch Institute, Dehra Dun after found feeding on flowers<strong>of</strong> teak Tectona gr<strong>and</strong>is a forest species <strong>of</strong> economic value forits best quality wood, somehow escaped from quarantine <strong>and</strong>spread throughout the country. Fortunately, the <strong>insect</strong> hasbeen kept under check by its hyperparasitoid Erythmelusteleonemiae a mymarid egg parasitoid; otherwise it might havewiped out teak plantations besides the <strong>control</strong> <strong>of</strong> L. camara(Singh, 1994; Ramani, 2004a).Recruitment <strong>of</strong> indigenous natural enemy on exotic pestDespite their adaptability to diverse crop habitats <strong>and</strong>amenability to mass production, the role <strong>of</strong> the indigenousnatural enemies is still limited to augmentative <strong>and</strong> conservation<strong>biological</strong> <strong>control</strong>; while they may rarely be the effectivebioagents for classical <strong>biological</strong> <strong>control</strong> largely because <strong>of</strong>niche differences (Charles, 1998; Gao <strong>and</strong> Li, 2006). This isanother possibility for the fortuitous <strong>biological</strong> <strong>control</strong> to takeplace as a consequence <strong>of</strong> <strong>control</strong> by indigenous complex <strong>of</strong>natural enemies <strong>of</strong> accidentally introduced <strong>and</strong> establishedexotic pest (De Bach, 1971; Nechols, 2003). Of course,recruitment <strong>of</strong> the native natural enemy onto the invasivespecies is a spontaneous <strong>and</strong> slow process, which may limitits effectiveness. But once invasive species becomes acomponent <strong>of</strong> native ecosystem following its establishment<strong>and</strong> colonization, it gets <strong>control</strong>led in fact by inhabited naturalenemies (Charles, 1998; Gao <strong>and</strong> Li, 2006), as witnessed incase <strong>of</strong> suppression <strong>of</strong> spherical mealybug Nipaecoccus viridis(Newstead) invading Guam <strong>and</strong> the Northern Marianas by aresident complex <strong>of</strong> natural enemies viz., the coccinellidScymnus roepki (Fluiter), two dipteran predators <strong>and</strong> theencyrtid Anagyrus indicus Shafee, Alam <strong>and</strong> Agarwal (Nechols,2003). Additionally, the recruitment <strong>of</strong> indigenous naturalenemies onto the exotic pest has very little or no environmentalrisk than importing exotic species <strong>of</strong> natural enemies. Hence,the studies focused on the role <strong>of</strong> indigenous bio<strong>control</strong> agentsin pest population regulation <strong>and</strong> their conservationtechniques needs to be emphasized (Charles, 1998; Gao <strong>and</strong>Li, 2006; F<strong>and</strong> et al., 2010 ab ).There are quite few examples to mention <strong>of</strong> successful <strong>control</strong><strong>of</strong> exotic <strong>pests</strong> by indigenous natural enemies (Table 2). Theeulophid Galeopsomyia fausta LaSalle sp. n represents anexample <strong>of</strong> an indigenous parasitoid recruited onto an invadingpest species, the citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella Staintonin Neotropics (Florida, Mexico, Puerto Rico, etc.) showinglevels <strong>of</strong> 28-68% pupal parasitism (Cano et al., 1996; Castanoet al., 1996; Cave 1996). Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault)along with other indigenous parasitoids has been reported tocause 39-49% parasitism in accidentally introducedagromyzid Liriomyza trifoli (Burgess) infesting tomato,cucumber <strong>and</strong> castor in various parts <strong>of</strong> India (Kapadia, 1997).Gao <strong>and</strong> Li (2006) reported the larva <strong>of</strong> midge Chironomussp. as a potent native natural enemy <strong>of</strong> invasive aquatic weed,water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) in Shanghai, China.Establishment <strong>of</strong> several indigenous coccinellids viz.,Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard, Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius),Scymnus coccivora Ayyar, Nephus regularis Sicard, Coccinellaseptumpunctata Linnaeus <strong>and</strong> Cheilomenus sexmaculata(Fabricius) on newly flared up North American mealybugspecies Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in India have beenreported by many workers (Gautam et al., 2007; Jhala et al.,2008; F<strong>and</strong> et al., 2010 a,b), but the pest was suppressed onlyafter the fortuitous establishment <strong>of</strong> Encyrtid parasitoidAenasius bambawalei Hayat (Gautam et al., 2009; Pala <strong>and</strong>Saini, 2010; F<strong>and</strong> et al., 2011).Recruitment <strong>of</strong> purposefully imported natural enemy onnontarget pestThe exotic natural enemies for classical <strong>biological</strong> <strong>control</strong> areimported only after the rigorous testing for host specificity <strong>and</strong>non target safety (Murphy, 2004). However, in many instances<strong>of</strong> <strong>biological</strong> <strong>control</strong> introductions, the imported naturalenemies were found to exercise <strong>control</strong> <strong>of</strong> unintentional ornontarget <strong>pests</strong> <strong>of</strong> economic importance (De Bach, 1971;Sailer, 1978; Lasalle <strong>and</strong> Pena, 1997; Ramani et al., 2002;Nechols, 2003; Van Lenteren et al., 2003, 2006; Gao <strong>and</strong> Li,2006; Hoy et al., 2007). When a natural enemy imported to<strong>control</strong> a target pest attacks <strong>and</strong> <strong>control</strong>s non-target pest, this5
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