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CONTENTTitle page .Declaration........................................................ 11Abstract... ... .. ... ..... . .. .. .... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. 111Dedication.............................................................................................Acknowledgements...............Table ofcontents............................................VIVIIxCHAPTER ONE. .. .. .. . .. ... . .. ... .. .. ... .. ..... .... . .. .. I - 27General IntroductionCHAPTER TWO .28 - 54Comparison of mammography radiation dose values obtained from direct incident airkerma measurements with values from measured X-ray spectral dataAcceptedfor publication in Applied Radiation and IsotopesDosimetric techniques for mammography X-ray beams............................. ..... 55 - 56Radiation Physics and Chemistry 71 (2004) 957-958CHAPTERTHREE 57-63Segmented multifit of polynomial function for mass attenuation and energy-absorptioncoefficient valuesRadiation Physics and Chemistry 67 (2003) 1-6CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................... 64 - 78Effect of pressure, temperature and humidity in air on photon f1uence and air kerma valuesat low photon energiesRadiation Physics and Chemistry 68 (!003) 707-720CHAPTERFIVE 79-114Synthetic diamond as a radiation sensing element for mammography X-ray beam dosemeasurementsx
CHAPTERSIX 115 -151Comparative studies of measured mammography X-ray beam doses with theoreticalcalculations from the Monte Carlo code system PENELOPE using synthetic diamond asradiation sensorCHAPTER SEVEN 152 - 157General ConclusionsAPPENDICES.............................................................................. 158 - 165Xl
Page 2 and 3: Prof. L MakhubuPresidentTWOWSTriest
Page 4 and 5: DOSIMETRIC TECHNIQUES FOR MAMMOGRAP
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACTScreening of asymptomatic w
Page 8 and 9: materials. In current practice diam
Page 10 and 11: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would like to ren
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Page 16 and 17: (Siemens, 2004). In the screening p
Page 18 and 19: Xeromammography and screen-film mam
Page 20 and 21: target produces characteristic X-ra
Page 22 and 23: while maximizing the focal spot-to-
Page 24 and 25: et al. (1996) concluded that for al
Page 26 and 27: An accurate knowledge of the output
Page 28 and 29: determine the dose (K,) to the entr
Page 30 and 31: equation (Tucker et aI., 1991) in o
Page 32 and 33: simulates the experimental setup an
Page 34: REFERENCESAdam W. et al. (RD42 Coll
Page 37 and 38: GLOBOCAN (2000). Cancer incidence,
Page 39 and 40: Plankskoy B. (1980). Evaluation ofd
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2COMPARISON OF MAMMOGRAPHYR
Page 44 and 45: ut this accounts for less than 1% o
Page 46 and 47: calculated (Calicchia et al., 1996)
Page 48 and 49: current-exposure time product (tube
Page 50 and 51: 2.2.6. Contrast measurementsFilm co
Page 52 and 53: values using a factor 0.873 (Wolbar
Page 54 and 55: Table 2.1: The HVL values of the ma
Page 56 and 57: Table 2.2: Comparison of ESAK and M
Page 58 and 59: without collimation (Figures 2.4 an
Page 60 and 61: 100 r"--------------;:====:=:;__,I:
Page 62 and 63:
0.45[_20rnnPMMA--G-30mnPMMAO'i _40r
Page 64 and 65:
2.5. CONCLUSIONThe study has shown
Page 66 and 67:
Dance D. R., Skinner C. L., and Car
Page 68 and 69:
Wu X., Barnes G.T., and Tucker D.M.
Page 70 and 71:
ELSEVIERAvailable online at www.sci
Page 72 and 73:
Chapter 3SEGMENTED MULTIFIT OF POLY
Page 74 and 75:
2 M Assiamah et al. I Radiation Phy
Page 76 and 77:
4.,.,M. Assiamah et af. I Radiation
Page 78 and 79:
6 M Assiamah et al. I Radiation Phy
Page 80 and 81:
PERGAMONAvailable online at www.sci
Page 82 and 83:
M Assiamah et al: I Radiation Physi
Page 84 and 85:
M. Assiamah e! aJ. J Radiation Phys
Page 86 and 87:
aorEi!lM. Assiamah et al. I Radiati
Page 88 and 89:
M Assiamah et a/. I Radiation Physi
Page 90 and 91:
At. Assiamah et al. I Radiation Phy
Page 92 and 93:
At. Assiamah et al. I Radiation Phy
Page 94 and 95:
Chapter 5SYNTHETIC DIAMOND AS A RAD
Page 96 and 97:
The mass density ofdiamond is 3.515
Page 98 and 99:
5.2. Selection ofexposnre geometry
Page 100 and 101:
absorption levels of both exposure
Page 102 and 103:
evolutions per minute. The polished
Page 104 and 105:
just over 1 micron. In the measurem
Page 106 and 107:
characterized by the quantum number
Page 108 and 109:
(200 A)/gold (2000 A), in an ultra
Page 110 and 111:
5.7.1. Selection of polarizing volt
Page 112 and 113:
~:j12010080/~"~s 60"-0~: "402040 80
Page 114 and 115:
6055•"~-e,5045&40~0iFc 35'"3025
Page 116 and 117:
180160140120F:j 100F40200 0 30~00 "
Page 118 and 119:
180160140120~~100~~~c 80a 0.Beforea
Page 120 and 121:
22020000180 0 00160oi~ 140"~~ 120~"
Page 122 and 123:
No. Descrintion Material No. Descri
Page 124 and 125:
Figure 5.21 : Photograph of Mark UA
Page 126 and 127:
examination reduces radiation dose
Page 128 and 129:
Lightowlers E.C. and Dean P.J. (196
Page 130 and 131:
Chapter 6COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF MEA
Page 132 and 133:
(Briesmeister, 1993) and PENELOPE (
Page 134 and 135:
density functions and thus on the c
Page 136 and 137:
6.4.1 Geometry definition fileSimul
Page 138 and 139:
construction of the probe was suppl
Page 140 and 141:
The parameters Nabs, Na and N] are
Page 142 and 143:
Table 6.1: Comparison oftotal depos
Page 144 and 145:
6.5.1.3. Edge-on geometry versus fl
Page 146 and 147:
Table 6.4: Comparison oftotal depos
Page 148 and 149:
The results ofthe calculations have
Page 150 and 151:
shows a 2D display of the geometry
Page 152 and 153:
occurred, resulting in reduced numb
Page 154 and 155:
Table 6.8: Calculated deposited ene
Page 156 and 157:
Table 6.10: Calculated deposited en
Page 158 and 159:
Table 6.12: Calculated deposited en
Page 160 and 161:
Suggested furthermore is a method w
Page 162 and 163:
~ "" 0 0-~"~" ;>.~1.2• Measured1.
Page 164 and 165:
Briesmeister J.F. (1993). MNCP- A g
Page 166 and 167:
Sempau J., Acosta E., Baro 1., Fema
Page 168 and 169:
Radiation doses from mammography X-
Page 170 and 171:
Radiation dose from mammography X-r
Page 172 and 173:
their influences. An alternative me
Page 174 and 175:
Appendix 1APPLIED UNCERTAINTIES IN
Page 176 and 177:
ii) Tube loading (mAs) meter accura
Page 178 and 179:
Name:Type:Dimension:Mass:Thickness:
Page 180:
42"" Congress and Winter School oft
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