Fortran 90 Handbook

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$Intel(R) Math Kernel Library for Linux* OS User's Guide$

viFORTRAN User’s Guide
Table of ContentsPreface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iiiSneak Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.2 Why a New Standard? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.3 Why Not Use Another Language? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.4 Development of Fortran 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.5 Fortran 77 Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.6 Extensibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.7 Intrinsic and Standard Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.8 The Fortran 90 Language Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242. Fortran Concepts and Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.1 Scope and Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.2 Program Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.3 Data Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.4 Program Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.5 Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.6 Summary of Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.7 Ordering Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Copyright © 1992 J. Adams, W. Brainerd, J. Martin, B. Smith, and J. Wagenervii
Page 1 and 2: Fortran 90 HandbookComplete ANSI /
Page 3 and 4: PrefaceThe Fortran 90 Handbook is a
Page 5: AcknowledgmentsMaterial in the appe
Page 9 and 10: 6. Using Data . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: 13. Intrinsic Procedures . . . . .
Page 13 and 14: Sneak Preview 0This is Chapter 0. F
Page 15 and 16: 0SUBROUTINE SWAP_INTEGERS (ARG_A, A
Page 17 and 18: 0doubles its value, adds it to the
Page 19 and 20: 0TYPE (EMPLOYEE) :: LARRY, MOE, CUR
Page 21 and 22: 0FUNCTION D_CUBE_ROOT(X)DOUBLE PREC
Page 23 and 24: 0Language ArchitectureEveryone reco
Page 25 and 26: Introduction 1For a programming lan
Page 27 and 28: 11.2 Why a New Standard?this versio
Page 29 and 30: 11.3 Why Not Use Another Language?p
Page 31 and 32: 11.5 Fortran 77 Compatibilitymade a
Page 33 and 34: 11.8 The Fortran 90 Language Standa
Page 35 and 36: 1program, provided the Fortran prog
Page 37 and 38: 15. International Standards Organiz
Page 39 and 40: Fortran Concepts and Terms 22.1 Sco
Page 41 and 42: 2the main program and X in a subpro
Page 43 and 44: 2SUBROUTINE TOTALCOMMON / CB / ITOT
Page 45 and 46: 2would create a duplicate declarati
Page 47 and 48: 22.1.2 Association2.2 Program Organ
Page 49 and 50: 2interfaces. Module subprograms may
Page 51 and 52: 22.3 Data Environmentmore apparent
Page 53 and 54: 2COMPLEX (KIND = HIGH) XINTEGER (KI
Page 55 and 56: 22.4 Program ExecutionThese are use
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2Pointers have both a definition st
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2Entity This is the general term us
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2and at most seven. Arrays may be u
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22.6 Summary of FormsThe forms of t
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2The forms of a specification state
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2READ format [ , input-item-list ]R
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2Table 2-1Requirements on statement
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2The module is new to Fortran with
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22.9.7 Dynamic DataThere are three
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264 Fortran 90 HandbookCopyright ©
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33.1 The Processor Character SetThe
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34. Except for the currency symbol
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3the slashes distinguish the value
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3Note, however, that the entity on
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3The lines within a program unit (e
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3ITER = ITER + 1! Begin the next it
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3LAWYERS = "Jones & Clay & &&Davis"
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33.3.1.3 Sample Program, Free Sourc
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3123456789.....--------------------
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33.6 Low-Level Syntax3.7 Summary4.
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3separating the statements. Blanks
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388 Fortran 90 HandbookCopyright ©
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4Each of these statements performs
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4steps that are required. The varia
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42. Complex. The Fortran 77 standar
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44.2 What Is Meant by “Type” in
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44.2.4 Forms for ConstantsThe langu
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4objects in COMMON statements, rest
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4where LONG and SHORT are named con
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4declares Y to have at least eight
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4such. If no kind parameter is spec
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44.3.4.4 Form for ConstantsThere ar
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44.4 Derived Types4.3.5.4 Form for
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4Special functions and subroutines
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411. An array component without the
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4Any object of type ABSTRACT will h
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4PROGRAM BUILD_MACHINEUSE SHOPTYPE
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44.4.2 Derived-Type ValuesThe set o
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42. The expressions must agree in n
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44.6 Array ConstructorsA constant e
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4Following are several examples of
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4Fortran 90 introduces two new idea
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4130 Fortran 90 HandbookCopyright
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5Settng valuesObject accessibility
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55.1 Type Declaration StatementsA t
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5INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SHORT = SELE
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5For example:• entity-orientedCOM
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54. If the length parameter has a n
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55.2 Implicit TypingEach variable,
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55.3 Array PropertiesAn array objec
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55.3.1.2 Assumed-Shape ArraysAn ass
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5REAL, ALLOCATABLE :: E (:)! alloca
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55.3.2 DIMENSION Attribute and Stat
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5Rules and restrictions:1. The arra
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55.4.2 TARGET Attribute and Stateme
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5the value will be “converted”
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5an allocatable arrayan object in a
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5In both forms ME is initialized us
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55.6.1 PUBLIC and PRIVATE Accessibi
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56. A module procedure that has an
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5INOUTINOUTRules and restrictions:1
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5CALL SORT_X (X = VECTOR_A). . .SUB
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5Rules and restrictions:1. A SAVE s
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5If a function returns an array or
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55.8 Automatic Data Objects• attr
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55.10 Storage AssociationIn general
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5Table 5-1Types and attributes and
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55. If an equivalence object is of
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5contain the same sequence of stora
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5A blank common block has the same
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5REAL B (5)EQUIVALENCE (A (2), B (1
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5• attribute-orientedINTEGER SCOR
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5Table 5-2Partial summary of allowa
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5• attribute-orientedREAL ORIGIN
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5SAVE. Local variables and data in
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55.11.5 EQUIVALENCEThe EQUIVALENCE
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6Variables generally have storage s
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6Rules and restrictions:1. Variable
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64. The first character of a parent
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6part-name ( section-subscript-list
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66.4.1 Array TerminologyAn array co
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6REAL A (10). . .A (2:5) = 1.0The p
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66. FOR_1990 (K) % PARTS (I) ! arra
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6INTEGER J(3)REAL A(30). . .J = (/
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6The position of an array element i
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6Undefined association statusDefine
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6X is not available for use in the
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6The form of the DEALLOCATE stateme
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64. the pointer is in blank common5
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6TYPE ADDRESS_BOOKINTEGER NO_ADDRES
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6The DEALLOCATE statement releases
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77.1 Introduction to Fortran 90 Exp
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7• as the variables in pointer as
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7A ** (-B) + 3.0 / C - C * (A + B)A
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77.2 Formation of ExpressionsAn exp
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7The first example results in the v
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7AA + BA + B / CA * (B + C) / D - F
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7to the subprogram but is specified
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7interpretation of the expression A
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7where a relational operator (R714)
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7Disjunct Expression. A disjunct ex
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7Note that the definition of an exp
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7general, form is second from the b
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7Table 7-2 Categories of operations
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7The intrinsic operations are divid
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7determines it as an explicit-shape
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7FCN (X) is a scalar of type intege
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7I4 I10 R6 R15 C6 C15integerexp=4ki
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7For example, consider the intrinsi
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7Example:REAL C (2:10, 11:12). . .C
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77.2.9 Special ExpressionsExpressio
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77.2.9.2 Initialization Expressions
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7Thus, initialization expressions m
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7GeneralRestrictedSpecificationInit
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7Table 7-6Kinds of expressions and
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7When an expression is interpreted,
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77.3.1.1 Interpretation of Numeric
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7The intrinsic logical operations p
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7match the operands in order, types
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7• the rearrangement of an expres
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7mathematically equivalent if they
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7These rules for equivalent evaluat
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7An assignment statement is a maske
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7Table 7-13Conversion performed on
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72. The dummy arguments to the subr
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7a. it must have the TARGET attribu
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7REAL XREAL, POINTER :: POINTER_FCN
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7The logical expression is evaluate
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78. An elemental function reference
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77.6.7 Expressions Resulting in Sca
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7ARRAY_PTR => Aafter the pointer as
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Controlling Execution 8A program pe
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8An executable construct consists o
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8execution, after which the IF cons
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8Is the logicalexpression in theIF
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8[ CASE DEFAULT [ case-construct-na
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8rules used in evaluating the equal
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88.5 The DO ConstructCASE (’YELLO
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8An example of a nonblock DO constr
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8LOOP: DO I = 1, NY (I) = A * X (I)
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88.5.3 Range of a DO ConstructThe r
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81. The DO variable is set to , the
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8Example:DOREAD *, DATAIF (DATA < 0
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82. If the CYCLE statement has a co
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88.6.2.1 Form of the GO TO Statemen
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8Normally, the statement has a labe
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82. The label must be the label of
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88.8 Summary8.8.1 IF ConstructIf th
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88.8.7 DO WHILE LoopDO I = 1, 100X
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Input and Output Processing 9Many p
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9properties are acquired or how the
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9one character representation in th
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9files is described in detail in Se
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9.Figure 9-7 A file positioned betw
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9file. If another read operation is
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9new file, this produces a file rep
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9by the operating system when reque
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9There are many additional rules de
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95. If a label or a variable with a
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9ERR= labeld. The variable given in
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93. The variable specified in the S
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9INTEGERA(100), V(10)! Suppose V’
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9Rules and restrictions:1. The inpu
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99.2.4 Unformatted Sequential Acces
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9end-of-record condition occurs. No
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9produce the single output record:T
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9Rules and restrictions:1. The form
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9Rules and restrictions:1. On input
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92. For the data transfer, values m
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9Rules and restrictions:1. The inpu
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9WRITE (FMT = *, UNIT = CHAR_VAR) X
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99.2.10 Printing of Formatted Recor
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99.3.1 Data TransferData are transf
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9completion of the input/output sta
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99.5 The OPEN StatementCALL END_PRO
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9POSITION = scalar-default-characte
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9[UNIT=] scalar integer expressionR
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92. If the DELIM= specifier is APOS
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9NOrequires that the input record c
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9SCRATCHindicates that an unnamed f
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9Rules:1. If an error condition occ
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9NAMED = scalar-default-logical-var
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9UNDEFINEDindicates the file is not
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92. The file name may refer to a fi
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9falseindicates the file or unit is
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9NOUNKNOWNindicates unformatted inp
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9The forms of the ENDFILE statement
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99.8.2 The BACKSPACE StatementExecu
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99.10 Summary9.10.1 Fortran FilesA
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99.10.12 Unformatted Sequential Acc
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Input and Output Editing 10Data usu
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10Table 10-2DescriptorABDEENESFGILO
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104. If the expression is an array
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103. Blanks may be used as follows:
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10where n and r are default integer
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10ii. on output, create an empty re
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10in the list is called an effectiv
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1010.5 File Positioning by Format C
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102. Negative values must have a ne
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1010.6.2 Real Editing3. If m is not
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106. The number may contain an E or
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10Table 10-4Forms for the exponent
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10Table 10-5Forms for the exponent
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10Examples:Internal valueOutput fie
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10produces the output:bb87.6bbbbbec
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102. If w is less than the length l
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104. The X descriptor always moves
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10Example: If ALTER, POSITION, and
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10produces:b1296.E-0210.9.6 Blanks
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1010.10 List-Directed FormattingLis
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10Examples are:"NICE DAY"(1.2, 5.66
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104. If a slash terminates input, t
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10Example:REAL :: TEMPERATURE = -7.
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103. If the processor supports uppe
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10(1.0,0.0)A01.0EN-32.2_QUAD2. Blan
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10results of the READ statement are
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1010.11.2.2 DELIM= Specifier for Ch
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1010.12.4 Data Edit DescriptorsTher
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Program Units 11There are several k
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11PROGRAM DRIVER. . .CALL MECHANIC
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1111.2.2 The Specification PartThe
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115. pointer statements, including
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11An internal procedure can be refe
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11HostHostTOTALInternal-1Internal-2
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11! X declared explicitly in intern
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11major practical advantage of inte
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11There is an even greater need in
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11The following is an example of a
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11using the module. A PUBLIC entity
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1111.6.4.3 Entities Accessible from
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11Such a name conflict is allowed i
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1111.6.5 Typical Applications of Mo
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11The module NEW_TYPE contains the
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11An input routine may be called us
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1111.7 Block Data Program UnitsA bl
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11PROGRAM SHUTTLE_SIMULATION. . . !
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11packaging data types along with n
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Using Procedures 12Procedures are v
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1212.1.1.1 SubroutinesA subroutine
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1212.1.1.8 Statement FunctionsState
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12argument for a dummy procedure mu
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123. host association4. use associa
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1212.2.1 Subroutine DefinitionThe f
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12actual argument; variables may be
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12USE POLAR_COORDINATESCOMPLEX :: C
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128. If there is no result clause,
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1212.3.3 Function ReferenceOne way
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1212.3.4 Statement FunctionsA state
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1212.4 Procedure-Related Statements
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12SUBROUTINE name-1 ( argument-list
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12dummy argument appears in the ENT
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12As shown in Figure 12-1, the fund
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12The most fundamental rule of argu
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12becomes the length of the actual
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12elements obtained by varying the
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12In the array element sequence ass
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12argument be supplied to the dummy
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12as may be an actual argument, but
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12In cases B and D in Figure 12-5,
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12arguments is when an optional arg
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124. A dummy argument not present m
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12rules follow; for further details
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12Prediction: Elemental references
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1212.6 Procedure InterfacesDummy pr
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12CALL EX (P=V, Q=W, R=X, S=Y, T=Z)
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12corresponding value of another da
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123. In all cases an interface body
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12Fortran 90 to allow users to defi
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1212.6.4 Defined OperatorsJust as g
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12intrinsic function” and the ope
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12In analogy with the discussion of
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1212.7.4 ENTRY StatementThe ENTRY s
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1212.7.12 RecursionExternal, module
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Intrinsic Procedures 13Intrinsic pr
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13functions (13.3), the array funct
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13wherei is the integer values is t
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13SELECTED_REAL_KIND returns the re
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13FunctionALLOCATEDLBOUNDSHAPESIZEU
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13FunctionValue returnedABSThe abso
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13FunctionALLANYCOUNTMAXVALMINVALPR
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13Table 13-1Function(Continued) Lis
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13Table 13-2(Continued) List of int
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1313.10 SummaryThere are 113 intrin
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Scope, Association, and Definition
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1414.1 The Use of NamesThus, the th
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14Some scoping units can contain ot
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14procedures, module procedures, in
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149. For each function and function
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143. nongeneric specific names of i
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145. If the procedure name appears
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14Executable programExternal progra
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14and the scoping unit of either an
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14A sequence of any number of conse
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14The EQUIVALENCE statement indicat
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14may cause certain associated or p
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14becomes defined and the real vari
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14e. The result variable of a funct
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Intrinsic ProceduresAThis appendix
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AA.3 ACOS (X)A.4 ADJUSTL (STRING)A.
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AA.8 ALL (MASK, DIM)Result Type and
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AA.10 ANINT (A, KIND)Optional Argum
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AA.13 ASSOCIATED (POINTER, TARGET)O
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AA.15 ATAN2 (Y, X)Description. Arct
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AA.18 CEILING (A)A.19 CHAR (I, KIND
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AA.21 CONJG (Z)Description. Conjuga
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AA.25 CSHIFT (ARRAY, SHIFT, DIM)Cas
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Awhere CC is the century, YY the ye
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ACase (iii):If A is of type complex
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AExamples.Case (i): DOT_PRODUCT ( (
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AExamples.Case (i):Case (ii):If V i
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AA.36 FLOOR (A)A.37 FRACTION (X)A.3
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AArguments.IJmust be of type intege
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AResult Value. The result has the v
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AResult Value.Case (i):Case (ii):If
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AA.49 ISHFT (I, SHIFT)The model for
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AArguments.ARRAYDIM (optional)may b
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AArguments.STRING_ASTRING_Bmust be
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Athe result is processor dependent.
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AResult Type, Type Parameter, and S
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AA.65 MAXLOC (ARRAY, MASK)Optional
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AResult Value.Case (i):Case (ii):Ca
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AA.69 MINEXPONENT (X)Description. R
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AArguments.ARRAYDIM (optional)MASK
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AArguments.APmust be of type intege
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AA.76 NINT (A, KIND)Example. NEARES
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AA.79 PRECISION (X)A.80 PRESENT (A)
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ADIM (optional)MASK (optional)must
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AClass. Subroutine.Arguments. There
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AA.87 REPEAT (STRING, NCOPIES)Examp
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AExample. RRSPACING (-3.0) has the
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AA.93 SELECTED_REAL_KIND (P, R)Exam
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AA.96 SIGN (A, B)Description. Absol
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AResult Value. The result has the v
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ADIM (optional)MASK (optional)must
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AA.105 TAN (X)Description. Tangent
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Apart of SOURCE. If D and E are sca
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AResult Value.Case (i):Case (ii):Fo
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AResult Type and Type Parameter. De
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Fortran 90 SyntaxBB.1 The Form of t
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BB.1.3 Alternative Syntax Symbol
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BB.1.9 ConstraintsThe BNF forms do
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Bor subroutine-subprogramR214 speci
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BR712 concat-op is //R714 rel-op is
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BConstraint: The same private-seque
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BConstraint: If the TARGET attribut
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BR527 pointer-stmt is POINTER [ ::
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BConstraint: A common-block-object
Page 757 and 758:
BB.2.7 Expressions and AssignmentR7
Page 759 and 760:
BConstraint:Constraint:In each assi
Page 761 and 762:
BR830 outer-shared-do-construct is
Page 763 and 764:
Bor REC = scalar-int-expror IOSTAT
Page 765 and 766:
BConstraint:Constraint:or READWRITE
Page 767 and 768:
BB.2.12 ProceduresR1106 end-module-
Page 769 and 770:
BConstraint: If a function-name is
Page 771 and 772:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced inact
Page 773 and 774:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced incon
Page 775 and 776:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced inexe
Page 777 and 778:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced inio-
Page 779 and 780:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced inpri
Page 781 and 782:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced incas
Page 783 and 784:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced in+ R
Page 785 and 786:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced inCOM
Page 787 and 788:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced inO R
Page 789 and 790:
Decremental FeaturesCC.1 Deleted Fe
Page 791 and 792:
CC.2.3 ASSIGN and Assigned GO TO St
Page 793 and 794:
Index of ExamplesSymbols/ edit desc
Page 795 and 796:
defined-type declaration 114defined
Page 797 and 798:
384namelist input 471, 473, 476name
Page 799 and 800:
WHERE statement 301WRITE statement
Page 801 and 802:
IndexSymbols-IX, 771%IX, 770'IX, 77
Page 803 and 804:
ANSIIX, 14ANY functionIX, 651apostr
Page 805 and 806:
dataIX, 41default statusIX, 133DIME
Page 807 and 808:
character typeIX, 108-110, 138-141c
Page 809 and 810:
CONTINUE statementIX, 323, 336label
Page 811 and 812:
digitIX, 769DIGITS functionIX, 665d
Page 813 and 814:
end-function-stmtIX, 762end-if-stmt
Page 815 and 816:
FFIX, 773F edit descriptorIX, 445,
Page 817 and 818:
function-stmtIX, 763function-subpro
Page 819 and 820:
unit numberIX, 414inquiry functionI
Page 821 and 822:
labelfixed source formIX, 81free so
Page 823 and 824:
genericIX, 580groupIX, 471number of
Page 825 and 826:
or-opIX, 766or-operandIX, 766OUTIX,
Page 827 and 828:
portableIX, 23standard-conformingIX
Page 829 and 830:
SELECTED_INT_KIND functionIX,710SEL
Page 831 and 832:
ENDFILEIX, 419, 421entityIX, 620ENT
Page 833 and 834:
Fortran 90IX, 727low-levelIX, 69, 8
Page 835:
variableIX, 47, 199-200, 238associa
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