Fortran 90 Handbook

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elementalIX, 569objectIX, 197procedureIX, 525relational operatorIX, 237, 243rel-opIX, 767renameIX, 767rep-charIX, 769repeat factorIX, 432DATA statementIX, 158formatIX, 433REPEAT functionIX, 707representable characterIX, 66, 109representationcharacter typeIX, 109complex typeIX, 105integer typeIX, 100logical typeIX, 107real typeIX, 93, 103RESHAPE functionIX, 159, 605, 707restricted expressionIX, 270RESULTIX, 775resultentryIX, 547variableIX, 537result of functionIX, 523, 537RESULT optionFUNCTION statementIX, 523result typenumeric intrinsic operationIX,259result-nameIX, 769RETURNIX, 775returnalternateIX, 526, 539, 571RETURN statementIX, 543return-stmtIX, 767REWINDIX, 775REWIND statementIX, 417, 421rewindingIX, 417rewind-stmtIX, 767roundingIX, 289RRSPACING functionIX, 708SSIX, 775S edit descriptorIX, 461SAVEIX, 775SAVE attributeIX, 156, 168, 194, 500,528DATA attributeIX, 528recursionIX, 169saved-entityIX, 767save-stmtIX, 767saving common blockIX, 170, 183scalarIX, 41, 48, 200expressionIX, 303, 305scale factorIX, 435, 462SCALE functionIX, 709SCAN functionIX, 709scientific edit descriptorIX, 451scopeIX, 27–35, 620–629assignmentIX, 626labelIX, 625nameIX, 623–625operatorIX, 626procedureIX, 626unitIX, 626variableIX, 33scoping unitIX, 34, 51, 60scratch fileIX, 405sectionarrayIX, 202, 207–213, 557section-subscriptIX, 767SELECTIX, 775SELECT CASE statementIX, 317select-case-stmtIX, 767816 Fortran 90 Handbook
SELECTED_INT_KIND functionIX,710SELECTED_REAL_KINDfunctionIX, 711SEQUENCEIX, 775sequenceIX, 50associationIX, 554, 637compositeIX, 177executionIX, 62, 309storageIX, 177, 635structureIX, 177typeIX, 111, 176sequence associationIX, 553–560, 630SEQUENCE statementIX, 111, 112,113, 177, 635SEQUENTIALIX, 776sequential accessIX, 355, 355–356, 360,370, 373, 374SEQUENTIAL= specifierIX, 416SET_EXPONENT functionIX, 712shapearrayIX, 41, 206conformanceIX, 261expressionIX, 255, 261–265SHAPE functionIX, 712shared terminated DO constructIX,325shared-term-do-constructIX, 767side effectfunctionIX, 286signIX, 767sign edit descriptorIX, 435sign editingIX, 461SIGN functionIX, 713signed-digit-stringIX, 767signed-int-literal-constantIX, 767sign-edit-descIX, 767signed-real-literal-constantIX, 767significandIX, 767SIN functionIX, 713SINH functionIX, 713SIZEIX, 776sizeargumentIX, 555arrayIX, 41, 92, 206SIZE functionIX, 714SIZE= specifierIX, 366slash edit descriptorIX, 459source formIX, 2, 65, 73–83, 85fixedIX, 74, 80–83fixed and freeIX, 82freeIX, 74, 75–80source textIX, 73SPIX, 776SP edit descriptorIX, 461SPACING functionIX, 714special characterIX, 68special-characterIX, 769specific nameIX, 594intrinsic procedureIX, 612–614specificationexpressionIX, 266, 270, 271, 272,304formatIX, 427, 430, 432–436, 480specification-exprIX, 767specification-partIX, 767specification-stmtIX, 767specifierACCESS=IX, 399, 410ACTION=IX, 399, 411ADVANCE=IX, 363assumed-shapeIX, 263assumed-sizeIX, 264BLANK=IX, 400, 411, 463closeIX, 405connectionIX, 396–405controlIX, 360deferred-shapeIX, 265Fortran 90 Handbook 817
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Fortran 90 HandbookComplete ANSI /
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PrefaceThe Fortran 90 Handbook is a
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AcknowledgmentsMaterial in the appe
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Table of ContentsPreface. . . . . .
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6. Using Data . . . . . . . . . . .
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13. Intrinsic Procedures . . . . .
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Sneak Preview 0This is Chapter 0. F
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0SUBROUTINE SWAP_INTEGERS (ARG_A, A
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0doubles its value, adds it to the
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0TYPE (EMPLOYEE) :: LARRY, MOE, CUR
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0FUNCTION D_CUBE_ROOT(X)DOUBLE PREC
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0Language ArchitectureEveryone reco
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Introduction 1For a programming lan
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11.2 Why a New Standard?this versio
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11.3 Why Not Use Another Language?p
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11.5 Fortran 77 Compatibilitymade a
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11.8 The Fortran 90 Language Standa
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1program, provided the Fortran prog
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15. International Standards Organiz
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Fortran Concepts and Terms 22.1 Sco
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2the main program and X in a subpro
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2SUBROUTINE TOTALCOMMON / CB / ITOT
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2would create a duplicate declarati
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22.1.2 Association2.2 Program Organ
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2interfaces. Module subprograms may
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22.3 Data Environmentmore apparent
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2COMPLEX (KIND = HIGH) XINTEGER (KI
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22.4 Program ExecutionThese are use
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2Pointers have both a definition st
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2Entity This is the general term us
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2and at most seven. Arrays may be u
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22.6 Summary of FormsThe forms of t
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2The forms of a specification state
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2READ format [ , input-item-list ]R
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2Table 2-1Requirements on statement
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2The module is new to Fortran with
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22.9.7 Dynamic DataThere are three
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264 Fortran 90 HandbookCopyright ©
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33.1 The Processor Character SetThe
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34. Except for the currency symbol
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3the slashes distinguish the value
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3Note, however, that the entity on
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3The lines within a program unit (e
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3ITER = ITER + 1! Begin the next it
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3LAWYERS = "Jones & Clay & &&Davis"
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33.3.1.3 Sample Program, Free Sourc
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3123456789.....--------------------
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33.6 Low-Level Syntax3.7 Summary4.
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3separating the statements. Blanks
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388 Fortran 90 HandbookCopyright ©
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4Each of these statements performs
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4steps that are required. The varia
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42. Complex. The Fortran 77 standar
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44.2 What Is Meant by “Type” in
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44.2.4 Forms for ConstantsThe langu
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4objects in COMMON statements, rest
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4where LONG and SHORT are named con
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4declares Y to have at least eight
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4such. If no kind parameter is spec
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44.3.4.4 Form for ConstantsThere ar
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44.4 Derived Types4.3.5.4 Form for
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4Special functions and subroutines
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411. An array component without the
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4Any object of type ABSTRACT will h
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4PROGRAM BUILD_MACHINEUSE SHOPTYPE
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44.4.2 Derived-Type ValuesThe set o
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42. The expressions must agree in n
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44.6 Array ConstructorsA constant e
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4Following are several examples of
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4Fortran 90 introduces two new idea
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4130 Fortran 90 HandbookCopyright
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5Settng valuesObject accessibility
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55.1 Type Declaration StatementsA t
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5INTEGER, PARAMETER :: SHORT = SELE
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5For example:• entity-orientedCOM
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54. If the length parameter has a n
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55.2 Implicit TypingEach variable,
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55.3 Array PropertiesAn array objec
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55.3.1.2 Assumed-Shape ArraysAn ass
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5REAL, ALLOCATABLE :: E (:)! alloca
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55.3.2 DIMENSION Attribute and Stat
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5Rules and restrictions:1. The arra
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55.4.2 TARGET Attribute and Stateme
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5the value will be “converted”
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5an allocatable arrayan object in a
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5In both forms ME is initialized us
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55.6.1 PUBLIC and PRIVATE Accessibi
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56. A module procedure that has an
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5INOUTINOUTRules and restrictions:1
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5CALL SORT_X (X = VECTOR_A). . .SUB
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5Rules and restrictions:1. A SAVE s
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5If a function returns an array or
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55.8 Automatic Data Objects• attr
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55.10 Storage AssociationIn general
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5Table 5-1Types and attributes and
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55. If an equivalence object is of
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5contain the same sequence of stora
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5A blank common block has the same
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5REAL B (5)EQUIVALENCE (A (2), B (1
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5• attribute-orientedINTEGER SCOR
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5Table 5-2Partial summary of allowa
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5• attribute-orientedREAL ORIGIN
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5SAVE. Local variables and data in
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55.11.5 EQUIVALENCEThe EQUIVALENCE
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6Variables generally have storage s
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6Rules and restrictions:1. Variable
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64. The first character of a parent
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6part-name ( section-subscript-list
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66.4.1 Array TerminologyAn array co
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6REAL A (10). . .A (2:5) = 1.0The p
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66. FOR_1990 (K) % PARTS (I) ! arra
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6INTEGER J(3)REAL A(30). . .J = (/
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6The position of an array element i
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6Undefined association statusDefine
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6X is not available for use in the
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6The form of the DEALLOCATE stateme
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64. the pointer is in blank common5
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6TYPE ADDRESS_BOOKINTEGER NO_ADDRES
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6The DEALLOCATE statement releases
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77.1 Introduction to Fortran 90 Exp
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7• as the variables in pointer as
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7A ** (-B) + 3.0 / C - C * (A + B)A
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77.2 Formation of ExpressionsAn exp
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7The first example results in the v
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7AA + BA + B / CA * (B + C) / D - F
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7to the subprogram but is specified
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7interpretation of the expression A
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7where a relational operator (R714)
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7Disjunct Expression. A disjunct ex
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7Note that the definition of an exp
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7general, form is second from the b
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7Table 7-2 Categories of operations
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7The intrinsic operations are divid
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7determines it as an explicit-shape
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7FCN (X) is a scalar of type intege
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7I4 I10 R6 R15 C6 C15integerexp=4ki
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7For example, consider the intrinsi
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7Example:REAL C (2:10, 11:12). . .C
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77.2.9 Special ExpressionsExpressio
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77.2.9.2 Initialization Expressions
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7Thus, initialization expressions m
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7GeneralRestrictedSpecificationInit
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7Table 7-6Kinds of expressions and
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7When an expression is interpreted,
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77.3.1.1 Interpretation of Numeric
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7The intrinsic logical operations p
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7match the operands in order, types
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7• the rearrangement of an expres
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7mathematically equivalent if they
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7These rules for equivalent evaluat
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7An assignment statement is a maske
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7Table 7-13Conversion performed on
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72. The dummy arguments to the subr
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7a. it must have the TARGET attribu
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7REAL XREAL, POINTER :: POINTER_FCN
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7The logical expression is evaluate
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78. An elemental function reference
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77.6.7 Expressions Resulting in Sca
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7ARRAY_PTR => Aafter the pointer as
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Controlling Execution 8A program pe
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8An executable construct consists o
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8execution, after which the IF cons
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8Is the logicalexpression in theIF
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8[ CASE DEFAULT [ case-construct-na
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8rules used in evaluating the equal
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88.5 The DO ConstructCASE (’YELLO
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8An example of a nonblock DO constr
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8LOOP: DO I = 1, NY (I) = A * X (I)
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88.5.3 Range of a DO ConstructThe r
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81. The DO variable is set to , the
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8Example:DOREAD *, DATAIF (DATA < 0
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82. If the CYCLE statement has a co
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88.6.2.1 Form of the GO TO Statemen
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8Normally, the statement has a labe
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82. The label must be the label of
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88.8 Summary8.8.1 IF ConstructIf th
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88.8.7 DO WHILE LoopDO I = 1, 100X
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Input and Output Processing 9Many p
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9properties are acquired or how the
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9one character representation in th
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9files is described in detail in Se
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9.Figure 9-7 A file positioned betw
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9file. If another read operation is
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9new file, this produces a file rep
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9by the operating system when reque
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9There are many additional rules de
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95. If a label or a variable with a
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9ERR= labeld. The variable given in
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93. The variable specified in the S
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9INTEGERA(100), V(10)! Suppose V’
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9Rules and restrictions:1. The inpu
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99.2.4 Unformatted Sequential Acces
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9end-of-record condition occurs. No
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9produce the single output record:T
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9Rules and restrictions:1. The form
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9Rules and restrictions:1. On input
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92. For the data transfer, values m
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9Rules and restrictions:1. The inpu
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9WRITE (FMT = *, UNIT = CHAR_VAR) X
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99.2.10 Printing of Formatted Recor
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99.3.1 Data TransferData are transf
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9completion of the input/output sta
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99.5 The OPEN StatementCALL END_PRO
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9POSITION = scalar-default-characte
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9[UNIT=] scalar integer expressionR
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92. If the DELIM= specifier is APOS
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9NOrequires that the input record c
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9SCRATCHindicates that an unnamed f
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9Rules:1. If an error condition occ
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9NAMED = scalar-default-logical-var
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9UNDEFINEDindicates the file is not
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92. The file name may refer to a fi
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9falseindicates the file or unit is
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9NOUNKNOWNindicates unformatted inp
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9The forms of the ENDFILE statement
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99.8.2 The BACKSPACE StatementExecu
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99.10 Summary9.10.1 Fortran FilesA
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99.10.12 Unformatted Sequential Acc
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Input and Output Editing 10Data usu
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10Table 10-2DescriptorABDEENESFGILO
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104. If the expression is an array
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103. Blanks may be used as follows:
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10where n and r are default integer
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10ii. on output, create an empty re
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10in the list is called an effectiv
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1010.5 File Positioning by Format C
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102. Negative values must have a ne
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1010.6.2 Real Editing3. If m is not
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106. The number may contain an E or
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10Table 10-4Forms for the exponent
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10Table 10-5Forms for the exponent
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10Examples:Internal valueOutput fie
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10produces the output:bb87.6bbbbbec
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102. If w is less than the length l
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104. The X descriptor always moves
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10Example: If ALTER, POSITION, and
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10produces:b1296.E-0210.9.6 Blanks
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1010.10 List-Directed FormattingLis
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10Examples are:"NICE DAY"(1.2, 5.66
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104. If a slash terminates input, t
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10Example:REAL :: TEMPERATURE = -7.
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103. If the processor supports uppe
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10(1.0,0.0)A01.0EN-32.2_QUAD2. Blan
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10results of the READ statement are
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1010.11.2.2 DELIM= Specifier for Ch
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1010.12.4 Data Edit DescriptorsTher
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Program Units 11There are several k
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11PROGRAM DRIVER. . .CALL MECHANIC
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1111.2.2 The Specification PartThe
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115. pointer statements, including
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11An internal procedure can be refe
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11HostHostTOTALInternal-1Internal-2
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11! X declared explicitly in intern
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11major practical advantage of inte
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11There is an even greater need in
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11The following is an example of a
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11using the module. A PUBLIC entity
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1111.6.4.3 Entities Accessible from
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11Such a name conflict is allowed i
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1111.6.5 Typical Applications of Mo
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11The module NEW_TYPE contains the
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11An input routine may be called us
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1111.7 Block Data Program UnitsA bl
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11PROGRAM SHUTTLE_SIMULATION. . . !
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11packaging data types along with n
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Using Procedures 12Procedures are v
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1212.1.1.1 SubroutinesA subroutine
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1212.1.1.8 Statement FunctionsState
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12argument for a dummy procedure mu
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123. host association4. use associa
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1212.2.1 Subroutine DefinitionThe f
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12actual argument; variables may be
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12USE POLAR_COORDINATESCOMPLEX :: C
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128. If there is no result clause,
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1212.3.3 Function ReferenceOne way
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1212.3.4 Statement FunctionsA state
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1212.4 Procedure-Related Statements
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12SUBROUTINE name-1 ( argument-list
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12dummy argument appears in the ENT
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12As shown in Figure 12-1, the fund
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12The most fundamental rule of argu
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12becomes the length of the actual
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12elements obtained by varying the
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12In the array element sequence ass
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12argument be supplied to the dummy
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12as may be an actual argument, but
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12In cases B and D in Figure 12-5,
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12arguments is when an optional arg
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124. A dummy argument not present m
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12rules follow; for further details
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12Prediction: Elemental references
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1212.6 Procedure InterfacesDummy pr
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12CALL EX (P=V, Q=W, R=X, S=Y, T=Z)
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12corresponding value of another da
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123. In all cases an interface body
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12Fortran 90 to allow users to defi
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1212.6.4 Defined OperatorsJust as g
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12intrinsic function” and the ope
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12In analogy with the discussion of
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1212.7.4 ENTRY StatementThe ENTRY s
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1212.7.12 RecursionExternal, module
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Intrinsic Procedures 13Intrinsic pr
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13functions (13.3), the array funct
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13wherei is the integer values is t
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13SELECTED_REAL_KIND returns the re
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13FunctionALLOCATEDLBOUNDSHAPESIZEU
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13FunctionValue returnedABSThe abso
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13FunctionALLANYCOUNTMAXVALMINVALPR
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13Table 13-1Function(Continued) Lis
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13Table 13-2(Continued) List of int
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1313.10 SummaryThere are 113 intrin
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Scope, Association, and Definition
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1414.1 The Use of NamesThus, the th
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14Some scoping units can contain ot
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14procedures, module procedures, in
Page 637 and 638:
149. For each function and function
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143. nongeneric specific names of i
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145. If the procedure name appears
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14Executable programExternal progra
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14and the scoping unit of either an
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14A sequence of any number of conse
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14The EQUIVALENCE statement indicat
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14may cause certain associated or p
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14becomes defined and the real vari
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14e. The result variable of a funct
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Intrinsic ProceduresAThis appendix
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AA.3 ACOS (X)A.4 ADJUSTL (STRING)A.
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AA.8 ALL (MASK, DIM)Result Type and
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AA.10 ANINT (A, KIND)Optional Argum
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AA.13 ASSOCIATED (POINTER, TARGET)O
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AA.15 ATAN2 (Y, X)Description. Arct
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AA.18 CEILING (A)A.19 CHAR (I, KIND
Page 671 and 672:
AA.21 CONJG (Z)Description. Conjuga
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AA.25 CSHIFT (ARRAY, SHIFT, DIM)Cas
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Awhere CC is the century, YY the ye
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ACase (iii):If A is of type complex
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AExamples.Case (i): DOT_PRODUCT ( (
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AExamples.Case (i):Case (ii):If V i
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AA.36 FLOOR (A)A.37 FRACTION (X)A.3
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AArguments.IJmust be of type intege
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AResult Value. The result has the v
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AResult Value.Case (i):Case (ii):If
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AA.49 ISHFT (I, SHIFT)The model for
Page 693 and 694:
AArguments.ARRAYDIM (optional)may b
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AArguments.STRING_ASTRING_Bmust be
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Athe result is processor dependent.
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AResult Type, Type Parameter, and S
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AA.65 MAXLOC (ARRAY, MASK)Optional
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AResult Value.Case (i):Case (ii):Ca
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AA.69 MINEXPONENT (X)Description. R
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AArguments.ARRAYDIM (optional)MASK
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AArguments.APmust be of type intege
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AA.76 NINT (A, KIND)Example. NEARES
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AA.79 PRECISION (X)A.80 PRESENT (A)
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ADIM (optional)MASK (optional)must
Page 717 and 718:
AClass. Subroutine.Arguments. There
Page 719 and 720:
AA.87 REPEAT (STRING, NCOPIES)Examp
Page 721 and 722:
AExample. RRSPACING (-3.0) has the
Page 723 and 724:
AA.93 SELECTED_REAL_KIND (P, R)Exam
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AA.96 SIGN (A, B)Description. Absol
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AResult Value. The result has the v
Page 729 and 730:
ADIM (optional)MASK (optional)must
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AA.105 TAN (X)Description. Tangent
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Apart of SOURCE. If D and E are sca
Page 735 and 736:
AResult Value.Case (i):Case (ii):Fo
Page 737 and 738:
AResult Type and Type Parameter. De
Page 739 and 740:
Fortran 90 SyntaxBB.1 The Form of t
Page 741 and 742:
BB.1.3 Alternative Syntax Symbol
Page 743 and 744:
BB.1.9 ConstraintsThe BNF forms do
Page 745 and 746:
Bor subroutine-subprogramR214 speci
Page 747 and 748:
BR712 concat-op is //R714 rel-op is
Page 749 and 750:
BConstraint: The same private-seque
Page 751 and 752:
BConstraint: If the TARGET attribut
Page 753 and 754:
BR527 pointer-stmt is POINTER [ ::
Page 755 and 756:
BConstraint: A common-block-object
Page 757 and 758:
BB.2.7 Expressions and AssignmentR7
Page 759 and 760:
BConstraint:Constraint:In each assi
Page 761 and 762:
BR830 outer-shared-do-construct is
Page 763 and 764:
Bor REC = scalar-int-expror IOSTAT
Page 765 and 766:
BConstraint:Constraint:or READWRITE
Page 767 and 768:
BB.2.12 ProceduresR1106 end-module-
Page 769 and 770:
BConstraint: If a function-name is
Page 771 and 772:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced inact
Page 773 and 774:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced incon
Page 775 and 776:
BSymbol Defined in Referenced inexe
Page 777 and 778: BSymbol Defined in Referenced inio-
Page 779 and 780: BSymbol Defined in Referenced inpri
Page 781 and 782: BSymbol Defined in Referenced incas
Page 783 and 784: BSymbol Defined in Referenced in+ R
Page 785 and 786: BSymbol Defined in Referenced inCOM
Page 787 and 788: BSymbol Defined in Referenced inO R
Page 789 and 790: Decremental FeaturesCC.1 Deleted Fe
Page 791 and 792: CC.2.3 ASSIGN and Assigned GO TO St
Page 793 and 794: Index of ExamplesSymbols/ edit desc
Page 795 and 796: defined-type declaration 114defined
Page 797 and 798: 384namelist input 471, 473, 476name
Page 799 and 800: WHERE statement 301WRITE statement
Page 801 and 802: IndexSymbols-IX, 771%IX, 770'IX, 77
Page 803 and 804: ANSIIX, 14ANY functionIX, 651apostr
Page 805 and 806: dataIX, 41default statusIX, 133DIME
Page 807 and 808: character typeIX, 108-110, 138-141c
Page 809 and 810: CONTINUE statementIX, 323, 336label
Page 811 and 812: digitIX, 769DIGITS functionIX, 665d
Page 813 and 814: end-function-stmtIX, 762end-if-stmt
Page 815 and 816: FFIX, 773F edit descriptorIX, 445,
Page 817 and 818: function-stmtIX, 763function-subpro
Page 819 and 820: unit numberIX, 414inquiry functionI
Page 821 and 822: labelfixed source formIX, 81free so
Page 823 and 824: genericIX, 580groupIX, 471number of
Page 825 and 826: or-opIX, 766or-operandIX, 766OUTIX,
Page 827: portableIX, 23standard-conformingIX
Page 831 and 832: ENDFILEIX, 419, 421entityIX, 620ENT
Page 833 and 834: Fortran 90IX, 727low-levelIX, 69, 8
Page 835: variableIX, 47, 199-200, 238associa
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