Plant sensors help to understand tipburn in lettuce - DGG

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS2 nd Symposium on Horticulture in EuropeAngers, FRANCE1st – 5th July 2012https://colloque.inra.fr/she2012

WELCOME ADDRESSDear Colleagues, dear Friends,On behalf of the Scientific Committee and the Local Organising Committee, I am glad towelcome you at the ISHS 2nd Symposium on Horticulture in Europe also known as SHE2012.When the European horticultural scientific community gathered within the national andregional societies decided to launch the first Symposium on Horticulture in Europe (SHE) in2008, the idea was there was a real need for such a meeting giving an opportunity to sharethe same concerns and to establish international interdisciplinary networks in fields of appliedresearch such as horticulture. This symposium was held in Vienna, Austria, and was asuccess so the decision was taken to continue the initiative and organize the SecondSymposium in 2012 in Angers, France.SHE 2012 is held under the aegis of ISHS and the national and regional Europeanhorticultural societies such as APH (Portuguese Horticultural Association), DGG (GermanSociety for Horticultural Science), PSHS (Polish Society for Horticultural Science), SECHSpanish Society for Horticultural Science), BNL-SHS (Benelux Society for HorticulturalScience), SOI (Italian Society for Horticultural Science), SSA (Swiss Society of Agronomy).All these societies have appointed representatives of the Advisory Committee which had theduty of overall appreciation and suggestion on the scientific programme. I should like tothank all these colleagues for their contribution.AGROCAMPUS OUEST is in charge of the local organization in partnership with INRA,CIRAD and the University of Angers, and with the support of VEGEPOLYS, competitivecluster in specialized plant area.The Symposium is open to scientists, teachers, professionals and students interested in aforum to discuss their respective scientific advances and build new cooperation and will givethe opportunity to network and build new interdisciplinary research projects and Europeancourses at Master and PhD level.The objective of the Symposium is to give scientists who study all aspects of Horticulture anopportunity to exchange knowledge, information, ideas and techniques. It will cover allresearch areas relevant to Horticulture in Europe, e.g. plant physiology, plant genetics, planthealth, plant-environment relationships, plant quality, economics and technical engineering.The spatial scale will range from cell level to the cropping systems and the landscape. Theplace and role of European horticulture in the world, in particular towards developingcountries and regions, will also be presented and discussed.In the next three days, you will have the opportunity to meet and discuss with scientistscoming from more than 47 countries, some of them coming from developing countries. Youwill have the possibility to listen to or read a lot of presentations: 9 plenary lectures, 58 oralpresentations, 363 posters and 8 workshops (Open spaces) on very specific topics.Professional tours will be organized on July 4 in the afternoon and July 5 all day long. Theywill enable interested participants to discover the horticultural industry in the area of Angersand enjoy the beautiful landscape of Anjou.SHE 2012 takes place indeed in Angers. As you will discover, Angers and its region are aheaven for horticultural production and Angers itself is an historic city pleasant to visit.Capital of Anjou, Angers benefits from an exceptional environment in the Val de Loire, aUNESCO World Heritage Site. With the internationally recognized excellence of the lowervalleys of Anjou, watered by the Sarthe, the Mayenne, and the Loir, and the many parks and

gardens, nature comes to the fore. Angers is a region of excellence for specialized plantsand a horticultural centre with a world-wide reputation.In addition to plant production itself, one can find research and experimentation institutes(INRA, CTIFL, ASTREDHOR…) and specialized education at Masters and PhD levels(University of Angers, AGROCAMPUS OUEST…), the different teaching institutions beingmembers of an association called Valcampus. All the partners of the private sector andacademic institutions meet in VEGEPOLYS, a competitiveness cluster of internationalstature, stimulating public-private partnership on projects to bring innovation to horticulturalsector.The success of such a symposium is the result of the work and cooperation of many people,public institutions and private enterprises that provided a valuable support. We wish to thankAngers Loire Métropole and the City of Angers, the Conseil Général du Maine et Loire andthe Conseil Régional des Pays de la Loire. We are indebted to VEGEPOLYS for hisgenerous help. Organizing SHE 2012 would have been much more difficult without theBureau des Congrès et des Evènements of Angers Loire Tourisme. I would like to expressmy warmest thanks to its friendly and efficient staff.I wish to thank all members of the Scientific Committee who contributed with a high level ofcompetency to build the scientific program of this symposium.Finally, I want to express special thanks to the members of the local organising committee fortheir excellent work. To organize a symposium often means a lot of bothering tasks theyachieved with good humour. I will have a special thought for Anaïs Nguyen Thé andStéphanie Godet who made a very great effort to make SHE 2012 possible and pleasant foreach delegate.Enjoy the symposium and enjoy your stay in Angers.Prof. Jean-Claude MaugetChair of SHE 2012 Board

TABLE OF CONTENTSOPENING PLENARYHorticulture in a crisis environmentGARCÍA AZCÁRATE, TOMAS .................................................................................................................................................... 36TOPIC 1CONTRIBUTION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO NEW DEVELOPMENTS INHORTICULTURE .................................................................................................................................. 39PLENARY SESSIONContribution of innovative technologies to new development in horticulturePEKKERIET, E.J. ; VAN HENTEN, E.J.; CAMPEN, J.B. ................................................................................................................ 40ORAL PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 1 ................................................................................................ 41Contribution of plant sensors to new developments in horticultureSTEPPE, KATHY ..................................................................................................................................................................... 42Plant sensors help to understand tipburn in lettuceDE SWAEF, T.; VERMEULEN, K. ; VERGOTE, N.; VAN LOMMEL J.; VAN LABEKE, M.-C.; BLEYAERT, P. & STEPPE, K. ..................... 43Impact of salinity and water deficiency on the fluorescence signature of tomato leavesKAUTZ, B.; HUNSCHE, M. & NOGA, G. ..................................................................................................................................... 44The usefulness of VIS/NIR techniques for assessment of maturity and quality of selected pearcultivarsRUTKOWSKI, KRZYSZTOF P. ; KRUCZYNSKA, DOROTA E.; WAWRZYNCZAK, ANNA; JOZWIAK, ZBIGNIEW; PLOCHARSKI, WITOLD .. 45Photomorphogenetic effects in different plant life formsSAMUOLIENĖ, G. ; BRAZAITYTĖ, A.; VIRŠILĖ, A.; SIRTAUTAS, R.; SAKALAUSKAITĖ, J.; SAKALAUSKIENĖ, S.; DUCHOVSKIS, P. ......... 46Responses of tomato plants under prevailing climate conditions in a closed greenhouse duringan annual productionDANNEHL, D. ; HUYSKENS-KEIL, S.; SCHUCH, I.; MIRANDA-TRUJILLO, L.; ROCKSCH, T. & SCHMIDT, U. ....................................... 47Impact of temperature integration under greenhouse on energy use efficiency, plant growthand development and tomato fruit quality (sugars, acids, vitamin C, carotenoids) depending onvariety rootstock combinationTRUFFAULT, VINCENT; FATIHA, FIFEL; LONGUENESSE, JEAN-JACQUES; VERCAMBRE, GILLES; LE QUILLEC, SERGE & GAUTIER,HELENE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 48Hierarchichal crop flow strategy for variable inter-row spacing by multi-manipulator mobilerobot and vertical array plant tower designASHTIANI ARAGHI, ALIREZA; RHEE, JOONG YONG; LEE, CHUNGU; KIM, JOON YONG; KWON, TAE HYEONG .................................. 49Peat substitutes in growing media – Options and limitationsNEUMAIER, DIETER; MEINKEN, ELKE ....................................................................................................................................... 50Nitrogen and aeration levels of the nutrient solution in soilless cultivation systems asimportant growing conditions affecting inherent quality of baby leaf vegetables: a review7

NICOLA, SILVANA ; EGEA-GILABERT, CATALINA; NIÑIROLA, DIANA; CONESA, ENCARNA; PIGNATA, GIUSEPPE; FONTANA, EMANUELA;FERNÁNDEZ, JUAN A. ............................................................................................................................................................ 51The effect of sugar type, source and concentration on Brassica oleraceae var botrytismicroproshoot productionRIHAN, HAIL Z ; AL-SHAMARI, MAGDA; AL-SWEDI, FADIL; BURCHETT, STEPHEN & FULLER, MICHAEL P. ....................................... 52POSTER PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 1 ........................................................................................... 53Non-invasive determination of anthocyanin in purple carrot using a portable spectrometerSCHMIDT, LILIAN; BEYS, FRIEDRICH & ZINKERNAGEL, JANA ...................................................................................................... 54On-tree monitoring of fruit quality of five Prunus domestica cultivarsBOLLING, J. ; HERPPICH, W.B. ................................................................................................................................................ 54Technical developments in phytomonitoring-technologyROCKSCH, THORSTEN ; SCHUCH, INGO; DANNEHL, DENNIS; SCHMIDT, UWE .............................................................................. 55Prediction of postharvest internal papaya fruit quality: quantifying content of singlecarotenoids using iMLRPFLANZ, MICHAEL ; OPARA, UMEZURUIKE LINUS; ZUDE, MANUELA ........................................................................................... 56Measurement of N-status and ingredients in broccoli plants (Brassica oleracea var. italica) inpot culture using sensor technologySCHIRDEWAHN, T.; PFENNING, J.; GRAEFF, S. & CLAUPEIN, W. ................................................................................................ 56Fluorescence-based systems for sensing drought stress in pepper plants at leaf levelHOFFMANN, ANNA M. ; HUNSCHE, MAURICIO; NOGA, GEORG ................................................................................................... 57Near-infrared spectroscopy: a promising sensor technique for quality assessment ofornamental cuttingsLOHR, D. ; TILLMANN, P.; ZERCHE, S. ; DRUEGE, U. ; MEINKEN, E. ............................................................................................ 58Two methodical approaches for evaluation of drought stress tolerance in carrotsRODE, ANDREA ; NOTHNAGEL, THOMAS; KAMPE, EIKE ............................................................................................................. 58PlantEye a novel 3D sensor platform for automated determination of plant growth dynamicsHUMMEL, GRÉGOIRE .............................................................................................................................................................. 59Modelling to estimate the specific leaf area of tomato leaves (cv. Pannovy)DANNEHL, D.; ROCKSCH, T. & SCHMIDT, U. ............................................................................................................................. 60Effects of some polyamines in embryo rescue of grapevine cv. Flame SeedlessEBADI, A.; AALIFAR, M.; FATTAHI MOGHADDAM, M. R. .............................................................................................................. 60Effects of secondary media on embryo germination and plant production in grapevine cvsFlame Seedless and PerletteEBADI, A.; AALIFAR, M.; FATTAHI MOGHADDAM, M. R. .............................................................................................................. 61Potential application of jasmonic acid in in vitro rooting of low vigorous pear and cherryrootstocksRUZIC, DJURDJINA; VUJOVIC, TATJANA; CEROVIC, RADOSAV; DJORDJEVIC, MILENA .................................................................. 61Using of digital image analysis for prediction of yield and shoot weight of grapevine ‘CabernetSauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera L.)BEŠLIĆ, ZORAN; VASIĆ RANKOVIĆ, ZORICA; TODIĆ, SLAVICA .................................................................................................... 62A vision-based laser weed control systemMARX, CHRISTIAN; PASTRANA PÉREZ, JULIO CÉSAR; RATH, THOMAS; HUSTEDT, MICHAEL; KAIERLE, STEFAN; HAFERKAMP, HEINZ 62GIS application in precision viticulture: spatial analysis of soil chemical characteristics in thevineyard with cv. Pinot Noir in Serbia8

ŽIVOTIĆ, LJUBOMIR; RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, ZORICA; ĐORĐEVIĆ, ALEKSANDAR; PAJIĆ, MILOŠ ; SIVČEV, BRANISLAVA ; PEROVIĆ, VELJKO ;ATANACKOVIĆ, ZORAN .......................................................................................................................................................... 63Blue LAMP supports the selection of Prunus domestica genotypes with hypersensitivityresistance to the Plum pox virusHADERSDORFER, JOHANNES ; NEUMÜLLER, MICHAEL ; FISCHER, THILO C. ; TREUTTER, DIETER ................................................ 63Development of CAT scan technology for analysis of xylem structure and functionMATTHEWS, MARK ................................................................................................................................................................. 64Determination of heat consumption behaviour of low-energy greenhouses regarding latent heatfluxes during the nightKNÖSEL, KLAUS ; RATH, THOMAS; HINDER, STEFANIE .............................................................................................................. 64Energetic evaluation of greenhouses by using enthalpy differencesSCHUCH, INGO ; DANNEHL, DENNIS; MIRANDA-TRUJILLO, LUIS; ROCKSCH, THORSTEN; SCHMIDT, UWE ....................................... 65Greenhouses dehumidification, preventive approach and energy balanceCHASSÉRIAUX, GERARD; MIGEON, CHRISTOPHE ; PIERART, ANTOINE; LEMESLE, DOMINIQUE; TRAVERS, ALAIN ............................ 66Comparison of a standard climatic regime and a 24-hours temperature integration regime inpot pelargonium cultureGILLI, CÉLINE ; SIGG, PASCAL; CARLEN, CHRISTOPH ................................................................................................................ 67Preliminary study on fuel usage in fruit productions in PolandBIAŁKOWSKI, PAWEŁ ; WAWRZYŃCZAK, PAWEŁ; KONOPACKI, PAWEŁ; RABCEWICZ, JACEK .......................................................... 67Operation of a confined greenhouse system with an above-ground heat and water storagesystemSCHMIDT, UWE ; DANNEHL, DENNIS; SCHUCH, INGO; MIRANDA-TRUJILLO, LUIS; ROCKSCH, THORSTEN ....................................... 68Strategies for saving energy without loss of plant qualityHAAS, HANS-PETER ; KOHLRAUSCH, FRANZISKA ; HAUSER, BERNHARD ; MEMPEL, HEIKE ......................................................... 69The use of rock-bed for storage of solar energy surplus in high plastic tunnels - preliminaryresults of the full scale projectKONOPACKI, PAWEŁ ; HOŁOWNICKI, RYSZARD ; SABAT, ROBERT ; KURPASKA, SŁAWOMIR ; LATAŁA, HUBERT ; NOWAK, JACEK ..... 69LED or HPS in ornamentals?OTTOSEN, CARL-OTTO .......................................................................................................................................................... 70Effect of low temperature during the night in young sweet pepper plants: stress and recoveryGORBE, ELISA ; HEUVELINK, E.P. ; JALINK, HENK ; STANGHELLINI, CECILIA ............................................................................... 71Effect of hot water treatment on chlorophyll degradation and postharvest quality in stored lime(Citrus aurantifolia Swingle cv. Paan) fruitKAEWSUKSAENG, SAMAK ; TATMALA, NOPPARAT ; SRILAONG, VARIT ; PONGPRASERT, NUTTHACHAI .......................................... 71Growth regulators and carving on breakage apical dominance in tannia rhizomesSOUZA, CRISTINA ; FERREIRA, ANA; PEREIRA, DANILO; FINGER, FERNANDO .............................................................................. 72The effect of blue light dose on cucumber transplants physiological indicesBRAZAITYTĖ, AUŠRA; SAMUOLIENĖ, GIEDRĖ ; JANKAUSKIENĖ, JULĖ; VIRŠILĖ, AKVILĖ; SIRTAUTAS, RAMŪNAS; SAKALAUSKIENĖ,SANDRA; SAKALAUSKAITĖ, JURGA; DUCHOVSKIS, PAVELAS ...................................................................................................... 72Using Artificial Neural Networks to predict the climate in a greenhouse: first simulation resultson a semi-closed systemMIRANDA-TRUJILLO, LUIS ; SCHUCH, INGO ; DANNEHL, DENNIS ; ROCKSCH, THORSTEN ; SALAZAR, RAQUEL ; SCHMIDT, UWE ...... 73Optimization of barcode and RFID technology in plant productionEYAHANYO, FELIX & GRADE, STEFANIE .................................................................................................................................. 74Comparison between two similar ventilation concepts in a smart controlled greenhouse fortomato cultivation9

VAN DEN BULCK, NICKEY ; COOMANS, MATHIAS ; WITTEMANS, LIEVE ; GOEN, KRIS ; HANSSENS, JOCHEN ; STEPPE, KATHY ;MARIEN, HERMAN ; DESMEDT, JOHAN .................................................................................................................................... 74"Zineg, the Low Energy Greenhouse", energy consumption coefficient (U cs ) in extremelyinsulated greenhousesSCHLÜPEN, MATTHIAS ; MEYER, JOACHIM ............................................................................................................................... 75Economic evaluation of the electricity production of a photovoltaic shade houseKREUZPAINTNER, ALEXANDRA ; LIETH, J. HEINRICH ; MEYER, JOACHIM .................................................................................... 75Comparison between the use of low-emissivity glass and float glass on the growthcharacteristics of ornamental plantsBETTIN, ANDREAS ; RÖMER, HANS-PETER; WAGNITZ, NICO; REHRMANN, PETER; WILMS, DIEDRICH ............................................ 76Comparative Dieffenbachia maculate cv Camille behavior under different fertilizers related withnitrogen availabilityCONTRERAS, JUANA ISABEL ; SEGURA, MARIA LUZ ; PLAZA, BLANCA MARÍA ; JIMÉNEZ-BECKER, SILVIA ; LAO, MARIA TERESA ..... 76Spectral enrichment of lamps by means of LEDs and its agronomic evaluationCHICA, ROSA MARÍA ; ALMANSA, EVA MARÍA ; MARTÍNEZ-RAMÍREZ, GABRIELA BEATRIZ ; LAO, MARIA TERESA .......................... 77Field cultivation of an eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) with the use of mulches in theconditions of moderate climateADAMCZEWSKA-SOWIŃSKA, KATARZYNA ; KRYGIER, MAGDALENA ............................................................................................. 78Assesment of quality attributes of endive (Cichorum endivia L.) depending on cultivar andgrowing conditionsKOWALCZYK, KATARZYNA ; GAJC-WOLSKA, JANINA; MARCINKOWSKA, MONIKA; JABRUCKA-PIÓRO, EWELINA ............................... 783D Climate Optimization humidity, temperature, ventilation, light, CO2JANSSEN, EGON .................................................................................................................................................................... 79Technology update on greenhouse horticulture in PortugalCOSTA, J.M. ; REIS, M. ; ALMEIDA, D. ; CARVALHO, S.M.P. ; PALHA, M.G. ; VARGUES, A. ; PASSARINHO, J.A. , FERREIRA, M.E. .. 79The application of some fungicides as alternative growth retardant in pot plant productionHONFI, PÉTER ; KÖBLI, VIKTÓRIA; FELSZNER, ZITA; MOSONYI, ISTVÁN DÁNIEL; TILLY-MÁNDY, ANDREA ....................................... 80The influence of bio-fertilizer and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on spad values in strawberryleavesPALENCIA, PEDRO ; MARTÍNEZ RUIZ, FÁTIMA ; WEILAND, CARLOS M. ; OLIVEIRA, J. ALBERTO ................................................... 81Response of two strawberry cultivars to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus indifferent soilsMARTÍNEZ RUIZ, FÁTIMA ; PALENCIA, PEDRO ; WEILAND, CARLOS M. ; OLIVEIRA, J. ALBERTO .................................................... 81Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and bio-fertilizer on growth characters of strawberryplant in soilless growing systemMARTÍNEZ RUIZ, FÁTIMA ; PALENCIA, PEDRO ; WEILAND, CARLOS M. ; OLIVEIRA, J. ALBERTO .................................................... 82Application of phosphate glass in the production of impatiens (Impatiens walleriana L.)seedlingsVUJOŠEVIĆ, ANA ; TOŠIĆ, MIHAJLO ; LAKIĆ, NADA ; NIKOLIĆ, JELENA ; ŽIVANOVIĆ, VLADIMIR ; MATIJAŠEVIĆ, SRĐAN ; ZILDŽOVIĆ,SNEŽANA ............................................................................................................................................................................. 82Pepper seedling cultivation in soil with leonarditeBASAY, SEVINC ; AKBUDAK, NURAY ....................................................................................................................................... 83Impacts of root spatial distribution on physical & hydraulic properties in peat growing mediaused in horticultureCANNAVO, PATRICE & MICHEL, JEAN CHARLES ....................................................................................................................... 83Morphometric flower traits and pollen germination of pome and stone fruits grown onameliorated coal mine pit deposol10

FOTIRIĆ AKŠIĆ, MILICA ; LIČINA, VLADO ; ZEC, GORDAN ; ČOLIĆ, SLAVICA ; NIKOLIĆ, DRAGAN & RAKONJAC, VERA .................... 84Green roofing: a complete approach to characterize growing mediaFAUCON, P. ; DARNIS, M. ....................................................................................................................................................... 84Establishing opportunities of soilless cultivation for vegetable production in Iquitos (Peru)GUZMAN PFEIFFER, LILIAN; ULRICHS, CHRISTIAN .................................................................................................................... 85Pepper seedlings quality improved by application of the enriched zeolitesUGRINOVIC, M. ; ZDRAVKOVIC, J.; DJORDJEVIC, M.; GIREK, Z.; BRDAR-JOKANOVIC, M.; ZDRAVKOVIC, M. .................................... 86Progress in the growth promotion of horticulture seedlings: compost tea and Trichoderma sp.MARÍN, F. ; DIÁNEZ, F. ; CARRETERO, F. ; SANTOS, M. ; GEA, FJ. ; MARTÍNEZ, MA ; YAU, J.A. ; NAVARRO, MJ. .......................... 86Effect of partial rootzone drying on growth, yield and biomass distribution of a soilless tomatocrop grown under greenhouseAFFI, N. ; EL MASTOR, A.; EL-FADL, A.; EL-OTMANI, M. & BENISMAIL, M C. ............................................................................... 87The effect of using degradable nonwovens in butterhead lettuce cultivation for early harvestSIWEK, PIOTR ; LIBIK, ANDRZEJ .............................................................................................................................................. 88TOPIC 2CONSUMER-DRIVEN SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINS MANAGEMENT ...................................... 89PLENARY SESSIONRegional identity and authenticity as a means of reaching the European consumerEKELUND, LENA ..................................................................................................................................................................... 90ORAL PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 2 ................................................................................................ 91Assessment of the visual quality of ornamental plants: comparison of three methodologies inthe case of the rosebushSANTAGOSTINI, PIERRE ; LAFFAIRE, MICHEL ; DEMOTES-MAINARD, SABINE ; HUCHÉ-THÉLIER, LYDIE ; GUERIN, VINCENT ; LEDUC,NATHALIE ; BERTHELOOT, JESSICA ;SAKR, SOULAIMAN ; BOUMAZA, RACHID ............................................................................. 92Do apple visual characteristics influence trained tasters’ perception?SYMONEAUX, RONAN ; MAITRE, ISABELLE; CHARLES, MATHILDE; MEHINAGIC, EMIRA................................................................. 93Intestinal fermentability of vegetables: methods for evaluating and minimizing digestivediscomfortLEROY, GAËLLE ; BATY-JULIEN, CELINE ; GRONGNET, JEAN-FRANÇOIS ; MABEAU, SERGE ........................................................ 94Screening the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of fruits: a comparativestudy of common testing methodsGOULAS, V. & MANGANARIS, G.A. ......................................................................................................................................... 95Influence of storage conditions and bunch position on green-life period of bananasPRAEGER, ULRIKE ; LINKE, MANFRED ; RUX, GUIDO ; JEDERMANN, REINER; GEYER, MARTIN .................................................... 96Harvesting quality, where to start?TIJSKENS, LMM ; SCHOUTEN, RE ; WALSH, KB ; ZADRAVEC, P ; UNUK, T ; JACOB, S ; OKELLO, RCO ........................................ 97Non-invasive analysis of calcium oxalate druses distribution in rose peduncles by synchrotronX-ray micro-tomographyMATSUSHIMA, UZUKI ; HILGER, ANDRÉ ; GRAF, WOLFGANG ; ZABLER, SIMON ; MANKE, INGO ; DAWSON, MARTIN ; CHOINKA,GERARD ; HERPPICH, WERNER B. ......................................................................................................................................... 98Biospeckle – the application for evaluation of fruits and vegetables11

ZDUNEK, ARTUR .................................................................................................................................................................... 99Predicting rose vase life in a supply chainVAN MEETEREN, UULKE , SCHOUTEN, ROB & WOLTERING, ERNST ........................................................................................ 100Emerging trends and market drivers in the fruit sectorABATE KASSA, GETACHEW ................................................................................................................................................... 101Satisfied customers – A precondition for successful enterprisesSCHÖPS, JOHANNA .............................................................................................................................................................. 102A House of Quality for strengthening consumer orientation in applied research for sustainablehorticultureBERTSCHINGER, LUKAS & CORELLI-GRAPPADELLI, LUCA ...................................................................................................... 103POSTER PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 2 ......................................................................................... 105The influence of growth conditions on the yield, chemical composition and sensory quality oftomato fruit in greenhouse cultivationGAJC-WOLSKA, JANINA ; KOWALCZYK, KATARZYNA; MARCINKOWSKA, MONIKA; RADZANOWSKA, JADWIGA ................................ 106Management of fruit presentation in sensory evaluation of apples for more reliable resultsBAVAY, CECILE ; SYMONEAUX, RONAN; MAITRE, ISABELLE; MEHINAGIC, EMIRA........................................................................ 106Sensotyping: a sensory methodology to assess organoleptic traits of large number of applesamplesSYMONEAUX, RONAN ; BRUNEAU, MARYLINE; ROBIC, ROLLAND ; LAURENS, FRANÇOIS ............................................................ 107Comparison of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids content in virgin olive oils from Italian olive varieties 107ROMANO, ELVIRA; BENINCASA, CINZIA; PATARINO, ALBA; GRECO, FEDERICA; PELLEGRINO, MASSIMILIANO; PERRI, ENZO &MUZZALUPO, INNOCENZO .................................................................................................................................................... 107Total phenol content and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) of Urtica dioica leaf extractsKOCZKA, NOÉMI ; PÉTERSZ, DÓRA ; STEFANOVITS-BÁNYAI, ÉVA ........................................................................................... 108Chemical and antioxidant properties of fully matured raspberry fruits (Rubus idaeus L.) pickedin different moments of harvesting seasonMILETIĆ, NEMANJA ; LEPOSAVIĆ, ALEKSANDAR; POPOVIĆ, BRANKO; MITROVIĆ, OLGA; KANDIĆ, MIODRAG ................................. 109Does a reduced water supply influence health-promoting compounds in kale?HENKELÜDEKE, LUISE; EICHHOLZ, INES; ULRICHS, CHRISTIAN ; HUYSKENS-KEIL, SUSANNE ...................................................... 109Anthocyanins and antioxidant activity from Oleaeuropea olives cv. Cellina grown in Sud ItalyNEGRO, CARMINE; APRILE, ALESSIO; DE BELLIS, LUIGI; MICELI, ANTONIO ............................................................................... 110Nutraceutic properties of multiberries grown in Sud Italy (Apulia)NEGRO, CARMINE; DE BELLIS, LUIGI; MICELI, ANTONIO ......................................................................................................... 111Characterisation of local ecotypes of purple carrots growing in Sud Italy (Apulia)MICELI, ANTONIO ; DE BELLIS, LUIGI; NEGRO, CARMINE ......................................................................................................... 111Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of white wine and grape seeds of cv. Riesling(Vitis vinifera L.) cultivated in conditions of ecological production in SerbiaRANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, ZORICA ; RADOVANOVIĆ, BLAGA ; SIVČEV, BRANISLAVA ; TODIĆ, SLAVICA ; BEŠLIĆ, ZORAN ; MATIJAŠEVIĆ, SAŠA.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 112Correlation of oleocanthal and oleacein concentration with pungency and bitterness in cv.Koroneiki virgin olive oilDEMOPOULOS, VASILIOS ; KARKOULA, EVANGELIA ; MAGIATIS, PROKOPIOS ; MELLIOU, ELENI ; KOTSIRAS, ANASTASIOS ;MOUROUTOGLOU, CHRISTOS ............................................................................................................................................... 11212

Biological value and antioxidant activity of different types of leaf chicory (Cichorium intybus L.var. foliosum Bisch.)BIESIADA, ANITA; TOMCZAK, ANNA; KRĘŻEL, JAN ................................................................................................................... 113Phytochemical and physiological response of Origanum vulgare to elevated temperature andwater deficitSAKALAUSKAITĖ, JURGA ; VIŠKELIS, PRANAS; DAMBRAUSKIENĖ, EDITA; SAKALAUSKIENĖ, SANDRA; SAMUOLIENĖ, GIEDRĖ;BRAZAITYTĖ, AUŠRA; DUCHOVSKIS, PAVELAS ........................................................................................................................ 114Processing of leafy salad: microorganisms associated to process water and produceGRUDÉN, MARIA ; ALSANIUS, BEATRIX W .............................................................................................................................. 114Qualitative properties, postharvest performance and bioactive content of Cypriot indigenousapple cultivarsGOULAS, V.; KOURDOULAS, P.; THEODOROU, M.; MAKRIS, F.; MANGANARIS, G.A. .................................................................. 115A survey on trans-resveratrol content of Romanian winesGEANA, ELISABETA-IRINA ; COSTINEL DIANA ; IORDACHE, ANDREEA-MARIA ; IONETE ROXANA-ELENA ; RANCA, AURORA &ILIESCU, MARINA ................................................................................................................................................................ 116The impact of 1-MCP treatment on Mal d 1-synthesis in apple fruit during storage in CA andDCA-systemsSTRELOW, MARTIN; KIEWNING, DANIELA ; SCHMITZ-EIBERGER, MICHAELA .............................................................................. 116The apple allergen Mal d 1 in fruit peel in relation to fruit pulp of different apple cultivarsKIEWNING, DANIELA ; BUDDE, CHRISTINA; SCHMITZ-EIBERGER, MICHAELA .............................................................................. 117Apple fruit preparation and nutritional value in supplying primary schoolsSCHMITZ-EIBERGER, MICHAELA ; KIEWNING, DANIELA; BUDDE, CHRISTINA; NOGA, GEORG ....................................................... 117Nutraceutic characterisation of Italian cherry cultivarsCECCARELLI, DANILO; NOTA, PAOLO; TALENTO, CARLA; SCOSSA, FEDERICO; SIMEONE, A. MARIA; FIDEGHELLI, CARLO & CABONI,EMILIA ................................................................................................................................................................................ 118Influence of Extenday ® under hails nets on fruit quality, colouration and secondary ingredientsin apple fruitsOVERBECK, VERENA ; SCHMITZ-EIBERGER, MICHAELA; BLANKE, MICHAEL............................................................................... 118Would aluminum and nickel content of apricot pose health risk to human?DAVARYNEJAD, GHOLAMHOSSEIN ; VATANDOOST, SAFIEH ; KAVEH, HAMED ; NAGY, PETER TAMAS .......................................... 119Impact of postharvest UV-C and ozone treatment on microbial decay of white asparagus(Asparagus officinalis L.)HASSENBERG, KARIN ; HERPPICH, WERNER B. ; HUYSKENS-KEIL, SUSANNE .......................................................................... 120Inhibition of ethylene response by 1-methylcyclopropene on potted ornamental pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)FINGER, FERNANDO LUIZ ; SEGATTO, FERNANDA BASTOS ; SILVA, TANIA PIRES DA & BARBOSA, JOSÉ GERALDO ..................... 120Changes in flavor of Medlar fruit (Mespilus germanica L.) during ripeningVELICKOVIC, MILOVAN ; RADIVOJEVIC, DRAGAN ; OPARNICA, CEDO ; NIKICEVIC, NINOSLAV ; ZIVKOVIC, MARIJANA ; DJORDJEVIC,NEDA ; TESEVIC, VELE ........................................................................................................................................................ 121The effect of anti-browning agents to the quality of fresh cut pearSEGLINA, DALIJA ; KRASNOVA, INTA; ABOLTINS, AIVARS; MISINA, INGA & GAILITE, INGRIDA ....................................................... 121Dry onion peels as a source of valuable secondary metabolitesSHEVCHENKO, YAROSLAV ; GRUDA, N. ; SMETANSKA, I. ........................................................................................................ 122‘Royal Gala’ apple stored under dynamic controlled atmosphere monitored by respirationquotient and chlorophyll fluorescenceWEBER, ANDERSON ; BOTH, VANDERLEI ; NEUWALD, DANIEL ALEXANDRE ; BRACKMANN, AURI .............................................. 123Internal browning in ‘Santana’ apple – reasons and possibilities to reduce the disorder13

NEUWALD, DANIEL ALEXANDRE ; STREIF, JOSEF ; KITTEMANN, DOMINIKUS ............................................................................. 123Magnesium infiltration as a tool to assess bitter pit occurrence in applesSESTARI, IVAN ; NEUWALD, DANIEL ALEXANDRE ; WEBER, ANDERSON & BRACKMANN, AURI ................................................ 124Strawberry ‘Clery’ fruit quality evolution during harvestANDRIANJAKA-CAMPS, ZO-NOROSOA ; CRESPO, PAMELA; ANÇAY, ANDRÉ; CARLEN, CHRISTOPH .............................................. 124Dynamics of fruit growth and fatty acid composition of hazelnuts, grown in BulgariaBLAGOEVA, ELITSA ; NIKOLOVA, MAGDALENA ; TANEVA, SABINA ; DIMITROVA, ROZA ; MAREKOV, ILKO ; MOMCHILOVA, SVETLANA.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 125Evaluation of grapes quality and wines typicity made from grapevine variety mamaia, inMurfatlar vineyardRANCA, AURORA ; ARTEM, VICTORIA & ANAMARIA, PETRESCU ................................................................................................ 125Determining the optimum modified atmosphere for extending the shelf-life of whole and freshcutzucchini (Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo)BLANCO-DÍAZ, M.T. ; PÉREZ-VICENTE, A. ; FAYOS, A. ; DOMÍNGUEZ, I. ; DEL RÍO-CELESTINO, M. & FONT, R. .......................... 126Determining film permeability in whole and fresh-cut zucchini (Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo) fruitsstored at different temperature storageBLANCO-DÍAZ, M.T. ; PÉREZ-VICENTE, A.; DOMÍNGUEZ, I.; FAYOS, A. & FONT, R..................................................................... 127The influence of storage conditions on quality parameters of head cabbage with conical headsGAJEWSKI, MAREK ; SMARZ, MONIKA; RADZANOWSKA, JADWIGA; PUDZIANOWSKA, MARTA ....................................................... 127Influence of temperature and light exposure during storage on quality changes of spinachleavesGLOWACZ, MARCIN ; MOGREN, LARS ; READE, JOHN ; COBB, ANDREW ; MONAGHAN, JAMES .................................................. 128Effect of hot water and modified atmosphere packaging treatment on some quality changes ofpersimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) during storageAKBUDAK, BULENT ; OZER, HAKAN M.; ALTIOGLU, ILKER ........................................................................................................ 128Effect of postharvest treatments on storage period and quality in persimmon (Diospyros kakiL.)AKBUDAK, B. ; OZER, H.M. & YENER T. ................................................................................................................................. 129Profile of falvonoid compounds in peel of Valencia orange fruit during storage periodSHAMLOO, MOHAMMAD MOHAMMADI ; SHARIFANI, MEHDI ; GARMAKHANY, AMIRE DARAEI & SEIFI, ESMAEIL ............................ 129Sensory profiles of various stored fruit species are affected by maturity class assessed byTime-resolved Reflectance Spectroscopy at harvestRIZZOLO, ANNA ; VANOLI, MARISTELLA ; SPINELLI, LORENZO ; TORRICELLI, ALESSANDRO ........................................................ 130Evaluation of post-harvest plums “Irati” in different stages of maturation under refrigerationand natural environmentAYUB, RICARDO ANTONIO ; EIDAM, TÂNIA ; MORGADO, CARLOS BERNARDO ........................................................................... 131Impact of the tomato fruit temperature on its growth and compositionGAUTIER, HÉLÈNE ; BERTIN, NADIA ; BALDAZZI, VALENTINA ; BRUNEL, BÉATRICE ; L’HOTEL, JEAN CLAUDE ; GENARD, MICHEL ;ORLANDO, PATRICK ; PRADIER, MICHEL ; SERRA, VALÉRIE ; VERCAMBRE, GILLES ; BIAIS, BENOÎT ; GIBON, YVES ...................... 131Changes in carotenoid composition in flowers of Tagetes tenuifolia Cav. and Tagetes patula L.during storageOSCHMANN, CORNELIA; GRUND, FRIEDERIKE; TESKE, SEBASTIAN; ULRICHS, CHRISTIAN ; HUYSKENS-KEIL, SUSANNE ................ 132Preliminary study on non-destructive assessment of European plum (Prunus domestica L.)maturitySALAMA, ABDEL-MOETY; NEUMÜLLER, MICHAEL; TREUTTER, DIETER ...................................................................................... 133Evaluating short term effects of temperature and light on strawberry ‘ELSINORE®’ firmnessPYROTIS, STAVROS; ABAYOMI, LOUISE ; REES, DEBBIE; WHITFIELD, CHARLES; ORCHARD, JOHN .............................................. 13314

The effect of modified atmosphere storage on the quality of fresh dill (Anethum graveolens L.)TSAMAIDI, DIMITRA ; PASSAM, HAROLD C. ............................................................................................................................. 134Influence of storage conditions on flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of selectedshallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum Group) cultivarsPUDZIANOWSKA, MARTA; GAJEWSKI, MAREK; PRZYBYŁ, JAROSŁAW ; BURACZYŃSKA, AGNIESZKA; GACZKOWSKA, OLGA;MATUSZCZAK, MARTA .......................................................................................................................................................... 134Storage of onions in farm scale ventilated silosFERREIRA, ANA ; SOUZA, CRISTINA ; PEREIRA, ARIANA ; CARDOSO, DEISE ; FINGER, FERNANDO ............................................. 135The influence of flower developmental status on shelf life of floral vegetable products: a casestudy of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)KABAKERIS, THERESA ; ZUTZ, KARSTEN ; BOLLING, JANINA ; HERPPICH, WERNER ; GEYER, MARTIN ........................................ 135Plum ripening evaluation by 1 H NMR spectroscopyAYUB, RICARDO ANTONIO ; FONSECA, FLAVIA APARECIDA ; BARISON, ANDERSON .................................................................. 136Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene, normal and modified atmosphere treatments on quality andvase life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii)AKBUDAK, BULENT ; MURAT, SENAY...................................................................................................................................... 137Effect of preharvest biopreparat treatment on storage of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii)AKBUDAK, BULENT ; MURAT, SENAY...................................................................................................................................... 137Evaluation of carnation flower colour of Domingo and Famosa cultivars in postharvest andtheir relationship with ethylene biosynthesisEBRAHIM-ZADEH, ASGHAR ; MARTÍNEZ-RAMÍREZ, GABRIELA BEATRIZ ; JIMÉNEZ-BECKER, SILVIA ; PLAZA, BLANCA MARÍA ;LAO, MARIA TERESA ........................................................................................................................................................... 137Experiences of biological control of Pseudomonas viridiflava on cut flowers of RanunculusasiaticusFASCELLA, SALVATORE ; BOERI, GIOVANNI LUCA ; CANGELOSI, BENEDETTA ; PASINI, CARLO ; BENUZZI, MASSIMO ; CURIR, PAOLO.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 138Market acceptance and willingness to pay of customers for plants in biodegradable potsGABRIEL, ANDREAS ; MENRAD, KLAUS .................................................................................................................................. 139Price perception and long-term price knowledge of buyers of ornamental plantsGABRIEL, ANDREAS ; MENRAD, KLAUS .................................................................................................................................. 139Insight of consumer cognitive and preference toward the vegetables grown with the cultivationtechnology of plant factoryHUANG, LI-CHUN ................................................................................................................................................................. 140Importance of the horticultural therapy in the view of the people of Novi Sad (Vojvodina,Serbia)GACIC, ANA ; BLAGOJEVIC, IVANA; CUKANOVIC, JELENA; MLADENOVIC, EMINA......................................................................... 141Trend analysis usability in the horticultural innovation process - Applied to innovation designfor the Kalanchoë market -RUCAR, MANUEL ; CHRISTOFOL, HERVE ; GALOPIN, GILLES ................................................................................................ 141Unraveling apple consumer segmentation by the identification of associated sensorypreference keydriversCHARLES, MATHILDE ; MAITRE, ISABELLE ; SYMONEAUX, RONAN ; VIGNEAU, EVELYNE ; PROST, CAROLE ; MEHINAGIC, EMIRA .. 142Typology of German Consumers on the Market for Ornamental PlantsKAIM, E. ; FLUCK, K. ; ALTMANN, M....................................................................................................................................... 14215

TOPIC3CONCEPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF INNOVATING SUSTAINABLE HORTICULTURALSYSTEMS, INCLUDING ORGANIC HORTICULTURE ...................................................................... 145PLENARY SESSIONSustainable production systems in fruit orchardsXILOYANNIS, CRISTOS .......................................................................................................................................................... 146ORAL PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 3 .............................................................................................. 147Deficit irrigation of horticultural crops: progress and challengesFERERES, ELIAS .................................................................................................................................................................. 148A sustainable approach to control downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) in greenhouse-grownlettuceBOGAERT, AAIKE ; VAN HESE, NATHALIE ; LEENKNEGT, ILSE ; VERGOTE, NICO ; HÖFTE, MONICA ; BLEYAERT, PETER ............... 149Environmental management technology for controlling spider mitesOHYAMA, KATSUMI ; SUZUKI, TAKESHI ; AMANO, HIROSHI ; GHAZY, NOURELDIN ABUELFADL ; SHAH, MAQSOOD ....................... 150Constant presence of complementary parasitoids for preventive control of aphids inornamental plantsDASSONVILLE, NICOLAS; THIELEMANS, THIERRY; GOSSET, VIRGINIE; ROSEMEYER, VIOLA ........................................................ 151Potential for controlled abiotic stress as a quality enhancer of baby leaf spinachMOGREN, LARS ; READE, JOHN ; MONAGHAN, JIM ................................................................................................................. 152The use of Bacillus thuringiensis and Neem alternation on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) and its effects on natural enemies in cabbage productionSOW, GALLO ; NIASSY, SALIOU ; ARVANITAKIS, LAURENCE ; BORDAT, DOMINIQUE ; DIARRA, KARAMOKO .................................. 153Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria reduce application rates of chemical fertilizers in lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.)ERTAN, YILDIRIM ; FATIH, AKBAY ........................................................................................................................................... 154Is biogas residue safety and efficient fertilizer to organic iceberg lettuce crop?IIVONEN, SARI ; TONTTI, TIINA ; NYKÄNEN, ARJA & VÄISÄNEN, HANNA-MAIJA ......................................................................... 155The German horticultural innovation systemKUNTOSCH, ANETT ; KÖNIG, BETTINA ; BOKELMANN, WOLFGANG ........................................................................................... 156Economic evaluation of the Swiss pome fruit productionBRAVIN, ESTHER ; CARINT, DANTE ; HANHART, JOHANNES .................................................................................................... 157Economic perspectives of molecular farming in greenhouse horticultureTARAGOLA, NICOLE ; DEMEYER, ROLINDE ; VAN DROOGENBROECK, BART ; CLAEYS, DAKERLIA ; LAUWERS, LUDWIG ................ 158POSTER PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 3 ......................................................................................... 159Plant growth promoting microorganisms and bio-control of Pythium ultimum on EuphorbiapulcherimaSIGG, PASCAL & CAMPS, CÉDRIC ......................................................................................................................................... 160BLE – A founding advisory and management service in german horticultureGRUDA, NAZIM .................................................................................................................................................................... 16016

Green bean production and fruit quality under organic and integrated intensive crop system inmediterranean areaCONTRERAS, JUANA ISABEL ; SEGURA, MARIA LUZ ; LAO, MARIA TERESA .............................................................................. 161Three years evaluation of the use of mechanical pruning in “Rocha” pearsDIAS, ANTÓNIO B. ; PATROCÍNIO, SANDRA ; PEREIRA, SÉRGIO ; PINHEIRO, ANACLETO ; PEÇA, JOSÉ O. ................................... 161Expanding regional organic fruit and vegetable markets: chances, challenges and implicationsfor regional sustainable food networks in GermanyKÖNIG, BETTINA ; VON ALLWÖRDEN, ANDREA; BOKELMANN, WOLFGANG ................................................................................. 162Crop load regulation by use of artificially created tree shadingSOLOMAKHIN, ALEXEY ; BLANKE, MICHAEL ; KUNZ, ACHIM ; ALIEV, TAYMASHAN & KLAD, ALEXANDER .................................... 163Effect of microorganisms on Lisianthus sp. quality: effect on seedlings and harvested plantsCAMPS, CÉDRIC & SIGG, PASCAL ......................................................................................................................................... 163Sustainable orcharding through eco-design and co-designPENVERN, SERVANE ; JAMAR, LAURENT ; DAPENA, ENRIQUE ; LATEUR, MARC ; SIMON, SYLVAINE ; BELLON, STEPHANE ........... 164Agro-morphological characterization of a diverse collection of tomato varieties cultivated inprotected area in organic culture systemBREZEANU, PETRE MARIAN ; MUNTEANU, NECULAI ; AMBARUS, SILVICA ; BREZEANU, CREOLA ; CALIN, MARIA ; VANATORU, COSTEL.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 165Response of a very-early maturing peach cultivar to water stress and crop load according tosimulations with QualiTreeMIRÁS-AVALOS, JOSÉ MANUEL ; ALCOBENDAS, ROSALÍA ; ALARCÓN, JUAN JOSÉ ; PEDRERO, FRANCISCO ; VALSESIA, PIERRE ;LESCOURRET, FRANÇOISE ; NICOLÁS, EMILIO ....................................................................................................................... 166Perspective and challenges in Tagetes sp. culture using biofertilizersSCHMIDT, BRIGITTA ; ŞUMĂLAN, RADU .................................................................................................................................. 166The potential of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria for the eggplant productionSUNGTHONGWISES, KIRIYA ; MATSUOKA, M. ; OHNISHI, K. ; TANAKA, S. & IWAI, C. B. ............................................................ 167Nutritional parameters of Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) under organicgrowing conditionsKOPTA, TOMÁŠ; POKLUDA, ROBERT ..................................................................................................................................... 168Effect on yield and quality different agricultural organic waste in organic strawberry growingBALCI, GULDEN; DEMIRSOY, HUSNU ; DEMIRSOY, LEYLA ........................................................................................................ 168Effect of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and mycorrhiza on growth and total chlorophyll in pepperplantAKBUDAK, NURAY ; BASAY, SEVINC ; TEZCAN, HIMMET ......................................................................................................... 168Sustainability of Sicily’s citrus production: an energetic, economic and environmental analysisof lemon and orange productionPERGOLA, M. ; D'AMICO, M. ; FAVIA, M.F. ; INGLESE, P. ; PALESE, A.M. ; PERRETTI, B. ; CELANO, G. ...................................... 169Evaluation of resistance to fire blight in pear cultivarsERFANI, JAVAD ; ABDOLLAHI, HAMID ; EBADI, ALI ; FATAHI, REZA ........................................................................................... 170Low-residue apple production compared to common IP and BIO productionNAEF, ANDREAS .................................................................................................................................................................. 170Simultaneous detection and identification of pathogenic fungi in wheat using a DNAmacroarrayPALMISANO, MARILENA ; KUHN, ROGER ; SIEROTZKI, HELGE ; BOLSINGER, MARTIN ................................................................ 171Verger Cidricole de Demain: conception, assessment and diffusion of environmental highperformanceand economically viable cider apple orchard systemsGUERIN, ANNE ; DUPONT, NATHALIE; GILLES, YANN ............................................................................................................... 17117

Possibilities of integrated diseases control of carrotsBIMSTEINE, GUNITA ; BANKINA, BIRUTA ; LEPSE, LIGA ........................................................................................................... 172Electronic nose for the early detection of Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineousOlivier) infestation in Palms: preliminary resultsRIZZOLO, ANNA ; BIANCHI, GIULIA ; LUCIDO, PAOLO ; CANGELOSI, BENEDETTA ; POZZI, LETIZIA ; VILLA, GIOVANNI ; CLEMATIS,FRANCESCA ; PASINI, CARLO ; CURIR, PAOLO ....................................................................................................................... 173Integrated fruit production in Bulgaria – state-of-the-art, tendencies and ecologically soundapproaches for producing safe fruitsRANKOVA, ZARYA ; TITIYANOV, MIROSLAV ; ZHIVONDOV, ARGIR ............................................................................................ 173Effect of different plant strengthener on the appearance of powdery mildew on rosemary(Rosmarinusofficinalis)SAUER, HEIKE ; RATHER, KARIN ; KOCH, ROBERT ; BLUM, HANNA .......................................................................................... 174Merging ecological and social approaches to tackle insecticide overuse in Colombian smallscalepassionfruit productionWYCKHUYS, KRIS A.G. ........................................................................................................................................................ 174An individual-based modeling approach to assess trap cropping management of Helicoverpazea in tomato field in MartiniqueGRECHI, ISABELLE ; TIXIER, PHILIPPE ; RHINO, BÉATRICE ; MALEZIEUX, ERIC & RATNADASS, ALAIN ......................................... 175Program PETAAL: a biocontrol strategy of the sycamore lace bug Corythucha ciliata (Say)(Hemiptera: Tingidae) in urban areasVERFAILLE, THIBAUT ; PIRON, MIREILLE ; GUTLEBEN, CAROLINE ; JALOUX, BRUNO ; HECKER, CHRISTIAN ; MAURY-ROBERT, ANNE ;CHAPIN, ERIC ; CLEMENT, ALAIN .......................................................................................................................................... 176A mix of six parasitoids for aphid control below observation thresholdTHIELEMANS, THIERRY ; DASSONVILLE, NICOLAS; GOSSET, VIRGINIE; ROSEMEYER, VIOLA ....................................................... 177Decision support for sustainable orchard pest management with the Swiss forecasting systemSOPRASAMIETZ, JÖRG ; HÖHN, HEINRICH; RAZAVI, ELISABETH; HÖPLI, HANS ULRICH; SCHAUB, LUKAS; GRAF, BENNO ......................... 177AGROBIOFILM - Development of enhanced biodegradable films for agricultural activitiesCOSTA-RODRIGUES, C. ; CARVALHO, L. ; DUARTE, E. ........................................................................................................... 178Evaluation effect of culture densities in different times on qualitative properties of Alliumampeloprasum L.ssp.iranicumMANSOORE, SHAMILI ........................................................................................................................................................... 179The use of somatic embryogenesis in artificial seed production in cauliflower (Brassicaoleraceae var. botrytis)AL-SHAMARI, MAGDA ; RIHAN, HAIL; AL-SWEDI, FADIL & FULLER, MICHAEL PAUL .................................................................... 179Timing field production of Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.)KOŁOTA, EUGENIUSZ; ADAMCZEWSKA-SOWIŃSKA, KATARZYNA & UKLAŃSKA-PUSZ, CECYLIA .................................................. 180Experience with Honeycrisp apple storage management in WashingtonHANRAHAN, INES ; MATTHEIS, JAMES P. ; SCHMIDT, TORY ; MCFERSON, JAMES ..................................................................... 180Effect of indole buteric acid and putrescine on adventitious rooting of semi-hard wood kiwifruitcuttingsKHEZRI, MASOOD ; WOOLLEY, DAVID ................................................................................................................................... 181Effect of pre emergence herbicides on growth quality of Allium ampeloprasum L. ssp.iranicumMANSOORE, SHAMILI ........................................................................................................................................................... 181Conservation tillage in intensive vegetable production systems – Strip tillage in white cabbagecultivationÜBELHÖR, A. ; PFENNING, J. ; HERMANN, W. ; MORHARD, J. ; BILLEN, N. ; CLAUPEIN, W. & LIEBIG, H.P. ................................ 18218

Effect of seed origin, fertilization and pruning on growth, yield and fruit sugar content ofgoldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.)WOLF, STEFANIE ; PFENNING, JUDIT; CLAUPEIN, WILHELM; LIEBIG, H.PETER ........................................................................... 183Predicting natural fruit drop in apple – a model to facilitate chemical fruit thinningGÖLLES, MICHAEL ; WIDMER, ALBERT ; BAUMGARTNER, DANIEL ............................................................................................ 183Rootstocks influence on the assimilation surface and vegetative potential of Prokupac grapecultivarMARKOVIĆ, NEBOJŠA; ATANACKOVIĆ, ZORAN ; RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, ZORICA ............................................................................... 184The influence of BA and BA+GA4+7 on formatting sylleptic shoots on one-year-old applenursery tree in cvs. Jonagold and CadelRADIVOJEVIC, DRAGAN ; MOMIROVIC, IVAN ; MILIVOJEVIC, JASMINKA ; LUKIC, MILAN ; VELICKOVIC, MILOVAN ; OPARNICA, CEDO 184Prunus microcarpa, a potential rootstock for stone fruitNAS, MEHMET NURI & SEVGIN, NEVZAT ................................................................................................................................ 185Soil quality evaluation of fruit crop systems in semi-arid climatic conditionsLARDO, EGIDIO ; COLL, PATRICE ; PALESE, A.MARIA ; LE CADRE, EDITH ; VILLENAVE, CECILE ; XILOYANNIS, CRISTOS ; CELANO,GIUSEPPE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 185The effects of ethylene applications on root architecture and growth rate of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum L) seedlingsBALLIU, ASTRIT & SALLAKU, GLENDA .................................................................................................................................... 186Influence of seed treatment on germination of dwarf fan palm (Chamaerops humilis L.)GIOVINO, ANTONIO ; SCIBETTA, SILVIA ; SAIA, SERGIO ; RUFFONI, BARBARA .......................................................................... 187Germination capacity of dwarf fan palm (Chamaerops humilis) seed after short-time storage .....GIOVINO, ANTONIO; MAMMANO, MICHELE MASSIMO; GUGLIUZZA, GIOVANNI; SAIA, SERGIO ..................................................... 187Somatic embryogenesis as a chrysanthemum propagation toolLEMA-RUMIŃSKA, JUSTYNA .................................................................................................................................................. 188Investigation of the interaction of endophytes and poplar plants in vitro culture and field trialsFRAGNER, LENA ; HANAK, ANNE METTE ; WAWROSCH, CHRISTOPH ; KOPP, BRIGITTE ; WANEK, WOLFGANG ; ULRICH, KRISTINA ;EWALD, DIETRICH & WECKWERTH, WOLFRAM ...................................................................................................................... 188Temporary immersion systems for efficient mass propagation of medicinal and aromatic plantsWAWROSCH, CHRISTOPH & KOPP, BRIGITTE ........................................................................................................................ 189Effect of conservation agriculture and biochar on yield and quality on a tomato-lettuce croprotationDALLA COSTA, LUISA ; PIRELLI, TIZIANA; TOMMASI, RITA & ZAVALLONI, COSTANZA .................................................................. 190New contributions to improving knowledge about in vitro culture of walnut in RomaniaGOTEA, RODICA ; VAHDATI, KOUROSH ; SESTRAS, RADU ; GOTEA, IONUT .............................................................................. 190A literature review of two alternative gelling agents that can be used for in vitro culture ofwalnutGOTEA, RODICA ; VAHDATI, KOUROSH ; SESTRAS, RADU ; GOTEA, IONUT .............................................................................. 191The effect of the intercropping with lettuce on growth, mineral content and yield of broccoli ......YILDIRIM, ERTAN ; TURAN, METIN ; KARLIDAG, HUSEYIN ........................................................................................................ 191The specific role of alternate bearing cycle on physiological disorders of pistachio (Pistaciavera L.)KHEZRI, MASOOD ; PANAHI, BAHMAN ................................................................................................................................... 192Influence of biochar in the subsequent year after application on growth and development oflettuce plants (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.)SCHÖNEBERG, ANITA ; PFENNING, JUDIT; GRAEFF, SIMONE; CLAUPEIN, WILHELM & LIEBIG, H.P. ............................................. 19219

Seasonal changes in fruits of 13 pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) genotypes duringdevelopmental stagesZAREI, ABDOLKARIM ; ZAMANI, ZABIHOLLAH; FATAHI, REZA ..................................................................................................... 193Product Carbon Footprints across the supply chains of selected examples (apples andtomatoes)ERGÜL, RUMYANA ; MEMPEL, HEIKE; STROBER, WOLFGANG .................................................................................................. 193Documentation and evaluation of the product carbon footprint for greenhouse producedvegetablesKREUZPAINTNER, ALEXANDRA & MEYER, JOACHIM ................................................................................................................ 194Decontamination of irrigation water comparison of stationary and mobile photocatalytic watertreatmentALAM, MEHBOOB ; LARSSON, CHRISTINE ; ROSBERG, ANNA KARIN ; BURLEIGH, STEPHEN ; AHRNÉ, SIV ; MOLIN, GÖRAN ;JENSÉN, PAUL ; ALSANIUS, BEATRIX W. ............................................................................................................................... 195Effect of foliar application of iron-chelates on seasonal changes of leaf petioles and berriesmineral composition of Halwani Lebanon and Kamali grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)ALIMAM, NABIL M. A............................................................................................................................................................. 196The response of mature alternate-bearing pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees to spray zincfertilizationKHEZRI, MASOOD ; SARCHESHMEHPOUR, MEHDI .................................................................................................................. 196Morphological and physiological response of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedlings to soilnitrogen and phosphorus fertilizationHADAVI, FARANAK ; ERSHADI, AHMAD ; KHEZRI, MASOOD ; JAVANSHAH, AMANALLAH .............................................................. 197Effect of irrigation and increased potassium supply on yield and nutritive composition of carrotOMBÓDI, ATTILA ; ZALOTAI, KRISZTINA ; LUGASI, ANDREA ; BOROSS, FERENC ; HELYES, LAJOS ................................................ 197Glass-matrix based fertilizers. A novel approach to fertilization based on plant demandREA, ELVIRA ; TRINCHERA, ALESSANDRA ; ALLEGRA, MARIA ; ROCCUZZO, GIANCARLO ; RINALDI, SIMONA ; SEQUI, PAOLO ;INTRIGLIOLO, FRANCESCO ................................................................................................................................................... 198Impact of different potassium fertilizers doses on Ca:Mg and K:Mg ratio in the grapevineorgansLIČINA, VLADO; MARKOVIĆ, NEBOJŠA; TRAJKOVIĆ, IVANA ; ATANACKOVIĆ, ZORAN ................................................................... 198Effect of multinutrient complex fertilizers on growth of very early potato cultivarsWADAS, WANDA ; DZIUGIEŁ, TOMASZ .................................................................................................................................... 199Application of arbuscular mycorrhiza and endophytic bacteria affected rhizome quality ofCurcuma alismatifolia GagnepRUAMRUNGSRI, SORAYA ; THEPSUKHON, APIRAYA & SHIGEYUKI, TAJIMA .............................................................................. 200On-farm comparison of fertilizer application practices to assess nitrogen-use efficiency ofCurcuma alismatifolia GagnepRUAMRUNGSRI, SORAYA ; SUEYOSHI, KUNI & INKHAM, CHAIARTID ........................................................................................ 200Effect of potassium supply on drug production and quality of mint speciesNÉMETH-ZÁMBORINÉ, ÉVA ; SZABÓ, KRISZTINA ; RAJHÁRT, PÉTER ; POPP, THOMAS ............................................................... 201Effects of partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation on fruit quality during storage of GrannySmith applesĐUROVIĆ, DEJAN ; MRATINIĆ, EVICA ; MILATOVIĆ, DRAGAN ; ĐUROVIĆ, SNEŽANA ; ĐORĐEVIĆ, BOBAN ; MILIVOJEVIC, JAMINKA ;RADIVOJEVIC, DRAGAN ....................................................................................................................................................... 202Effects of foliar and substrate application of selenium on fruit quality of strawberryPALENCIA, PEDRO ; BURDUCEA, MARIAN ; MARTÍNEZ RUIZ, FÁTIMA ; OLIVEIRA, J. ALBERTO ; GIRÁLDEZ, INMACULADA ............. 202Climate change induced changes of water demand and nitrogen fertilization for vegetableproduction in Hessian Reed20

SCHMIDT, NADINE ; ZINKERNAGEL, JANA ............................................................................................................................... 203Frost resistance as an indicator of brown heart susceptibility in swede (Brassica napus var.napobrassica)FADHEL, FAIZ T; FULLER, MICHAEL P; BURCHETT, STEPHEN & JELLINGS, ANITA ...................................................................... 203Irrigation effects on the agronomic performance of Albariño cultivar in the Ribeiro AOC.Preliminary resultsTRIGO-CÓRDOBA, EMILIANO; GÓMEZ-SANMARTÍN, JOSÉ MANUEL; BOUZAS-CID, YOLANDA; DÍAZ-LOSADA, EMILIA; ORRIOLS-FERNÁNDEZ, IGNACIO; MIRÁS-AVALOS, JOSÉ MANUEL .......................................................................................................... 204Impact of phosphorus nutrition on photosynthesis, leaf yield and plant quality of Centellaasiatica L. UrbanMÜLLER, VIOLA ; LANKES, CHRISTA; HUNSCHE, MAURICIO & NOGA, GEORG ............................................................................ 205The influence of the trace elements on grape winter hardiness potentialVELIKSAR, SOFIA; TUDORACHE, GHEORGHE; TOMA, SIMION; DAVID, TATIANA; BRATCO, DUMITRU; BUSUIOC, VALENTINA ........... 206Quality of Syngonium podophyllum “Silver” crop related with nutritional status of the rootzoneCONTRERAS, JUANA ISABEL ; SEGURA, MARIA LUZ ; PLAZA, BLANCA MARÍA ; JIMÉNEZ-BECKER, SILVIA ; LAO, MARIA TERESA ... 206Monitoring nitrogen content of soils with vegetable crop production – The SchALVO as anenvironmental instrument in water protection areas in Baden -Württemberg, GermanyRATHER, KARIN ................................................................................................................................................................... 207Effect of different quality irrigation water on the growth, mineral concentration andphysiological parameters of Viburnum tinus plantsGÓMEZ-BELLOT, M JOSÉ ; CASTILLO, MARCO ; ÁLVAREZ, SARA ; ACOSTA, JOSÉ RAMÓN ; ALARCÓN, JUAN JOSÉ ; BAÑÓN,SEBASTIÁN ; ORTUÑO, M FERNANDA ; SÁNCHEZ-BLANCO, M JESÚS ...................................................................................... 208Sustainable improvement of nitrogen efficiency of vegetables crops – Implementation of theEU water framework directive in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyRATHER, KARIN & GROßE LENGERICH, TIM ........................................................................................................................... 208Assessment of the heterogeneity of water status in commercial orchards by high resolutionthermal imageryGONZALEZ-DUGO, V. ; ZARCO-TEJADA, P. ; RUZ, C. ; FERERES, E. ....................................................................................... 209Effects of aminolevulinic acid on organogenesis in protocorm-like body (PLBs) of Cymbidiumspp. in vitroNAHAR, SYEDA JABUN ; KAZUHIKO, SHIMASAKI ..................................................................................................................... 209Effect of moderately saline water and water deficit on the content of antioxidants in paprika(Capsicum annuum) at different ripening stagesLERMA, MARIA DOLORES ; RAIGÓN, MARIA DOLORES ; FITA, ANA MARIA ; MORENO, ESTELA ; GARCÍA-MARTÍNEZ, MARIA DOLORES ;PROHENS, JAIME ; PENELLA, CONSUELO ; CALATAYUD, ÁNGELES ; NEBAUER, SERGIO G. ; SAN BAUTISTA, ALBERTO ; LÓPEZ-GALARZA, SALVADOR ; CAMACHO, FRANCISCO ; TELLO, JULIO CÉSAR ; RODRÍGUEZ-BURRUEZO, ADRIÁN ................................ 210Evaluation for abiotic and biotic stress of Capsicum pepper commercial rootstocks andcultivarsPENELLA, CONSUELO ; BOIX, AMALIA ; MORENO, ESTELA ; RUIZ, CARLOS ; FITA, ANA ; LERMA, MARIA DOLORES ; RAIGÓN, MARIADOLORES ; SAN BAUTISTA, ALBERTO ; LÓPEZ-GALARZA, SALVADOR ; MARSAL, JOSE IGNACIO ; GARCÍA-LOPEZ, ALEJANDRO ;DOÑAS, FRANCISCO ; NEBAUER, SERGIO G. ; RODRÍGUEZ-BURRUEZO, ADRIÁN ; CAMACHO, FRANCISCO ; TELLO, JULIO CÉSAR ;CALATAYUD, ÁNGELES ........................................................................................................................................................ 211Product and production management along the value chain of horticultural open fieldproductionHENNIG, ROBERT ; LENTZ, WOLFGANG.................................................................................................................................. 212Innovation and sustainable competitiveness: the risks of the fragmentation of the productiveprocess – the French example of the ornamental outdoor plantPLOTTU, BÉATRICE ; WIDEHEM, CAROLINE ; CHIKH-MHAMED, SONIA ...................................................................................... 21221

Connecting research and innovation processes: Overcoming obstacles für knowledge andtechnology transfer in horticultural value chainsKÖNIG, BETTINA ; DIEHL, KATHARINA ; KUNTOSCH, ANETT ; BOKELMANN, WOLFGANG ............................................................. 213Scope of supply chain management for sustaining growth of farm sector in Indian PunjabSINGH, JOGINDER ................................................................................................................................................................ 214Possibilities and limits of modelling the development of horticulture farms based onaccounting dataKÖLBEL, CONNY ; LENTZ, WOLFGANG .................................................................................................................................. 214Eastern European seasonal employees in German Horticulture: Role and recent developmentsin the context of the EU expansionBITSCH, VERA & MITTELBERGER, CECILIA ............................................................................................................................ 215Seasonal employees in US horticulture: Agricultural Census trends 1997 – 2007, wagedevelopments, and housingBITSCH, VERA ..................................................................................................................................................................... 216“University-industry network” in the horticulture sector: Experience with the stakeholders’network in Kenya and EthiopiaWENZ, KATRIN ; WOLFGANG, BOKELMANN ............................................................................................................................. 216Establishing a network to analyze the international competitiveness of apple productionDIRKSMEYER, WALTER ......................................................................................................................................................... 217The economic value of high tunnel investment as a rain covers in strawberry productionKOIVISTO, ANU & NIEMI, SANNA ........................................................................................................................................... 218Enhancing global competitiveness of Indian apple: Investigating the value chain perspectiveSINGH, BABITA ; SIKKA, B.K. ; SINGH, SURENDRA P. ............................................................................................................. 218Attitude-based adoption model for implementation of energy efficient technologiesHERTEL, MANUEL ................................................................................................................................................................ 219The vegetable sector in Germany – Some indications of the competitivenessLUDWIG-OHM, SABINE & DIRKSMEYER, WALTER ................................................................................................................... 219Analysis of the economic relevance of German horticultureFLUCK, KATRIN & DIRKSMEYER, WALTER ............................................................................................................................. 220ArboPlus: a farm management tool for fruit growersBRAVIN, ESTHER ; BLUNSCHI, MIRJAM ................................................................................................................................... 221Costs and profitability of production of organic apple, strawberry and sour cherry in PolandBRZOZOWSKI, PIOTR ; ZMARLICKI, KRZYSZTOF ...................................................................................................................... 222Fruit growers identify their challengesBRAVIN, ESTHER ; HANHART, JOHANNES ; HIRRLE,TIMO ........................................................................................................ 222ProfiGemüse CH: a novel network linking research demand and supply in the vegetable sectorVOGLER, UTE ; CROLE-REES, ANNA ; BAUR, ROBERT ........................................................................................................... 224Identification of organic fruit market bottlenecks in PolandZMARLICKI, KRZYSZTOF ; BRZOZOWSKI, PIOTR ...................................................................................................................... 224Testing improved biodegradable mulch films in real field conditions: Case study withmuskmelonCARVALHO, LOPO ; OLIVEIRA, MARGARIDA ; CORDEIRO, TIAGO ; DUARTE, ELIZABETH ; MONTEIRO, ANTÓNIO ............................ 225Farmer’s preferences for ecofriendly nets adapted to vegetable production in BeninAKODOGBO, J. ; VIDOGBÉNA, F. ; ADÉGBIDI, A. ; KOMLAN, F.A. ; NGOUAJIO, M. ; MARTIN, T. ; SIMON, S. ; PARROT, L. .............. 22622

The supply chain for small farmers in Hungary, with particular attention to fruit and vegetablegrowersBURGER, ANNA ................................................................................................................................................................... 226TOPIC 4HORTICULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY: CONTRIBUTIONS TO ITS LOSS, CONSERVATION ORINCREASE? ........................................................................................................................................ 229PLENARY SESSIONEvolution of diversity of fruits and vegetables cropsPITRAT, M. & AUDERGON, J.M. ............................................................................................................................................. 230ORAL PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 4 .............................................................................................. 231Characterization of indigenous apple genotypes from the fruit collection of Fruit ResearchInstitute ČačakMARIĆ, SLAĐANA & LUKIC, MILAN ........................................................................................................................................ 232Old autochthonous Italian fruit varieties, a source of interesting genetic traitsENGEL, PETRA ; FIDEGHELLI, CARLO ..................................................................................................................................... 233Use of carrot genetic resources to understand root carotenoid contentJOURDAN, MATTHIEU ; SOUFFLET-FRESLON, VANESSA ; CLOTAULT, JÉRÉMY ; BRIARD, MATHILDE ; PELTIER, DIDIER ;GEOFFRIAU, EMMANUEL ..................................................................................................................................................... 234Variations in almond (Prunus dulcis) self-incompatibility alleles: from Eastern Europe toWestern AsiaSZIKRISZT, BERNADETT ; ERCISLI, SEZAI ; HEGEDŰS, ATTILA ; HALÁSZ, JÚLIA ......................................................................... 235Exotic and African biodiversities in fruit and vegetable agroecosystems in SenegalDE BON, HUBERT ; REY, JEAN-YVES ; GRECHI, ISABELLE ; DIARRA, KARAMOKO ; BORDAT, DOMINIQUE ; NDIAYE, OUSMANE ....... 236Determination of essential oil and polyphenolic compounds in Thymus speciesPLUHÁR, ZSUZSANNA ; SIMKÓ, HELLA ; SÁROSI, SZILVIA ; BOROS, BORBÁLA ; DÖRNYEI, ÁGNES ; FELINGER, ATTILA ; HORVÁTH,GYÖRGYI ............................................................................................................................................................................ 237Quantification of agro-morphological and nutritional traits in Ethiopian mustard leaves(Brassica carinata A. Braun) by near-infrared spectroscopyMARTÍNEZ-VALDIVIESO, DAMIÁN ; FONT, RAFAEL ; MUÑOZ-SERRANO, ANDRÉS ; ALONSO-MORAGA, ANGELES ; DEL RÍO-CELESTINO,MERCEDES ......................................................................................................................................................................... 238Development of breeding programmes in eggplant with different objectives and approaches:three examples of use of primary genepool diversityHURTADO, MARIA; VILANOVA, SANTIAGO; PLAZAS, MARIOLA; GRAMAZIO, PIETRO; PROHENS, JAIME ......................................... 239Genetic stability in mint (Mentha xpiperita) cryopreserved apices: can the cryopreservationtechnique, regeneration medium composition and genotype affect the final result?KREMER, CAROLINA; MARTIN, CARMEN ; GONZALEZ, IVAN; GONZALEZ-BENITO, M. ELENA ....................................................... 240Strategies for the conservation of Lamiaceae medicinal and aromatic species diversity throughconventional and unconventional horticultural methodsDANILA, DOINA ; STEFANACHE, CAMELIA PAULA ................................................................................................................... 241A digital image analysis system for resistance evaluation in RhododendronPLASCHIL, SYLVIA & KRÄMER, REINER ................................................................................................................................. 24223

POSTER PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 4 ......................................................................................... 243A saturated SSR-DArT linkage map of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)MOHAMED, RANYA R. ; DUNEMANN, F. ; PEIL, A. ; LANKES, C. ; NOGA, G. ; LÉON, J. .............................................................. 244Evaluation the genetic variation of Mangifera indica genotypes in IranSHAMILI, MANSOORE ; FATAHI, REZA .................................................................................................................................... 244Evaluation of genetic relationship between Iranian candid genotypes and rootstocks cultivarsusing microsatellite markersHADADINEJAD, M. ; EBADI, A. ; FATAHI, M.R. & NEJATIAN, MOHAMAD ALI .............................................................................. 245Cytoplasm types and their relatedness in the domesticated apple: Analysis of themitochondrial cox1 and atp9MIKAMI, T. ; KITAZAKI, K. & KISHIMA, Y. ................................................................................................................................. 245Collection, conservation and use of Phaseolus genetic resourcesBREZEANU, CREOLA ; BREZEANU, PETRE MARIAN ; AMBARUS, SILVICA ; CALIN, MARIA ; CRISTEA, TINA OANA .......................... 246Transcript levels a LOX gene and volatile compounds content in olive (Olea europaea L.)pericarps and olive oils: a comparative study on twenty-five olive cultivars harvested at tworipening stagesCHIAPPETTA, ADRIANA & MUZZALUPO, INNOCENZO ............................................................................................................. 247Phenolic compounds, chlorophylls and sugars in the mesocarp of the olive (Olea europaea L):a comparison between different varietiesPATARINO, ALBA; BENINCASA, CINZIA; RUSSO, ANNA; GRECO, FEDERICA & MUZZALUPO, INNOCENZO ...................................... 247Characterization, selection and conservation of local fig accessions cultivated inTunisiaALJANE, F. & FERCHICHI, A. ................................................................................................................................................ 248Basic screening of 800 grapevine genotypes based on morphological traits related to droughttolerance for selecting rootstockHADADINEJAD, MEHDI ; EBADI, ALI ; FATAHI, M.R. ; NEJATIAN, MOHAMAD ALI ; MOSAYYEBI, SAMANEH ..................................... 249In vitro conservation of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. by encapsulation dehydration and ‘Coldstorage’ techniquesRUZIC, DJURDJINA ; VUJOVIC, TATJANA ; CEROVIC, RADOSAV ............................................................................................... 249Optimization of droplet vitrification protocol for cryopreservation of in vitro grown blackberryshoot tipsVUJOVIC, TATJANA ; RUZIC, DJURDJINA & CEROVIC, RADOSAV ............................................................................................. 250Genetic resources of genus Hydrangea : structuration of phenolic compounds diversityDULAC, A. ; GUILET, D. ; LAMBERT, C. ; RICHOMME, P. ......................................................................................................... 251The influence of biotic interactions on the distribution and abundance of Arnica montana L.species in natural habitatsSTEFANACHE, CAMELIA PAULA ; TANASE, CATALIN ............................................................................................................... 251Evaluation of frost tolerance among a large number of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) ecotypescollected from Mediterranean, temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zonesZHOU, YI JR; LAMBRIDES, CHRISTOPHER JR; FUKAI, SHU JR ................................................................................................... 252Baseline characterization of carrot genetic resourcesBARANSKI, RAFAL ; ALLENDER, CHARLOTTE ......................................................................................................................... 252Evaluation of some autochthonous plum cultivars in SerbiaGLIŠIĆ, IVANA ; MILOŠEVIĆ, NEBOJŠA .................................................................................................................................... 253First evaluation of Centaurium erythraea rafn. populations as breeding materialsSZABÓ, KRISZTINA ; BLASKOVICS, BETTINA; RAJHÁRT, PÉTER................................................................................................. 25424

Anthocyanin content and total phenolics of flower and leaves in F 2 generation of ornamentalpeppersRÊGO, ELIZANILDA RAMALHO DO ; MAPELI, ANA MARIA ; FERREIRA, ANA PAULA SATO ; OLIVEIRA, LUCILENE SILVA DE ; FINGER,FERNANDO LUIZ ; RÊGO, MAILSON MONTEIRO ...................................................................................................................... 254Researches regarding identification of new salinity tolerant tomato (Lycopersicum esculentumL.) landraces for future plant breeding programsŞUMĂLAN, RADU; CIOBANU (POPESCU), IOANA; SCHMIDT, BRIGITTA ; CAMEN, DORIN; BEINŞAN, CARMEN ................................. 255Sensorial and nutritional characterization of a collection of Cucurbita pepo accessionsMARTÍNEZ-VALDIVIESO, DAMIÁN; GÓMEZ, PEDRO; BLANCO-DÍAZ, M.TERESA; FONT, RAFAEL; DEL RÍO-CELESTINO, MERCEDES . 255Radical scavenging activity (ORAC) of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit extractsBLANDO, FEDERICA ; ALBANO, CLARA ; GERARDI, CARMELA ; LIU, YAZHENG AMY ; KITTS, DAVID D. ......................................... 256Different Genotypes of Ptilotus exaltatus and their suitability for cultivationSCHULZ, CLAUDIA ; GRÜNEBERG, HEINER ............................................................................................................................. 257Evaluation of fruit quality in tomato landraces under organic greenhouse conditionsNAVARRO, PEDRO ; MANZANO, SUSANA ; MEGÍAS, ZORAIDA ; MARTÍNEZ, CECILIA ; REBOLLOSO, MARÍA DEL MAR ;JAMILENA, MANUEL ............................................................................................................................................................. 257Characterization of the grapevine genetic resources in the climatic conditions of vineyardsDealu BujoruluiDONICI, ALINA; SIMION, CRISTINA ......................................................................................................................................... 258Mycorrhizal dependency of different pepper genotypesPINAR, HASAN ; ORTAS, IBRAHIM ; KELES, DAVUT ................................................................................................................. 258New South African Oxalis for the assortment of flowering ornamentalsGRÜNEBERG, HEINER ; ALBRECHT, NORMEN ; PASCHKE, CHRISTIANE ; EHRICH, LUISE ........................................................... 259Promising pear genotypes from North Anatolia, TurkeyOZTURK, AHMET; DEMIRSOY, LEYLA; DEMIRSOY, HÜSNÜ ....................................................................................................... 259Polyphenol metabolism in different cultivars and developmental stages of strawberry (Fragaria)fruitsMIOSIC, SILVIJA ; POBER, SABRINA ; THILL, JANA ; GOTAME, TEK ; SLATNAR, ANA ; VEBERIC, ROBERT ; HALBWIRTH, HEIDI ; STICH,KARL ................................................................................................................................................................................. 260Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) of diverse colours grown in Atlantic CanadaZVALO, V. ; KALT, W. ; SHI, J. ; FILLMORE, S.A.E. ; OWEN, J. ................................................................................................ 260Genetic variability and traits importance in four families of chili peppersDOS SANTOS, RUSTHON MAGNO CORTEZ, ; RÊGO, ELIZANILDA RAMALHO ; NASCIMENTO, NAYSA FERREIRA, ; NASCIMENTO,MAYANA FERREIRA ; BORÉM, ALUÍZIO ; RÊGO, MAILSON MONTEIRO & FINGER, FERNANDO LUIZ .............................................. 261Virus eradication and micro-propagation in preservation of high quality genetic resources ofgarlic in FinlandLAAMANEN, JAANA ; NUKARI, ANNA; TOIVONEN, HANNA; KIVIVUORI, ELINA; UOSUKAINEN, MARJATTA ........................................ 262Auxiliary entomofauna associated with the olive tree in southern PortugalGONÇALVES, MARIA ALBERTINA ; ANDRADE, LAURA ............................................................................................................... 262Preliminary studies for the biological control of Fusarium species with a french isolate of themycoparasitic fungus Sepedonium chrysospermumBARBIER, FRANÇOIS & GODET, STEPHANIE .......................................................................................................................... 263Elisa detection of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus (GFLV) in ampelographic collection belonging toAgricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine University from Iaşi, RomaniaLIPSA, FLORIN DANIEL ; IRIMIA, NICOLETA & ULEA, EUGEN ..................................................................................................... 263Differential gene expression in leaves of a scab susceptible and a resistant apple cultivar uponVenturia inaequalis inoculation25

HOLZAPFEL, CHRISTINE; MEISEL, BARABARA; THÜMMLER, FRITZ; LESER, CHRISTOPH; TREUTTER, DIETER ............................... 264Display of phytoplasma ESFY in some genetic resources of apricotNEČAS, T. ; MAŠKOVÁ, B.; KRŠKA, B. .................................................................................................................................... 265Virus-resistant pepper cultivars and the incidence of virus diseases in Andalusia (Spain)SIMÓN MARTÍNEZ, ALMUDENA ; GARCÍA GARCÍA, Mª DEL CARMEN; PASCUAL ASSO, FERNANDO; JANSSEN, DIRK; CUADRADOGÓMEZ, ISABEL Mª .............................................................................................................................................................. 265Interaction of methyl jasmonate with ethylene in gum formation in wounded bulbs of hyacinth(Hyacinthus orientalis L.)SANIEWSKI, MARIAN ; JARECKA BONCELA, ANNA ; MIYAMOTO, KENSUKE ; UEDA, JUNICHI ........................................................ 266Interaction studies of Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV)-encoded proteins involved in intercellularmovement in host plantsDIERKER, LUISE ; VON BARGEN, SUSANNE; BÜTTNER, CARMEN .............................................................................................. 266Examinations for the purpose of identify the present races of Venturia inaequalis Cke./Wint. inHungaryPAPP, D. ; TÓTH, M. ; KOVÁCS, SZ. ; ROZSNYAY, ZS. ............................................................................................................. 267Improved technique for chromosomes counting in Persian walnutVAHDATI, KOUROSH ; SADAT HOSSEINI GROUH, MOHAMMAD ; LOTFI, MAHMOUD .................................................................... 268Genetic transformation of cauliflower with Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) geneAL-SWEDI, FADIL ; RIHAN, HAIL; AL-SHAMARI, MAGDA; LANE, STUART & FULLER, MICHAEL PAUL ............................................. 268Analysis of genetic relationship among Cymbidium goeringii and studies on rhizomepropagationKIM, TAE BOK JR; LEE, JIN JAE JR; SONG, YOUNG JU JR; CHOI, CHANG HAK JR; CHEONG, DONG CHUN JR; YU, YOUNG JIN JR .. 269Resistance and protection of apples from storage disordersAHMADI-AFZADI, MASOUD ; TAHIR, IBRAHIM , DEY, ESTERA ; NYBOM, HILDE .......................................................................... 269Comparison of methods for assessment of partial resistance to fruit tree canker in appleGHASEMKHANI, MARJAN ; GARKAVA-GUSTAVSSON, LARISA ; NYBOM, HILDE .......................................................................... 270Gene-specific length polymorphism – a simple tool for routine analysis of homogeneity ofcarrot (Daucus carota L.) breeding stocksGRZEBELUS, DARIUSZ ; GLADYSZ, MIROSLAWA; BARANSKI, RAFAL ......................................................................................... 270Effect of the main cytokinins on androgenesis of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea l. Var.Capitata) anthers cultivated “in vitro”CRISTEA, TINA OANA ; LEONTE, CONSTANTIN ; PRISECARU, MARIA ; BREZEANU, CREOLA ; BREZEANU, PETRE MARIAN ;AVASILOAIEI, DAN ............................................................................................................................................................... 271‘Evmolpia’ – a new Bulgarian peach cultivar resistant to leaf curl diseaseZHIVONDOV, ARGIR ; DABOV, STOYAN & BOZHIKOVA, YULIA ................................................................................................... 271Peach breeding programme for new varieties and for different traits - Pomological andphenological data analysis with a ranking methodCIPRIANI, GUIDO ; TERLIZZI, MASSIMO; DI CINTIO, ANGELO; BEVILACQUA, DANIELE; ROSATO, TERESA; SARTORI, ALISEA .......... 272Characteristics of vineyard peach hybrids obtained by self-pollinationRAKONJAC, VERA ; NIKOLIĆ, DRAGAN ; FOTIRIĆ AKŠIĆ, MILICA & RADOVIĆ, ALEKSANDAR ....................................................... 273Limits to clonal selection in Danish sour cherryCLAUSEN, SABINE; GROUT, BRIAN; TOLDAM-ANDERSEN, TORBEN........................................................................................... 273Properties of promising grapevine hybrids obtained from different crossing combinations ofZačinak cultivarNIKOLIĆ, DRAGAN ; MILUTINOVIĆ, MOMČILO; RAKONJAC, VERA; RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, ZORICA; FOTIRIĆ AKŠIĆ, MILICA ................... 274Introduction to protoplast culture of Allium genus26

POLZEROVÁ, HANA; GREPLOVÁ, MARIE; DOMKÁŘOVÁ, JAROSLAVA ......................................................................................... 274Estimation of genetic diversity in some Iranian almond genotypes using morphological andmolecular markersSALIMPOUR, ALLAHDAD ; EBADI, ALI ; REZA FATAHI, MOHAMMAD & HADADINEJAD, MEHDI ...................................................... 275Study of new apple selections in LithuaniaSASNAUSKAS, AUDRIUS ; GELVONAUSKIENĖ, DALIA ; VIŠKELIS, PRANAS ; SAKALAUSKAITĖ, JURGA ; GELVONAUSKIS, BRONISLOVAS; BOBINAS, ČESLOVAS ......................................................................................................................................................... 275Polyphenol metabolism provides a screening tool for beneficial effects of sainfoin (Onobrychisviciifolia)THILL, JANA ; REGOS, IONELA ; AHMAD, ASMA ; HALBWIRTH, HEIDI ; TREUTTER, DIETER ; STICH, KARL .................................. 276Determination of self compatibility and appropriate pollinators of Clementine mandarin typesderived from selectionSEDAY, UBEYIT.................................................................................................................................................................... 277Determination of relationship between culture media, genotype and season in pepper(Capsicum annuum l.) anther cultureATA, ATILLA ........................................................................................................................................................................ 277Quality-improvement and adaptation of breeding-methodology of Dahlia variabilisBALAS, JOHANNES ; SCHINAGL, GERALD ; VOLLMANN, JOHANN ; YILDIZ, ZIYA ; WIRTH, GERHARD ; HALBWIRTH, HEIDRUN ......... 278Development of a rose genetic map into the “Rosa fortissima” project: a Rose project tocontrol the diseasesMICLOT, ANNE-SOPHIE ; ROMAN, HANAÉ ; GIRONDE, SOPHIE ; PORCHER, LAETITIA ; THOUROUDE, TATIANA ; CHASTELLIER, ANNIE ;MASSOT, MATHILDE ; FOUCHER, FABRICE & HIBRAND-SAINT OYANT, LAURENCE ................................................................... 278Economic efficiency of 15-year growing of grafted and own-rooted sour cherry cultivarsRADOMIRSKA, ILIYANA & SOTIROV, DIMITAR .......................................................................................................................... 279Performance of the sweet cherry cultivars ‘Van’ and ‘Kozerska’ on clonal rootstocksSOTIROV, DIMITAR ............................................................................................................................................................... 280Watermelon graft combinations tested in HungaryKAPPEL, NOÉMI ; BALÁZS, GÁBOR ; FEKETE, DÁVID ; BŐHM, VIKTÓRIA ; LEDÓNÉ, HAJNALKA .................................................... 280Fruit quality, biochemical composition and yield of blackcurrant cultivars and hybrids in LatviaKAMPUSS, KASPARS ; STRAUTINA, SARMITE ; KRASNOVA, INTA .............................................................................................. 281Field evaluation of scab (Venturia pirina Aderh.) severity on fruits depending on pear cultivarsLĀCIS, GUNĀRS; LĀCE, BAIBA; BLUKMANIS, MĀRIS ................................................................................................................. 281Evaluation of pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars grown in Latvia for fresh market andprocessingLĀCE, BAIBA; LĀCIS, GUNĀRS ............................................................................................................................................... 282Comparison of field performance and fruit quality of Two day-neutral strawberry varieties‘Diamante’ and ‘Elsinore’MILIVOJEVIC, JASMINKA ; RADIVOJEVIC, DRAGAN; POLEDICA, MILENA ..................................................................................... 283Investigation of quantitative and qualitative traits on mungbean cultivars, in ecological culturesystemBREZEANU, CREOLA ; BREZEANU, PETRE MARIAN ; AMBARUS, SILVICA ; ROBU, TEODOR ........................................................ 283Expression level of Vitis CBF1 and CBF3 in three Iranian grape cultivars as well as V. riparia .....KARIMI, MARYAM ; EBADI, ALI; MOUSAVI, AMIR; SALAMI, ALIREZA ........................................................................................... 284Evaluation of Canadian apricot cultivars in SerbiaMILATOVIĆ, DRAGAN; ĐUROVIĆ, DEJAN; NIKOLIĆ, DRAGAN & ZEC, GORDAN ............................................................................ 284Influence of salinity on biomass of six native Mediterranean plants27

PLAZA, BLANCA MARÍA ; JIMÉNEZ-BECKER, SILVIA ; GARCÍA-CAPARRÓS, PEDRO ; CHAVEZ, LUZ ÁNGELA ; GÓNZALEZ, ALICIA MARÍA ;LAO, MARIA TERESA ........................................................................................................................................................... 285Horticultural and biochemical properties of red currant (Ribes rubrum L.) cultivarsDJORDJEVIĆ, BOBAN ; VULIĆ, TODOR; DJUROVIĆ, DEJAN; DJUROVIĆ, SNEŽANA; OPARNICA, CEDO; MILATOVIĆ, DRAGAN; ZEC,GORDAN ............................................................................................................................................................................. 285Evaluation of resistance to the pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) in Spanishtomato landracesNAVARRO, PEDRO ; MANZANO, SUSANA ; JAMILENA, MANUEL ; FERNÁNDEZ-MALDONADO, FRANCISCO JAVIER ; GALLEGO, JUANRAMÓN ; CABELLO, TOMÁS ................................................................................................................................................. 286Lenticels as pomological characteristic of apple and pear fruitĐURIĆ, GORDANA ; MIĆIĆ, NIKOLA ; PAŠALIĆ, BORIS ............................................................................................................ 286Diallelic analysis on in vitro seed germination in chili pepper ornamentalRÊGO, MAILSON M. ; BARROSO, P. A. ; RÊGO, ELIZANILDA R. ; SANTOS, W. S. ; NASCIMENTO, K. S. ; OTONI, W. C. ................. 287Biological value and antioxidant activity of different types of leaf chicory (Cichorium intybus L.var. foliosum (Hegi.) Bisch.)BIESIADA, ANITA ; TOMCZAK, ANNA; KRĘŻEL, JAN .................................................................................................................. 288Nutraceutic characterisation of Italian cherry cultivarsCECCARELLI, D.; NOTA, P.; TALENTO, C.; SCOSSA, F.; SIMEONE, A. M., FIDEGHELLI, C. & CABONI, E. ..................................... 288Establishment of germplasm for the onion (Allium cepa L.) breeding in Turkey: observation ofsome bulb and pollen featuresCEBECI, ESRA ; HANCI, FATIH .............................................................................................................................................. 289Effect of oxidative stress on cryopreserved mint apices: the role of antioxidantsKREMER, C.; GONZALEZ-BENITO, M. E. & MARTIN, C. ........................................................................................................... 289TOPIC 5FROM MOLECULAR PROCESSES TO PLANT POPULATION FUNCTIONING: TOWARDSINTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY IN HORTICULTURE................................................................................. 291PLENARY SESSIONFrom molecular processes to plant population functioning: towards integrative biology inhorticulture ......................................................................................................................................... 292BUCK-SORLIN, GERHARD ..................................................................................................................................................... 292ORAL PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 5 .............................................................................................. 293A multi-level Omic approach of tomato fruit qualityXU, JIAXIN ; PASCUAL, LAURA ; DESPLAT, NELLY ; FAUROBERT, MIREILLE ; GIBON, YVES ; MOING, ANNICK ; MAUCOURT, MARISE ;BALLIAS, P. ; DEBORDE, CÉCILE ; LIANG, YAN ; BOUCHET, JEAN-PAUL ; BRUNEL, DOMINIQUE ; LEPASLIER, MARIE-CHRISTINE ;CAUSSE, MATHILDE ............................................................................................................................................................ 294Comparative transcriptome analysis of two olive cultivars in response to NaCl-stressKALAITZIS, PANAGIOTIS ; BAZAKOS, CHRISTOS; MANIOUDAKI, MARIA ....................................................................................... 295Modeling changes in pH and titratable acidity during the maturation of dessert bananaETIENNE, AUDREY ; GENARD, MICHEL ; BUGAUD, CHRISTOPHE ............................................................................................. 296Phenotyping the response of an apple tree hybrid population to soil water constraint underfield conditions: new insights brought by high resolution imagingVIRLET, N. ; LEBOURGEOIS, V. ; MARTINEZ, S. ; LABBE, S. ; COSTES, E. ; REGNARD, J.L. ..................................................... 297Fruit set manipulation in apple and mango28

WÜNSCHE, J.N. ; WINTERHAGEN, P.; HAGEMANN, M.H.; HEGELE, M. ...................................................................................... 298Chilling challenges in a warming worldLUEDELING, EIKE ; BLANKE, MICHAEL & GEBAUER, JENS ...................................................................................................... 299Dynamic modelling of water stress for Lactuca sativa L. var. capitataDUNCKER, CHARLOTTE ; HOFFMANN, HOLGER & RATH, THOMAS ............................................................................................ 300Net ecosystem carbon exchange, primary productivity and dry matter partitioning of appletreesZANOTELLI, DAMIANO ; MONTAGNANI, LEONARDO ; SCANDELLARI, FRANCESCA ; CECCON, CHRISTIAN ; MELO, WELLINGTON ;CASSOL, PAULO CESAR ; TAGLIAVINI, MASSIMO ................................................................................................................... 301POSTER PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 5 ......................................................................................... 303Genetic investigation of seed formation during berry development using RNA-Seq revealstranscriptional changes in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)NWAFOR, CHARLES ; COSTANTINI, LAURA ; GRIBAUDO, IVANA ; SCHNEIDER, ANNA ; WEHRENS, RON ; GRANDO, M.STELLA ...... 304Salicylic acid and salinity effects on growth and some biochemical parameters of tomatoplantsMIMOUNI, HAJER; WASTI, SALMA; SMITI, SAMIRA; ZID, EZZEDDINE; BEN AHMED, HELA ............................................................ 304Investigation of the most important secondary metabolites of St.John's (Hypericum perforatumL.) In Caspian climateDANESHIAN, JAHANFAR ; MAJIDI HERAVAN, ESLAM ; VALADABADI, SYED ALIREZA ; GOLEIN, BEHROOZ ; RAHNAVARD, APTIN ..... 305The investigation on the effect of gamma radiation on microbial load and essential oilcompounds of Indian valerian roots (Valeriana wallichii)AZIZI, MAJID; VALIASIL, RAZIEH; BAHREINI, MASOUMEH; OROOJALIAN, FATEMEH ..................................................................... 305Is the reduction in leaf photosynthetic assimilation in Laurus nobilis L. in response to waterstress due to stomatal closure?MAATALLAH, SAMIRA ; ALBOUCHI, ALI ; LUTTS, STANLEY; SMITIA, SAMIRA ............................................................................. 306Influence of five rootstock on growth and photosynthetic parameters of pear treesBANINASAB, BAHRAM; IRVANI, FATEMEH; GHOBADI, CYRUS; ETEMADI, NEMAT-ALLAH; GHASEMI, AIOBALI .................................. 307Induction of salt tolerance by ascorbic acid in seedlings of pistachioBANINASAB, B. ; BASTAM, N. & GHOBADI, C. ......................................................................................................................... 307How fruit traits influence cracking of pomegranateSAEI AHAGH, HASSAN ; SHARIFANI, MEHDI ; SEIFI, ESMAIL ; MOHSENI, ALI ; AKBARPOUR, VAHID .............................................. 308The effects of Trichoderma harzianum on germination of onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds underabiotic stress conditionsHANCI, FATIH; CEBECI, ESRA ................................................................................................................................................ 308Use electrical conductivity as a tool for determining winter hardiness of some Mango cultivarsISMAIL, OMAYMA M. ............................................................................................................................................................. 309The effect of drought stress on secondary and health-promoting plant compounds in lettuce(Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.)TICHY, M.; EICHHOLZ, I.; ULRICHS, CH. ; HUYSKENS-KEIL, S................................................................................................... 309Assessment of susceptibility and prevention of cracking of sweet cherry cv. ‘Skeena’HOPPE, F. ; HUYSKENS-KEIL, S. ; ULRICHS, CH. ; HANRAHAN, I. ............................................................................................ 310Integrative approach using multiblock analysis to explain a complex trait of tomato fruitquality: textureAURAND, RÉMY ; FAUROBERT, MIREILLE ; HANAFI, MOHAMED ; MAZEROLLES, GÉRARD ; TISIOT, RAPHAËL ; ROSSO, LAURENT ;NAVEZ, BRIGITTE ; BERTIN, NADIA ........................................................................................................................................ 31029

Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid, benzyladenine and gibberelic acid on flowering,yield and fruit quality of `Egaji Shami‘ olive trees (Olea europaea L.)ABD EL-RAZEK, E. ; HASSAN, H.S.A. & GAMAL EL DIN, KARIMA M. ....................................................................................... 311A novel plant growth regulator that inhibits brassinosteroid-dependent sterol biosynthesisROZHON, WILFRIED & POPPENBERGER, BRIGITTE ................................................................................................................. 311Leaf micro-environment influences the altered foliar phenotype of columnar apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) treesTALWARA, SUSHEELA; GROUT, BRIAN; TOLDAM-ANDERSEN, TORBEN ..................................................................................... 312Complex effect of tropospheric ozone and substrate moisture on Pisum sativum physiologicalindicesSAKALAUSKIENĖ, SANDRA; SAKALAUSKAITĖ, JURGA ; BRAZAITYTĖ, AUŠRA; SAMUOLIENĖ, GIEDRĖ; ZUZAVIČIŪTĖ, AISTĖ;DUCHOVSKIS, PAVELAS ........................................................................................................................................................ 312Assessing the impact of environmental factors on plant architecture through an integrativeapproachLEDUC, N. ; THELIER, L. ; GALOPIN, G. ; TRAVIER-PELLESCHI, S. ; MOREL P. ; BOUMAZA, R. ; GENTILHOMME, J. ; DEMOTES-MAINARD, S. ; CRESPEL, L. ; LOTHIER, J. ; BERTHELOOT, J. ; RABOT, A. ; ABIDI, F. ; BARBIER, F.; FURET, PM. ; PERON, T. ;LAFFAIRE, M. ; SIGOGNE, M. ; LEBREC, A. ; SINTES, G. ; BROUARD, N. ; DOUILLET, O. ; CARADEUC, M. ; DUBUC, B. ; AUTRET, H. ;RELION, D. ; PEREZ GARCIA, M.D. ; GUERIN, V. ; VIAN, A. ; SAKR, S. ..................................................................................... 313Mechanisms for wear tolerance among bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) genotypes: cell wallcomponents and leaf anatomyZHOU, YI JR ; VAN, THINH TRAN JR ; PEARCE, WILLIAM JR ; WILLIAMS, SHARON JR ; ROCHE, MATT JR ; LOCH, DON JR ; FUKAI, SHUJR ; LAMBRIDES, CHRISTOPHER JR ....................................................................................................................................... 314Fruit quality prediction on cider apple: effect of annual fruit load, soil and climateGUILLERMIN, PASCALE ; PIFFARD, BLANDINE ; PRIMAULT, JO ; DUPONT, NATHALIE ; GILLES, YANN .......................................... 314Influence of gums formed in stone-fruit trees on the growth, development and ethyleneproduction by Verticillium albo-atrum and V. dahliae cultures in vitroWĘGRZYNOWICZ-LESIAK, ELŻBIETA ; JARECKA BONCELA, ANNA ; GÓRAJ, JUSTYNA ; URBANEK, HENRYK ; SANIEWSKI, MARIAN . 315Influence of cultivar and industrial pollution on the content of essential and toxic elements inhazelnuts and walnuts from BulgariaARPADJAN, SONJA ; MOMCHILOVA, SVETLANA ; KIROVA, DENIZA ; BLAGOEVA, ELIZA ; NIKOLOVA, MAGDALENA ......................... 316Sap flow of sweet cherry trees depending on meteorological conditionsJUHÁSZ, Á. ; HROTKÓ, K. ; SEPSI P. ; TŐKEI L. ...................................................................................................................... 316Factors affecting nutrient balance of high density sweet cherry orchardHROTKÓ, KÁROLY ; MAGYAR, LAJOS & GYEVIKI, MÁRTA ......................................................................................................... 317Fruit growth of Hylocereus undatus planted at 800 meters from sea level and effect of numberof fruit on branch to fruit qualityISARANGKOOL NA AYUTTHAYA, SUPAT ; PHONRUENG, SAMRUAY ; SONGSRI, PATCHARIN ; POLTHANEE, ANAN .......................... 317Yield of Hevea brasiliensis could not be the indicator for soil droughtISARANGKOOL NA AYUTTHAYA, SUPAT ; DO, FREDERIC C. .................................................................................................... 318The effects of different hormones on in vitro callus induction in seed explants of Golden Berry(Physalis peruviana L.)HANCI, FATIH ; CEBECI, ESRA ............................................................................................................................................... 318Thigmomorphogenesis: the use of mechanical stress for height control in (organic) plantproductionRUTTENSPERGER, UTE; KOCH, RAINER; SAUER, HEIKE; KOCH, ROBERT ................................................................................. 318Studies on the adaptation, multiplication and cultivation in Romania of two new fruit-growingspecies, Actinidia deliciosa and Actinidia argutaPETICILA, ADRIAN ; MADJAR, ROXANA ; STANICA, FLORIN ; VENAT-DUMITRIU, OANA ................................................................ 319Apple ovule setting30

MIĆIĆ, NIKOLA ; ĐURIĆ, GORDANA (2 ; PAŠALIĆ, BORIS .......................................................................................................... 320Tomato and toxic metals: new approaches in plant physiology, biochemistry and geneticsAZEVEDO, RICARDO A ; PIOTTO, FERNANDO; GRATAO, PRISCILA L. ......................................................................................... 321In vitro research of the fungicide effect on pollen germinability and tubes growth of species ofgenera Prunus and PyrusNIKOLIĆ, DRAGAN ; STEVANOVIĆ, NINOSLAV; RADOVIĆ, ALEKSANDAR; MILATOVIĆ, DRAGAN & RAKONJAC, VERA ....................... 321Effect of phytosulfokine on plating efficiency in mesophyll protoplast culture of DaucusspeciesGRZEBELUS, EWA ; MAĆKOWSKA, KATARZYNA ...................................................................................................................... 322Preliminary hyperspectral and biochemical data of tomato canopy in response to salinitystressKALAITZIS, PANAGIOTIS ; ALTARTOURI, BARA ; KALAITZIDIS, CHARITON ; MANAKOS, IOANNIS ; SPANO, THEODORE ;FRAGOSTEFANAKIS, SOTIRIOS ............................................................................................................................................. 322The Effect of thawing temperature and duration of roots of witloof chicory before forcing onchicon yield and quality in republic of KoreaSEO, HYUNTAEK ; WON, JAE HEE ; CHOI, JAE KEUN ; AHN, SOO YONG ; KANG, HO MIN ......................................................... 323Nutritional disorders in Phalaenopsis - Symptoms and plant analysisAMBERGER-OCHSENBAUER, SUSANNE .................................................................................................................................. 324Mycorrhiza-mediated salt stress tolerance in sweet cornSCHAARSCHMIDT, SARA ; ADLER, ELISABETH; ALYOUNESS, WEDAD; EICHEL, PETER & ULRICHS, CHRISTIAN ............................. 324Transcriptomic analysis of leaves of transgenic apple silenced for sorbitol-6-phosphatedehydrogenase geneSUZUKI, YASUO & DANDEKAR, ABHAYA ................................................................................................................................ 325Modeling the growth of ‘Braeburn’ apple fruitsGARRIZ, PATRICIA I.; COLAVITA, GRACIELA M.; VITA, LAURA I.; ALVAREZ, HUGO L. & BLACKHALL, VALERIA ............................... 325TOPIC 6LANDSCAPING AND URBAN HORTICULTURE .............................................................................. 327ORAL PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 6Improving the performances of modular living walls systems: a multidisciplinary researchexperienceLARCHER, FEDERICA ; MONTACCHINI, ELENA; GIORDANO, ROBERTO ...................................................................................... 328Extensive vegetation systems versus air pollutionSCHREITER, HENDRIKJE ; GORBACHEVSKAYA, OLGA ; GRÜNEBERG, HEINER ........................................................................... 329Touristic green spaces sustainability in the Adriatic cost: analysis and critical points in EmiliaRomagna waterfrontCEVENINI, LAURA; MINELLI, ALBERTO ; ZUFFA, DANIELE ........................................................................................................ 330Application of microclimatic landscape design in schoolyards in GreeceTSIROGIANNIS, IOANNIS L. ; ANTONIADIS, DIMITRIOS ; KATSOULAS, NICOLAOS ; CHRISTIDOU, VASILIA ; KITTA, E. ; KITTAS,CONSTANTINOS .................................................................................................................................................................. 331Favour street tree root development with high additions of organic matter induces changes inurban soil propertiesVIDAL-BEAUDET, LAURE ; FORGET-CAUBEL, VIRGINIE ; GROSBELLET, CLAIRE ......................................................................... 332Urban agriculture: an opportunity for farmers? A Swiss case study31

CROLE-REES, ANNA ; HEITKÄMPER, KATJA ; BERTSCHINGER, LUKAS ; HALLER, THERESE ; DUMONDEL, MICHEL ; VERZONE, CRAIG.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 333The role and meaning of trees for suburban childrenLAAKSOHARJU, TAINA ; KAIVOLA, TAINA ; LINDÉN, LEENA ; RAPPE, ERJA ................................................................................ 334How to improve landscape and environment in Czech Republic with assistance of participatoryplanningVÍTOVSKÁ, DANIELA ............................................................................................................................................................. 335POSTER PRESENTATIONS OF TOPIC 6 ......................................................................................... 337Urban areas and the risk of biological invasions: the case of an alien insect pest of peper tree,Calophya schiniZINA, VERA ; LIMA, ARLINDO ; CAETANO, FILOMENA ; SILVA, ELSA BORGES DA ; RAMOS, ANA PAULA ; FRANCO, JOSÉ CARLOS . 338Using environmental noise barriers and urban forests in urban planning for noise reduction .....ROUHI, VAHID ; MANIEI, HESAMODIN .................................................................................................................................... 338Comparison between broad leaves and conifers needle's behaviors in incidence to sonicwaves and it's effect on efficient function for noise reduction in desired distanceROUHI, VAHID ; MANIEI, HESAMODIN .................................................................................................................................... 339Antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and proline content of Agropyron desertorumin response to drought stressTATARI, MARYAM ; FOTOUHI GHAZVINI, REZA ; ETAMEDI, NEMATOLLAH ; AHADI, ALIMOHAMMAD ; MOUSAVI, ASGHAR ................ 340Scabiosa atropurpurea and Silene colorata to be used in wildflower meadows - connectingurban and rural landscapesPONTE-E-SOUSA, CLARA ; CASTRO, MARIA CONCEIÇÃO; CARVALHO, MÁRIO JOSÉ................................................................... 340The role of extensive green roof media in the minimization of heavy metal loadings in roofrunoffYOUSSEF, L. ; OSCHMANN, C. ; GRÜNEBERG, H. ................................................................................................................... 341Predicting constructed urban soil sustainability: impact of waste organic matter on soilphysical propertiesCANNAVO, PATRICE ; VIDAL-BEAUDET, LAURE ; GROSBELLET, CLAIRE ; FORGET-CAUBEL, VIRGINIE ......................................... 342No soil no tomato? Examples of urban soilless vegetable croppingPOURIAS, JEANNE ; GARIN, MARIE ; AUBRY, CHRISTINE ......................................................................................................... 342Evaluation of growth and coverage of native species of sedum for use in extensive green roofsin Galicia (northwest of Spain)IGLESIAS-DÍAZ, M. ISABEL ; LAMOSA-QUINTEIRO, SANTIAGO; MARTÍNEZ-DIZ, M. PILAR ............................................................ 343Propagation of native species of the genus sedum for use on extensive green roofs in Galicia(northwest of Spain)IGLESIAS-DÍAZ, M. ISABEL ; LAMOSA-QUINTEIRO, SANTIAGO; MARTÍNEZ-DIZ, M. PILAR ............................................................ 344Uban horticulture production in urban areasSIRLEAF, SENSEE LUNER ..................................................................................................................................................... 345Comparative study of seed germination in field environments to appraise potential species'establishment in urban greenspaceDUNSIGER, ZOE; HITCHMOUGH, JAMES ................................................................................................................................. 345URBAN VITICULTURE: the case study of the peri-urban area of RomeBIASI, RITA & BRUNORI, ELENA ............................................................................................................................................ 346Design of extensive green roofs for the major school plants of Piraeus32

VARRAS, GREGORY ; VOZIKIS, KONSTANTINA - THERESIA ; MYRIOUNIS, CHRISTOS ; TSIROGIANNIS, IOANNIS L. ; KITTA, EVANGELLINI.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 347Tell me what you grow, I'll tell you who you are. About the relevance of considering cropbiodiversity in Paris shared gardensPOURIAS, J. ; REMY, E. ; AUBRY, C. ................................................................................................................................... 347Urban gardening in a Family club outlineLAAKSOHARJU, TAINA .......................................................................................................................................................... 348Anthropogenically-disturbed landscape as a potential for recreational useMATĚJKA, DANIEL; MICKOVÁ, ŽELMÍRA; VÍTOVSKÁ, DANIELA .................................................................................................. 348INDEX OF AUTHORS………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……..34933

OPENING PLENARYHORTICULTURE IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

Opening StatementHorticulture in a crisis environment 1GARCÍA AZCÁRATE, TomasAgricultural economic market adviser at the European Commission, "Maître de Conférence",European Studies Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (IEE-ULB), Member of the Académie del'Agriculture de France(I perceive as a great honour to have been invited by the organizers to make the opening statement of this IIEuropean Symposium on Horticulture. I am back home. In 1984, when I was a young researcher at the SpanishUniversity, I presented and publish in Acta Horticulturae one of my first article, on "the incorporation of Spain intothe EEC and consequences for Mediterranean fruit and vegetable exports" 2 .)My title for this contribution was originally "Horticulture in a changing environment". I have changed a single word,but an important one. It is now "Horticulture in a crisis environment".The best information on European consumption of fruit and vegetables is provided by the Freshfel ConsumptionMonitor 3 , which recently concluded that consumption continues to be on a worrying declining trend. While data for2011 is not yet available the trend is, unfortunately, likely to have continued into 2011, given the impact of theeconomic crisis as well as the consequences of the EHEC outbreak.Economic necessity may have led consumers to be more aware of the need to minimise waste, by consumingeverything they purchase, but this alone is not sufficient to correct the downward trend in consumption.The fall in consumption is continuing despite major campaigns in many Member States and at EU level, informingthe public about the positive impact on heath of the regular consumption of fruit and vegetables. Publicawareness has been raised by successful initiatives – many of them aimed at school children - such as the EUSchool Fruit Scheme 4 ; the Pro Greens initiative 5 ; Enjoy Fresh 6 ; the 5 a day initiative in many countries andMember States; la "Fraich'attitude" 7 et les "Fruits à la récré 8 "in France.But facts are facts. Consumption is still falling. We must be doing something wrong and by "we" I mean all of us:the public services, traders, producers, retailers and … the scientific community.To understand the present, maybe we should look at the past. What have we done in the last 50 years? Therehave been massive changes in practically every aspect of the production chain:A huge transfer of obligations from the retailer to the producer, such as calibration, standardisation, qualitycontrol, storage, packaging, logistics, just in time deliveries even to each specific store 9 . This has been madepossible by massive public investments, especially in motorways; developments in cooling technology,transportation systems etc; enormous investments by producers on and off the farm 10 .Those investments could only be profitable with a growth in volumes. This has been achieved through increasedproductivity, regional specialisation at the expense of peri-urban production; greater homogenization of products;loss of diversity in the varieties of fruit and vegetables cultivated.The products and varieties grown have increasingly been selected to meet "category I" requirements; to betradable for longer periods and to be apparently attractive to consumers. External attractiveness is a key factorthat influences consumer choice. The nadir of this trend is perhaps represented by the "GM tomato story". Longlasting,genetically modified tomatoes came on to the market in 1994 and were the first genetically modified foodavailable to consumers. Designed to remain firm and fresh for a long time, perfectly round and red, the GM12345678910The opinions expressed in this contribution are personal and do not prejudge the official position of theEuropean Commissionhttp://www.actahort.org/books/155/155_1.htmhttp://www.freshfel.org/docs/2012/Press_Releases/20120206_-_Consumption_Monitor_2011.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/fruit-and-vegetables/school-fruit-scheme/index_en.htmhttp://www.progreens.org/http://www.enjoyfresh.eu/php/index.phphttp://www.fraichattitude.com/http://agriculture.gouv.fr/un-fruit-pour-la-recreRastoin, F. (1992): Evolution de la distribution de fruits et légumes frais dans les pays industriels. Quelmodèle? Options méditerranéennes Série A n°19.http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a19/CI920823.pdfLambarraa, F. (2011): Dynamic analysis of Spanish outdoor and Greenhouse Horticulture sector.EAAE 2011 Congress. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/handle/11440836

Opening Statementtomato should have been a retailer's dream 11 . But it was soon removed from the market when US consumersfailed to buy it, not only because it was genetically modified, but because it had no flavour! 12When it comes to marketing, the fruit and vegetable sector has seen quite limited innovation. Look at the dairysection of your local supermarket. There is an extraordinary range of products available that didn't exist 20 yearsago. Now look at the fruit and vegetable section. Apart from year-round availability and the introduction of exoticfruit, very little has changed. Perhaps the biggest success is pre-prepared salads or fresh-cut minimallyprocessed fruit and vegetables 13 .To summarise what has happened in a few words, we can use the term "mass production"; the presence of manyproducts from around the world throughout the year; the concentration of production in some big centres often farfrom the centres of consumption; an ever-increasing concentration of retailers. 14But where is the consumer in this story? As often happens in an old married couple, fruit and vegetable producersand retailers have taken their better half – the consumer - for granted. Even worse, nowadays when we (theproducers) speak to them (the consumers) we use words like health and disease prevention, as if we werespeaking of a medicine, not of the pleasures of married life!We still have time to reverse the trend. For this you can count on the support of the European Union. TheCommission is launching an ambitious agricultural research and innovation programme, increasing the budgetfrom 1.9 billion to 4.5 billion euros for the period 2014-2020. Research and innovation will also be central to thenext series of Rural Development programmes; current opportunities for investment and promotion will bemaintained or reinforced; the School fruit and vegetable scheme will be boosted.Old couples can fall in love again. But they have to speak first about pleasure, taste, flavour; they have to feel andto be important to each other.It is possible. It can happen. It has to happen. Research and innovation have to be the tools for this new lovestory.(You, we, can be the actors of this, starting from today, starting from now, starting from here. Many thanks andgood work.)11121314http://www.bionetonline.org/english/content/ff_cont3.htmhttp://www.gmocompass.org/eng/grocery_shopping/fruit_vegetables/15.genetically_modified_tomatoes.htmlGorny, J.R. (2003): A summary of CA and MA requirements and recommendations for fresh-cut(minimally processed) fruits and vegetables. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 600http://www.actahort.org/books/600/index.htmhttp://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ecoru_0013-0559_1983_num_158_1_300537

PLENARY SESSIONTOPIC 1CONTRIBUTION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO NEWDEVELOPMENTS IN HORTICULTURE

Plenary SessionContribution of innovative technologies to new development inhorticulturePEKKERIET, E.J. *; VAN HENTEN, E.J.; CAMPEN, J.B.Wageningen UR Greenhouse Technology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 6446700 AP Wageningen,The Netherlands* erik.pekkeriet@wur.nlThis paper reviews new developments in high-tech greenhouse horticulture. This paper will focus on sensors,energy solutions, covering materials, production technology and robotics. Driving forces for new technologies areidentified and Dutch greenhouse crop production is used as an example.In greenhouse horticulture the production process and control are still often done manually. A lot of labour is usedin processes like crop sensing, crop maintenance, harvesting and packaging of food, flowers and pot plants.Human intelligence for repetitive tasks at a high capacity level is required for these processes. Tasks in thegreenhouse are often performed by foreigners since they are more cost effective. Transporting andaccommodating low cost labour to a high level production site turns out to be more effective then transporting ahigh level production site to an area where low cost labour is available. Especially when the volume per unit islarge compared to the price and consumption is locally. This evolution is changing the idea that grow systems,sensors, mechanization and robotics should only replace labour in high developed areas. New technologiesshould also improve the reproducibility of quality, reliability to deliver in the requested amount, reducing the timeto market and reducing costs in the entire production chain.Continuous improvement is difficult to realise when labour forces are replaced frequently resulting in a continuousmanagement efforts to acquire labour resources of the appropriated quality and productivity at the right moment.New technologies should add value to the product and open ways to continuous improvement. New technologiesthat reduce human interference will stimulate a process of continuous improvement.New technologies that can replace and improve the human sensors and actuators and can support humaninterpretation and decision making will change greenhouse horticulture in the future.Sensors are able to detect more than the human eye, using the latest techniques from medical and industrialresearch. A 3D volumetric intersection technique is used to sort tomato seedlings at a speed of 40.000 pieces perhour and measures the full 3D geometric features, clearly an impossible challenge when done manually. Thetechnique shows great opportunities to do the geometric reconstruction of plants automatically calibrating growingmodels and control mechanization, sorting and robotic tasks. Other 3D techniques like stereo vision, time of flightand laser triangulation are introduced in greenhouse horticulture to control robots, measure the geometric qualityfeatures or to separate target features from its surroundings (e.g. Anthurium, Chicory, Lily bulbs). But also theinterest to measure internal quality features as ripeness, food compounds, internal defects and the ability ofphotosynthesis can be measured by spectral cameras, fluorescence techniques and X-ray. First applications inresearch and production are introduced (e.g. Rose, Alstroemeria, Tulip, Tomato, Cucumber). To apply integratedmanagement on pests and diseases in the greenhouse, sensors are needed to determine pests and diseases andits magnitude automatically at an early stage. (e.g. long horn beetle, botrytis, sticky plates). Sensor applicationsare expected in this field.New developments in energy solutions in greenhouses will lead to more profitable options in crop produce.Energy saving in horticulture has been the study for research for more than 20 years in a special program“greenhouse as energy source” financed by the Dutch ministry of agriculture and growers. The result is thatHorticultural industry in The Netherlands consumes now 50% less energy compared to 1990 due to all energysaving measures. Various technologies developed are now common practice in greenhouses like the applicationof thermal screens and temperature integration. More recent developments in dehumidification control have beenadopted further decreasing energy consumption and thereby even increasing production quality and quantity.Alternative energy sources like geothermal heat is being used at some greenhouse companies allowing fossil freevegetable production. More futuristic concepts where electricity and heat are produced in combination withgreenhouse production are still in the experimental phase.When all new developments lead to products with excellent quality in the right amount, price and ready just intime, products need to be harvested with a predictable capacity and reliability. Progress is made on roboticharvesting of fruits, flowers and vegetables. First robots that are tested in practice on a 24/7 base (cut rose,strawberry, kiwi) have shown to be very close to market introduction. Progress and large effort by severalconsortia is put in actual developments to harvest tomato leaves, cucumbers and sweet peppers. Self-learningalgorithms, open source robotic software and generic mechatronic solutions are available and adaptive tot newtasks and products and will enable fast future robot solutions after first successful introductions.Keywords: mechanization, automation, robotics, greenhouse cover materials, sensors, greenhouse, energysolutions, dehumidification.40

TOPIC 1CONTRIBUTION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO NEWDEVELOPMENTS IN HORTICULTUREORAL PRESENTATIONS

Keynote AddressContribution of plant sensors to new developments in horticultureSTEPPE, KathyLaboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumKathy.Steppe@UGent.beHorticulture plants are often considered as static individuals, taking up water via the root system and losing itagain via leaf transpiration. Quite boring and inefficient one might conclude when considering that more than 95%of the water taken up by the roots is transpired by the leaves. But the story suddenly becomes much moreintriguing when the dynamics happening during the ascent of water in horticulture plants are included.This keynote talk will elaborate on water transport in horticulture plants, highlighting where the dynamics comefrom, what the relevance is and which tissues are involved. The power to decipher water transport dynamics withplant-based measurements, where sap flow and stem diameter variations are at the forefront, will be illustratedwith ample examples. This concept of plant-based measurements will be complemented with a viewpoint on howsophisticated mechanistic water transport models can assist in plant-based irrigation scheduling or early warningand stress detection systems.Keywords: water transport, plant sensors, mechanistic plant modelling, early warning, irrigation scheduling, stressdetection.42

Oral Presentations of Topic 1Plant sensors help to understand tipburn in lettuce(1)DE SWAEF, T. (1) (2) *; VERMEULEN, K. (2) ; VERGOTE, N. (3) ; VAN LOMMEL J. (4) ; VANLABEKE, M.-C. (5) ; BLEYAERT, P. (2) & STEPPE, K. (1)Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, GhentUniversity, Ghent, Belgium(2) Inagro, Department of Protected Cultivation, Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium(3) Research Centre for Vegetable Production (PCG), Kruishoutem, Belgium(4) Research Station for Vegetable Production (PSKW), Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium(5) Laboratory for In Vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Ghent University,Ghent, Belgium* tom.deswaef@ugent.beAlthough growers seem to be able to control the incidence of tipburn in soil-grown lettuce (Lactuca spp.), thisphysiological disorder causes substantial yield losses in hydroponics (up to 50%). Apparently, the experiencebasedknowledge of growers is not sufficient to avoid tipburn damage in new cultivation systems.Tipburn is generally considered to be a calcium deficiency related disorder. Calcium plays an important role inmembrane stability and cell wall strength and, as such, a lack of calcium in expanding leaf zones can result inweakened cell walls. These weakened cell walls can easily be broken due to abrupt variations in leaf turgorpressure resulting in the typical tipburn symptoms.Low transpiring leaves are most vulnerable to the disorder, since calcium is predominantly transported in thexylem. As such, the most vulnerable lettuce leaves are the inner leaves which are partly or entirely covered byelder leaves. In this respect, it has been suggested that night-time root pressure can have a beneficial effect toenhance the calcium supply towards these slowly transpiring leaves.Tipburn has been investigated quite intensively in the past decades, but the research always focused on theeffects of the environment on the occurrence of tipburn, whereas the plant physiological aspects were seldomincluded. These many different studies demonstrate apparently contradictory findings. Therefore, there is a strongneed for a plant physiological interpretation of the tipburn disorder, which correlates the different environmentaleffects to the plant physiological processes.In this study, we present the use of plant sensors to assess the plant physiological response to its environmentwith respect to the incidence of tipburn. As such, stem diameter and leaf thickness were continuously monitored,because variations in these variables are strongly related to variations in the plant water relations, turgor pressureand growth rate. Leaf thickness measurements were combined with a mechanistic model to detect periods ofwater deficits or abrupt changes in turgor pressure. This approach could additionally help to monitor root pressureand investigate the hypothesis that root pressure has beneficial effects on the supply of calcium to slowlytranspiring leaves. As such, growth rate, supply of calcium to low transpiring leaves and abrupt variations in turgorpressure could be visualised by these plant sensors.Keywords: Lactuca sativa L., water relations, transpiration, water potential, turgor.43

Oral Presentations of Topic 1Impact of salinity and water deficiency on the fluorescencesignature of tomato leavesKAUTZ, B. *; HUNSCHE, M. & NOGA, G.Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural ScienceUniversity of Bonn, Germany* bkautz@uni-bonn.deDue to global change the significance of salinity and water deficiency as relevant environmental constraints forthe performance of horticultural crops is increasing. Breeding and selection of drought and salinity tolerantgenotypes is in many cases first choice of adaptive strategies. Thereby, the use of sensors as valuable tool forthe fast and precise stress detection and identification of suitable parameters indicative for the respective stress isbeing intensively researched.In our approach we investigated the influence of water deficiency and salinity as single or combined stress on thefluorescence signature of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves. In this context, we hypothesized that bothabiotic stresses influence the fluorescence signature in a similar way whereas the combined stresses impose anadditive effect. The greenhouse experiment was conducted from the middle of August to beginning of October2011 with the genotypes Cupido, Harzfeuer and Rio Grande. Plants were cultivated in perlite and either fertigated(EC = 2 mS) according to their needs (100 % irrigation, control) or subjected to the following treatments: NaClenriched solution (EC = 12.5 mS); 50 % irrigation (EC = 2 mS); 50 % irrigation + NaCl (EC = 12.5 mS). Thefluorescence intensity in the blue, red and far-red spectral regions (Multiplex®; Force-A, France) and thechlorophyll fluorescence (Imaging-PAM®; Heinz-Walz GmbH, Germany) were recorded weekly under controlledconditions on detached, and if necessary dark-adapted, leaves. Furthermore, the impact of the treatments wascharacterized by means of vegetative parameters, as well as the concentration of minerals, chlorophyll andproline at the end of the experiment.In general, the impact of salinity and water deficiency led to genotype-specific alterations of the fluorescenceparameters. Thereby, the cultivar Rio Grande showed a distinct behavior due to salinity and water deficiency ascompared to Cupido or Harzfeuer. Furthermore, the ratio between far-red and red fluorescence increased in theplants exposed to salinity and water deficiency, indicating an inverse correlation with the chlorophyll content. Inaddition, complex fluorescence ratios suggest modifications in the amount and composition of phenolicsubstances in the epidermis as result of the abiotic stresses. Besides, both salinity and water deficit had anoticeable impact on the functionality of the photosystems as demonstrated by e.g., the photochemical quenchingand the relative apparent electron transport rate. In most cases, salinity and drought impacted the fluorescenceparameters in a similar way whereas the magnitude also depended on the cultivar. Thereby, the salinityintensifies the impact of water deficiency when the plants are exposed simultaneously to both stresses.Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum, salinity, water deficiency, fluorescence.44

Oral Presentations of Topic 1The usefulness of VIS/NIR techniques for assessment of maturityand quality of selected pear cultivarsRUTKOWSKI, Krzysztof P. *; KRUCZYNSKA, Dorota E.; WAWRZYNCZAK, Anna;JOZWIAK, Zbigniew; PLOCHARSKI, WitoldResearch Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/396-100 Skierniewice, Poland* krzysztof.rutkowski@inhort.plDuring the years 2009-2012 the usefulness of nondestructive methods based on VIS/NIR for assessment ofmaturity and quality of ‘Alexander Lucas’, ‘Delwilmor’, ‘Xenia’, ‘Dicolor’ and ‘Uta; pear cultivars were evaluated.Pears selected for the experiment differed in size, shape, skin colour and maturity time. ‘Alexander Lucas’,‘Delwilmor’, ‘Xenia’ were characterized by unblushed green to yellow skin colour, ‘Dicolor’ is a pear with anattractive bright red blush, whereas ‘Uta’ has a golden - bronze skin colour.Nondestructive measurements were performed using DA meter, Sintéleia, Italy and CP Pigment AnalyzerPA1101, Control in Applied Physiology GbR., Germany. Based on collected spectra, the software offered with theequipment allowed to calculate the following indices: DA index, NDVI and NAI. The DA index is calculated usingformula DA=A670-A720, where A670 and A720 are absorbencies at respective wavelengths of 670 and 720 nm.NDVI stands for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and is calculated as (I780-I660)/(I780+I660) while NAIstands for Normalized Anthocyanin Index and is calculated as (I780-I550)/(I780+I550), where I550, I660 and I780are reemitances at respective wavelengths of 550, 660 and 720 nm.Depending on the year and cultivar fruits were harvested once or twice a season and stored at two temperatures -0.5 °C and +2.5 °C under normal and controlled atmosphere conditions. Beside the nondestructivemeasurements at harvest and after storage the following quality parameters were measured: fruit weight, skincolour, fruit firmness, total soluble solids content and titratable acidity. During fruit storage DA, NDVI and NAIindices steadily decreased. The rate of changes depended on storage conditions and cultivars. It was found thatchanges of the indices may be used for monitoring ripening process of pears. However, the suitability of VIS/NIRmeasurements for quality estimation of fruit depends on the dynamics of changes occurring during fruit ripeningand needs further investigation. For the estimation of the content of soluble solids, acidity and firmness it may bejustified to build models covering wide range of variability of the measured characteristics.Keywords: NDVI, NAI, DA index, Pyrus communis, firmness, TSS, titratable acidity, skin colour.45

Oral Presentations of Topic 1Photomorphogenetic effects in different plant life formsSAMUOLIENĖ, G. *; BRAZAITYTĖ, A.; VIRŠILĖ, A.; SIRTAUTAS, R.; SAKALAUSKAITĖ, J.;SAKALAUSKIENĖ, S.; DUCHOVSKIS, P.Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kaunas str. 30, LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania* g.samuoliene@lsdi.ltThe objective was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of red (R) (638 nm), blue (B) (445 nm) and farred(FR) (731 nm) light produced by solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on variation of photosyntheticpigments, non-structural carbohydrates and flowering initiation in different plant life forms, such as radish(Raphanus sativus L., ‘Faraon’), carrots (Daucus carota L., ‘Garduole 2’) and in frigo plants of ‘Elkat’ strawberries(Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Before lighting experiments plants, which needs vernalization for floweringinduction, were grown in particular conditions: strawberry sprouts were hold in the refrigerator under -2ºCtemperature till they were planted, carrots with 9 leaves in rosette were moved from the greenhouse to the lowtemperature (+4C) chambers for 120 days. Radishes were seeded and grew in lighting conditions. Duringlighting experiment plants grew in controlled conditions: total photosynthetic photon flux density generated byLEDs was maintained at 200 μmol m -2 s -1 , photoperiod - 16 h. LED treatment: R; R+B 10%; and R+B 10%+FR 2%. Ourresults showed that generative development of treated plants depended on light quality. Sole R LED light orcombination of R+B conditioned flowering of frigo strawberry plants, whereas the addition of far-red (R+B+FR)was necessary for flowering stem formation in carrots. R or R+B+FR for radish generative development wererequired. Lower accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in leaves due to low contents of photosyntheticpigments under R+B was detected, contrarily to strawberry, where accumulation of carbohydrates was high. Weconclude that (I) spectral quality of light influences the morphogenesis and diverse physiological responses; (II)flower initiation processes of different plant life forms can be controlled by tailoring the illumination spectrum; (III)this enables one to accelerate plant cultivation in phytotron conditions.Keywords: carbohydrates, flowering, light manipulation, photosynthetic pigments.46

Oral Presentations of Topic 1Responses of tomato plants under prevailing climate conditions ina closed greenhouse during an annual productionDANNEHL, D. (1) *; HUYSKENS-KEIL, S. (2) ; SCHUCH, I. (1) ; MIRANDA-TRUJILLO, L. (1) ;ROCKSCH, T. (1) & SCHMIDT, U. (1)Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, (1) Division Biosystems Engineering and (2) Division Urban PlantEcophysiology, 14195 Berlin, Germany* dennis.dannehl@agrar.hu-berlin.deThe tomato is a plant with a worldwide distribution and enormous economic value for producers as well as healthbenefits for consumers. The last-mentioned information is based on epidemiological studies, which havedemonstrated that the consumption of tomatoes with large amounts of phytochemicals with antioxidant propertiescan reduce the occurrence of chronic diseases. In future, the producer is challenged to save resources, becauseof the increasing prices of fossil fuels and to achieve climate goals of the German Government. These facts,including increasing summer temperatures, will complicate the production of high tomato yields and healthy plantswithout losses of fruit quality in greenhouses. Therefore, a closed greenhouse with new algorithm for ventilation,CO2 enrichment, cooling, and heating was used as solar collector, in order to collect energy using cooling fins inthe roof region and to control the climate conditions for a performance-enhancing crop production. Compared tothe reference greenhouse (RG), large amounts of condensate were collected using cooling fins and high levels ofrelative humidity (annual average: 88.9%) was continuously maintained by the influence of the closed greenhouse(CG), whereby the plant transpiration and the application rate of nutrient solution were reduced simultaneously by50%. The prevailing climate conditions, including high levels of CO2 (annual average: 656 ppm), in the CG did notinfluence the average leaf area per leaf in comparison to both experimental greenhouses. However, thephotosynthesis was increased by 32% and a significantly higher number of leaves (7.5%) and trusses (10%) wereformed by plants grown under CG conditions, resulting in an accelerated plant growth with longer plant stems upto 1.5 m and a higher leaf area per plant (21%) compared to control plants. The impact of the new algorithm alsosignificantly increased the average fruit set per truss (5.2%) and the total yield of marketable fruit (by 31.9%),whereas the yield of non-marketable fruit (fruit < 50 g and blossom-end rot fruit) was decreased up to 75%compared to plants grown in the RG. Regarding secondary plant compounds and other nutrients in tomatoes, itwas found that the closed operation mode led to a significantly increase in contents of lycopene (by 26%), calcium(10%), and magnesium (9.7%), whereas the contents of ß-carotene, potassium, copper, and iron were affected toa lesser extent compared to tomatoes harvested in the RG.Keywords: carotenoids, phenolic compounds, soluble solids, titratable acid, yield, photosynthesis.47

Oral Presentations of Topic 1Impact of temperature integration under greenhouse on energy useefficiency, plant growth and development and tomato fruit quality(sugars, acids, vitamin C, carotenoids) depending on varietyrootstock combination(1)TRUFFAULT, Vincent (1) ; FATIHA, Fifel (1) ; LONGUENESSE, Jean-Jacques (1) ;VERCAMBRE, Gilles (1) ; LE QUILLEC, Serge (2) & GAUTIER, Helene (1) *INRA, UR-1115, Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, centre PACA, Domaine Saint Paul,84914 Avignon Cedex, France(2) CTIFL Centre de Carquefou, ZI Belle Etoile Antarès, 35 allée des sapins, 44483 Carquefou Cedex,France* helene.gautier@avignon.inra.frTo increase crop sustainability, greenhouse growers are looking for reduction in economic and ecological heatingcosts of their production without decreasing yield. Among different technical solutions, temperature integration (TI)has the valuable quality to reduce energetic costs without modifying existing greenhouses. TI, taking advantage ofplant plasticity towards temperature, consists in modulating the set points for heating (lower during the night) andventilation (higher during the day) keeping similar mean 24h temperature for plant development.However, questions emerge dealing with the potential impact of TI on crop production in term of yield and qualityon one hand and with the genetic material best fitted for TI. The present study on soil-less tomato crops aims toevaluate and compare on contrasted genotypes the impact of TI on plant growth and development as well as onfruit yield and quality.Four variety-rootstock combinations of tomato plants were studied for two consecutive years (2010 and 2011).Two climate managements were compared: a temperature integration technique (TI) and a control (grower’stechnique). In order to test the limit of TI system, TI application lasted longer in 2011 and with temperaturesettings colder compared to 2010.During the first year of experiment (2010), energy saving was about 22% during TI period. Yield was not modified,nor leaf growth. In 2011, TI led to an 8.6% energy saving compared to control. Yield significantly increased forPlaisance-Beaufort combination and was not affected in other variety-rootstock combinations. In conclusion, forboth years TI increased energy use efficiency.Plant developmental rate and dry matter partitioning between stems, leaves and fruits were not significantlymodified by TI despite a non-significant increase in aerial dry matter (+6.6%). Leaf area slightly decreased (-11%),inducing lower specific leaf area (SLA). Fruit size and composition (sugars, acids, vitamin C) were not modified byTI. Carotenoids (specifically phytoene and lycopene) were improved by TI in particular for Plaisance-Beaufort; thismight be related to the reduced leaf area that allowed more light to reach the fruit and consequently promotedcarotenoid synthesis.Variety-rootstock combinations showed different sensitivity to climate variations. Adequacy between climatemanagement and breeding of suitable varieties and rootstocks is clearly essential for TI success. Temperatureintegration appears as a profitable alternative to classic management of greenhouse climate.Keywords: Energy saving, greenhouse, temperature integration, tomato, plants development, fruit quality.48

Oral Presentations of Topic 1Hierarchichal crop flow strategy for variable inter-rowspacing by multi-manipulator mobile robot and verticalarray plant tower designASHTIANI ARAGHI, Alireza (1) *; RHEE, Joong Yong (2) ; LEE, Chungu (1) ; KIM, Joon Yong (1) ;KWON, Tae Hyeong (1)(1) Department of Biosystems Engineering, Seoul National University, South Korea, 151-921(2) Department of Biosystems Engineering, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, SeoulNational University, South Korea, 151-921* ashtiani@snu.ac.krOptimal space utilization is an underlying goal at indoor cultivation systems where soilless hydroponic culture withrow-based layout is an applicable option. However, a pervasive problem in conventional hydroponic systems suchas those using individual NFT channels, is invariable inter-row crop spacing for whole growth duration. To makemore efficient use of the given space while benefiting from variable inter-row crop spacing, novel concept ofvertical farming can be implemented by introducing movable plant beds and automatic spacing system in a multilayercultivation array. A hierarchical crop flow strategy has been characterized while conceptual design andoperational principles of a mechatronic design including an autonomous multi-manipulator wheeled robot and arack structure with multiple cultivation layers, so called plant tower, have been described. Flexible inter-row cropspacing will be feasible as a result of stepwise relocations of hydroponic channels among different layers via thecooperation of plant tower’s spacing mechanism and pull-push efforts of robot arms end-effectors. Interdependentsequenced actions of robot working units and plant tower will create a time-based discrete flow of NFT channels,oriented from higher to lower layers. Primary design for a six storey plant tower with three distinct growth stageshas been indicated.Keywords: multi-layer cultivation, optimal space utilization, dynamic crop spacing, hydroponics, horticulturalautomation, conceptual design.49

Oral Presentations of Topic 1Peat substitutes in growing media – Options and limitationsNEUMAIER, Dieter (1) *; MEINKEN, Elke (2)(1) Staatliche Forschungsanstalt für Gartenbau Weihenstephan, Freising (Germany)(2) Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising (Germany)* dieter.neumaier@hswt.deEfforts to reduce the usage of peat in growing media are made since the early 1980’s. In the actual context withrising environmental awareness peat-free or at least peat-reduced growing media are up to date for plantproduction. But the range of useable peat substitutes is limited, because of physical and chemical characteristics,economics, availability, and last but not least rising competition with thermal utilization for production of renewableenergy. Subsequent options (+) and limitations (−) of examined and field-proven peat substitutes are shownbriefly.Green waste compost is produced out of homogenous green waste from private gardens or public parks with acompleted rotting process.+ high structure stability / good rewetting / high exchange capacity / good buffering against pH-decrease /suppression of soil-borne diseases− over-fertilization because of high nutrient content / iron deficiency caused by high pH values / pollution withharmful substances, pathogenic organisms, weed seeds, impurities and stones / high fluctuation range ofchemical parameters / enhanced infection with sciarid flies and fungiBark compost is mostly made from crushed, composted and sieved pinewood bark and can be used as growingmedia constituent or soil improver.+ high air capacity / high structure stability / good rewetting / high exchange capacity / good pH buffering− low water capacity / instable nitrogen balance (nitrogen immobilization) / induced iron-deficiency or manganesetoxicitydue to high manganese content / pollution with growth inhibition substances and heavy metalsWood materials are produced from untreated pinewood with less than 20 % bark by chopping (wood chips) or inspecial machines under heat and high pressure (wood fibre).+ high air capacity / good rewetting / less sciarid flies, weeds and liverwort because of quick drying of substratesurface / low bulk density / good buffering against pH decrease / low salt and nutrient content− low water capacity / instable nitrogen balance (nitrogen immobilization) / loss of volume caused by highmicrobial decomposition / bad buffering against pH increaseCocos materials originate from the cutted (cocofibre), sieved (cocopeat) or diced (cocochips) mesocarp ofcoconuts and comes mostly from the Asian area.+ high air capacity (cocofibre and cocopeat) / good rewetting / good capillarity (cocofibre) / much easily plantavailable water (cocopeat) / low microbial decomposition / low bulk density− sometimes excessive salt contents (NaCl and KCl) / growth inhibition substances in fresh material / rather pooreco-balanceKeywords: growing media, peat substitutes, peat-free, peat reduced, green waste compost, bark compost, woodchips, wood fibre, cocofibre, cocopeat, cocochips.50

Oral Presentations of Topic 1Nitrogen and aeration levels of the nutrient solution in soillesscultivation systems as important growing conditions affectinginherent quality of baby leaf vegetables: a reviewNICOLA, Silvana (1) *; EGEA-GILABERT, Catalina (3) ; NIÑIROLA, Diana (2) ; CONESA,Encarna (2) ; PIGNATA, Giuseppe (1) ; FONTANA, Emanuela (1) (5) (2) (4); FERNÁNDEZ, Juan A.(1)Dipartimento AGROSELVITER, VEGMAP, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095Grugliasco (TO), Italy;(2)Departamento. de Producción Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII,48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain;(3)Departamento. de Ciencia y Tecnología Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, PaseoAlfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain;(4)Unidad Asociada al CSIC de “Horticultura Sostenible en Zonas Áridas” (UPCT-CEBAS), PaseoAlfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain;(5) Emanuelafontana.com Consulting, Via Cottolengo 98/5, 10048 Vinovo (TO), Italy* silvana.nicola@unito.itThe floating system (FS) is an easy and profitable growing technique for the cultivation of baby leaf vegetables(BLV), since plants can be grown at high densities, giving high yields in short time and clean commercialproducts. Use of FS allows for influencing nutritional status and composition of plants modifying the nutrientsolution (NS), particularly the final nitrate and oxalate contents, one important aspect in BLV. As in otherhydroponic systems, plants grown in FS may suffer hypoxia because the roots gradually consume the oxygendissolved in the NS. This work reviews the effect of the nitrogen concentration and chemical form supplied to thegrowing plants and the aeration level of the NS on the inherent quality of BLV. Studied species included rocket(Eruca sativa; Diplotaxis tenuifolia), lamb’s lettuce (Valerianella olitoria), water and garden cress (Nasturtiumofficinalis; Lepidium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), spinach (Spinaca oleracea)and bladder campion (Silene vulgaris). For many species, concentrations from 4 to 16 mmol L-1 N were used inthe NS and ratios between N-NO3- and N-NH4+ from 100 to 0% were applied. In general, 8-12 mmol L-1 N led tohigh yields and limited leaf NO3 accumulation and 40-60% of N-NH4+ limited leaf NO3 accumulation. Withrespect to the aeration levels of the NS, some species showed little sensitivity to oxygen depleted in the rootmedium, and were able to adapt to a gradual reduction in oxygen level. However, to increase yields, aeration isadvisable, although the final quality of the product, in terms of functional phytochemicals concentrations, may beslightly lower. The level of oxygen had a different influence on the oxalate and nitrate contents depending on thestudied species.Keywords: floating system, nitrate, hypoxia, leafy vegetables, baby leaves.51

Oral Presentations of Topic 1The effect of sugar type, source and concentration on Brassicaoleraceae var botrytis microproshoot productionRIHAN, Hail Z *; AL-SHAMARI, Magda; AL-SWEDI, Fadil; BURCHETT, Stephen & FULLER,Michael P.School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University ofPlymouth, UK, PL4 8AA* h-rihan@live.comAn effective protocol for the mass production of cauliflower microshoots was refined using the meristematic layerof cauliflower curd. The meristimatic layer was excised, homogenized using a commercial blender and separatedinto desirable size classes and cultured in liquid culture media containing 2 mg/L kinetin, 1 mg/L IBA (indolebutyric acid) and different types and concentrations of sugars. Among several concentrations of sucrose derivedfrom sugar beet, the use of 3 % concentration was found to be the optimal. Fructose, glucose and maltose werealso tested at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 % concentrations and compared with the use of 3 % of sucrose which wasconsidered as a standard (control). The best explants response was obtained using maltose but without asignificant difference compared with the control. The effect of the source of sucrose on the development ofcauliflower culture was also investigated using different concentrations of sucrose derived from both sugar caneand sugar beet. The use of 4.4 % sugar cane sucrose was found to be the best in terms of the number ofdeveloping microshoots. The results reported in this study helps to increase the effectiveness of the cauliflowermicropropagation system and to reduce the cost of micropropagule per unit of production.Keywords: Sugar, sucrose, sugar cane, micropropagation, merestimatic tissue.52

TOPIC 1CONTRIBUTION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES TO NEWDEVELOPMENTS IN HORTICULTUREPOSTER PRESENTATIONS

Posters of Topic 1Non-invasive determination of anthocyanin in purple carrot using aportable spectrometerSCHMIDT, Lilian; BEYS, Friedrich & ZINKERNAGEL, Jana *Department of Vegetable Crops, Geisenheim Research CenterGeisenheim, Germany* jana.zinkernagel@fa-gm.dePurple carrots contain high amounts of secondary metabolites, especially the anthocyanincyanidin‐3‐glucoside (C3G). With this ingredient, purple carrots show high relevance in human nutrition due toits high antioxidative capacity and particularly in food processing because of their strong coloring effect. For thepurpose of high dye yield in food and industrial processing, homogeneity and high level of anthocyanin content(AC) in carrots are required. AC in purple carrot is primarily attributed to the genotype but to some extent togrowing conditions, too. In addition to plant nutrition it is assumed that irrigation and harvest date are correlated tothe AC.To know how to manage the crop and to choose the harvest date of purple carrots in order to increase the AC inthe field may help optimizing the dye‐yield. Since photometric or HPLC measurements are time‐consumingand expensive, optical instruments are preferred. Thus, a method for determining the AC in purple carrotsnon‐invasively and rapidly is required. The aim of this study was to test a portable spectrometer for generatingreliable correlations between spectrometrically and photometrically measured AC and to prove its suitability forAC‐measurements in the field.The spectrometer Multiplex ® (Force‐A, Orsay Cedex, France) was used to determine the AC by excitating theobject at 635 nm and calculating the emission at 735 nm. The resulting FERARI value isdimensionless and quantifies AC. This value was measured in the peal of 63 carrots cv. Deep Purple. Fromextracts of the peal total AC was analyzed photometrically via the equivalent of C3G. Ongoing, thesephotometrically measured AC‐equivalents were correlated with the FERARI values. Initial analysis revealed alogarithmic relation between FERARI values and AC‐equivalents (R2 = 0.53 ***). FERARI values varied from0.14 to 1.73, the C3G between 33 and 1829 mg kg‐1 fresh weight.There might have been various reasons for the weak correlation. E.g., other plant compounds might havereflected at the same spectrum. Currently performed chromatographic separation and quantitation of theses plantcompound may clarify this hypothesis. Another reason might have been that the depth of the excitation did notcoincide with the thickness of the peal used for C3Gmeasurements.In summary, additional measurements and a careful analysis of all possibly biasing components of thecorrelations between FERARI values and AC‐equivalents are needed to finally prove the suitability of theproposed non‐invasive method.Keywords: irrigation, harvesting date, natural dye, spectroscopy, Daucus carota L.On-tree monitoring of fruit quality of five Prunus domesticacultivarsBOLLING, J. *; HERPPICH, W.B.Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim,Horticultural Engineering,Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany* jbolling@atb-potsdam.deDuring recent years, the European consumers’ demands for high sensorial and nutritional quality of fresh plums(Prunus domestica L.) largely increased. In addition, modern fruit postharvest handling and processing requestedexact knowledge of the state of fruit development at harvesting. To successfully meet these requirements,54

Posters of Topic 1monitoring of overall fruit quality has to start already on the tree during fruit growth. However, for rapid andobjective evaluation of quality changes during ripening and along the postharvest processing chain, newadvanced tools for non-destructive measurements are required.Therefore, to identify objective and specific indices for optimum harvest dates, changes in various quality-relatedfruit properties were non-destructively measured on 3 common (Prunus domestica L. ssp. domestica) and twomirabelle plum (P. domestica ssp. syriaca) cultivars (covering early, medium and late cultivars) during the growingseasons 2008 to 2011. The non-destructive evaluations include remission spectroscopy and chlorophyllfluorescence analysis, and measurements of mechanical properties of the plums (by means of acoustic impulseresponsetechnique and standard force-deformation analysis). In addition, destructive chemical analyses(determination of soluble solids content, sugar to acid ratio, phenolic compounds) complemented the aboveinvestigations.Color is a very important indicator of the ripeness of plums; hence, changes in chlorophyll and anthocyanincontents were non-destructively determined from remission spectra and the results evaluated by chemicalanalysis of the corresponding fruit extracts. Moreover, the kinetics of sugar-acid-ratio during the fruit maturationwas reflected by the spectral data. Furthermore, chlorophyll fluorescence measurements focused on changes inphotosynthetic activity, highly correlated with fruit chlorophyll contents and state of fruit ripening. The results ofchlorophyll fluorescence analyses were also correlated with both changes in elastic properties and sugar contentsof plums, irrespective of cultivar and subspecies.Results of the various approaches will be comparatively evaluated for their relevance in non-destructivelyacquiring state of fruit ripeness and overall quality of plums.Keywords: Prunus domestica, fruit quality, non-destructive, chlorophyll fluorescence.Technical developments in phytomonitoring-technologyROCKSCH, Thorsten *; SCHUCH, Ingo; DANNEHL, Dennis; SCHMIDT, UweHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin- GERMANY* t.rocksch@agrar.hu-berlin.deSpecial monitoring systems, which measure phytosignals under production conditions, are used to obtain andtransfer plant information online in a non-destructive manner. These gas change monitoring systems are suitablefor continuous measurements of transpiration and photosynthesis of greenhouse cultures. At Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin one such phytomonitoring system was developed and tested. In this context, uniquelydesigned leaf cuvettes are instrumental in transferring a low airflow into a Dewar flask where the temperature, theair humidity and the CO 2 content are measured. The reference air of the greenhouse can be analyzed with thesame measuring equipment by switching the valve groups. The transpiration and photosynthesis rates arecalculated from the differences of the absolute humidity and the CO 2 content, taking into account the leaf cuvettesarea and the airflow speed. The technical development in this system leads to less interference and moreaccurate measuring values. Therefore, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin developed smaller, oval-shaped leafcuvettes with a new mechanical lock system so that small, leafy plants can be examined too. A new fixturesystem allows exact adjustments in any x-, y-, or z-direction. Furthermore, a CO 2 sensor with a high accuracy of 2ppm is used to reduce the deviation in measuring values. An exact adjustment of the airflow by flow meter is alsopossible. In order to avoid condensation in tubes and leaf cuvettes, a backflushing process was developed too.During this process, the heated, dry air is led against the suction direction without influencing the measurements.Additionally, in collaboration with the Institute of Agricultural Engineering in Potsdam-Bornim, the integration ofsensors for the non-destructive determination of ingredients in leaves and fruits could significantly expand theapplication fields of the existing gas exchange measurement system. The first two prototypes of the newmonitoring system were tested in 2011 in the ZINEG project (The Low Energy Greenhouse). In parallelmeasurement operations, nearly identical measured values were achieved. Condensation in tubes and leafcuvettes was significantly reduced, even with high relative humidity in the air. A change in climate control,particularly in a closed greenhouse with the use of finned-tube cooling system, had a significant effect on thephotosynthesis and transpiration.Keywords: phytomonitoring, transpiration, photosynthesis, leaf cuvettes.55

Posters of Topic 1Prediction of postharvest internal papaya fruit quality: quantifyingcontent of single carotenoids using iMLRPFLANZ, Michael (1) *; OPARA, Umezuruike Linus (2) ; ZUDE, Manuela (1)(1)Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100,14469 Potsdam, Germany, * mpflanz@atb-potsdam.de(2)Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, South African Research Chair in PostharvestTechnology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, South AfricaPhysico-chemical and mechanical fruit properties vary widely in terms of change in coloration, softening, andreduced shelf-life. Rates of chlorophyll breakdown and carotenoids synthesis of papaya are correlated with theconditions of fruit development. In the present study, changes in the evolution of fruit pigments during storagewere studied by means of chemical analyses with an advanced data processing method.Papaya fruit (Carica papaya L.) of cultivars ’Honey Gold’ (n=16) and Solo type (n=10) were obtained in June 2011from a local market in Stellenbosch, South Africa, and analysed in the Postharvest Technology Laboratory,Stellenbosch University. Fruit ripeness stages were visually defined as “breaker” due to an initiating tinge ofyellow in the circular region of blossom end. Fruits were stored at 23±3°C and 30 % relative humidity over aperiod of 5 days.For pigment analyses, tissue samples were taken from exocarp and mesocarp layers. After freeze-drying at -80°Cfor 24 h, samples were ground, weighed immediately, and transferred into a solution of 0.05 % butylatedhydroxytoluene, acetone, ethanol, and hexane. The upper phase of hexane was separated and spectrometricallymeasured between 350 and 800 nm with a resolution of 2 nm using a UV-VIS spectrometer (Helios Omega,ThermoScientific technologies, USA).Spectra of standards for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, lycopene, beta-carotene, and violaxanthene were used asvectors corresponding to the specific pigment signature. Based on these profiles an iterative multiple linearregression tool (iMLR Version 1.55, ATB, Germany) was used to fit the recorded spectra of fruit extracts bymeans of the least squares error. The separated pigment profiles and quantities were calculated from theapparent sum spectrum.The use of iMLR algorithms provided a separated analyses of chlorophyll a and b in exocarp layers as well aslycopene, β-carotene, and violaxanthene contents in mesocarp layers of papaya fruit. Compared to establishedmethods the iMLR enabled the analyses of the carotenoids additionally to the two chlorophyll. The content oflycopene increased significantly by 21.6 µg/g DM, the content of ß-carotene by 96.9 µg/g DM, and violaxantheneby 15.9 µg/g DM during 5 days of storage. Furthermore, it was found that contents of both, chlorophyll a and b,decreased in exocarp and mesocarp layers during storage.Keywords: Papaya, iMLR, time series analysis, post-harvest, quality, non-destructive spectroscopy, UV/VIS.Measurement of N-status and ingredients in broccoli plants(Brassica oleracea var. italica) in pot culture using sensortechnologySCHIRDEWAHN, T. *; PFENNING, J.; GRAEFF, S. & CLAUPEIN, W.Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim,Stuttgart, Germany* torsten.schirdewahn@uni-hohenheim.deThere is an increasing interest of advanced vegetable production to link sensor technology with cultivationmanagement and product quality aims. For quality aims of plant products in human diet several substancessummarized as phytochemicals gain importance in the last decades. Especially polyphenols such as flavonoidsand anthocyans are important in prevention of inflammation and cancer.In a greenhouse experiment at the experimental station for horticulture University of Hohenheim (Germany)broccoli plants were grown supplied with different nitrogen (N) concentrations from March 30 th until May 31 st 201156

Posters of Topic 1to gain information on usage of sensor measurement with Multiplex ® for N status and flavonoid and anthocyancontent. Plants of six on commercial scale important cultivars ‘Monterey’, ‘Marathon’, ‘Monopoly’, ‘Ironman’,‘Parthenon’ and ‘Olympia’ were cultured in pots. N treatments included five levels 0 kg/ha N, 50 kg/ha N,100 kg/ha N, 200 kg/ha N and 400 kg/ha N. Optimal growth conditions were ensured by providing irrigation,fertilization (beside N) and plant protection management. Visualization was made with the optical multi parametersensor Multiplex ® . The optical sensor measurements were implemented weekly always on broccoli leaf no. 9 andon florets.The results of the different measurements by Multiplex ® at leaf no. 9 and florets show significantly highconcentration of flavonoids in plants with low N application (0 kg/ha N, 50 kg/ha N) and high concentration at highN level (100 kg/ha N, 200 kg/ha N, 400 kg/ha N). The concentration of flavonoids in leaf no. 9 was more thantwice as high in the 0 kg/ha N treatment as in the 400 kg/ha N treatment and vice versa in florets. The results ofmeasurements in leaf no. 9 and florets suggest that the concentration of anthocyans was not influenced by Nlevel. Under greenhouse conditions highest floret yield was detected at 100 kg/ha N level.Higher concentration of flavonoids in broccoli plants with low N treatment might be caused by distress of Ndeficiency. The concentration of flavonoids and anthocyans was almost equal measured in leaf no. 9 and florets.It can be assumed that measurements taken on leaf no. 9 are adequate to predict concentrations in the florets ofbroccoli plants.Keywords: nitrogen, fertilization, multiplex, sensor technology, flavonoids.Fluorescence-based systems for sensing drought stress in pepperplants at leaf levelHOFFMANN, Anna M. *; HUNSCHE, Mauricio; NOGA, GeorgUniversity of Bonn, INRES - Horticultural Science – GERMANY* a.hoffmann@uni-bonn.deFluorescence-based optical sensors to detect specific parameters of the chlorophyll fluorescence have intensivelybeen used to characterize the physiological status of plants growing either under optimized or stressfulenvironments. However, studies on the impact of abiotic stresses on the blue and green fluorescence as well asthe time-resolved fluorescence at specific wavelengths are still scarce. The aim of our study was to evaluate thesuitability of selected parameters as related to the fluorescence intensity and spectral ratios to a) early detect theimpact of water deficit, and b) to characterize the reaction pattern of two pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)genotypes (Milder Spiral and Ziegenhorn Bello, Austrosaat AG, Austria). Fluorescence measurements wereaccomplished either with a hand-held multi-parameter optical sensor (Multiplex3®, Force-A, France) or astationary compact fibre-optic fluorescence spectrometer with nanosecond time-resolution (LF 401 Lambda,Berthold Detection Systems GmbH, Germany). The physiological status of the plants was further characterized byphotosynthesis and transpiration measurements, evaluation of biometric parameters (plant height, biomass, andspecific leaf weight), the relative leaf water content, and the concentration of chlorophyll and proline. Theexperiments were conducted in a semi-controlled greenhouse with additional lighting ensuring a photoperiod of 16hours. Seeds were germinated in a tray filled with a mixture of peat, sand and perlite; two weeks after sowing,plantlets were transplanted into standard Teku-pots (7 x 7 x 8 cm) and after additional 4 weeks the treatmentswere initiated. Drought stress was induced by withholding irrigation for 7 days, followed by a recovering period ofone week and a second cycle of drought stress. In contrast, the control plants were irrigated daily throughout theexperiment with a modified Hoagland nutrient solution. In general, the use of both fluorescence measuringsystems enabled the detection of drought-induced changes in the plant physiology at leaf level. Recordings of theblue, red, and far-red fluorescence after the sequential excitation with UV-, green, and red light provided robustand concise results comprising parameters such as absolute signal intensity at the analysed wavelengths orcomplex fluorescence ratios. Regarding to the red and far-red fluorescence, the strongest effect of waterdeficiency was observed on cv. Ziegenhorn Bello. The changes observed in our trial were strongly related to thechlorophyll degradation in the plants exposed to a temporary water deficit. In contrast, the time-resolvedfluorescence showed genotype-specific changes in the blue and green as well as the red to far-red regions.Keywords: Capsicum annuum L., drought stress, fluorescence-based sensors, stress detection.57

Posters of Topic 1Near-infrared spectroscopy: a promising sensor techniquefor quality assessment of ornamental cuttingsLOHR, D. (1) *; TILLMANN, P. (2) ; ZERCHE, S. (3) ; DRUEGE, U. (3) ; MEINKEN, E. (1)(1) Forschungsanstalt für Gartenbau Weihenstephan, Freising (Germany)(2) VDLUFA Qualitätssicherung NIRS GmbH, Kassel (Germany)(3) Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Erfurt (Germany)* dieter.lohr@hswt.deNitrogen (N) and carbohydrate (CH) status are known as key factors for cutting quality; affecting both storagestability and capacity of adventitious root formation (ARF). For using this knowledge in a quality assurance systemin supply chain of ornamental young plant production a rapid, cheap and if procurable non-destructivemeasurement of N and CH status is necessary. Established wet chemical methods like Kjeldahl N or CH analysisby enzymatic photometric methods are too slow and too labour and cost intensive, whereas Near-InfraredSpectroscopy (NIRS) could fulfill these requirements. In the present study 1 , we explored the potential of NIRS asfast and non-destructive alternative.NIR spectra were taken of whole cuttings of chrysanthemum and pelargonium without any sample preparation likedrying or grinding. Calibration models were developed for different specific N fractions (amide, nitrate, amino andprotein N) plus total N, sum of extractable organic N (eonf N=amide N+Amino N), sum of extractable N (enfN=amide N+nitrate N+amino N) and sum of organic N (onf N=amide N+amino N+protein N) as well as CHfractions (glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch), total sugars (TS=glucose+fructose+sucrose) and total nonstructuralCH (TNC=TS+starch). For N and CH calibrations the datasets contained 521 and 407 samples,respectively.With regard to N fractions best results were obtained for protein N, total-N and onf-N with a standard error ofprediction (SEP) for protein-N of 2.2 mg N∙g DM -1 , 3.3 for total N and 3.0 for onf N, respectively and a R² for allthree fractions of >0.85. However, also amide, nitrate, amino, eonf and enf N fractions could be predicted withacceptable accuracy. First calibrations for CH fractions indicate suitability of NIRS for analysing starch and TNC(R²>0.65), whereas for sugar fractions - due to the low concentrations especially in leaves - only poor predictionpower was achieved.Subsequently, N status predicted by NIRS was correlated with ARF of chrysanthemum and pelargonium cuttingsyielded from stock plants cultivated at graduated levels of nitrogen supply. Results revealed that even slight N-deficiency limited rooting significantly, whereas increasing N contents of cuttings promoted ARF. Due to thepoorer prediction power of NIRS for CH and a low variation of CH levels an influence of CH status wasn't noted.Nevertheless NIRS appears to be a promising sensor technique to establish a quality assessment system forornamental cuttings.1 The joined project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection.Keywords: NIRS, nitrogen, carbohydrate, adventitious root formationTwo methodical approaches for evaluation of droughtstress tolerance in carrotsRODE, Andrea (1) *; NOTHNAGEL, Thomas (1) ; KAMPE, Eike (2)(1)Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for BreedingResearch on Horticultural and Fruits Crops, Quedlinburg, Germany(2)satimex QUEDLINBURG Züchtersaaten GmbH, Quedlinburg, Germany* andrea.rode@jki.bund.de58

Posters of Topic 1Drought stress is the major limitation factor for all crop species and particularly for vegetables. A lot of vegetablesare characterized by a high content of water in the utilized organs. Therefore, water is an important prerequisitefor their development. Drought stress causes the transpiration to be larger than the inclusion of water. As a resultplants fight for survival with complex physiologically responses resulting mostly in a dramatic reduction of yieldand quality. Therefore, activities towards increasing drought tolerance in root crop species increases dramatically.Carrot can be classified as a non drought stress tolerant species.The poster will be present two suitable approaches to evaluate drought stress tolerance of carrot under laboratoryconditions.The objective of the first experiment was to present drought stress reaction at leaves of eight carrot cultivars(Daucus carota L. sp. sativus Hoffm.) and nine wild relatives in their different abilities to store water. The waterloss of leaves were measured after 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours at a drying temperature of 35 °C and calculated asrelative weight of leaves. Significant difference between the tested carrot cultivars and wild relatives weredetected and suggest the suitablity of the test approach for breeding. Furthermore, histological examinations werecarried out to clarify difference in drought stress capacity of carrot cultivars and wild relatives.The second, a climate chamber experiment (pot test) was designed to investigate water stress on the whole plant.The aim was to provide additional information of drought stress influence to agronomical and quality traits. Twocarrot genotypes were tested with a drought stress period between the 41 th and 70 th day after sowing in one tofive replications each over 6 or 4 days. Significant differences for yield and quality parameters were observed.Keywords: Daucus carota, abiotic stress, breeding.PlantEye a novel 3D sensor platform for automateddetermination of plant growth dynamicsHUMMEL, GrégoirePhenospex - Research Center Jülich, THE NETHERLANDg.hummel@phenospex.dePhenospex PlantEye is a new 3D sensor platform and crop management system for daily, automated highresolutiondetermination of plant growth dynamics. The system consists of 3 modules, which can be combinedindividually. (a) The PlantEye scanner can be easily mounted on any device (e.g. irrigation robots) and workscompletely autonomously from its supporting system. By moving the scanner above the plants via the transportdevice, plants are scanned with a laser scanner and plant height, projected leaf area and ground coverage arecomputed with a resolution of 1 mm or 1 mm2 respectively. Hence consecutive measurements allow a precisedetermination of plant growth dynamics. The system enables measurements of single plants, small trial plots orcomplete fields. Moreover the system consists of (b) PlantEye Terminal to display plant parameters on-site. Viatouchscreen, crop management- or survey information can be documented easily. Third component (c)Hortcontrol Software is a web-based analysis software, to analyze plant growth dynamics with the associatedclimate and environmental data. The software comprises a MySQL database, which can be synchronized withclimate computers or external sensors. The complete system is operating wirelessly and can be integrated easilyin preexisting facilities or setups. The system was designed for the use under harsh conditions for in- and outdoorapplications. The high resolved, daily information about plant growth dynamics, constitutes a new method forgrowers to evaluate their crops based on objective criteria. Abnormal development of crops can be detected at anearly stage, allowing fast and effective counter-measures. Hence the risk of failing market requirements isstrongly reduced. Moreover the daily and precise information about plant growth dynamics enables a moreprecise and controlled crop management leading to a reduced consumption of resources or agrochemicals. Dueto the scanning technology, spatial plant growth information is available as well. Hence local growth anomalies orheterogenic growth within the field due to local pest infestations or changes in microclimate can be determinedand visualized. Thereby PlantEye is a system enabling spatial and temporal monitoring of fields, which is a keyprerequisite for precision-horticultural management.Keywords: plant phenotyping, plant growth, automated plant monitoring, precision horticulture, crop management.59

Posters of Topic 1Modelling to estimate the specific leaf area of tomato leaves (cv.Pannovy)DANNEHL, D. *; ROCKSCH, T. & SCHMIDT, U.Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Division Biosystems Engineering, 14195 Berlin, Germany* dennis.dannehl@agrar.hu-berlin.deThe determination of the leaf area is essential to understand the interaction between plant development andprevailing environmental factors during the growing season. In particular, the precise estimation of the leaf areaindex (LAI) is a prerequisite for modelling of canopy energy and mass fluxes, especially of canopy transpiration.Therefore, various non-destructive methods were established to calculate the leaf area of different plants,especially using leaf area estimation models. In this study, a model was developed to estimate the specific leafarea of tomato leaves in respect to the cultivar Pannovy using simple linear measurements. During anexperimental period of 2 years, the recorded measurements of leaves were randomly separated into two datasets which were used for calibration and validation of different models. The results showed that the leaf area canbe accurately predicted when leaf length and width are used as independent variables (R² = 0.885), whereas theleaf area estimation was limited when either leaf length (R² = 0.755) or width (R² = 0.856) was used as parameterin the respective models. Significant differences in the accuracy of the determination of leaf area occurredbetween a general leaf area estimation model based on different genotypes (including cv. Pannovy) and themodel developed in this study.These factsconfirmed that for each cultivar of tomatoes should be developed aseparate model to obtain the specific leaf area of single leaves.Keywords: non-destructive methods, leaf length, leaf width, Solanumlycopersicum L., calibration, greenhouse.Effects of some polyamines in embryo rescue of grapevine cv.Flame SeedlessEBADI, A. (1) ; AALIFAR, M. (2) *; FATTAHI MOGHADDAM, M. R. (3)(1) (3) Professor and Associate Professor, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran(2) Former Graduate Student, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran* m.aalifar65@yahoo.comEmbryo rescue technique has been used to rescue progeny of crossing between seedless grapes. In this studyputrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were added to media to rescue embryos of grape cv. FlameSeedless. Results showed that putrescine, spermidine and spermine at 1, 0.5 and 1 mM could increase growthand development of embryos, percentage of embryo germination and plant production, respectively. Applicationof cadaverine only at 0.5 mM could increased development and germination of embryos. However, it was notsignificant.Keywords: putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine.60

Posters of Topic 1Effects of secondary media on embryo germination and plantproduction in grapevine cvs Flame Seedless and PerletteEBADI, A. (1) ; AALIFAR, M. (2) *; FATTAHI MOGHADDAM, M. R. (3)(1) (3) Professor and Associate Professor, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran(2) Former Graduate Student, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran* m.aalifar65@yahoo.comSeedless grapes are used as table grapes extensively whole around the worlds. Embryo rescue technique couldovercome difficulties of traditional breeding methods. In this research work, for the first time, different media havebeen compared to choose the best one for embryo development and germination after dissecting that from theovule in grape cvs Flame seedless and Perlette. Ovules were dissected out of berries at 45 days after pollinationand cultured on NN medium supplemented with 3.0% sucrose and 0.3% activated charcoal. Embryos at torpedoshape were dissected out of ovule at 10 weeks later and then were cultured on WPM, MS as well as B5 mediawhich were supplemented with 2.5% sucrose and 0.3% activated charcoal. Results showed that WPM wassignificantly more effective in percentage of germination of embryo and rate of normal plant production. Inaddition, Perlette showed to be more successful in embryo germination and plant production compared to that inFlame Seedless.Keywords: Embryo rescue, WPM medium and ovulePotential application of jasmonic acid in in vitro rooting of lowvigorous pear and cherry rootstocksRUZIC, Djurdjina (1) *; VUJOVIC, Tatjana (1) ; CEROVIC, Radosav (2) ; DJORDJEVIC, Milena (1)(1) Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, Kralja Petra I/9, 32000 Čačak, Republic of Serbia* djinaruzic@gmail.com(2) Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Slobodana Bajica 1, 11185 Belgrade, Republic of SerbiaIn the present paper we studied the capacity of jasmonic acid (JA) to improve in vitro rooting phase inmicropropagated shoots of very popular low vigorous pear and cherry rootstocks – Pyrodwarf and Gisela 6respectively. The experiment was performed during the rooting phase and it included 7 medium types containingMurashige and Skoog (1962) macro and micro salts reduced to half, organic complex unchanged andsupplemented with JA at four concentrations – 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L. The trial also involved two independent,standard rooting media supplemented with 1 mg/L of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1 mg/L of α-napthyl aceticacid (NAA), both combined with 0.1 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA 3). The hormone-free medium (HF) served ascontrol. The rooting parameters, such as rooting rate (%), number and length of roots per rooted plant and qualityof rooted plants were monitored in the study. The highest rooting rate in both genotypes was obtained on mediumwith the lowest JA concentration, i.e. 0.2 mg/L (93.3% Pyrodwarf and 40% Gisela 6). The medium also gave thegreatest number of roots. Higher JA concentrations (0.5 and 1 mg/L) produced increment in root length. However,rooted plants were longer on media supplemented with IBA or NAA. Interestingly enough, JA applied at 2 mg/Linhibited roots formation in both genotypes. Hormone-free medium had only a marginal effect on rooting inPyrodwarf (16.7%), roots being exceptionally long (4.6 cm in average), and had no effect on rooting in Gisela 6genotype. The obtained results suggest that lower concentrations of JA should be used to improve the rootingprocess as they ensure good root system and vigorous, high quality plantlets which, most importantly, are easierto acclimatize.Keywords: Jasmonic acid, in vitro, rooting, rootstocks.61

Posters of Topic 1Using of digital image analysis for prediction of yield and shootweight of grapevine ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera L.)BEŠLIĆ, Zoran *; VASIĆ RANKOVIĆ, Zorica; TODIĆ, SlavicaFaculty of Agriculture, University of BelgradeNemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Serbia* zbeslic@agrif.bg.ac.rsThe assessment of yield and shoot weight per vine of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) were evaluatedon base digital image processing of vines part. Digital camera was mounted on tripod and used for taking photosof 1 x 1 m portions of canopy. The Adobe Photoshop software was used to analyze image for color - counting theblue pixels of grape and brown pixels of mature shoots in the quadrant region. Actual yield and shoot weight wereobtained from the photographed vines by hand harvesting and winter pruning of sampled portions. Linearregression was used for correlation between blue pixels and grape weight and brown pixels and winter prunedshoot weight. The relatively strong relationship between blue pixels/grape weight (R 2 = 0.91), and brownpixels/winter pruned shoot weight (R 2 = 0.83) were obtained. Based on these results, we can recommend thissimple technique for yield and shoot weight forecasting.Keywords: color photos, grape weight, shoot weight, pixels counting, linear regression.A vision-based laser weed control systemMARX, Christian (1) (2) *; PASTRANA PÉREZ, Julio César (1) ; RATH, Thomas (1) ; HUSTEDT,Michael (2) ; KAIERLE, Stefan (2) ; HAFERKAMP, Heinz (2)(1) Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Biological Production Systems, Biosystems EngineeringSection, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany(2)Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Materials and Processes Department, Safety Technology Group,Hollerithallee 8, D-30419 Hannover, Germany* marx@bgt.uni-hannover.deWeed control is one of the key challenges in horticultural production. As the use of biochemically actingherbicides is related to residues and environmental impacts, alternative techniques are desired. Conventionalmethods like mechanical (hoeing) or thermal weed control (flame treatment) in the surroundings of cultivar plantsare either impossible or cause damages to plants, leading to crop loss. By the increasing means of precisionhorticulture, site and even plant specific weed control is necessary. Laser technology is the high-tech tool whichmeets the challenges of a sustainable production. Some papers already discuss the applicability of laser radiationfor the purposes of weed control. The effect of laser radiation is used locally limited (without thermal drift) andbases on dose-response-relationships depending on the weed species, the weed growth stage, the laserwavelength, the laser spot diameter, and the laser spot position. But up to now, the laser beam positioning on thebasis of image analyses has remained unsolved.In this contribution, the usage of weed damage models by CO 2 laser radiation in combination with modern cultivarvs. weed discrimination algorithms (Active Shape Modeling, ASM) is evaluated. Therefore, stereo-cameras areused to map the weeds beneath the application system. The ASM algorithms determine the meristems of theweed plants and pass the coordinates to a laser galvanometer scanner which then positions the laser beam andinitiates the laser irradiation for a defined time.Accordingly, this contribution presents the design and functionality of an autonomously driven weed controlapplication system, which is located on an overhead rail car placed above an open seedbed in a greenhouse.Keywords: laser technique, selective image processing, weed detection, weed control.62

Posters of Topic 1GIS application in precision viticulture: spatial analysis of soilchemical characteristics in the vineyard with cv. Pinot Noir inSerbiaŽIVOTIĆ, Ljubomir (1) ; RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, Zorica (1) *; ĐORĐEVIĆ, Aleksandar (1) ; PAJIĆ,Miloš (1) ; SIVČEV, Branislava (1) ; PEROVIĆ, Veljko (2) ; ATANACKOVIĆ, Zoran (1)(1)University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia(2)Institute of Soil Science, Teodora Drajzera 7, 11000 Beograd* zoricarv@agrif.bg.ac.rsSoil characteristics are one of the most important factors of grape growing. If provided with good quality data GIStechnology presents an important tool used in precision viticulture for the presentation of soil and vinecharacteristics. This paper presents the results of soil chemical characteristics and yield at experimental vineyardbelonging to the Grocka wine growing region, located 8 km from the Belgrade, capital of Serbia. Soil type, onwhich the experiment is conducted, is silty clay loam Anthrosol. Experimental field is on a terrain of medium slope,with elevation of around 162 m a.s.l. The area has temperate continental climate with 630 mm average annualrainfall. Soil pH, potassium (K 2O) and phosphorus (P 2O5) content, and organic matter, were analyzed on 50measuring sites, on two depths (0-30 cm, and 30-60 cm), on a surface area of 0.57 ha under Pinot Noir cultivar.Plant samples were also taken from the same sites and yield (kg/vine) and number of bunches per vine weredetermined. Soil pH in both KCl and H 2O indicates great variability through the vineyard. Soil pH in H 2O rangedfrom 4.70 to 8.15, while pH in KCl ranged from 3.73 to 7.30 in the first depth. Potassium content in the first depthranges from medium (65.8%) to good (33.9%), while phosphorus content varies from very poor to medium insecond depth, and from poor to very good in the first depth. Soil is poor with organic matter in the first depth,being on almost half of the area very poor in the second depth. Correlation between the yield and the number ofbunches on the vine, and soil parameters from two depths, were not found. The results of soil and plant analysisare presented through maps obtained in GIS and tabular. All the GIS analysis were conducted through InverseDistance Weight method. The results of mapping clearly indicate chemical requirements of vineyard.Keywords: GIS, precision viticulture, soil, chemical characteristics, vineyard.Blue LAMP supports the selection of Prunus domestica genotypeswith hypersensitivity resistance to the Plum pox virusHADERSDORFER, Johannes (1) *; NEUMÜLLER, Michael (1) ; FISCHER, Thilo C. (2) ;TREUTTER, Dieter (1)(1) Technische Universität München, Fachgebiet Obstbau, Dürnast 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany(2) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Großhadernerstr.2, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany* johannes.hadersdorfer@wzw.tum.deIn Prunus domestica, the only natural resistance mechanism which prevents the systemic infection of the plantwith the Plum pox virus (PPV) is the hypersensitivity resistance. One important aim of the Weihenstephan plumbreeding program is to introduce the hypersensitive resistance to new cultivars which correspond to consumerneeds i.e. fruit quality and ripening time as well. Testing for hypersensitivity relies on grafting buds of genotypes ofinterest onto PPV infected rootstocks. Beside visual inspection for PPV symptoms and symptoms of thehypersensitive reaction to PPV, respectively, a fast and reliable method for the detection of PPV is needed, whichallows for the specific, sensitive and inexpensive high-throughput monitoring.Compared to RT-PCR, the Blue LAMP protocol combines reverse transcription of PPV RNA, DNA amplificationand visualization of DNA synthesis in a one tube one step format at a constant temperature of 63 °C. A simplifiedsample preparation with homogenizing leaves, bark, fruits or flowers in the presence of water enables a fastforward procedure to obtain a virus suspension suitable to serve as template in Blue LAMP. Thus, the result of the63

Posters of Topic 1Blue LAMP based detection of PPV is obtained within 2.5 h without the need for sophisticated technicalequipment and toxic reagents. The Blue LAMP protocol for PPV detection is already used as a matter of routineduring the selection process.To date, seven subgroups of PPV are known. Therefore, genotypes proofed to be hypersensitive during the firstselection are tested for the hypersensitivity resistance being stable against isolates of all PPV strains. Because ofthe high specificity of LAMP due to the need for at least four primers which recognize six distinct sequences,additional seven sets of primers were developed with each set being specific for one PPV subgroup. Anexperimental survey confirmed the specificity of the primers for the differentiation of PPV-D, -Rec, -M, -T, -C, -EAand -W isolates. However, sporadically occurring unspecific amplification may cause a color change of thereaction mix from purple to blue as well. Thus, further optimization regarding reactions conditions, i.e. reactiontemperature, incubation time and concentration of additives, is necessary to avoid false positive signals but todetect all isolates of the respective strain.The implementation of the Blue LAMP method for the detection of PPV and for the PPV strain typing simplifies thescreening for PPV resistance in seedling progenies. It allows the testing of more genotypes and thus helps toenhance the breeding for PPV resistance.Development of CAT scan technology for analysis of xylemstructure and functionMATTHEWS, Markmamatthews@ucdavis.eduAlthough intervessel connections are essential for radial and tangential movement of water and solutes in xylemconduits of woody perennial crops, little is known about their prevalence or distribution because of the difficulty inanalyzing the complex three dimensional (3D) nature of the xylem network. This study describes the developmentof a custom software package called TANAX (Tomography-derived Automated Network Analysis of Xylem) thatautomatically extracts vessel dimensions and the distribution of intervessel connections from High ResolutionComputed Assisted Tomography (aka CAT) scans. Manual and automated analyses of vessel networks ingrapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) stems yielded similar results, with the automated method generating orders ofmagnitude more data in a fraction of the time. In 4.5 mm internode sections, all vessels and all intervesselconnections among 115 vessels were located, and the connections were analyzed for their radial distribution,orientation, and shared wall (pit) area. Intervessel connections were more frequent in lateral than in dorsal/ventralzones and more commonly oriented radially than tangentially. PHAST reconstructed the conduit network with itsconnections, and in combination with commercial software was used to visualize vessel networks in 3D. The 3Dvolume renderings of vessel networks were freely rotated for observation from any angle, and the 4.5 µm virtualserial sections were capable of being viewed in any plane, revealing aspects of vessel organization not possiblewith traditional serial sections. This methodology, including CAT scans and custom software for xylem networkanalysis, should be useful for building accurate network models for studies of stem hydraulics and plant wateruse.Determination of heat consumption behaviourof low-energy greenhouses regarding latent heat fluxes during thenightKNÖSEL, Klaus *; RATH, Thomas; HINDER, StefanieLeibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Biological Production Systems, Biosystems EngineeringSection, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany* knoesel@bgt.uni-hannover.de64

Posters of Topic 1Production of ornamental plants during mid-european winter can only be achieved in heated greenhouses.Energy sources are oil, gas, coal and to lesser extent waste heat from combined heat and power. Hereby therising demand for oil and natural gas leads to higher energy costs. Another problem is CO 2 emissions fromburning fossil fuels.The aim of the project ZINEG (ZunkunftsInitiativeNiedrigEnergieGewächshaus) is to find appropriate methods toreduce the primary energy consumption. In addition to several plant production methods (e.g. integration andcompensation strategies) changes of the greenhouse cover increase the light transmission (specially coatedglass). The specific energy consumption per plant may be reduced by using special insulation and a solar storagemodule. Changes in climatic variables such as ambient temperature, humidity and CO 2 levels are the result.Improved insulation and minimized unwanted air exchange through the greenhouse cover, leads to increasedevapotranspiration and higher amounts of water vapour in the greenhouse air. Thus, the latent energy share ofthe total enthalpy of the air is increased. This share is lost through air dehumidifying measures. The energyconsumption behaviour of various greenhouse structures, including standard and Venlo greenhouses, wasinvestigated in order to adjust the heat consumption coefficient U cs. U cs reflects the heat consumption per groundarea as a function of the temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor temperature.Being the transpiration of plants the driving force of photosynthesis and leaf cooling during the day, it releasesamounts of water vapour into the air, increasing the latent energy component. Additionally the latter is increasedsubstantially through nocturnal transpiration of plants is which is not driven by solar radiation. The necessaryenergy for transpiration must be supplied by the heating system. Conventional heat-consumption models (U cs )include the latent energy exchange only implicitly (night transpiration). However the latent energy exchange in thenight is also part of the heat-consumption coefficient U cs.The aim of this work is a model-based description of the latent energy and mass currents and hence thequantification of energy fluxes resulting from the potted plants evapotranspiration, in order to correct the U cs -model. Measurements of evapotranspiration were performed in a spring culture of Pelargonium zonale (timeinterval 15 seconds). Evaporation and transpiration were determined separately. The influences of water vapourpressure deficit, global radiation, temperature and CO 2 supply on transpiration were analysed and the applicabilityof conventional evapotranspiration -models (Penman-Monteith, Stanghellini, Montero et al.) was tested.Energetic evaluation of greenhouses by using enthalpy differencesSCHUCH, Ingo (1) *; DANNEHL, Dennis; MIRANDA-TRUJILLO, Luis; ROCKSCH, Thorsten;SCHMIDT, Uwe(1)Biosystems Engineering Division, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinAlbrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany* ingo.schuch@agrar.hu-berlin.deThe conventional method for calculating the heat demand in greenhouses uses the difference of inside andoutside air temperature as well as heat consumption coefficients (Ucs-values). These values give an indication ofthe sensible heat loss at a temperature difference of 1 K on 1 m2 covering material. However, greenhouses alsolose latent heat by water vapour losses caused by ventilation and construction leaks. In case of tightly constructedgreenhouses, a cold covering material may induce the formation of condensation water on the inner surface. Thisallows the latent heat, which previously was fixed in water vapour, to convert back into sensible heat and to loseby thermal radiation as well as convective heat transfer. The water vapour is produced by evapotranspiration.During this phase transition from liquid to gaseous state, large amounts of sensible heat convert into latent heat(2450 kJ kg-1) and the air temperature can be lowered by evaporative cooling. To integrate the latent heat loss inthe calculation of heat demand, two alternative procedures for modifying the existing temperature differencemethod are presented. Both use the difference of the specific enthalpy of moist air between inside and outsideconditions. Therefore, the heat demand could be determined by using a new parameter (Enthalpy LoadingNumber), which indicates the enthalpy to maintain a certain energy state in the greenhouse. Alternatively, thecalculation of heat demand could be determined by using a correction factor for the crop and cultivation method inaddition to the Ucs-value for a greenhouse without plants. First winter measurements of this factor have shownthat the heat consumption for a greenhouse without plants can be 45% below that of a greenhouse with 1.6tomatoes m-2 and LAI about 2.5 m2 m-2. According to that, correction factors from 1.6 to 1.8 were calculated.Keywords: heat demand, evapotranspiration, latent heat, U-value correction factor, Enthalpy Loading Number.65

Posters of Topic 1Greenhouses dehumidification, preventive approach and energybalanceCHASSÉRIAUX, Gerard; MIGEON, Christophe *; PIERART, Antoine; LEMESLE, Dominique;TRAVERS, AlainUP EPHOR, Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut National d’Horticulture et de Paysage2 rue Le Nôtre, 49045 Angers, France* christophe.migeon@agrocampus-ouest.frIn the last decade, the use of airtight greenhouses to save energy has led to increasing humidity levels inside thegreenhouse. High humidity and poor ventilation inside the greenhouse are responsible of greenhouse plantdiseases development such as Botrytis cinerea. Presently, the most common method used by growers todecrease humidity is the ventilation-heating method which involves inevitably an increase in energy consumption.Thus, to manage the greenhouse climate, it is necessary to reconsider the economic and environmentalacceptability of the ventilation-heating method, especially during the night. In this objective, we have proposed thedevelopment of a multifunction dehumidifying heat pump whose main role is to maintain the plant-leaftemperature above the dew point (which is the first step towards disease prevention) during the night with lowenergy consumption.The results clearly demonstrate that in a 2350 m² double wall inflatable greenhouse (located in the northwesternFrance), with potted plants placed on the floor, a heat pump with a low energy consumption of approximately 10kWh (4 Wh m -2 ) was able to maintain the temperature above the dew point on the leaves, the roof surface andinside the air by condensing an average of 32 l/h of water. It was shown that this water vapor outlet almostbalances crop evapotranspiration and avoids condensation and the occurrence of fungal diseases, unlike in thepast without the dehumidifier. The measured thermodynamic and global efficiencies of the heat pump were 6.4and 4.6, respectively.By simulating the heat and mass exchanges, results indicate that, to remove the same amount of water vapor, theenergy consumption of the ventilation-heating method is 4.8 to 5.6 times higher than the dehumidifier. The latterrecovers both sensible and latent heat released during dehumidification and uses it to heat the greenhouse air.Only by considering the sensible heat conversion the heat pump efficiency was 3.4.An overall energy balance of the greenhouse was also studied as a function of the outside climatic conditions.The analysis showed significant differences between heat losses from the greenhouse and the heat flux providedby the floor heating. This result reveals the importance of the heat destocking process (stored in the floor duringthe day) which, combined with the intake of warm air from the dehumidifier, are sufficient to maintain the settemperature (16° C) during the first part of the night (about 6 hours in December). The floor heating only occursthereafter until about 2 hours after sunrise.Energy requirements to ensure a temperature of 16° C were determined over the period from November to Aprilbased on the average climatic data in Angers. They are equals to 145 kWh m - ² in which 35% is insured by thedehumidifier. Taking into account efficiencies, this corresponds to a relatively low consumption of 100kWhpcs m - ²(gas) and 15 kWhe m - ² (electric).More adjustments are still necessary to validate algorithms that will be required to assist the strategy of thegreenhouse climate control: dehumidification by heat-pump or ventilation-heating method or heating by heatpumpor heating by boiler.Keywords: dehumidification, energy, greenhouse climate, heat pump.66

Posters of Topic 1Comparison of a standard climatic regime and a 24-hourstemperature integration regime in pot pelargonium cultureGILLI, Céline *; SIGG, Pascal; CARLEN, ChristophResearch group greenhouse crops,Research Station Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW,1964 Conthey, Switzerland* celine.gilli@acw.admin.chThe energy saving potential on crops with a short culture period and low temperature requirements likepelargonium seems small. As the production occurs between February and May, the period is favorable totemperature integration (TI). From 2009 to 2011, trials were carried out in two identical greenhouses, each onewith a surface of 90 m2, to evaluate the energy saving potential of this regime and to measure the effects onplants. Temperature integration is based on plants’ capacity to tolerate variations around an optimumtemperature. It is thus a question of using solar energy during sunny days and of decreasing consequently thenight setpoint temperature. Pelargonium were grown either under a climatic regime with standard setpoints(Tnight: 12°C, Tday: 15°C, Tventilation: 18°C), or under a temperature integration regime (5°C

Posters of Topic 1procedure will be conducted (weather, temperature, phase of plant phenology). Very helpful are the currentprograms of plant protection. The average time of the treatment per one hectare depends on the distancebetween rows, and amounts 20 min for 5.0 m row spacing, 30 min for 4.0 m row spacing, and 35 min for 3.5 mrow spacing. The sprayer should have adequate air flow – at least 8000 m 3 h -1 for the raspberries, up to morethan 40,000 m 3 h -1 for orchards with 5 m tree row spacing. It is very important for the efficiency of theseprocedures to provide proper volume of spray liquid to avoid losses of PPP to the ground – for the traditionalorchard it should be 750 lha -1 , and for the intensive orchard 350 lha -1 . Also the work parameters are important:the working speed should not exceed 2 ms -1 (7.2 kmh -1 ), and the pressure has to be between 5 and 15 bar(optimally 8-12 bar). In the case of grass mowing the major energy savings may be obtained by selection of asuitable type of grass mower, i.e. flail mower or rotary mower. Mowers must be characterized by high productivity,good break up and uniform spread of the mown grass. Measurements and observations of soil care treatmentsshow that the average consumption of fuel per one hectare of orchard for a single treatment ranges from 1.35 to2.20 lha -1 , with the average 1.51 lha -1 . Measurements of the power demand has revealed that under averageconditions of fruit production the power of 8 - 16 kW is required for rotary mowers, and power of 14 -20 kW for flailmowers. Power demand depends also on the design of the mower, which should be appropriate to work in theorchard. The working width of the mower should be adequate to the width of the grass between rows of trees.Rotary mower with the working width of 2 m with a single section requires 22 kW of tractor power comparing tothe mower of the same width but with two sections of the blades which requires 12 kW. Recent studies show thatoptimization of these procedures can give fuel savings of 5-10%.We can also expect reduced fuel consumption when the tractor coupled with the machine will operate under aload of about 70% of the nominal power of the engine. At this point the engines have the lowest specific fuelconsumption. Some mowers have technical possibility of connecting the sprayer so you one may carry out twotreatments simultaneously. In this situation, one have to be sure that the engine power of the used tractor enablesto cope with the power demand of the two treatments, but final fuel consumption should be much lower (around20-30%) than for the execution of these operations separately. Similarly, tractors with a front suspension systemare also capable to perform two treatments at same time (plant protection and grass mowing).Keyword: fruit production, technology, energy consumption, greenhouse gas.Operation of a confined greenhouse system with an above-groundheat and water storage systemSCHMIDT, Uwe *; DANNEHL, Dennis; SCHUCH, Ingo; MIRANDA-TRUJILLO, Luis;ROCKSCH, ThorstenHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Biosystems Engineering DivisionAlbrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany* u.schmidt@agrar.hu-berlin.deThe ongoing process in the world wide development of the closed greenhouse systems clarifies the mayorproblems for sustainability and economically feasibility of this technology. The first and all dominant question isthe heat storage concept for closed greenhouses. Regarding a thermodynamically point of view the best place forstoring the heat is the underground because of low heat losses to the atmosphere. On the other hand this conceptneeds a geological stable area for water storage. Beside this a high amount of capital expenditure for theexploitation and drilling and running costs, to pump up the water the aquifers could throw into question theoperation efficiency.In a feasibility study for Low Energy Greenhouses (ZINEG Berlin), a concept of above-ground water reservoirsbivalent used for storage of rain water for irrigation purpose and storage of solar energy for greenhouse heatingwas developed. A 300 m³ conventional rain water tank was used in a temperature range from 5 °C to 45 °C tosave the heat from the greenhouse. Higher tank temperatures should be avoided in order to reduce the thermallosses and still make the water applicable for irrigation purposes.To find the necessary expense for the heat isolation in the first year of experimentation the tank was used withoutisolation and in the following year with a minimum isolation. The system is able to heat and cool the greenhousefrom one tank system with low temperature lift caused by a special setup of a heat pump supply. The specificwater volume for storage purpose was about 1 m³/m² greenhouse ground area. In contrast to approximately 8m³/m² (no thermal losses) for a year-round storage, the given amount of 1 m³/m² should be sufficient for afortnight storage system. The mentioned storage system operated with the confined greenhouse system,including solar energy and a low input of primary energy, from March to December 2011. The net collectorefficiency was 0.42; the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) for the cooling process was 5.1. The Heating68

Posters of Topic 1Season Performance Factor (HSPF) was estimated with 4.4. A reduction of thermal losses by 73% was estimatedwith a minimum isolation of the storage system using 40 mm Styrofoam plates on the side wall of the tank and aswimming foliage-styrofoam-foliage sandwich construction on the water surface of the tank. In further studies thetechnical construction and the economic feasibility of different above-ground storage tank systems will be tested.Keywords: closed greenhouse, low energy consumption, energy harvesting, heat pump, heat reservoir.Strategies for saving energy without loss of plant qualityHAAS, Hans-Peter (1) ; KOHLRAUSCH, Franziska (1) *; HAUSER, Bernhard (2) ; MEMPEL,Heike (2)(1)Staatliche Forschungsanstalt für Gartenbau Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany(2)Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising, Germany* franziska.kohlrausch@hswt.deSaving energy during the production of plants is a great challenge for the grower. A new climate strategy called‘Weihenstephaner Modell’ was developed at our institute. It is based on a combination of the existing climatecontrol strategies Cool Morning and Warm Evening. This strategy is implemented with the following three steps:- Closing the ventilation in the afternoon three hours before sunset for keeping the heat of the day in thegreenhouse- Closing shading and energy screens during the night for diminution of the air volume that has to beheated- One hour before sunrise reducing the heating temperature to 8 °C for four hours and keeping theventilation closed to use solar radiation for heating the greenhouseThe experiments were made with poinsettias, hydrangea and many different kinds of balcony plants. The resultsshowed a great potential (nearly 40 %) for saving energy in comparison to the usual climate control methods. Thepotential of energy saving depends on different factors:- Radiation during the culture period- Geographical position- Topography of the surrounding and greenhouse orientation- Greenhouse equipment like shading and energy screenThere was no quality difference between plants cultivated with the conventional strategy and those plantscultivated using the energy saving strategy. As an additional positive effect the plants showed a more compactgrowth habitus.The paper will give a summary of the experiments carried out during the last four years.Keywords: climate control concept, reduced energy consumption, floriculture, greenhouse, plant quality.The use of rock-bed for storage of solar energy surplus in highplastic tunnels - preliminary results of the full scale project(1)KONOPACKI, Paweł (1) *; HOŁOWNICKI, Ryszard (1) ; SABAT, Robert (1) ; KURPASKA,Sławomir (2) ; LATAŁA, Hubert (2) ; NOWAK, Jacek (3)Agroengineering Department, Research Institute of Horticulture, Pomologiczna 18, 96-100Skierniewice, Poland(2)Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Computer Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow,Balicka 116 B, 30-149 Krakow, Poland69

Posters of Topic 1(3) Department of Cultivation of Ornamental Plants, Research Institute of Horticulture, Waryńskiego 14,96-100 Skierniewice, Poland* pawel.konopacki@inhort.plA surplus of solar energy is observed in plastic tunnels for most of the growing season in many regions. The ideaof storage of that energy in heat accumulators and further recovery is known for several decades and has beenstudied in different countries, usually in a laboratory scale. The presented paper disclose the preliminary results ofthe full scale project on a rock-bed heat storage system that has been started in Poland recently. The heataccumulator is located below a 9 x 15 m high plastic tunnel destined for tomato and cucumber production andcontains two sections of 12.7 m 3 and one section of 26.1 m 3 of rock. Several charging and discharging cycleshave been conducted between 29 April and 14 May 2012 to evaluate storage potential and gain an insight intodynamics of heat storage operation. When the regular day-night charging and discharging cycles were conductedthe mean night temperature between plants was higher by 3.7-9.5 °C than mean temperature outside. Asexpected, the temperature difference was lower for warm nights and higher for cold nights. The meantemperature inside tunnel was maintained between 16.2 and 21.3 °C. During a cold period, when daily chargingwas not possible the accumulated energy was sufficient to heat the plants for at least three consecutive nights.Keywords: energy storage, renewable energy.LED or HPS in ornamentals?OTTOSEN, Carl-OttoDepartment of Food Science, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 ÅrslevÅrhus University, Denmarkco.ottosen@agrsci.dkLight emitting diodes (LED) have been the hottest topic in technology for greenhouses management for manyyears and with broad range of LED units with a variety of spectral compositions for plant production has beenunder development. There have been more or less two choices – to use low output units close to plants i.e. forconfined environments or high output lamps that can substitute current HPS lamps. An experiment was performedin winter 2012 from Jan to March using commercially available high output LED lamps and SONT lamps in twoexperimental greenhouses at the University of Aarhus to study the effects on plant performance and energy usein ornamentalsThe aim was to evaluate the use of LED and conventional SONT lamps in a standard setup using four varieties ofpotted roses and two varieties of campanula growing in the same light level (PPFD: 120 µmol m -2 s -1 ) and identicaltemperature set points (18°C night, 21°C day and 24°C for ventilation) and 800 ppm of CO 2. We did not usechemical growth regulation, as one focal point was the effects of plant growth and morphology. To secure that theleaf temperatures was maintained at the same level the top heating system was allowed to increase if needed.The energy use in kWh for lamps and for heating (below/above) was recorded on a daily basis.The results showed relative small differences between the light treatments in terms of plant responses. Howeversignificant differences in roses were seen in stem weight and number of flowers and buds reflecting that theSONT grown plant were two-4 days earlier irrespective of cultivars. There were no differences in leaf area but wefound more yellow leaves in the plants. The campanula showed no differences in fresh/dry weights but onecultivar was approximate one week earlier.Since the set points for supplemental lights was identical in the two compartments we found that the light periodwas identical and the realized air temperature. Energy use for the LED lamps was 40% of the energy supplied tothe SONT lamps in experimental period. The energy used for heating was identical for the bottom heatingsystems but increased by on average 100% resulting in an average heat energy increase (in kWh) of 40-50%depending on the outside weather which was unusual cool in 2012. Since the costs of electricity per kWh is higherthat heat kWh the experiment proves that high output LED has reached a stage that results in substantial energysaving potential especially on crops that does not require high leaf temperatures.70

Posters of Topic 1Effect of low temperature during the night in young sweet pepperplants: stress and recovery(1)GORBE, Elisa (1) (2) *; HEUVELINK, E.P. (2) ; JALINK, Henk (1) ; STANGHELLINI, Cecilia (1)Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research Centre,Wageningen, The Netherlands(2)Horticultural Supply Chains, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, TheNetherlands* elisa.gorbesanchez@wur.nlAs sweet pepper is a heat-demanding crop, growers of North European countries use heating, sometimesprobably in excess of plant physiological needs, during wintertime. In Mediterranean countries, the mild wintertemperatures allow for cultivation without heating. However, this leads to a large productivity gap between bothregions. The target in both cases should be to optimize the use of heating, and the first step for that is tounderstand the effect of low temperatures on this crop. While the effect of low temperature has been somewhatstudied in plants exposed to light, there are few studies about the effect of cold in the dark, which is a morerealistic situation in greenhouses. The objective of this work was to study the effect of low temperatures during thenight in sweet peppers and to assess any physiological consequence on the following [warm] day. Therefore, wesubjected sweet pepper plants of two cultivars to warm day while low night temperatures (22/6˚C) during 5-7 daysin a climate chamber. After the treatment, several measurements were performed in leaves, first in the dark andcold, and one hour after light was switched on: chlorophyll fluorescence (spot and imaging) and measurements ofbiomass. Our results show a decrease in the efficiency of photochemistry (Y(II)) in photosystem II (PSII) duringthe dark, cold period related to a stimulation of photoprotection mechanisms in the photosynthetic apparatus. Thearea surrounding the nerves had higher potential efficiency of PSII photochemistry than the rest of the leafsurface. However, after plants had been 1 hour in light and warm conditions, leaves recovered high values ofY(II). In addition, fully expanded leaves increased their Specific Leaf Area and Fresh to Dry Weight ratio. Thismay indicate that, during the recovery period, dry weight decreased due to redistribution of assimilates toexpanding leaves and/or the leaf water content increased. These results support two possible explanations for thecause of the decrease of Y(II) during cold nights: low temperature (1) leads to accumulation of assimilates inleaves leading to feedback inhibition of photosynthesis, and/or (2) decreases plant hydraulic conductance and,therefore, leaf water content. The fast recovery of this crop after several cold nights might open possibilities fornew strategies of energy saving in greenhouses. However, more studies should be done to make sure that otherplant processes affecting crop yield/quality are not influenced by low night temperatures.Keywords: Capsicum annuum L., chlorophyll fluorescence, cold, dark period, energy saving.Effect of hot water treatment on chlorophyll degradation andpostharvest quality in stored lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle cv.Paan) fruit(1)KAEWSUKSAENG, Samak (1) *; TATMALA, Nopparat (1) ; SRILAONG, Varit (2) ;PONGPRASERT, Nutthachai (2)Southern Tropical Plants Research Unit, Faculty of Technology and Community Development,Thaksin University, Phatthalung campus, Phatthalung 93110, Thailand(2)Division of Postharvest Technology School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut’sUniversity of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand* samak@tsu.ac.thThe influence of hot water treatment was applied to lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle cv. Paan) fruit to investigateits effect on chlorophyll (Chl)-degradation and postharvest quality during storage. Mature green lime fruit weretreated with water at ambient temperature (control) or hot water at 50 ˚C for 3 and 5 min and then kept at 13 ˚C in71

Posters of Topic 1darkness. We found that a hot water treatment at 50 ˚C for 5 min efficiently delayed the decrease of hue anglevalue and the contents of Chls a and b. The activities of Chl-degrading enzymes, chlorophyllase, Chl-degradingperoxidase and pheophytinase in the fruit with hot water treatment at 50 ˚C for 5 min were more suppressed, aswell as Mg-dechelation activity than any other treatment during storage. In relation to postharvest quality, alltreatment resulted in storage life of 25, 30 and 35 days at control and hot water treatment at 50 ˚C for 3 and 5min, respectively. Hot water treatment at 50 ˚C for 5 min caused the highest maintenance of total acidity andsuppression the increase of total soluble solid during storage. Moreover, the weight loss, respiration rate andethylene production were the most reduced by the highest duration of hot water treatment at 50 ˚C for 5 min.These results suggest that hot water treatment at 50 ˚C for 5 min could be effectively a useful method to delay thechlorophyll degradation through control of chlorophyll-degrading enzyme action and the changes in quality inmature green lime during storage at 13 ˚C.Keywords: Lime, hot water, Chlorophyll degradation, quality.Growth regulators and carving on breakage apical dominance intannia rhizomesSOUZA, Cristina *; FERREIRA, Ana; PEREIRA, Danilo; FINGER, FernandoDepartamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil* cristina.souza@ufv.brSpecific clones of tannia are commonly used as cooking leaves in some Brazilian states. The crop is propagatedexclusively asexually by planting the rhizomes usually after a couple years of production. Because of that, there isthe need to establish strategies to propagate healthy plantlets with higher sprouting rate for leaf production. Thiswork had the goals to evaluate the influence of growth regulators and carving on the rhizomes sprouting andgrowth of tannia. Cured rhizomes from the clone ‘Caipira’ were stored for three months at 5 ºC. Afterward, the topof half of the rhizomes were carved in a V shape at the top (carving), to stimulate lateral sprouting. The rhizomeswere submerged for 30 minutes in solutions containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and/or 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), and the respective control. The production of new leaves and expansionof leaf area were stimulated by treating the rhizomes with 500 mg L -1 BAP and 250 mg L -1 BAP + 250 mg L -1ethephon. Regardless the use of growth regulators, the carving induced higher number of new sprouted leavesafter 35 days of planting. Similarly, rhizomes treated with 500 mg L -1 BAP or 250 mg L -1 BAP + 250 mg L -1ethephon had higher number of sprouts after 49 days of planting. Sprouting was anticipated when the carvedrhizomes were treated with 250 mg L -1 BAP + 250 mg L -1 ethephon.Keywords: Xanthosoma sagittifolium, carving, ethephon, 6-benzylaminopurine, sprouting.The effect of blue light dose on cucumber transplants physiologicalindicesBRAZAITYTĖ, Aušra; SAMUOLIENĖ, Giedrė (1) *; JANKAUSKIENĖ, Julė; VIRŠILĖ, Akvilė;SIRTAUTAS, Ramūnas; SAKALAUSKIENĖ, Sandra; SAKALAUSKAITĖ, Jurga;DUCHOVSKIS, Pavelas(1)Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kaunas str. 30,LT-54333 Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania* g.samuoliene@lsdi.lt72

Posters of Topic 1The objective was to evaluate the effect of blue (455 nm) light dose of solid state lamps on cucumber transplantgrowth, development and productivity. Transplants of cucumber hybrid ´Mandy´ F 1 were grown under controlledconditions (total PPFD - 200 μmol m -2 s -1 , photoperiod - 18 h, day/night temperature 22/18ºC). A system of highpowersolid-state lighting module with the main 445, 638, 669 and 731 nm LEDs were used in the experiments. Intreatment dose of 445 nm was 0, 5, 10 and 15 percent from total PPFD. Our investigations revealed that in orderto produce high quality cucumber transplants under solid-state lighting red and blue light ratio is important.Cucumber transplants under LEDs combination with 445 5% nm light were lower, had the least number of leaves,leaf area and fresh weight. Length of hypocotyls decreased with increasing percentage of blue light of the solidstatelamps. Hypocotyls of cucumber transplants which were grown without blue light, was thinnest and twicelonger compared with the combination of solid-state lighting, where the blue light composed 15% of total PPFD.Though these plants formed the largest leaf area, but their dry weight was the lowest, especially dry weight ofroots. The highest root dry weight of cucumber transplants was under light combination with 445 10% nm light. Totaldry weight of cucumber increased with increasing percentage of blue light. Blue light accelerated organogenesisof cucumber transplants. The most developed flowers of cucumber transplants have been under the LEDscombination with 445 15% nm light. They were twice longer than under solid-state lighting combination without bluelight. The highest amount of photosynthetic pigments was determined in leaves of cucumber transplants underLEDs combination without blue light. The highest content of glucose was determined in leaves of cucumber underthe LEDs combination with 445 10% nm light and fructose – where dose of 445 nm light was 5% and 10%.Summarising the obtained data it can be stated that to produce high quality cucumber transplants using solidstatelighting blue (445 nm) light should be at least 10% of total PPFD. Under these conditions plants grewcompact with a sufficient leaf area and large root mass which determined the optimal development aftertransplantation to the greenhouse.Keywords: development, growth, blue-red light-emitting diodes.Using Artificial Neural Networks to predict the climate in agreenhouse: first simulation results on a semi-closed systemMIRANDA-TRUJILLO, Luis (1) *; SCHUCH, Ingo (1) ; DANNEHL, Dennis (1) ; ROCKSCH,Thorsten (1) ; SALAZAR, Raquel (2) ; SCHMIDT, Uwe (1)(1)Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Biosystems Engineering Division, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 14195Berlin, Germany(2)Autonomous University of Chapingo, Km 38.5 Carr. México-Texcoco Chapingo, Edo. México, C.P56230, Mexico* lcmitru@gmail.comAs part of the ZINEG cooperation project in Germany, this work addresses the question if an Artificial Intelligenceclimate forecasting model can be considered as a useful tool for saving energy in semi-closed greenhouses. Inthis paper we present the results from the preliminary tests, aimed at the 5-Minutes prediction of the internal airtemperature and humidity modeled with Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Since the final goal of the simulation isto integrate the predictions in a control system, the inputs were selected according to the standard signals incontrol theory: Set Points, Perturbations and Current State Vector. These inputs were: energy for heating, energytaken from cooling, ventilation opening, thermal screen opening, outside conditions (temperature, relativehumidity, solar radiation, wind velocity) and current internal conditions (temperature and relative humidity). Datafor the models were recorded in 2011, taken in 5-minutes-intervals. The ANN was created, trained and validatedusing different data sets. The prediction showed a very good fit to measured data and suggests that ANNmethods can be used to make short-term climate predictions, which are useful to take control actions before thetrigger setpoints are reached.Keywords: Greenhouse climate, modeling, control, neural networks.73

Posters of Topic 1Optimization of barcode and RFID technology in plant productionEYAHANYO, Felix * & GRADE, StefanieLeibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Biological Production Systems, Germany* eyahanyo@bgt.uni-hannover.deThe last decade has seen a tremendous advancement in the use of RFID in various areas such as: health,logistics, industry, communication, security, and agriculture just to mention a few. Barcodes like RFID have beenused for a long time in the field of agriculture. With the recent advances in RFID, the question that keeps onarising is: will barcodes be completely effaced from the system in the coming years or will both technologies beused hand in hand? Barcodes and RFIDs have already been used for identification, tracking, controlling of stock,storing information on products, and for quality control in horticulture. Although these technologies have variousadvantages over each other, they also have their limitations and disadvantages. Some of the problems faced byusing barcodes are that scanning has to be done at close proximity, making work tedious; barcode labels are notbiodegradable and are sometimes rendered unreadable by soil, dirt, mold, and algae. With RFIDs, some of thechallenges are that they cannot be used in environments with high humidity and temperatures since the signalsare attenuated. The present project therefore seeks to overcome some of the aforementioned problems inparticular with identification and reading when using barcodes and also using RFIDs under extremely harshenvironmental and soil conditions.Keywords: RFID and Barcodes.Comparison between two similar ventilation concepts in a smartcontrolled greenhouse for tomato cultivationVAN DEN BULCK, Nickey (1) *; COOMANS, Mathias (1) ; WITTEMANS, Lieve (2) ; GOEN, Kris(3) ; HANSSENS, Jochen (4) ; STEPPE, Kathy (4) ; MARIEN, Herman (5) ; DESMEDT, Johan (3)(1)Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium(2)Research Station for Vegetable Production, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium(3)Research Center Hoogstraten, Hoogstraten, Belgium(4)Lab. of Plant Ecology, Dpt. of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent,Belgium(5)Katholieke Hogeschool van de Kempen, Geel, Belgium* nickey.vandenbulck@vito.beTomato production in greenhouses is an energy intensive industry in colder climates such as Western Europe. Inorder to reduce energy consumption an innovative ventilation concept is available, based on two main principles:intensive thermal screening and controlled mechanical ventilation. A commercially available system has beentested at two Belgian research institutes (Research Center in Hoogstraten and the Research Station forVegetable Production in Sint-Katelijne-Waver), where a pilot compartment is equipped with two movable thermalscreens and a mechanical ventilation unit, respectively with and without additional heat recovery. The movablescreens reduce heat loss to the ambient environment, while the mechanical ventilation can control the indoorgreenhouse climate, enabling intensive screen usage. In addition, better control of air flow is provided by limitingredundant heat loss caused by uncertain ventilation rates through open windows. Both pilot cases, together withtheir respective reference installations, have been monitored for temperature, relative humidity, CO 2concentration, energy consumption and control strategy during 2011. This paper presents these measurements todetermine the potential of the concept and evaluate the use of heat recuperation in terms of energy savings,improved yield and investment costs.Keywords: Semi-closed, mechanical ventilation, thermal screen, energy management, monitoring.74

Posters of Topic 1"Zineg, the Low Energy Greenhouse", energy consumptioncoefficient (U cs ) in extremely insulated greenhousesSCHLÜPEN, Matthias *; MEYER, JoachimTechnische Universität München, Dürnast 4, 85354, Freising, Germany* m_schluepen@web.deThe extremely insulated greenhouse concept is part of the joint research project "Zineg" (Hannover, Berlin,Munich, Osnabrück). The general aims of the project consist of two main parts: First the reduction of energyconsumption by better insulation and adapted temperature control strategies during the production period;secondly the reduction of energy costs by more effective cropping systems and by the use of alternative energyresources.The experimental greenhouse of Technische Universität München, consists of three compartments with differentfilm plastic coverings. Compartment 1 and 2 are covered with inflated double PE and compartment 3 is coveredwith inflated double f-clean. Additionally compartment 1 is equipped with one thermal screen in the roof; incompartment 2 there are two aluminized thermal screens in the roof and one on the sidewalls; compartment 3 isequipped with one thermal screen in the roof and on the sidewall and one (light transmissive) day screen in theroof. In the winters 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 the energy consumption coefficients (U cs) were determined withheat consumption measurements. In 2010/2011, two measurement cycles were carried out; all screen closed andall screens open. In 2011/2012 followed the measurements with one screen closed in all compartments. In themeasurement with all screens closed, compartment 1 achieved a U cs – value of 2. 7 [W/m²K], compartment 2 aU cs – value of 0.9 [W/m²K] and compartment 3 a U cs – value of 1.3 [W/m²K]. The results of all measurements willbe reported at the SHE.Keywords: greenhouse, energy consumption coefficient (Ucs), insulation.Economic evaluation of the electricity production of aphotovoltaic shade houseKREUZPAINTNER, Alexandra (1) *; LIETH, J. Heinrich (2) ; MEYER, Joachim (1)(1)Department of Plant Sciences, Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan,Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany(2)Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA* alexandra.kreuzpaintner@wzw.tum.deIn the commercial horticultural production shadehouses are used to produce container nursery plants which tendto thrive under shaded conditions. In this project we investigated the use of a shadehouse technology where theshade is created through the use of photovoltaic modules. In this type of shadehouse there is an economic returnfrom both photovoltaic electricity production as well as from the nursery production of the plants under the panels.In 2010 at the University of California (Davis) a group of scientists tested various nursery plants as to their abilityto grow and develop successfully within such photovoltaic shade conditions. The types of shading used in thisstudy consisted of a conventional shadecloth system (the Control at ~35% shade) and two photovoltaic shadesystems (~35% and ~70% shade, treatment names S88 and S44 relate to the 88 and 44 mm spacing of thecylindrical photovoltaic modules – model S100, Solyndra). In this report we present an evaluation of thephotovoltaic shade house system as an integral element of a container nursery focusing the analysis on fourlocations in California, USA: Northern California (Davis, CA), Central California (Visalia, CA), Central Coast(Monterey, CA) and South California (San Diego, CA).The applied calculation method is a dynamic capital budgetaimed at evaluating the following three questions: (1) What annual profit could a nursery grower expect, given anassumed electricity price? (2) What could be the highest price of a solar panel that would result in a positive profitmargin? (3) What electricity price the grower should get that would result in a positive profit margin? When theassumed electricity price for the calculation is US$ 0.08 per kWh then there is no possibility to make a positive75

Posters of Topic 1annual profit. To reach a break-even point in this analysis it is necessary to be able to install the solar PV systemat a kWp price, which ranges from US$ 668 to US$ 822; alternately assuming actual panel prices, the electricityprice would need to be in the range from US$ 0.22 to US$ 0.25 per kWh. Thus while such a set-up is unlikely tobe profitable in California without substantial subsidies at prevailing energy prices, there are locations in Europewhere a photovoltaic shadehouse is economically feasible.Keywords: Shaded productions systems, Electricity production, Dual use of agricultural land, Plant production,California.Comparison between the use of low-emissivity glass and float glasson the growth characteristics of ornamental plantsBETTIN, Andreas *; RÖMER, Hans-Peter; WAGNITZ, Nico; REHRMANN, Peter; WILMS,DiedrichHochschule Osnabrück, GERMANY* a.bettin@hs-osnabrueck.deLow-emissivity glass is widely used in building construction. Compared to float glass with a U-value of 5.9, U-values of 1.1 and less for low-emissivity glass are state of the art, indicating high potential savings in protectedplant production.Two greenhouses, covered with float glass and low-emissivity glass, with a surface of 150 m² each and a netproduction surface of 72 % were established, each reflecting the situation in a commercial greenhouse. Thistesting plant format is integral to the German ZINEG-project (future initiative low energy greenhouse,www.zineg.de). Experiments started in the spring of 2011 with three sets of zonal geraniums and New GuineaImpatiens, followed by Rieger begonias and cyclamens in summer and three sets of poinsettias in autumn. Heatpipes above the plants were not needed under the low-emissivity glass, however, dummy pipes had beeninstalled to evaluate its shading effect (4 % PAR) and to ensure, that differences are only due to the greenhousecover. Plant temperatures were kept identically in both greenhouses. The shading screens were not used in eithergreenhouse during the sunny spring and autumn of 2011 and were used for only a few days in the controlgreenhouse during the summer of 2011.To evaluate plant growth characteristics, plant height, diameter, production time, as well as the fresh and dryweight were determined. Furthermore, photos were taken weekly, to document development and time of spacing.The plants were rated and their price estimated by five independent growers. Energy expenditure of bothgreenhouses was determined from gas consumption and heating demands. The results showed that fresh anddry matter, diameter and height of plants under low-emissivity glass were approximately equal to, or slightly lessthan that under float glass. In summer, an increase in plant height could be observed under low emissivity glass.Production time was unaffected or up to three days longer under low-emissivity glass. Growers were not able todistinguish under which cover the plants had been grown, or to determine a different plant price rating. Over thewhole period, water consumption of the plants under low-emissivity glass was 17 % lower than the control. Airhumidity under low-emissivity glass was higher but caused no fungal disease(s). Energy savings under lowemissivityglass varied between 50 % and 70 %, depending on the weather conditions.Keywords: Energy savings, light, growth, ornamental value.Comparative Dieffenbachia maculate cv Camille behavior underdifferent fertilizers related with nitrogen availabilityCONTRERAS, Juana Isabel (1) ; SEGURA, Maria Luz (1) ; PLAZA, Blanca María (2) ; JIMÉNEZ-BECKER, Silvia (2) ; LAO, Maria Teresa (2) *76

Posters of Topic 1(1)Institute of Research and Training in Agriculture and Fishery (IFAPA), Junta of Andalusia. CaminoSan Nicolás n.1. 04745 La Mojonera. Almería. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CEIA3).Spain.(2)Department of Vegetal Production, Engineering Higher School, University of Almería, Ctra.Sacramento s/n. 04120 Almería. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CEIA3). Spain.* mtlao@ual.esSlow-release and soluble fertilizers are the main nutrient application systems of pot crop. Soluble fertilizers mustbe applied by fertigation along the crop, while slow release fertilizers are added to the substrate before plantation.The aim of this work was to study the influence of soluble and slow release fertilizers on Dieffenbachia maculata“Camille” growth and the behaviour of shoot and root nutrient concentrations during the cultivation. Besides theevolution of NO 3 - -N and NH 4 + -N concentration in drainage and substrate solution, extracted by suction cups, hasbeen studied, determining N leaching losses and studying the nutrient uptake efficiency with different fertigationstrategies. Three different treatments were studied: Ta- Tradicional fertigation with soluble fertilizers (10.8 meq NL -1 , with 90% N-NO 3 - and 10% N-NH 4 + , 0.8 meq P L -1 and 4.3 meq K L -1 ); Tb- 50 % fertigation of Ta + 50 % of theslow release fertilizers in pellets, using the dose recommended by the manufacturer for a plant with high nutrientneeds (16-8-12; 3,0 g L -1 of substrate) and Tc- 30 % of total N applied with a soluble complex 17-8-14 stabilizedwith 3-4 dimethylpyrazole phosphate + 50 % slow release fetilizers in pellets (16-8-12; 3,0 g L -1 of substrate). TheDieffenbachia maculata “Camille” crop was conducted during 181 days in pots with a peat:perlite (80:20 v/v) in aBuried Solar Greenhouse. Treatment Tb had a similar productive response and Tc increase the height, thenumber of buds and the root dry weight in compared with Ta. However in Tb the foliar area, variegation indexpercentage and foliar dry weight did not present significative differences. Treatments with slow release fertilizersincrease nutrient uptake, use efficiency and reduce the nitrogen leaching.Keywords: Fertigation, Nitrate, Ammonium, suction cups.Spectral enrichment of lamps by means of LEDs and its agronomicevaluationCHICA, Rosa María (1) *; ALMANSA, Eva María (2) **; MARTÍNEZ-RAMÍREZ, Gabriela Beatriz(2) (2) ***; LAO, Maria Teresa(1) Rural Engineering Department, Engineering Higher School, University of Almería, Agrifood Campusof International Excellence (CeiA3). Spain. Ctra. Sacramento s/n. 04120 Almería, Spain *rmchica@ual.es(2)Department of Vegetal Production, Engineering Higher School, University of Almería, AgrifoodCampus of International Excellence (CeiA3). Spain. Ctra. Sacramento s/n. 04120 Almería, Spain **almansaeva@gmail.com ; *** mtlao@ual.esThe use of artificial light with agronomic uses is nowadays justified in certain system crops since light is one of theenvironment factors that is more restrictive for plant growth. Spectral quality varies so much from lamps to others.Most of the lamps that are used in agronomic practices are chosen from the commercial ones that offer lowercosts, which is the reason that lamps do not cover spectral plant necessities. LEDs is a type of lamp that ischaracterized to emit in a narrow wavelength region. LEDs can therefore complement other lamps enriching theirspectrum. The objective of this work is to evaluate the use of the LEDs (blue, red and red+blue) ascomplementary light. Commercial lamps as the standard fluorescent lamps TLD, high-efficiency fluorescent TL5and compact fluorescent FC or low energy fluorescent were used. Light spectral quality has been measured from300 to 1100 nm by LICOR 1800 spectroradiometer. Lamps essayed have been evaluated agronomical with LEDsand without them. Agronomic characterization valuated as UV, B, R, FR, PAR, NIR and TOTAL regions and theirratios: PAR/TOTAL, PAR/NIR, B/R, B/FR, R/FR were made. In all cases analyzed, when LEDs are combined withcommercial lamps, spectrum has been widening in blue and/or red regions.Keywords: Fluorescent lamps, LEDs, light spectrum.77

Posters of Topic 1Field cultivation of an eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) with theuse of mulches in the conditions of moderate climateADAMCZEWSKA-SOWIŃSKA, Katarzyna *; KRYGIER, MagdalenaDepartment of HorticultureWrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesPl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland* katarzyna.a-sowinska@up.wroc.plOne – factorial experiment was conducted in the years 2010 – 2011, established according to the method ofrandomized blocks, in three replications. In eggplant cultivation there were applied mulches made of black, whiteand transparent polyethylene films, as well as black polypropylene textile and black biodegradable mulching film.Before introducing transparent sheeting, the soil was sprayed with herbicide. There was also applied mulch madeof shredded dry shoots of Miscanthus giganteus. Control involved not mulched plots. Eggplant seedlings of EpicF 1 cultivar was planted in the third decade of May, in the spacing of 60 x 50cm. Its fruits were harvested from thebeginning of July to mid - September.Eggplants yield significantly depend on weather conditions in the subsequent years of the experiment. In warmer2011, early yield was, average, 4.3- times higher, while total yield showed 3.5 times higher values than that of2010. Unitary weight of fruits in early and total yield in 2011 r. amounted 220g and 245g respectively, while in2010 their values ranged 194g and 203g. As far as mean yield size for the years of the experiment wasconcerned, it was possible to state that application of transparent mulching film provided for statistically confirmedincrease (by 68%) in early yield of eggplant fruit in relation to cultivation without mulching films. Introduction of theremaining kinds of sheeting resulted in increased yield size by 21.5 – 34.9% in relation to control. The highesttotal yield was harvested from plots mulched with black or transparent polyethylene film, as well as with blackpolypropylene textile. Worse yielding was observed in the case of eggplant growing on white mulching film and onbiodegradable one, as well as on an organic mulchKeywords: eggplant, polyethylene film, polypropylene textile, biodegradable film, organic mulch.Assesment of quality attributes of endive (Cichorum endivia L.)depending on cultivar and growing conditionsKOWALCZYK, Katarzyna *; GAJC-WOLSKA, Janina; MARCINKOWSKA, Monika;JABRUCKA-PIÓRO, EwelinaDepartment of Vegatable and Medicinal PlantsWarsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland* katarzyna_kolwaczyk@sggw.plEndive is a leaf vegetable with high taste and nutritious values. In greenhouse cultivation it is possible to controlof the cultivation conditions and influence on the quality of endive.The aim of the investigation was theassessment of biological quality of endive cultivated in three different growing media. Organic media - coconutfiber and wood fiber were compared to rockwool, commonly used as a standard horticultural medium ingreenhouse vegetable production. Three crispum leaf endive cultivars: ‘Galanti’, ‘Perceval’ and ‘Barundi’ and onelatifolium leaf cultivar (escarole chicory) – ‘Kethel’ were examined in spring time. At about 10 days before harvestthe plants were covered with double-sided black and white film to perform bleaching leaves and at 5 –7 daysbefore the end of the experiment the nutrient solution was replacing on water to reduce nitrate concentration inthe leaves of endive. The content of dry matter, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids (TSS), total sugars (TS),phenolic acids and nitrate (NO 3), P, K and Ca was determined in leaves of both bleached and not bleachedplants. Also the antioxidant activity was measured by two assays DPPH and FRAP. Not bleached endive grownon rockwool slabs had highest dry matter content (average 6,3%) and the lowest was in production on coconutfiber slabs (5,6%). Plants grown on rockwool were characterized by the highest content of ascorbic acid too.Content of TSS and TS were highest in leaves of plants grown on wood fiber slabs (respectively 2,6 % and 0,7078

Posters of Topic 1g . 100 g -1 FW), but the highest content of Ca and K were in plants growing on coconut fiber (respectively 41,32and 434,8 mg.100 g-1 FW). However, the accumulation of nitrate in leaves of endive was lowest in plants grownon wood fiber medium. In the remaining other substrates and investigated cultivars, nitrate concentrations werebelow the maximum acceptable level for human consumption too. The content of phenolic acids and antioxidantactivity was not depend on the substrate differences, and depended only on cultivar. Bleached plants containedfar fewer of the examined components and had lower antioxidant activity, while were characterized by similarnitrate acumulation of nitrate as the not bleached one. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in plants of‘Kethel’ cultivar.Keywords: coconut fiber, wood fiber, rockwool, bleaching, FRAP, DPPH*, nitrates.3D Climate Optimizationhumidity, temperature, ventilation, light, CO2JANSSEN, Egonegon.janssen@tno.nlConventional climate control systems, wrongfully assume that the climate in a greenhouse is uniform, while inpractice large climate gradients occur.With 3D Climate Optimization the entire three-dimensional climate profile (e.g. humidity, temperature, air flow,light, CO2) is estimated using a wireless sensor network in combination with an advanced 3D climate modelmodel. The climate profile is then optimized by a combination of global and local actuators, using distributedmodel predictive control. This way, it is possible to efficiently create different climate zones in one greenhouse,enabling multi-layer cultivation, while saving energy.Technology update on greenhouse horticulture in PortugalCOSTA, J.M. (1) ; REIS, M. (2) ; ALMEIDA, D. (3) ; CARVALHO, S.M.P. (4,5) ; PALHA, M.G. (6) ;VARGUES, A. (7) ; PASSARINHO, J.A. (8) , FERREIRA, M.E. (9)(1) CBAA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugalmigu elc@itqb.pt(2) Universidade do Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 8005-139 Faro, Portugalmreis@ualg.pt(3) Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugaldalmeida@fc.up.pt(4) CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugalsmcarvalho@porto.ucp.pt(5)Horticultural Supply Chains, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands(6) Avenida da República, Nova Oeiras, INRB, I.P./INIA, Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugalgraca.palha@inrb.pt(7) Avenida da República, Nova Oeiras, INRB, I.P./INIA, Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugalalberto.vargues@inrb.pt(8) Avenida da República, Nova Oeiras, INRB, I.P./INIA, Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugaljose.passarinho@inrb.pt(9) Avenida da República, Nova Oeiras, INRB, I.P./INIA, Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugalelvira.ferreira@inrb.ptPortugal has excellent natural conditions for year round production of fruits, vegetables and flowers underprotected cultivation. Favourable climate conditions (radiation, insolation, mild winter temperatures) combined79

Posters of Topic 1with relatively low labour costs and soil prices as compared to northern European countries are driving theattention of both national and foreign investors to this subsector of the Portuguese agriculture. Tomato, lettuce,berries, melon, and green beans account for 75% of the area under protected cultivation, while carnation, rose,and gerbera are among the most important ornamental crops. Protected cultivation in Portugal started in the1960’s, in the Algarve (South of Portugal) and it was based on “chapel” type greenhouses, with wooden structurescovered with short duration plastics. In the last three decades, production expanded to the North, along theAtlantic cost, and these simple greenhouses have been replaced by plastic tunnels and by greenhouses withmetal structures. Nowadays, the total protected cultivation area is estimated in 2200 ha, of which about 75%correspond to single and multiple plastic tunnels area. Farm organizational structure and technological trajectoryof the last decade are characterized by increased greenhouse area per grower, higher volume/covered area ratiogreenhouses, and progressive transition to soilless cultivation. Some recent high-tech investments were done inglasshouses with closed hydroponic systems and co-generation technology. Nevertheless, the use ofglasshouses, or modern plastic greenhouses with computerized active climate control, heating, artificial lighting,and carbonic fertilization remains minor, due to high costs of equipments and energy, and limited experimentationfor local conditions. Portuguese horticulture must account for the increased competition from Spain and TheNetherlands, but also from other emerging competitors such as Morocco. Modern production structures andclimate control, combined with environmentally friendly practices that permit to increase yield and quality andminimize environmental impacts are needed. The modernization of this sector requires investments in educationas well as more professionalized associations, industry and services. A SWOT analysis is presented for the mostimportant greenhouse production areas. General guidelines for more competitive and environmental sustainableproduction are provided.Key words: protected cultivation, fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, SWOT analysis.The application of some fungicides as alternative growth retardantin pot plant productionHONFI, Péter *; KÖBLI, Viktória; FELSZNER, Zita; MOSONYI, István Dániel; TILLY-MÁNDY,AndreaCorvinus University of Budapest, Faculty of Horticultural ScienceDepartment of Floriculture and Dendrology, Hungary* peter.honfi@uni-corvinus.huIn consequence of the connection of European Union, traditional plant growth retardants will be withdrawn inHungary. Therefore, we tested the dwarfing effect of several fungicides, Bumper 25 EC and Mirage 45 EC,Caramba SL and Regalis WG comparing to Alar 85 and Cycocel 720, traditional growth retardants. Testplant wasIsmelia carinata, a decorative ornamental annual plant. The 6 weeks old, once pinched back plugs were treated 3times 3 weeks intervals with the given chemicals with the concentration advanced by the producer. The height ofplants, the diameter of plant bush, number of branches, number and diameter of flowers were measured.Caramba had the best retardant effect on the plant height. The other chemicals didn’t resulted statistically provedshorter plants comparing to the control. The effect of Caramba was better comparing to Alar and Cycocel too.With the use of Caramba the average plant height didn’t reach 20 cm, while control plants overgrew the 50 cm.None of the treatments had positive effect on the bush diameter. In the aspect of number of branches none of thetreatments had difference comparing to the control. The treatments hadn’t effect on the leaf length at all. Thetreatments hadn’t significantly proved effect on the number of flowers comparing to the control. Alar and Regalistreatments had significantly positive effect on flower bud number comparing to the control and the othertreatments. The treatments hadn’t statistically proved effect on the flower diameter. Mirage had an unequal effecton the measured parameters the use of this fungicide as retardant is contraindicated. Rising the concentration ofAlar and Regalis we fount that all examined concentrations retardant effect on plant height but the leaf size andbush diameter stood equal. Higher (4 g/l) concentration of Alar had positive effect on flower bud number.Keywords: growth control, Ismelia carinata, annual plants, floriculture, greenhouse, daminozide, metconazole,chlormequat, prohexadion-Ca.80

Posters of Topic 1The influence of bio-fertilizer and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus onspad values in strawberry leavesPALENCIA, Pedro (1) *; MARTÍNEZ RUIZ, Fátima (2) ; WEILAND, Carlos M. (2) ;OLIVEIRA, J. Alberto (1)(1)Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, Escuela Politécnica deMieres, C/ Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, 33600 Mieres, Spain(2)Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, E.T.S.I. ‘La Rábida’, Universidad de Huelva, Palos de laFrontera (Huelva) Spain* pedro.palencia@dcaf.uhu.esArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can increase plant growth and uptake of nutrients and decrease yield losses. Fieldexperiment was conducted to study the effect of different dates of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal(Glomus intraradices) and the effect of biofertilizer (Bacillus velezensi) on SPAD values in young and matureleaves of strawberry plant in soilless growing system. The experiment had duration of three months and wasconducted in a greenhouse in Huelva (Spain). Trial was performed during 2011 and 2012 crop cycle onstrawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cultivars. An analysis of variance of the results was carried out followinga split-split-plot factorial design (2 treatments x 2 cultivars x 3 inoculation dates) with two replicates was used. Thetreatments were: A (Plants inoculated with biofertilizer Bacillus velezensi) and B (Plant without inoculation withBacillus velezensi). The cultivars used were ‘Splendor’ and ‘Primoris’. The dates of Glomus intraradicesinoculation were: T1 (inoculation was performed at the beginning of crop cycle) and T2 (inoculation wasperformed 4 weeks after transplantation) and T3 (control plants). The substrate was inoculated with 0.001 g plant -1 of Bacillus velezensi at the beginning of crop cycle and the substrate was inoculated with 5-10 spores plant -1 ofGlomus intraradices in two different dates. SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter provides rapid and nondestructivemeasurements of leaf chlorophyll content. The SPAD-502 values in young and mature leaves were measuredweekly and related to arbuscular mycorrhizal and biofertilizer inoculation. SPAD values could reflect the effect oftreatments. The results showed differences between SPAD values, ‘Splendor’ cultivar retained more chlorophylland resulted in higher SPAD index than ‘Primoris’ cultivars. The effect of SPAD values cannot be exactlyattributed to mycorrhizal association or inoculation with Bacillus velezensi.Keywords: Bacillus velezensi, soilless growing system, ‘Primoris’, ‘Splendor’, SPAD chlorophyll meter andGlomus intraradices.Response of two strawberry cultivars to inoculation with arbuscularmycorrhizal fungus in different soilsMARTÍNEZ RUIZ, Fátima (1) *; PALENCIA, Pedro (2) ; WEILAND, Carlos M. (1) ; OLIVEIRA, J.Alberto (2)(1) Departament of Ciencias Agroforestales, E.T.S.I. ‘La Rábida’, University of Huelva, Ctra. Palos s/n,21819. Palos de la Frontera (Huelva), Spain(2)Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, Escuela Politécnica deMieres, C/ Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, 33600 Mieres, Spain* fatima.martinez@dcaf.uhu.esArbuscular mycorrhizal is an important part of microflora in soil. It is the link between plants and soil. Mycorrhizalfungi increase the efficiency of mineral uptake, especially of the immobile elements such as phosphorus, theyincrease the water uptake, reduce plant stresses and disease response to plant pathogens due to somemorphological or physiological changes in the plant. Crown and root rot in strawberries caused by Macrophominaphaseolina may be an emerging disease following the phase-out of methyl bromide. The experiment was carriedout in Huelva (Spain) in a greenhouse during 2011 crop cycle on strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)cultivars. Plants growing in pots of coir fiber substrate. Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of81

Posters of Topic 1inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) and the effect of type of soil (soil naturally infectedwith Macrophomina phaseolina in strawberry plant grown in field) and (sterilized soil) on early vegetative growth.A completely randomized block design (2 type of soil x 2 cultivars x 2 treatments) with three replicates was used.The types of soils utilized were: A (soil naturally infected with M. phaseolina) and B (sterilized soil); The cultivarsused were ‘Splendor’ and ‘Primoris’. The treatments were: inoculation with Glomus intraradices and no inoculationwith Glomus intraradices. The substrate was inoculated with 5-10 spores plant -1 of Glomus intraradices at thebeginning of crop cycle). The results suggested that the effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomusintraradices) and the effect of type of soil soil naturally infected with Macrophomina phaseolina in strawberry plantgrown in field and sterilized soil on early vegetative growth was not significant except for number of leaves of theplant.Keywords: early vegetative growth, Macrophomina phaseolina, Glomus intraradicesEffect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and bio-fertilizer on growthcharacters of strawberry plant in soilless growing systemMARTÍNEZ RUIZ, Fátima (1) *; PALENCIA, Pedro (2) ; WEILAND, Carlos M. (1) ; OLIVEIRA, J.Alberto (2)(1) Departament of Ciencias Agroforestales, E.T.S.I. ‘La Rábida’, University of Huelva, Ctra. Palos s/n,21819. Palos de la Frontera (Huelva), Spain(2)Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, Escuela Politécnica deMieres, C/ Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, 33600 Mieres, Spain* fatima.martinez@dcaf.uhu.esThe experiment was carried out in Huelva (Spain) in a greenhouse during 2011 crop cycle on strawberry(Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cultivars. Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different dates ofinoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) and the effect of biofertilizer (Bacillus velezensi) onthe growth of strawberry plant in soilless growing system. A completely randomized block design (2 treatments x2 cultivars x 3 inoculation dates) with 2 replicated was used. The treatments were: A (plants inoculated withbiofertilizer Bacillus velezensi) and B (plant without inoculation with Bacillus velezens). The cultivars used were‘Splendor’ and ‘Primoris’. The dates of Glomus intraradices inoculation were: T1 (inoculation was performed at thebeginning of crop cycle) and T2 (inoculation was performed 4 weeks after transplantation) and T3 (control plants).The substrate was inoculated with 0.001 g plant -1 of Bacillus velezensi at the beginning of crop cycle and thesubstrate was inoculated with 5-10 spores plant -1 of Glomus intraradices in two differente dates (at the beginningand 4 weeks after transplantation). The main effects of treatments, cultivars and different dates of Glomusintraradices inoculation on growth charecters of strawberry plant were evaluated. ‘Splendor’ cultivar compared to‘Primoris’ cultivar was not showed significant differences in the extra-early growth characters evaluated. It mightbe due that ‘Splendor’ cultivar was more vigorous than ‘Primoris’ cultivar. Also, in soilless growing system theplant was not stressed and the nutrients were accumulated very fast. Therefore, the effect of biological regulators(mycorrhizal and biofertilizer) on ‘Splendor’ cultivar was not significant.Keywords: Growth characters, Bacillus velezensi, Glomus intraradicesApplication of phosphate glass in the production of impatiens(Impatiens walleriana L.) seedlingsVUJOŠEVIĆ, Ana (1) *; TOŠIĆ, Mihajlo (2) ; LAKIĆ, Nada (1) ; NIKOLIĆ, Jelena (2) ; ŽIVANOVIĆ,Vladimir (2) ; MATIJAŠEVIĆ, Srđan (2) ; ZILDŽOVIĆ, Snežana (2)(1)Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia(2)Institute for technology of nuclear and other mineral raw materials, Franchet d ’ Esperey 86,11000,Belgrade, Serbia82

Posters of Topic 1* ana1512@yahoo.comThis paper presents the results of the application of phosphate glass with the addition of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in thein the production of Impatiens seedlings (Impatiens walleriana Xtreme red). The experiment was conducted in thegreenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade during the year of 2012. The plants were produced inpolystyrene containers and polypropylene pots. The effect of the phosphate glass doses of: 0, 1, 2, 3, g/l on thefollowing properties of seedlings development: height, number of lateral brunches, above ground weight, weightand root length was examined.The results of the research indicate a positive effect of the applied phosphate glass in the production of Impatienswalleriana seedlings. Applying the glass, high quality seedlings are produced so its usage is justified. Theobtained results indicate a need for further research of the effect of the phosphate glass in the production of otherflowers seedling.Keywords: phosphate glass, seedlings, Impatiens.Pepper seedling cultivation in soil with leonarditeBASAY, Sevinc (1) ; AKBUDAK, Nuray (2) *(1) Orhaneli Vocat Sch, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa,Turkey(2)Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University Gorukle Campus, Nilufer,16059 Bursa, Turkey* nakbudak@uludag.edu.trLeonardite is a low rank coal derived from terrestrial plant matter. It contains high humic acid, organic matter andregulates soil pH. In this study, the responses in seedling development of pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. ‘KandilDolma’) to the soil applications of three ratio leonardite + soil mixture compost have been studied. In theexperiment, adding as little as 10% leonardite (v/v) to a soil medium increased pepper root dry weight, content ofrelative water and leaf chlorophyll content compared with plants produced with soil alone. Adding 40% (thehighest level) and 20% leonardite (v/v) decreased total leaf chlorophyll content and plant height. The resultssuggest that the 10% Leonardite treatment affected positively plant growth and development.Keywords: Capsicum annuum, chlorophyll content, humic acid, plant growth parameter, seedling.Impacts of root spatial distribution on physical & hydraulicproperties in peat growing media used in horticultureCANNAVO, Patrice & MICHEL, Jean Charles *AGROCAMPUS OUEST - Centre d’Angers, UP EPHor, Angers, France* jean-charles.michel@agrocampus-ouest.frPlants growing in pots are generally limited by the volume of substrate in which water and gas availability canfluctuate over a short period of time. The hydraulic properties of growing media generally provide preciseinformation about their ability to guarantee good growth conditions. However, during ornamental plant growth, thespatial heterogeneity of root distribution in containers raises the question of air and water availability withingrowing media, and of their evolution during plant growth. The aim of the present study was to characterise theevolution of peat hydraulic properties in different parts of containers during root growth.A 4-month long experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in 1L-containers (10 cm height, 12 cm dia.) atconstant water regime (-1 kPa water potential). We studied Rosa “Knock Out” ® growth in two different particlesizesphagnum peats, a fine one (0-10mm) and a coarse one (20-40mm). Every month, aerial biomass and root83

Posters of Topic 1biomass were quantified. Root distribution was studied relative to the depth and the proximity of the containerborder. Indeed, three layers (H1 0-3cm, H2 3-6cm, H3 6-10cm) were defined and each one was divided into 2parts, the internal zone (3cm radius), and the external zone (rest of the layer). Finally, water retention, hydraulicconductivity and relative gas diffusivity of the growing media were measured.At the container scale, peat particle size did not affect the root volume that reached 6% at day 110. Whatever thepeat particle size, Rose root growth increased water retention and improved pore connectivity. An importantheterogeneity in spatial root distribution was observed that strongly affected the physical properties of peatdepending on container zones. The base of the containers was characterised by the highest volumetric rootcontent, but also by a very low air-filled porosity with high risk of anoxia. Moreover, peat particle size affected airfilledporosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity: the finer peat is, the lower air-filled porosity and the higherunsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Finally, although relative gas diffusivity was acceptable at the container scale,very low rates were found at the base of the containerThis study showed that irrigation management needs to be modified along crop development. The water irrigationregime needs to be studied to assess its impact on crop production, on root distribution in the growing media, andon potential growing medium hydrophobicity.Keywords: water retention, hydraulic conductivity, relative gas diffusivity, tortuosity, Rosa “Knock Out” ®Morphometric flower traits and pollen germination of pome andstone fruits grown on ameliorated coal mine pit deposolFOTIRIĆ AKŠIĆ, Milica (1) ; LIČINA, Vlado (1) ; ZEC, Gordan (1) ; ČOLIĆ, Slavica (2) ; NIKOLIĆ,Dragan (1) & RAKONJAC, Vera (1) *(1) Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia(2)Institute for Science Application in Agriculture, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia* verak@agrif.bg.ac.rsDeposols as anthropogenic soils are poorly supplied substrate with mineral nutrients and organic mater, withevident problems of bad physico-chemical properties and potential toxicity of heavy metals (Cr, Ni). In sevencultivars of pome fruits [three apple cultivars (`Idared`, `Golden Delicious` and `Grenny Smith`), two pear cultivars(`Williams Bartlett` and `Passe-Crassane`) and two quince cultivars (`Vranjska` and `Leskovačka`)] together withfour plum cultivars (`Čačank's Beauty`, `Čačank's Fruitful`, `Požegača` and `Stenley`), grown on ameliorated coalmine pit deposol, morphometric flower traits and pollen germination were determined. The aim of this study wasto identify irregularities in several morphological flower parameters and to examine the functional ability of pollenas one of the most important yield components. The experiment was performed in the village Prkosava,Municipality Lazarevac, near Belgrade. Orchard belongs to the Thermal Power Station "Kolubara" and wasplanted in 1986, on the ameliorated coal mine pit deposol, as soil recultivation. Satisfactory pollen germinationshowed all examined cultivars (over 70%), where apple `Granny Smith` have the highest (95.53%). Among pomefruits the largest percentage of malformed flowers was found in apple `Golden Delicious` (52%). In both quincecultivars all examined flowers were perfectly formed. In plums, `Stenley` showed the lowest number of normalflowers (77%) where `Čačank's Fruitful` had only 4% of malformed flowers.Key words: recultivation, apple, pear, quince, plum.Green roofing: a complete approach to characterize growing mediaFAUCON, P. *; DARNIS, M.CRITT Horticole- 17300 Rochefort/mer (France)* p.faucon@critt-horticole.com84

Posters of Topic 1For 50 years, green roofing is market is increasing worldwide, due to the general interest of sustainabledevelopment.In one hand (“landscaper point of view), planting a green roof consist in creating a natural area on a building withartificial elements. As in nature, there are interactions between building, users, climate, plants and biodiversity.Then, growing media is in the center, as support of natural life (from microscopic scale to macroscopic scale). Onother hand, green roof are a part of a building system and must be in accordance with certifications, laws andregulations used in building industry.Green roof suppliers are seeking new growing medias (cheaper, more “ecological friendly, renewable…).Then, the question is “what is a good growing media for green roof?” and “how to characterize them in order tocheck accordance with rules, and to industrialize the process?”Growing media components used in horticultural industry (i.e. peat, composted bark, coco fiber...) was measuredand are well known. During the 80’s, the development of soilless culture was permitted by agronomiccharacterization. Some factors was known before, like CEC, pH level, EC, and some has to be set (pF curves,density, structural stability, porosity…) to tune technical ways (irrigation, fertilization, pest management).As the goal of the vegetation is different, scale of value and parameters are different in green roofing. Forinstance, pF curves are measured till pF 2 in horticulture, to determine water ability and avoid hydric stress thatoccurs growing decreasing. In green roofing, where irrigation is rare, know the water ability at pF 4,2 is important.For the structural stability, the time scale is totally different: growing media as to be stable for several weeks(bedding plants) or for years and years (green roofing). Others physical data like granulometry curves andchemical properties (pH, EC, CEC, heavy metals contents) are also necessary.Green roofs are a part of a building system, and growing media have to be characterized under buildingrequirements: thermal insulation (at different moisture contents), density, permeability ….10 Growing media components were characterized alone and in association and multifactorial profiles (includedeconomic and ecological criterias) were established. By this way, it was possible to identify new components likewaste material (brick, shells, cellular concrete). This innovative growing media are in test and should be soonlaunched on the French market.Establishing opportunities of soilless cultivation for vegetableproduction in Iquitos (Peru)GUZMAN PFEIFFER, Lilian; ULRICHS, Christian *Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany* christian.ulrichs@agrar.hu-berlin.deIn addition to soil cultivation the methods of soilles cultivation (SC) have delivered an optimal perfomance inpractice for year-round production of high-quality crops. A simplified version is often used in Latin America ascontribution to resolve food inse-curity and to offer underprivileged populations the possibility to providethemselves with healthy vegetables. This way they have the ability to attend to their own needs and areeconomically independent. In the tropics, as in the investigation area of Iquitos in the Peruvian Rainforest, typicalunfavourable conditions cause complica-tions in the conventional horticultural production. There the SC is largelyunknown. A study was conducted to prove simplified SC methods, which been developed using mainly localmaterials, for cultivation through small-scale farmers. Through a situation analysis the suitability for cropproduction and the acceptability by the population for this cultivation method should be tested and informationsused as a basis for further strategic planning to establish the SC. As a tool for situational analysis and strategyplanning the SWOT analysis was used. The aim was, to evaluate the developed SC-system and to analyse thepossibilities of establishment and acceptance of the polulation. In the internal analysis the strengths andweaknesses were identified, in the external the opportunities and threats. The analysis showed that the SC -method is a flexible system with a lot of expansion potential. The local low-cost materials, with the exception ofthe roofing sheets, have proven itselve especially on sealed areas. A better protection against the weatherconditions should be considered. The high biodiversity and local farmers knowledge facilitate the search of newmaterials. However, for the roof sheet higher cost must be expected. Access to a clean water source and thenutrient solution must be secured. Savings in the daily purchasing and little revenue from crop salings to theneighborhood can already attained by small production scale. The technique does not require prior knowledge,but a constant instructional phase. The SC allows the consumption of uncontaminated health-promoting crops,which could be traded as a niche product. A strong price-oriented demand and lack of consumer education arestanding in contrary to this. The risk of environmental pollution caused by improper handling of the nutrient85

Posters of Topic 1solution can not be excluded. In the further establishment planning an increased cultivation of large volumeimported crops are considered to be advantageous. The commercialisation, especially as a special niche product("clean" vegetables), should be linked to active public relations. In the short to medium term, the growing systemsshould bei advanced, particularly the roof. For a sales oriented production cooperations and grower associationsshould be set up.Pepper seedlings quality improved by application of the enrichedzeolitesUGRINOVIC, M. *; ZDRAVKOVIC, J.; DJORDJEVIC, M.; GIREK, Z.; BRDAR-JOKANOVIC,M.; ZDRAVKOVIC, M.Institute for vegetable crops, Smederevska Palanka, Serbia* milan.ugrinovic@gmail.comZeolites are well-structured, aluminosilicate minerals, suitable for a numerous purposes. Due to their structure,the zeolites are very useful for solving some problems in a horticulturalproduction, such as, surplus of water andoverbalance of the nutrients. Another good feature of these minerals are the capability of slow release ofadsorbed nutrients and water. Also, the application of zeolites in a pepper seedlings production can bee goodsolution for a reduction of the exceeding spending of a peat moss. In order to estimate the quality of enrichedzeolites and possibility of their use in a pepper seedlings production, the experiment was conducted in theglasshouse of Institute for vegetable crops in Smederevska Palanka (Serbia). The examined growing media weremixed of different amounts of naturalpeat moss(NPM),enrichedpeat moss (EPM), composted organic materials(COM), enrichedzeolites (EZ) and natural zeolites (NZ). The plant height, number of leaves, fresh plant weightand bud presence of pepper seedlings (Capsicum annum L. ’Romana’) had been measured. The average valuesof tested properties were significantly higher for plants grown on substrates with added enriched zeolites thanthose grown on the sole peat moss.The average plant height and average fresh plant weight were increased byapplication of EZ for 35 and 57 % with respect to the control (EPM).Key words: pepper, growing media, seedlings, zeolitesProgress in the growth promotion of horticulture seedlings:compost tea and Trichoderma sp.MARÍN, F. (1) *; DIÁNEZ, F. (1) **; CARRETERO, F. (1) ; SANTOS, M. (1) ; GEA, FJ. (2) ;MARTÍNEZ, MA (2) ; YAU, J.A. (3) ; NAVARRO, MJ. (2)(1) Dpto. Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano s/n, 04120, Almería,España. * fmarin80@hotmail.com ** fdianez@ual.es(2) Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón. Quintanar del Rey, Cuenca.(3) Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá, Edificios 161, 162. Ciudad del Saber, Clayton.Calle Carlos R. Lara. República de PanamáCompost teas have been defined as mixtures of compost and water in proportions which permit the passage ofnutrients and microorganisms from the compost to the liquid fraction, for its later use. These extracts have beentraditionally used for control of plant diseases, growth promotion and plant nutrition. We evaluated compost teafrom four sources: spent mushroom compost, grape marc compost and horticultural wastes compost andvermicompost. To achieve the target set, we obtained aerated compost teas (ACT) and non-aerated compostteas (NCT), both in the ratio 1/4 weight/volume (w/v). For that purpose we added 5 mL of compost tea diluted to15%.86

Posters of Topic 1Trichoderma spp. has been reported like a powerful biological control agent against plant pathogens and growthpromoter. One isolated from a suppressive soil from the South of Spain were evaluated by using three differentamounts of inocula: 10 4 , 10 5 and 10 6 conidia per plant, applied to the substrates by irrigation.Plant assays were done with Capsicum annum in seedbeds. Treatments were applied at the time of sowing. Fullassay were done with four repetitions per treatment and compared with controls. Later, morphological parameterswere measured: plant height, number of leaves, stem size and dry weight of roots and aerial part.Results showed (Simple ANOVA, LSD 95 %) that Dickson Quality Index, root dry weight and stem dry weightwere higher in plants treated with compost teas and plants grown with Trichoderma sp. than controls. Forcompost tea, NCT provided better results for these parameters than ACT. For Trichoderma sp., we think the doseis not so important like the presence of that microorganism in the substrate. To sum up, both of treatmentsdevelop a growth promoter effect on Capsicum annum.Keywords: Compost tea, Trichoderma sp., Growth promoter, Capsicum annum.Effect of partial rootzone drying on growth, yield andbiomass distribution of a soilless tomato crop grown undergreenhouseAFFI, N. *; EL MASTOR, A.; EL-FADL, A.; EL-OTMANI, M. & BENISMAIL, M C.Department of Horticulture, Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute,BP: 728, Agadir 80 000, Morocco* affinaziha@yahoo.frWater is becoming a limiting factor for agricultural production in many areas of the Mediterranean Basin. Modernwater supply techniques and strategies as well as technologies for monitoring the water status in the soil-plantatmosphere continuum with the objective of water economy are becoming a component of any production systemthat targets a sustainable production. The objective of the present research was to assess the effects of partialrootzone drying (PRD) as a water supply strategy on tomato growth, productivity and biomass allocation. Thevariety Prystilla grafted onto Beaufort rootstock was used at a density of 6 000 plants/ha. Plants were grownunder greenhouse, on a sand substrate and cared for according to the needs. The plants were trellised on 2 armsper plant. Three treatments were applied: a control that was fully and conventionally irrigated (receiving 100% ofthe water requirements), PRD-70 and PRD-50 in which, respectively, 70% and 50% of water requirements weresupplied using PRD. At planting, the root volume was devided into two halves each half was irrigated separately.Alternation of irrigation between the two root halves took place each three days. The total yield statisticallydiffered (P < 0.05) and control gave the highest total yield (252 tons/ha). Compared to PRD-70 and control, PRD-50 yield decrease rates were, respectively, 16% and 30%. In terms of fruit number, PRD-50 showed 23% and16% less fruits than PRD-70 and control, respectively. Fruit size was affected by treatment with PRD-50 treatmentproducing 66% and 53% more class 3 fruits (small size) than, control and PRD-70 (P < 0.05), respectively, whilethose of class 2 and 1 (which are preferred for export) were, respectively, 36% and 61% lower than for PRD-70and control. For plant growth, the difference was not significant when comparing control to PRD-70 but wassignificant when comparing PRD-70 and control to PRD-50 (P < 0.05). No effect was on total biomass but rootbiomass was higher for stressed plants compared to control (P< 0.05).Keywords: PRD, yield, biomass, growth.87

Posters of Topic 1The effect of using degradable nonwovens in butterhead lettucecultivation for early harvestSIWEK, Piotr *; LIBIK, Andrzej* p.siwek@ogr.ur.krakow.plIn 2011 and 2012 at the Agricultural University in Kraków field experiment using spunbonded photodegradableand biodegradable non-wovens were carried out on lettuce cultivar ‘Mafalda F1’ for early harvest. Biodegradablenon-wovens were manufactured in the frame of BIOGRATEX project in the Institute of Biopolymers and ChemicalFibres. Lettuce seeds were sown into boxes in the glasshouse at the beginning of March and at the beginning ofApril transplants were planted into the field. Photodegradable non-woven PP and biodegradable PLA andstandard PP Agro were stretched over lettuce in the field. Covers were kept until a few days before harvest.Control treatment was determined as plots without covers. No mechanical demages on the nonwovens wereobserved after removing. Ascorbic acid, soluble sugars, dry matter, chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ andcarotenoides content were estimated in the yield. In 2011 both non-wovens showed positive effect on yielding incomparison to control. In the case of fotodegradable PP the marketable yield was 38% higher and PP Agro 26%higher than in the control. Dry matter content and total sugars were on the similar level. Chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll‘b’ and carotenoides content in the lettuce showed in this year positive relation to used cover. In the second yearof the experiments the yield and its quality will be estimated.88

PLENARY SESSIONTOPIC 2CONSUMER-DRIVEN SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINSMANAGEMENT

Plenary SessionRegional identity and authenticity as a means of reaching theEuropean consumerEKELUND, LenaDept. Work Science, Business Economics & Environmental PsychologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 88, SE-230 53 ALNARP SwedenMany European regions are claiming authenticity through their regional branding in order to convince theconsumer that their products have unique and desirable properties found nowhere else. We will address the issueof regional branding as a means for reaching the consumer and look into authenticity as a promotional argument.We will argue that despite the promise of regional branding there is a communication gap between the producerand the consumer which is exacerbated by gatekeepers who inhibit rather than drive the promotion of productauthenticity.Regional products can be described as products labelled in a manner clearly denoting geographical origin.Horticultural examples are Prince de Bretagne vegetables, Südtirol apples and Norfolk Lavender. Horticulturalfood producers in some regions benefit from EU Protected Geographical Status. Yorkshire Forced Rhubarb hasProtected Designation of Origin (PDO) while Lautrec's Pink Garlic has Protected Geographical Indication (PGI),just to mention two of 291 fruits and vegetable products. Regional protections are effective for accessing foreignmarkets but are more often used for limiting competition in local arenas. Positive attitudes to the region and trustin its growers need to be based on image, which in turn is determined by the experience with the region and theknowledge and stereotype of it. So, the region has to have interesting properties and ideally be an attractive placeto visitors and supported by a label or a brand which visible throughout the whole supply chain.While consumer interest in local and small scale production seems to be growing, it is not always backed bydemand. Discrepancies exist between attitudes and action, between what the consumers say and what they buy.Most purchase decisions on horticultural products are made in the store and an increasing share in bigsupermarkets - who are less concerned with product origin than they are with simply stocking SKUs and fulfillingthe requirements of GlobalG.A.P or other certification standards schemes. The competition on the market forhorticultural products is between different labels: supermarkets’ own private brands, regional labels and localproducts, and a few premium branded products sourced from the supplier which best fulfils the requirement at thetime. The store is a gatekeeper and local or regional producers have to struggle to communicate their unique anddesirable properties to the end consumer.Horticultural research has traditionally focused on the needs of growers rather than the desires of consumers. In agrowing market where demand outstripped supply, this approach made sense. As the market situation haschanged - over-production, fierce competition and picky consumers are the norm - only the most efficient andlarge-scale production units can compete by means of price, while others must rely on differentiation. So focus ofhorticultural research should shift from high yield and homogeneity to product innovation, identity and taste. ThisTheme covers the whole supply chain and reflects some of the important work carried out in this field.90

TOPIC 2CONSUMER-DRIVEN SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINSMANAGEMENTORAL PRESENTATIONS

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Assessment of the visual quality of ornamental plants: comparisonof three methodologies in the case of the rosebushSANTAGOSTINI, Pierre (1) ; LAFFAIRE, Michel (2) ; DEMOTES-MAINARD, Sabine (3,4) ;HUCHÉ-THÉLIER, Lydie (3) ; GUERIN, Vincent (3) ; LEDUC, Nathalie (4) ; BERTHELOOT,Jessica (3) ;SAKR, Soulaiman (2) ; BOUMAZA, Rachid (2) *(1) Agrocampus Ouest, Angers, France(2) Agrocampus Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 149QUASAV, Angers, France(3) INRA, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 149 QUASAV, Angers,France(4) Université d’Angers, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 149QUASAV, Angers, France* Corresponding author rachid.boumaza@agrocampus-ouest.frQuality is defined by the ISO 8402-1986 standard as “the totality of features and characteristics of a product orservice that bears its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs”. In the agronomic context, the quality of ornamentalplants can be appraised according to several criteria; these may be classified into tolerance to biotic and abioticstresses, development potentialities and aesthetics. This last criterion, aesthetic quality, is quite specific toornamental plants (Heuvelink et al. 2004). Measuring it is necessary for objective studies but remains difficult.Different methods of measurement have been proposed, all of them have been used and developedindependently from one another.These methods can be classified into three groups or methodologies. The first consists of classicalmeasurements of morphological aspects such as the number of flowers, their diameter, leaf dimensions… Thesecond based on methods and tools of the sensory analysis introduced to assess the quality of foods, beverages,cosmetics... was recently adapted to ornamental plants (Boumaza et al., 2009). The third used by theInternational Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV, 1990) in order to assess distinctiveness,homogeneity and stability, is based on morphological characteristics calibrated according to specific varieties. Theobjective of this work is to compare these methodologies to assess some flowering and foliage characteristics ofthe rosebush.Three to six plants from 10 varieties of rosebushes set by UPOV as the standards for flowering and foliage werecultivated for 2 years either in a greenhouse (2009 and 2010) or outdoors (2010 and 2011) in Angers, France.They were measured and photographed once a week during their flowering stages and the photos of the fullbloom plants were submitted to a panel of judges for sensory assessment.The results of the three methodologies of assessment were compared, and then their advantages, disadvantagesand complementarities discussed.ReferencesBoumaza, R., Demotes-Mainard, S., Huché-Thélier, L., & Guérin, V. (2009). Visual characterization of the estheticquality of the rosebush. Journal of Sensory Studies, 24, 774–796.Heuvelink, E., Tijskens, P., & Kang, M.Z. (2004) Modelling Product Quality in Horticulture: an Overview, ActaHorticulturae, 654, 19-30.UPOV (1990). Guidelines for the Conduct of Tests for Distinctness, Homogeneity and Stability. Rose (Rosa L.),UPOV/TG/11/7, International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva, Switzerland.92

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Do apple visual characteristics influence trained tasters’perception?SYMONEAUX, Ronan *; MAITRE, Isabelle; CHARLES, Mathilde; MEHINAGIC, EmiraLUNAM Université, SFR 4207 QUASAVGroupe ESA - UPSP GRAPPE, France* r.symoneaux@groupe-esa.comIdentifying sensory key drivers of liking in fruits is important for breeders who need consumers’ insights to adapttheir selections. Texture and flavour have been identified as very important but, what is the weight of appleappearance and/or recognition in perception and then in liking? Could sensory expectations due to fruitappearance modify sensory perception?The present work aims to identify the relative influence of apple appearance versus taste & texture on theperception of eight sensory attributes. Three different cultivars (Granny Smith, Golden Delicious, Gala) wereselected being both well known, very different in colour and in sensory characteristics. Fourteen trained tasterswere asked to describe nine proposals resulting from a complete factorial design with two factors: Appearance(apples’ pictures ) vs. Texture & Flavour (pieces of peeled apples). A panellist tasted, for example, a piece ofpeeled Granny Smith while looking at a picture of an entire Gala presented on a screen. Then he received a pieceof peeled Gala, with a picture of a Gala and so on with the nine possible combinations.Mouth characteristics (texture and flavour) were more important than picture on the sensory perception in mouth.Nevertheless, appearance influence subjects’ perception. For sourness, the interaction between visual and inmouth characteristics was significant (p =0.0274). The Granny pictures modified the perception of acidity in mouthon Golden (sourer) and Granny (less sour). For sweetness, fruity aroma and green apple aroma, the appearanceeffect was almost significant (p ~ 0.12), Granny picture leading to less sour and less fruity perception and a highergreen apple aroma note. Texture attributes were not perceived differently depending on the apple’s pictures.Obtained results showed that impact of appearance are less important than flavour itself. Nevertheless, it couldchange sensory perception of apples since colour or apples’ recognition could generate expectation whichinfluence consumer’s perception. The impact of this effect on consumers liking will have to be verify.In conclusion, well known cultivars as tested let a memorized sensory picture in taster mind which goes oninfluencing perception, even if tasters have been well trained for a long time. This could lead to take moreexperimental cautions to mask cultivars appearance when tasting in the field or in the lab.Keywords: Apple, Conjoint Analysis, Sensory evaluation.93

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Intestinal fermentability of vegetables: methods for evaluating andminimizing digestive discomfortLEROY, Gaëlle (1) *; BATY-JULIEN, Celine (1) ; GRONGNET, Jean-François (2) ; MABEAU,Serge (1)(1) Vegenov-BBV, Sensory and nutritional laboratory, Saint Pol de Léon, France(2) Agrocampus Ouest, INRA UMR SENAH, Dept ALimH, Rennes, France* leroy@vegenov.comArtichoke and cauliflower are emblematic vegetables in Western France. This region is the first producer ofcauliflower and artichoke with respectively 270 000 and 40 000 tons (Cerafel, 2010). Many people are sensitive todigestive discomfort after consumption of these two vegetables, usually due to their high fibre content. A surveyrealised by Vegenov in 2008, on 674 consumers showed that 12% declared suffering from digestive discomfortafter consumption of vegetables. Brassica vegetables were the first cited. This study found also that 22% of nonconsumersof artichoke didn’t consume artichoke because of digestive discomfort. The sensory and nutritionallaboratory of Vegenov has developed a four step project to identify a strategy to limit this disturbance. First, thekind of fibre suspected to cause inconvenience was identified with bibliographic research and we optimized adosage method to determine fibre content. Secondly, we evaluated the different factors having an influence onthe fibre content such as agronomic (varieties, vegetation cycles) and technological factors (storage,preparation,...). Thus, thanks to a better understanding of fibre content changes, it was possible to identifysolutions to limit fibre content and therefore, digestive discomfort. These solutions were tested in a thirdexperiment, using in vitro fermentation, and measurements of the production of gases. As a fourth step, an in vivostudy was performed in order to understand better the effectiveness of these potential solutions on digestivediscomfort perception. We developed methods for assessing intestinal discomfort by measuring the gasproduction (breath hydrogen monitor) and registering the perceptions of the panel during the study (healthquestionnaire). At the end of these studies, we were able propose to producers or industrials better practises toreduce digestive discomfort in people prone to these problems.Keywords: cauliflower, artichoke, fibre, fermentation, gastrointestinal symptoms, in vitro study, in vivo study.94

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Screening the phytochemical composition and antioxidantproperties of fruits: a comparative study of common testingmethodsGOULAS, V. & MANGANARIS, G.A. *Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and FoodScience, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus* george.manganaris@cut.ac.cyThe analysis of phytochemical composition of fruits is an important scientific area since it is correlated with theirhealth-promoting properties and may also affect their organoleptic characteristics, such as colour and taste. Dueto the complexity of the bioactive composition of fruits, it is rather difficult to characterize them chemically in onestep. Usually, their study includes the drying and extraction procedures and their phytochemical characterizationwith different approaches: (1) spectrophotometric methodologies, (2) hyphenated techniques (HPLC-UV, LC-MS)or (3) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques. The aim of the present study is to compare differentdrying and extraction methods used in phytochemical analysis and to demonstrate analytical techniques for thedetermination of bioactive content of different classes of phytochemicals in an array of fruits during developmentalstages or postharvest ripening. Indicatively, the selection of the drying and the extraction method are of criticalimportance for the determination of triterpenic acids in olive fruits, while flavonoid content of citrus fruits is highlydepended on the extraction solvent used. Overall, a comparison of different approaches for the determination ofphytochemicals is described. The advantages of the employment of state-of-the art analytical techniques inanalysis of bioactive composition of fruits are also highlighted. In addition, the evaluation of total antioxidantcapacity of fruits by different assays and their correlation with phytochemical composition is discussed.Keywords: bioactive compounds, extract, hyphenated techniques, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, polyphenols,radical scavenging activity, triterpenic acids.95

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Influence of storage conditions and bunch position on green-lifeperiod of bananasPRAEGER, Ulrike (1) *; LINKE, Manfred (1) ; RUX, Guido (1) ; JEDERMANN, Reiner; GEYER,Martin (1)(1)Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik Potsdam-Bornim e.V., Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam,Germany* upraeger@atb-potsdam.deThese investigations are part of the research project „The intelligent container: Linked intelligent objects inlogistics“ with the task to optimize climate control in transport containers for perishable foods. Tropical bananasfor the European market are harvested green-ripe and wrapped in plastic film and paperboard boxes for thetransport by ship during two weeks. Undesirable accelerated fruit ripening and decay in the transport containerscannot be detected until the ware is discharged. One part of the project is to get knowledge of the remainingstorage life after harvest in order to adapt climatic conditions during transport. Therefore a green-life predictionmodel for bananas should be developed taking the storage conditions and the biological variation intoconsideration. ‘Cavendish’ bananas from Dole Fruit Company Inc. grown in Costa Rica in 2011 were used. Aftertransport to Germany fruits from two different bunch positions were exposed to temperatures between 12°C and20°C. The influence of different humidity in the surrounding air was investigated at 18°C. As criteria for definingthe changeover from green-life to the climacteric phase the parameter NDVI (normalized difference vegetationindex) measured with a spectrometer was chosen. An exponential function was found for the relation betweentemperature and green-life period. At 12°C green-life takes about one month after the start of the test, at 20°Cduration of green-life was reduced to 13 days, similar for fruits from upper and lower bunch position. When fruitswere stored in lower humidity chlorophyll loss was accelerated.Additionally the influence of the average temperature during a commercial container transport on ripeningbehavior of bananas was investigated. Therefore in a container for banana shipment from Costa Rica to Europethirty boxes were equipped with temperature loggers. The average temperature during the two-weekmeasurement inside the boxes differed between 15,4 °C and 17,8°C. Ripening behavior after commercialethylene treatment of fruits from these boxes was evaluated to estimate the effect of the varying transporttemperatures at different positions inside the container. Measured parameters were the NDVI and total solublesolids. The varying transport temperatures in the boxes of 2,5 K did not influence the ripening process after theethylene treatment. Due to insufficient air flow in containers between the boxes, ‘hot spots’ might appear withtemperature > 18°C. Probably in this case the ripening of bananas is influenced according to the results about therelation between temperature and green-life period.The project is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.Key words: banana, green-life, ripening, normalized difference vegetation index, container transport.96

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Harvesting quality, where to start?TIJSKENS, LMM (1) *; SCHOUTEN, RE (1) ; WALSH, KB (2) ; ZADRAVEC, P (3) ; UNUK, T (4) ;JACOB, S (5) ; OKELLO, RCO (1)(1) Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands(2) Plant Sciences Group, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld. 4702, Australia(3) Fruit Growing Centre Maribor, Slovenia(4) University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Maribor, Slovenia(5) Dept. of Science & Humanities, Toc H Institute of Science & Technology, Kochi, India* pol.tijskens@wur.nlQuality criteria for growing are not the same as quality criteria in the postharvest supply chain. Growers areprimarily concerned with mass and appearance, while consumers and retailers are mostly concerned with tasteand appearance. That makes it difficult to optimise the entire supply chain. It also blocks the optimisation of foodproduction with respect to eating quality, the research of these aspects and the development of proper measuringsystems, all leading to the fact that there is hardly any useful information available on the mechanisms andkinetics during growth of quality related compounds and aspects (like size, volume, dry matter, sugars, acids).In this lecture, a compilation will be made of the results and data of several independent studies. Size increase inapples (expressed as diameter) of 4 apple cultivars in 5 seasons during about 120 days before harvest, could beanalysed with a simple first order production reaction. All variation in diameter among individual fruit could beattributed to the same origin (development stage), with explained parts (R 2 adj) well over 98%. The same generalbehaviour of diameter was observed in growing tomatoes (2 cultivars, 2 temperatures). The same simplemechanism could be applied to these (destructively measured) data with R 2 adj of about 90%.When converted into volume (assuming a perfect sphere), the usually observed asymmetrical sigmoidalbehaviour is obtained. This sigmoidal behaviour is also observed in the accumulation of DM, as measured withNIR technology in growing mangoes. These data could be analysed including the variation between individual fruit(R 2 adj well over 90%). Accumulation of DM ends at harvest, so the mechanism of DM production can very welldefine the final level of DM obtained in harvested fruit.Sugars and DM are strongly related (e.g. Brix values). So a very similar mechanism could govern theproduction/accumulation of sugars. Destructively measured sugar and acid data were collected in nectarines,showing indeed a very similar overall behaviour and variation.By lack of suitable mechanistic ideas at that time, these data were not yet analysed.Combining information or data on very different compounds and aspects of very different fruit types and researchsetups, a general overall picture emerges that may lead to a generic possibility to optimise the entire horticulturalsupply chain with respect to eating quality.97

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Non-invasive analysis of calcium oxalate druses distribution in rosepeduncles by synchrotron X-ray micro-tomographyMATSUSHIMA, Uzuki (1) ; HILGER, André (2) ; GRAF, Wolfgang (3) (5) ; ZABLER, Simon (4) ;MANKE, Ingo (2) ; DAWSON, Martin (6) ; CHOINKA, Gerard (2) ; HERPPICH, Werner B. (3) *(1)Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Japan(2)SF3, Helmholtz Center Berlin for Materials and Energy, Germany(3)Deptartment of Horticultural Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim, Germany(4)Institute for Physics and Astronomy – Chair for X-ray microscopy, Julius-Maximillians UniversitätWürzburg, Germany(5)KTBL, Darmstadt, Germany(6)University of Salford, Salford, UK* Corresponding author wherppich@atb-potsdam.deComprehensive knowledge of plant microstructures and their variations is essential to understanding themechanisms underlying postharvest quality changes of horticultural products. In this study, phase-contrastcomputed microtomography (CT) using synchrotron X-radiation was applied to non-invasively investigate theinner structure of peduncles of samples of three rose cultivars that differ greatly in their bent-neck resistance and,hence, shelf life. Due to its high resolution, synchrotron x-ray tomography can be used to study tissues – andeven individual cells – without physically interfering with the product.In 3-D CT images of peduncle samples of all cultivars, numbers of small spherical particles with x-ray attenuationmuch higher than that of cell cytoplasm were observed. These particles were smaller than parenchyma cells andvessel elements, and were mainly scattered in the cortex tissue but were also present less abundantly betweenvascular bundles. The X-ray attenuation patterns reflect the high density of these crystalline, biomineral particles.Microscopic evaluation of concomitantly prepared fresh-cut slices clearly indentified these particles as calciumoxalate crystals, which, due to their shape and sizes, can be determined as calcium oxalate druses.Because CaOx crystals are known to serve as structural support, it is assumed that a high density of thesecrystals may positively affect the mechanical strength of stem tissues, thus reducing their bent-neck susceptibility.Although distribution patterns of CaOx crystals, relative radial druse densities and CaOx crystal size differedgreatly in peduncles of the three rose cultivars investigated, these parameters did not correlate with directmeasurements of tissue strength. Further, no clear-cut relationship between distribution pattern, radial distributiondensity and size of CaOx crystals could be deduced. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on thein-situ distribution of calcium oxalate crystals in rose peduncles.Keywords: Druse, bent-neck, edge-enhancement, functional plant anatomy, mechanical strength, cut flower.98

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Biospeckle – the application for evaluation of fruits and vegetablesZDUNEK, ArturDepartment of Microstructure and Mechanics of Biomaterials,Institute of Agrophysics,Polish Academy of Sciences,Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Polanda.zdunek@ipan.lublin.plQuality of fruit and vegetables is a multi-attribute property consisting of texture, appearance, taste and nutritionalvalues. Hence, plenty of instrumental techniques are used for evaluation of quality. Since the fruits andvegetables are very perishable for storage nondestructive methods are considered as the most useful formonitoring and testing their quality.When a coherent laser illuminates a rough surface, the scattered light exhibits mutual interference and formsrandomly distributed bright and dark spots of variable shapes called speckle pattern. When the laser coherentlight impinges on the surface of biological material, it can pass through one or more layers (for example: airspace, skin, cell walls), each of them will act as a stationary diffuser. If particles within the biological material arein motion, the speckle pattern exhibits spatial and temporal fluctuations and is said to “boil” or “twinkle”. Thisphenomenon is called biospeckle. Activity of “boiling”, so called biospeckle activity, evaluation or dynamic, can beused as an indicator of biological state of a material. The biospeckle activity is interpreted as a result of motion ofintracellular organelles and particles.The objective of this work is to review recent applications of relatively new technique for nondestructive evaluationof various biological objects including fruits and vegetables. This will be presented mainly on apples as the modelbiological system. Results of experiments considering shelf-life effect, chlorophyll content, starch content,temperature and pathogen infections will be presented and discussed.Key words: biospeckle, apple, chlorophyll, starch, temperature, bull’s eye rot.99

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Predicting rose vase life in a supply chainVAN MEETEREN, Uulke (1) *, SCHOUTEN, Rob (1) & WOLTERING, Ernst(1)Wageningen University, Horticultural Supply Chains Group, P.O. Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen,The Netherlands(2)Wageningen UR, Food & Biobased Research, P.O. Box 17 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands* uulke.vanmeeteren@wur.nl(1) (2)An important qualityattribute of cut flowers is their vase life.With increasing market globalization, the vase life ismore and more affected by transport and storage. However, techniques to measure the potential vase life at thepoint of sale in the chain are not available at this moment. Therefore, simulation models that can predict vase lifebased on temperature and time, as measured by data loggers, could be very valuable. Moreover, such simulationmodels could be used for scenario studies to investigate quality critical control points. A previously publishedsimulation model, based on data from literature, was validated for cut rose flowers using data of a vase lifeexperiment with flowers stored at 1, 5, 8 and 12 °C for periods varying between 2 and 39 days. The experimentalsetup was designed to exclude the occurrence of Botrytis and water uptake problems due to bacteria as much aspossible. The experimentally obtained vase life data confirmed that the relationship between temperature and lossof vase life during storage could very well be described by a sigmoidal curve. The predicted vase life applying thesimulation model correlated very well to the measured vase life. However, the vase life after long storage wasunderestimated; this could be improved by adapting only one parameter of the modelfor the specific cultivarcalculated fromthe vase life of fresh cut flowers without storage. Also a linear temperature sum model was tested.The temperature sum-model gave acceptable outcomes within narrow temperature and storage period ranges,but largely overestimated vase life of flowers with short remaining vase lives. Besides non-linear effects oftemperature on the rate of vase life-loss, this was largely due to the non-linear effect of the length of the storageperiod.Keywords: storage, temperature, senescence rate, vase life, simulation, modelling, temperature sum, cut flower.100

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Emerging trends and market drivers in the fruit sectorABATE KASSA, GetachewDepartment of Economics of Farming, Technische Universität MünchenGermanygetachew.abate@tum.deGlobal food consumption is in a state of constant change. Consumers are increasingly expanding their fooddemand horizons and are embracing sophisticated new food products. As a result, businesses in the agri-foodsector are facing increasing competition and markets that demand more frequent innovation and higher qualityproducts and services. The solutions to these challenges have, however, a tendency to stick to traditionaleconomic approaches that mainly focus on cost and productivity measures or simply to changing someone else(e.g., customers, government, competitors) rather than change what the industry/sector is doing. There are alsoblurred lines between threats and internal weaknesses that made it difficult in seeking solutions.Fundamental to future business successes in this fast-paced food system is to fully grasp contemporary foodconsumption patterns, their driving forces and growth opportunities that exist inside and outside the box. Futureindustry growth in the fruit sector will primarily come from product innovations. Successful product innovationstarts and ends with consumers purchasing something they want and need. So, producers and businesses withinthe fruit sector can raise gains from sales by adapting their ideas, technologies and resources to the everchangingconsumer wants, needs and perceptions.The food and beverage industry has seen significant product development and market innovations in recentyears. In the past three years, nearly 400,000 new food and beverage products have been introduced in theglobal marketplace. The present paper will discuss and analyze (1) new product introductions and innovations, (2)key demand drivers and consumption patterns, and (3) future trends and opportunities that affect thedevelopment and introduction of new products in the fruit sector. The analyses use data on recent productintroductions as well as consumer report data and information within the sector. The results will highlight futureproduct development opportunities and their potential implications, which can be used as a basis to formulateinnovation strategies considering socio-economic and geographic differences.Keywords: market drivers, fruit sector, emerging trends.101

Oral Presentations of Topic 2Satisfied customers – A precondition for successful enterprisesSCHÖPS, JohannaHochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, University of Applied SciencesFreising, Germanyjohanna.schoeps@hswt.deThe German market for horticultural products is undergoing structural changes. While do-ityourself- stores andgarden centers have continuously been gaining market shares within the last years, small and medium-sizedenterprises need to find niche strategies in order to stay competitive. Therefore, traditional horticultural retailstores might have to highlight their potential distinctive features such as uniqueness or a high level of customerorientation.Customer satisfaction has thus become a strategic imperative for many enterprises, since delighted consumersbuy again, practice positive word of mouth and tend to be loyal to the firm.A research project conducted in Bavaria (Southern Germany) tries to gather information concerning buyingbehaviour as well as the level of satisfaction with relevant purchase criteria such as plant quality, buyingatmosphere and expert advice. Within 2009, the data of 4200 customers of 41 small and medium-sizedhorticultural enterprises was collected via a written, standardised questionnaire.Statistical analysis has been conducted using SPSS and SmartPLS in order to identify drivers for satisfaction.Via structural equation modeling, the influence of various purchase criteria, sociodemographic attributes, level ofstaff satisfaction and the amount of customer orientation on customer satisfaction is demonstrated. For example,a good price-performance ratio, friendly and available personnel or an attractive store atmosphere lead to a highlevel of satisfaction.A conducted group comparison shows that the satisfaction rating differs significantly depending on age, level ofeducation, gender or amount of expenses for horticultural products.Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, buying behavior, performance parameters, customer heterogeneity, groupcomparison.102

Oral Presentations of Topic 2A House of Quality for strengthening consumer orientation inapplied research for sustainable horticultureBERTSCHINGER, Lukas (1) * & CORELLI-GRAPPADELLI, Luca (2)(1) Research Station Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland(2)Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, Alma Mater Studiorum,Università di Bologna, Italy* lukas.bertschinger@acw.admin.chAgriculture must meet market needs nowadays more than ever. While governments haves supported aproduction-focused view of agriculture in the last century, market-orientation is nowadays the principal driver ofthe production chain, particularly in horticulture. Consumer-orientation has become a key element for asustainable agricultural sector, considered to be part of the social element in the tripartite sustainability concept oreven a new forth element. R&D is an essential driver of innovation on the horticultural food chain. The question is,how can consumer-orientation be addressed by horticultural science, which by tradition draws on researchconcepts based on natural sciences and production-oriented R&D?Based on industrial market research concepts, a so-called science-based House of Quality has been developedby researchers from natural and social sciences, that allows to identify the essential questions to be addressed byproduction R&D for fostering consumer-orientation of new production technologies. In the meantime, this alsoaffords the social sciences an understanding of the principles of technologies behind high quality food products.The tool has been developed in a truly interdisciplinary exercise by specialists in R&D in favour of top quality fruitand social scientists addressing the food sector (see www.vasco-da-gama.org). This House of Quality isparticularly suitable for the fruit sector, but can be adapted to any horticultural food producing sector.The House of Quality is a concept which deserves constant improvement, simplification and adaptation to newemerging market and environmental realities. The concept seems particularly useful for novel fruit and foodproducts involving public and private R&D for developing convenience food products matching the needs ofmodern societies. The House of Quality is ready for being applied to the horticultural production, conservation andtransformation chain to support demand-driven innovation. Case studies needed!103

TOPIC 2CONSUMER-DRIVEN SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAINSMANAGEMENTPOSTER PRESENTATIONS

Posters of Topic 2The influence of growth conditions on the yield, chemicalcomposition and sensory quality of tomato fruit in greenhousecultivationGAJC-WOLSKA, Janina *; KOWALCZYK, Katarzyna; MARCINKOWSKA, Monika;RADZANOWSKA, JadwigaDepartment of Vegetable and Medicinal PlantsWarsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland* janina_gajc_wolska@sggw.plTomato fruits are a very popular vegetable, the source of many nutritional components with antioxidant capacity.Nowadays, the increasing consumption of fresh vegetables containing bioactive compounds and consumers’acceptance of the product are very important.The aim of the study was the assessment of yielding, chemical composition and sensory attributes of tomato fruitsin relation to growing medium, grafting and harvest time.The plants of tomato of Admiro F 1 cultivar grafted and not grafted was grown in the years 2010-2011 in thegreenhouse with controlled climate and drip fertilizing system, in two different growing media. Organic media -coconut fiber was compared to mineral wool slabs. The quality traits that mostly differentiated tomato fruits werethe harvest time and to the lesser level the medium quality. Tomatoes harvested in July had a higher solublesolids, sugar content and received a higher sensory evaluation than those harvested in September. The highercontent of phosphorus, potassium and calcium were obtained in tomato fruit harvested in July in comparison withthe fruit harvested in September.The sugars to acids ratio was the highest in fruits grown on coconut fiber in the summer time of harvest. The fruitsharvested in June obtained higher notes of particular determinants of sensory analysis such as: juiciness of flesh,tomato flavor, typical smell tomato, and overall quality.Keywords: grafting, coconut fiber, mineral wool slab, quality traits.Management of fruit presentation in sensory evaluation of applesfor more reliable resultsBAVAY, Cecile *; SYMONEAUX, Ronan; MAITRE, Isabelle; MEHINAGIC, EmiraLUNAM Université, Groupe ESA, UPSP GRAPPE, France* c.bavay@groupe-esa.comSensory evaluation is a complete tool for quality management as it allows the assessment of the global quality offruit and vegetables. This tool is used for detection of very sensitive differences between close varieties or evenclones by growers, retailers and industries. It is therefore of great importance to master the methodology toprovide reliable results.Despite the training process of a panel, data resulting from sensory profiling of fruit present a large variability. It isdue to both individual differences between assessors and fruit heterogeneity. Indeed, fruit varies depending ondifferent physiological and environmental factors. Even different parts of the same fruit may vary. Besides, dataprocessing misses in separating product variability and panel lack of homogeneity. One of the ways to improvethe consensus between assessors and their global performance is to reduce sample heterogeneity using anadequate sampling method.The objectives of the present study were to measure, for three different apple varieties, the impact of variability oftasted fruit on the reliability of sensory profiles results (i.e. panel performances and dispersion of the results) andto develop a suitable sampling method for heterogeneous raw material. For this purpose, three sampling methodswere applied to simulate a decreasing intra-variability of the tasted sample: an apple per assessor (M1), an applefor four assessors (M2) and an apple for eight assessors (M3). So, the number of apples tasted for the fourreplicates and 15 assessors was respectively 60, 16 and 8. For all methods, each assessor was presented with a106

Posters of Topic 2slice of apple (1/8 of apple). Prior to sampling of apples, stiffness index was measured by acoustic method to tendto similar mean characteristics of tasted batches.Results show that methods M2 and M3 lead to better performances than method M1: higher agreement betweenassessors and better discrimination of varieties. Moreover the variability of sensory scores decreases with methodM2 and M3. Besides, reproducibility is better with method M2 than method M3. This results show that samplepresentation has an impact on reliability of sensory results. In this case, method M2 seems to best respond to ourobjective.Sensotyping: a sensory methodology to assess organoleptic traitsof large number of apple samplesSYMONEAUX, Ronan (1) *; BRUNEAU, Maryline; ROBIC, Rolland (2) ; LAURENS, François (2)(1)LUNAM Université, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Groupe ESA, UPSP GRAPPE, France(2)INRA, IRHS-Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest,Université d’Angers), SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France* r.symoneaux@groupe-esa.comApple geneticists and breeders need to get simple tools to sensory characterize the huge number of samples theyhave to evaluate and/or select. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®) is the normalized tool for sensoryevaluation but since it requires more than 12 judges at the same time and replicates, it is not well adapted for thispurpose. A fast efficient and precise tool is needed for apple characterization.A methodology based on the consensus between four judges, trained together on a large apple sensory spacehas been developed at INRA-IRHS-Angers. This training step is important to assure the consistency betweentasters and the same understanding of each attribute. Specific apple cultivars were selected as references foreach attribute. After this step, 126 batches of apple from INRA-IRHS were tasted three times by the four trainedtasters on nine attributes. For this experimentation, each taster worked first alone evaluating a piece of apple,then a first consensus has been reached two by two and then each couple looked for a consensus with the othercouple. All attributes were noted on a 9-point scale.Results indicated that for all attributes except Juiciness, Sourness and Sweetness, the whole scale was used.The interval between individual notes given by the four tasters was very low, indicating a good agreementbetween them for the 328 tasted apples (126 x3). ANOVA and Multidimensionnal Analysis (PCA and MFA) weredone to evaluate performance of the group and pertinence of the consensus note. They indicated that despitesome nuances observed between judges, the consensus note is discriminant and pertinent for applecharacterization.This faster methodology is well adapted to evaluate a high number of batches. The use of a consensus betweenfour judges is interesting in order to reduce the impact of discrepancies or loss of concentration which can happenafter tasting too many fruits per day . It could also be a source of motivation for tasters not working alone, whenthey have so many batches to characterize.Comparison of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids content in virgin olive oilsfrom Italian olive varietiesROMANO, Elvira; BENINCASA, Cinzia; PATARINO, Alba; GRECO, Federica;PELLEGRINO, Massimiliano; PERRI, Enzo & MUZZALUPO, Innocenzo *Agricultural Research Council - Olive growing and oil industry research centre (CRA-OLI) 87036Rende (CS), Italy, phone +3909844052208* innocenzo.muzzalupo@entecra.it107

Posters of Topic 2ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids are essential fatty acids which cannot be synthesized de novo in the human body. For thisreason they must be obtained from food. ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids play a crucial role in function as well as innormal growth and development of animal tissues. ω-3 fatty acids help to reduce inflammation by balancing thepro-inflammatory action of some ω-6 fatty acids. The importance to maintain an appropriate ω-3 / ω-6 fatty acidsratio in the diet has been repeatedly emphasized as a correct balance of these two classes of substances doinfluence health status. A healthy diet should consist of roughly one to four times more ω-6 fatty acids than ω-3fatty acids.The typical modern diet tends to contain 11 to 30 times more ω-6 fatty acids than ω-3 fatty acids and manyresearchers believe this imbalance is a significant factor in the rising rate of inflammatory disorders. In contrast,the traditional Mediterranean diet consists of a healthier balance between ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids and manystudies have shown that people who follow this diet are less likely to develop heart disease.The Mediterranean diet does not include much meat (high in ω-6 fatty acids) while preferring foods rich in ω-3fatty acids such as fresh fruits and vegetables, fish and, although at lower level, olive oil. α-linolenic acid isprecursor of all ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids class, whose most important members are eicosapentaenoic acidand docosahexaenoic acid. The recommended nutritional intake of α-linolenic acid for an adult male is 1-3 gramsper day. In many EU populations intake of both α-linolenic acid and other long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 is typically low, as compared to the recommended amount.In the present work, in order to propose extra virgin olive oils as a valuable dietary source of α-linolenic acid, wereport the preliminary results of an investigation aiming at assess the content of α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid andlinoleic/linolenic acid ratio in single cultivar Italian olive oils.Acknowledgments. This research was supported by OLIOPIU’ and CERTOLIO Projects.Keywords: α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, essential fatty acids, Mediterranean diet.Total phenol content and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) of Urticadioica leaf extractsKOCZKA, Noémi (1) *; PÉTERSZ, Dóra (1) ; STEFANOVITS-BÁNYAI, Éva (2)(1) Institute of Horticultural Technology, Szent Istvan University Godollo, Hungary(2)Department of Applied Chemistry, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary* Koczka.Noemi@mkk.szie.huThe aim of our investigations was to compare the total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of nettle (Urticadioica L.) leaf extracts of different origin. Plant materials were collected in two Hungarian cities, Gödöllö and Paks.At both cities three collection places were marked: a meadow near the city, an edge of a ditch in the city and afield along a roadway near the city. Samples were formed from 10 subsamples each collected from a 1 m 2 area.Plant material was harvested in July of two consecutive years and dried at 30°C. Samples were compared tocommercial teas (drug from the pharmacy, teas from conventional and organic collection) also originating fromcollection of wild populations.Extracts were prepared from 1 g of dried leaves which were infused with 100 ml boiling water and also withaqueous ethanol (25°C; water/ethanol 80/20, v/v). The ethanolic and and the aqeous extracts were stored at roomtemperature for 72 and for 24 h, respectively. After centrifugation (13000 rpm, 10 min), the supernatants wereanalysed.Total phenol content was measured using the method of Singleton and Rossi. For determining the antioxidantcapacity the FRAP method was used.Values of the total phenol content ranged between 0,93 and 2,38 mg/l in aqueous extracts, and between 0,96 and1,99 mg/l in ethanolic extracts. The highest phenol content was measured in aqueous extract of a commercial tea.In the case of ethanolic extracts the highest phenol content could be detected in the sample from along theroadway and the lowest value in the leaf extracts from a ditch. There were differences in phenol content betweenthe samples of the two cities, nettle samples collected from Gödöllö had higher values.The antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the aqueous extracts than in the ethanolic extracts. In thecase of aqueous extracts the tea from ecological collection had the highest antioxidant capacity (0,91 mMascorbic acid (AA) /l in aqueous and 0,53 mM AA/l in ethanolic extracts). The sample from the meadow near cityPaks showed the lowest antioxidant capacity (0,40 and 0,20 mM AA/l, respectively).According to these results the place of the collection has a significant effect on the pharmacological values of thedrugs.Keywords: nettle, wild medicinal plant, FRAP, place of collection.108

Posters of Topic 2Chemical and antioxidant properties of fully matured raspberryfruits (Rubus idaeus L.) picked in different moments of harvestingseasonMILETIĆ, Nemanja *; LEPOSAVIĆ, Aleksandar; POPOVIĆ, Branko; MITROVIĆ, Olga;KANDIĆ, MiodragDepartment for Fruit Processing Technology, Fruit Research InstituteKralja Petra I/9, 32000 Čačak, Serbia* n.m.miletic@gmail.comRed raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) are economically important berry crop that contains numerous bioactivecompounds and natural antioxidants with a high free radical scavenging capacity.In Serbia, raspberries are produced on approximately 13.500 ha and production is varying between 60.000 and94.366 t per year. The main production is taking place in the region of Western Serbia in well-known growingareas (of the region of Arilje, Šabac, Valjevo, Podrinje, etc.).Fruits of the most abundant raspberry cultivars in Serbia (’Willamette’ and ’Meeker’) were collected from acommercial orchard established in 2007 in Lipolist, the village situated in Šabac growing area, Serbia. Theraspberry harvest season for cvs ’Willamette’ and ’Meeker’ lasts around 30 days. Given that the raspberry fruitsripen successively, the harvest of fully matured fruits is conducted on several occasions. Therefore, raspberrysamples were harvested from each variety at nearly 2-weeks intervals throughout the harvest season (earlyseason, middle season, late season), from early-June to mid-July in 2010. Raspberry samples of similar fruits(size, color, and with no mechanical injures or disease indications) were randomly selected at each samplingdate, and further analyzed for main phenolics and antioxidant capacity.Using high-performance liquid chromatography, in all samples high content of ellagic acid (from 27,5 to 29,2mg/100 g fw for ‘Willamette’; from 21,0 to 25,1 mg/100 g fw for ‘Meeker’) and cyanidin (from 38,7 to 43,2 mg/100g fw for ‘Willamette’; from 21,3 to 30,4 mg/100 g fw for ‘Meeker’) were determined. Significant amounts ofpelargonidin (up to 5,1 mg/100 g fw), gallic acid (up to 6,1 mg/100 g fw), quercetin (up to 1,1 mg/100 g fw), andapigenin (up to 0,47 mg/100 g fw) were also detected in all samples. In general, contents of apigenin, quercetin,ellagic acid and cyanidin were higher in fruits of ‘Willamette’ than that of fruits of ‘Meeker’. On the other hand,gallic acid and pelargonidin are more abundant in fruits of ‘Meeker’.In fruits of ‘Willamette’ and ‘Meeker’, the concentrations of main phenolics, and consequently the totalanthocyanin, total flavonoid and total phenolic contents, significantly change during harvest season.Determination of antioxidant capacity of all raspberry samples revealed a significant influence of picking momentsduring harvest season. Furthermore, no significant correspondance between antioxidant capacity and totalanthocyanin content was evidenced. On the other hand, an increase in antioxidant capacity corresponds to theincrease in the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents.Keywords: raspberry, Willamette, Meeker, antioxidant capacity, HPLC-DAD.Does a reduced water supply influence health-promotingcompounds in kale?HENKELÜDEKE, Luise; EICHHOLZ, Ines; ULRICHS, Christian *; HUYSKENS-KEIL, SusanneHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin,Germany* christian.ulrichs@agrar.hu-berlin.deKale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L.) is known to reveal high contents of health promoting compounds, likecarotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and glucosinolates. Therefore, kale became more popular in the past years.109

Posters of Topic 2Secondary plant metabolites, e.g. carotenoids and phenols act as antioxidants and play an important role inabiotic and biotic plant defense mechanisms.Climate change and the problem of drought are getting a solemn issue worldwide. Combined with low waterholding capacities of sandy soils, drought stress becomes a serious problem also in Germany, leading to loss ofyield and quality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate plant responses of kale to reduced water supplyduring production and its influence on primary and secondary health-promoting compounds.Two different kale cultivars, ‘Winterbor’ and ‘Lerchenzunge’ were subjected to three different water regimes, i.e.25% water field capacity (water-deficit), 45% (well-watered), 65% (water-logged) starting three weeks beforeharvest. After harvest, analysis of carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, and proline was conducted.The results showed that the two cultivars differed in their reactions, which might be due to their genetic profile.Contents of carotenoids and phenol were higher in ‘Lerchenzunge’ in comparison to ‘Winterbor’. ‘Lerchenzunge’belongs to the old varieties of kales. Recently, old species and varieties became more popular, because theycontain high contents of nutritional valuable compounds, and to a certain extent they reveal higher resistance toabiotic and biotic stressors.In terms of yield parameters, plants had a higher plant weight and were morphologically stronger when grownunder water-logged conditions compared to plants grown under drought stress. Carotenoid content was higher inplants grown under water-logged conditions. In contrast, the lowest content was found in drought stress plantswhich might assume that energy supply under stress is transferred to the synthesis of other metabolites. Resultson phenolic compounds showed contrary results, i.e. high content of phenolic compounds was found in kalegrown under drought stress. In general, soil flooding as well as drought leads to an increase of proline in plants.Due to the fact that osmotic stress results in an increase of proline biosynthesis, both treatments (water-deficitand water-logged) led to a stress-induced reaction of kale.In conclusion, plants responded differently to the different stressors in terms of their secondary plant compoundsbeing synthesized. Drought stress mediated a reduced carotenoid synthesis and accelerated phenolaccumulation, while water-logging led to a decline in phenolic compounds and increased carotenoid content.Anthocyanins and antioxidant activity from Oleaeuropea olives cv.Cellina grown in Sud ItalyNEGRO, Carmine; APRILE, Alessio; DE BELLIS, Luigi; MICELI, Antonio *Di.S.Te.B.A., Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy* antonio.miceli@unisalento.itOlea europea is an emblematic species and one of the most widespread and economic fruittrees in theMediterranean region. Olive and its products are fundamental ingredients of the Mediterranean diet, whichprovide numerous health benefits. These properties have been largely attributed to the antioxidant activity of thepolyphenols present in olive fruitandoil. Phenolic compounds are of great importance also for other characteristicsof the olive fruit such as colour, taste, texture, antimicrobial property. Several phenols have been identified intable olives including oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, quercetin, rutin, caffeicand coumaric acids, ecc. Olivephenolics composition is highly variable in relation of several factors: cultivar, processing methods, irrigationregimes and in particular the ripening. During this process remarkable changes have been observed in phenoliccomposition. Although the antioxidant property of oil olive has been constantly reported, the properties of tableolives phenols have not particularly studied. Additionally, there are no reports about the phenolic and antioxidantprofile of field grown olive cultivar of Sud Italy origin. So, in this work we report for the first time, the phenolcontent and the antioxidant activity of olive fruits from a cultivar largely cultived in Sud Italy (SudApulia), the“Cellina di Nardò”. These table olives are harvested full ripe, naturally black because of anthocyansaccumulation.Different ripening stages were analysed: “0”- olives totally green; “1”- olives with skin partially black anduncoloured pulp; “2”- olives with skin completely black and pulp yellow; “3”-olives ripe with skin and pulp totallyblack. Total Phenols (TP) content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau method and reported as gallic acidequivalents and HPLC/DAD/MS was used for the anthocyaninscharacterization. Antioxidant activity (AA) wasdetermined by DPPH, ORAC andO 2 superoxide method.Data show that during the ripe, TP increase until to 100%(stage 3); anthocyanins were present only in olive ripe(stage 2 and 3) up to 5.3 g/kg dry pulp. AA wasalwaysdetermined in all the ripening stages but it was (with the three methods) particularly in the olive fruits totally blackwhere the TP and anthocyanins amount were very high. Therefore, “Cellina di Nardo” fruitsare a source ofimportant bioactive compounds which can contribute to the stress oxidation prevention.Keywords: Olea europea, olives, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity.110

Posters of Topic 2Nutraceutic properties of multiberries grown in Sud Italy (Apulia)NEGRO, Carmine; DE BELLIS, Luigi; MICELI, Antonio *Di.S.Te.B.A., Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100-Lecce, Italy* antonio.miceli@unisalento.itThe multiberrybelongs to the genusMorusof thefamilyMoraceaewhichincludes10-24 species, with al least 100knownvarieties. The most important species are Morusalba, with fruit colours ranging from white to dark red, andMorusnigra with mainly dark red fruits;both species have excellent productions in Mediterranean climate areas.The fruits can be consumed fresh, in the form of a cold drink as well as in different confectionery products and formedical or cosmetic purposes. Recently,there bas been increasing interest towards multiberries especially for theanthocyanins content. Anthocyanins are flavonoids responsible for the colour of flowers, fruits, vegetables andseveral biological activities, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiviral effects and for their potential role inthe cancers and cardiovascular disease prevention. In this investigation, two local varieties of Morus alba (cv.Legittimonero and cv. Nello)and one of Morusnigra were characterized for content in simple sugars, organicacids, phenols, anthocyanins;fruit antioxidant activity (AA) was evaluated by three different methods (DPPH,ABTS and FRAP test).The results obtained show that the sugars amount ranged between 6 and 76 g/100 g freshweight (FW) while the malic and citric acids content was low, about 0.1-1 g/100 g FW. Multiberries are a goodsource of phenols with higher values in M. nigraand M. alba cv. Legittimo nero (485 and 424 mg GAE/ 100 g FW,respectively). The HPLC/DAD/MS analysis identifies 5 main antocyanin compounds present in differentconcentrations in each variety of mulberry analysed: Cyanidin 3-5 glucoside,Cianidin 3 glucoside,Cyanidin3rutinoside, Pelargonidin 3 glucoside, Pelargonidin 3 rutinoside. The highest concentration ofantocyanins was determined in MorusalbaLegittimo (303 mg/100 g FW) while the lowest content (about 25mg/100 g FW) was measured in M. alba cv. Legittimo nero. Morusnigra showed a good AA in comparison with thedifferent fruit cultivars with all the used methods; its AA was equal 33, 26 and 21 μmolsTrolox/g using DPPH,ABTS and FRAP test, respectively. These data indicate that this “minor” fruit represent an excellent source ofantioxidants and could have important applications in the food industry both as a natural dyer as well as nutraceticingredient.Keywords: Multiberry, Morus alba, Morus nigra, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity.Characterisation of local ecotypes of purple carrots growing in SudItaly (Apulia)MICELI, Antonio *; DE BELLIS, Luigi; NEGRO, CarmineDi.S.Te.B.A., Università del Salento, Italy* antonio.miceli@unisalento.itCarrots constitute a valuable source of health-promoting ingredients such dietary fiber, carotenes, anthocyaninsand thus are important in human nutrition. They are principally consumed fresh or processed into juice, syrup,ecc. Orange carrots account for the majority of this crop, whereas purple or black carrots are not well known inthe western world, even though they are traditionally cultivated and consumed in oriental countries and in the FarEast. Nowadays, purple and black carrots are increasing popularity as a possible source of anthocyanins,pigments interesting for natural colorants and for health properties. Anthocyanins represent a class of importantantioxidant and they may have a potential effects in reducing the risk of cardiovascular and cancers, antiinflammatoryand chemoprotective properties.In this work three ecotypes of purple carrots from different sites of the Apulia were characterised for their contentin simple sugars, carotenoids, anthocyanins and total antioxidant activity (AA).Simple sugars were determined by a enzymatic-spectrophometric method, carotenoids and anthocyanins werequantified and identified by HPLC/DAD/MS, AA was measured using the DPPH and ABTS tests.The results shown that the sugar amount changed between about 22 and 57 g/100g fresh weight (FW);carotenoids, reported as β-carotene equivalent, ranged between about 4 and 18 g/100 g FW.Anthocyaninscontent peaked of 149 mg/100 g FW and their HPLC/DAD/MS profile showed that different compounds111

Posters of Topic 2characterise the root extracts. Sevencyanidin derivate compounds were identified: cyanidin 3(2”-xylosil-6”glucosilgalattoside),cyanidin 3-(2”-xylosil-galattoside), cyanidin 3(2”-xylosil-6”sinapoyl-glucoside-galattoside), cyanidin3(2”-xylosil-6”feruloyl-glucosil-galattoside);cyanidin3[2”xylosil-6”-(4cumaroil)glucosil-galattoside], cyanidin3(2”xylosil-6”(4-hydroxibenzoil) glucosil-galattoside),cyanidin 3 glucoside.AA, determined by DPPH and ABTS method changed between49-56% and 47-58%, respectively.These results together with the identification of health-promoting component in anthocyanin rich food is veryinteresting in order to increasing the demand of these commodities by consumers and agro-industry, and theymay open new opportunities for use this plant material in different food applications.Keywords: Purple carrot, DPPH, ABTS, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity.Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of white wine andgrape seeds of cv. Riesling (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivated in conditionsof ecological production in SerbiaRANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, Zorica (1) *; RADOVANOVIĆ, Blaga (2) ; SIVČEV, Branislava (1) ; TODIĆ,Slavica (1) ; BEŠLIĆ, Zoran (1) ; MATIJAŠEVIĆ, Saša (1)(1)University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia* zoricarv@agrif.bg.ac.rs(2)Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Chemistry, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, SerbiaQuality of grape and wine is a main request in ecological viticulture. Currently, ecological wines, as processedproducts, can not be distinguished from conventional wines by the usual methods. This paper shows results thephenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Riesling wine and grape seeds. Riesling variety cultivated intransition stage from conventional to ecological growing at the Experimental estate “Radmilovac“ of the Faculty ofAgricultute in Belgrade. During year 2008, conventional production was carried out with standard technology ofcultivation, and it was used as control in analysis. Grape growing according to principles of ecological viticulturewas carried out in 2009 year. The aim of this study was to determine some basic parameters related to the qualityof the wine – pH, alcohol content, total polyphenols, monomeric antocyanins, polymeric color. Determination ofphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity monitorred by a UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The free radicalscavenging activity was analyzed by using 2,2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The conventionalproduction in 2008, content of total polyphenols in wine on average were slightly lower (53.6 mg GAL/L)compared to period of conversion (56.8 mg GAL/L). In average content of total polyphenols in grape seeds in2008 was 12.01 mg/g, while in 2009. it was 13.05 mg/g. The investigated white wine show very similar antioxidantbehavior in range from 19.6% in 2008 year to 21.4 % in 2009. year. Grape seeds show a very high DPPH radicalscavenging activity in the range from 94.22% (2008 year) to 95.80% (2009 year), which is correlated with theconcentration of their polyphenols. Results demonstrate that investigated wine and grape seeds extracts containhigh levels of polyphenols and have good potent antioxidant properties.Key words: white wine, grape seeds, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity.Correlation of oleocanthal and oleacein concentration withpungency and bitterness in cv. Koroneiki virgin olive oilDEMOPOULOS, Vasilios (1) ; KARKOULA, Evangelia (2) ; MAGIATIS, Prokopios (2) ; MELLIOU,Eleni (2) ; KOTSIRAS, Anastasios (1) ; MOUROUTOGLOU, Christos (1)(1)Laboratory of Sensory Evaluation of Olive Oil, Technological Educational Institute of Kalamata,Antikalamos, 241 00 Kalamata, Greece(2) Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University ofAthens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece* vdimo@teikal.gr112

Posters of Topic 2Virgin olive oil is characterized by three positive organoleptic attributes: pungency, bitterness and fruitiness.According to the official organoleptic descriptors of the International Olive Council (IOC), the sense of pungency isperceived throughout the mouth cavity and in particular in the throat. Bitterness is perceived in the circumvallatepapillae on the “V” region of the tongue while fruitiness through the back of the nose. Recent research hasdemonstrated that the olive oil secoiridoic phenolic oleocanthal (or p-HPEA-EDA) is a naturally occurring antiinflammatoryand neuroprotective agent, and that it elicits a throat stinging sensation through a specific TRPA1receptor. Oleacein (or 3,4-DHPEA-EDA) is a hydroxytyrosol derivative and is considered as the most powerfulantioxidant in olive oil. Although it differs from oleocanthal only by one more phenolic hydroxyl, organoleptically itis associated more with bitterness and less with pungency. The present study examined the correlations betweenoleocanthal and oleacein concentrations and the intensity of pungent and bitter sensations in a group of 21 virginolive oil samples of the Koroneiki variety coming from a specific geographic region of Greece (Messini). Thequalitative and quantitative determination of the chemical compounds was carried out by a new method based onquantitative 1 H-NMR in CDCl 3 at 600 MHz after extraction of olive oil with acetonitrile. The concentrations of thestudied compounds ranged for oleocanthal between 34.6-154.6 mg/L (mean value 94.5±31.8 mg/L) and foroleacein between 11.5-191.9 mg/L (mean value 63.3±36.1 mg/L). The organoleptic assessment of the sampleswas performed by a trained sensory panel according to the IOC method. The values of the positive attributeswere distributed between 0.40-2.65 (mean value 1.45±0.72) for bitterness, 1.50-3.70 (mean value 2.62±0.56) forpungency and 0.40-3.60 (mean value 2.14±0.82) for fruitiness. The results showed that there is a positivecorrelation (R 2 >0.6) between the concentration of phenolics oleocanthal and oleacein, and the intensity ofpungency and bitterness, suggesting that virgin olive oils with intense organoleptic attributes may offer morehealth benefits. Moreover, a proposal for a new index for describing and quantifying the positive organolepticattributes of virgin olive oils is discussed.Keywords: organoleptic assessment, phenolics, intensity, health benefits.Biological value and antioxidant activity of different types of leafchicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Bisch.)BIESIADA, Anita; TOMCZAK, Anna; KRĘŻEL, Jan* anita.biesiada@up.wroc.plItalian chicory known also as radicchio is a form of leaf chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum (Hegi.) Bish.).Radicchio constitutes a valuable source of pigments, including relatively seldom occurring carotenoids likezeaxantin and lutein, anthocyanins and bitter substances that have numerous health benefits. These plantscontain considerable amounts of vitamins (A, B 6, K), macro – and microelements (P, K, Zn, Cu or Fe). Fieldexperiment conducted in Department of Horticulture of Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences inthe years 2009–2011 in order to estimate of biological value of different types and cultivars of radicchio grown inclimatic conditions of Lower Silesia. There were tested types and breeding cultivars with red leaves: ‘Palla Rossa3’, ‘Orchidea Rossa’, ‘Rosso di Verona’, ‘Indigo’ and ‘Fidelio’, green – leaf types ‘Grumolo bionda’, ‘Capotta dimantovana’, ’ Pan di Zucchero’, types with purple discoloration of leaves- ‘Rosso di Treviso 2’, ‘Rosso diChioggia’ and with red –spotted leaves ‘Variegato di Castelfranco’. In the third decade of April, 7 – week – oldseedlings, were planted in the field. In radicchio leaves, collected during the harvest (3-5 of July), there weredetermined the following constituents: dry matter, vitamin C, reducing and total sugars, polyphenols, chlorophylls,carotenoids and anthocyanins. Antioxidant activity was estimated according to ABTS and FRAP tests. Analyzedtypes of chicory differed in pigments content in their leaves. The amount of chlorophyll a+b ranged from 45.44(‘Pan di Zucchero’) to 130.77 mg·100g –1 f.m. (‘Rosso di Treviso’), carotenoids from 0.15 (‘Pan di Zucchero’) to0.40 mg·100g –1 f.m. (‘Rosso di Treviso’), while anthocyanins from 0.68 (‘Pan di Zucchero’) to 81.28 mg·100g –1 f.m. (‘Indigo’). Mean value of reducing sugars equaled 1.11 %, and total sugars amounted 1.39 %. Vitamin Ccontent ranged from 3.64 mg·100g –1 to 38.62 mg·100g –1 , the lowest was recorded in chicory types featuringintensive red pigment in leaves. The highest contents of polyphenols were observed in ‘Capotta di mantovana’and ‘Variegato di Castelfranco’ respectively 219.96 and 219.99 mg·100g -1 , the lowest in ‘Pan di Zucchero’(153.64 mg·100g -1 ). The highest antioxidant activity have ‘Capotta di mantovana’ and ‘Variegato di Castelfranco’,respectively 14.39 and 14.23 µmol Trolox ·g -1 according to FRAP test and 9.57 and 9.05 µmol Trolox·g -1 in ABTStest.Key words: radicchio types, vitamin C, pigments, antioxidant activity.113

Posters of Topic 2Phytochemical and physiological response of Origanum vulgare toelevated temperature and water deficitSAKALAUSKAITĖ, Jurga *; VIŠKELIS, Pranas; DAMBRAUSKIENĖ, Edita;SAKALAUSKIENĖ, Sandra; SAMUOLIENĖ, Giedrė; BRAZAITYTĖ, Aušra; DUCHOVSKIS,PavelasInstitute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryKauno street 30, LT-54333, Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania* j.sakalauskaite@lsdi.ltA common plant acclimation response to a variety of environmental stressors is the accumulation of antioxidantsand secondary metabolites including several compounds that are pharmacologically active and/or nutritionallyimportant. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the physiological changes and biochemical profile of theleaf tissue of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) plants exposed to elevated temperature and water stress. Theexperiment was conducted in growth chambers of controlled environment at the Institute of Horticulture,Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. Until germination, elevated temperature and waterdeficit treatment, plants were grown in a greenhouse at an average temperature of 18-21 ºC under sunlightpassing through the glass of the greenhouse. Plants at the initial flowering stage were placed for 10 days in oneof the three environments: (1) reference – temperature day/night 21/14 ºC, and normal water level (~40%)substrate, (2) elevated temperature – 30/21 ºC and normal water level (~40%) substrate, (3) elevated temperature– 30/21 ºC and moderate water deficit (~20%) substrate. In growth chambers photoperiod was 16 h. Highpressuresodium lamps (SON-T Agro, Philips) at a PPFD of ~300 µmol/m 2 /s 1 were used for illumination. Substratemoisture content was measured with the “Delta-T Devices” soil moisture meter HH2 and plants were watered witha tap water according to the readings.The results of investigation evidence that elevated temperature and water deficit in substrate significantly inducedthe accumulation of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids in plant leave as compared to reference one. Elevatedtemperature and a lack of substrate moisture increased the activity of metabolomic system and altered secondarymetabolite level in oregano plants. Phytochemical analysis of the plant leaves indicated that total phenoliccompounds, anthocyanins and DPPH free-radical scavenging capacity in oregano herb were increased as aresult of elevated temperature or elevated temperature and moderate water stress. In the leaf tissues of plantsgrown under higher temperature conditions ascorbic acid content reduced and were significantly lower than thatof the control. Oregano plants exposed to elevated temperature or experienced water deficit subjected toaccumulate a greater content of essential oil. In conclusion, it is apparent that alteration of a specific metaboliteconcentration is possible in oregano plants as elevated temperature or water deficit is applied.Acknowledgement: *Postdoctoral fellowship is being funded by European Union Structural Funds project“Postdoctoral Fellowship Implementation in Lithuania”. The work was carried out within the framework of theprogram “Horticulture: agro-biological basics and technologies”.Keywords: oregano, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants, essential oil.Processing of leafy salad: microorganisms associated to processwater and produceGRUDÉN, Maria *; ALSANIUS, Beatrix WDepartment of Horticulture, SLU, PO Box 103, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden* magr0003@stud.slu.seFruit and vegetables are important for a healthy diet. Fresh vegetables are highly perishable which becomesparticularly critical in complex supply chains. An excellent example for a high-value product requiring asophisticated production is ready-to-eat salad. Consumers increasingly demand fresh, tasty, and safe kitchenreadysalad mixtures. Horticultural production worldwide is alerted by an increasing number of outbreaks of foodillnesses related to microbial contamination of fruits and vegetables with leafy vegetables as a major vector forenteric contaminants. Contamination may occur during different stages of the farm-to-fork continuum. Failures114

Posters of Topic 2occurring at an early stage of the production chain may not be counteracted in a later stage of the productionchain, i.e. processing.We studied the bacterial colonization of rocket before processing and after bagging as well as raw and processwater quality at different stages during processing under commercial conditions with respect to microorganisms at22 °C, slow growing bacteria, total coliform bacteria, E. coli, intestinal enterococci, as well as Listeriamonocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp.. Samples were collected at four occasions with 3replicates per event. The bacterial load in the process water increased substantially after produce came in contactwith the raw water. Microorganisms at 22 °C and slow growing bacteria exceeded 300000 CFU ml -1 and 50000CFU ml -1 . Also intestinal enterococci were very frequent, in contrast to total coliform bacteria and E. coli. Microbialreduction rate before and after washing was log 0.5. Microbial communities inhabiting the produce before andafter washing as well as the raw and process water were collected and analyzed using DGGE. From thesespecimens, microorganisms were grown on semi-selective media (0.1 TSA, King Agar B, m Enterococci agar,VRBD). Five randomly selected colonies were randomly selected and identified using Biolog GenIII panels.Various Pseudomonas species and Panthoea agglomerans were frequent in the process water. Also thephyllosphere flora before washing was dominated by Panthoea agglomerans. After washing, Panthoeaagglomerans, Rahnella aquatilis and Pseudomonas were abundant. Pseudomonas fluorescens as Enterobactercloaceae resisted washing procedures in the washing line and under laboratory conditions.Qualitative properties, postharvest performance and bioactivecontent of Cypriot indigenous apple cultivarsGOULAS, V.; KOURDOULAS, P.; THEODOROU, M.; MAKRIS, F.; MANGANARIS, G.A. *Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food Science,3603 Lemesos, Cyprus* george.manganaris@cut.ac.cyWith the aim to enhance agrobiodiversity conservation and promotion of autochthonous fruit material grown inCyprus, this study demonstrated the characterization of apple fruits from indigenous cultivars during their ripeningafter harvest or after removal cold storage. Fruit (Malus x domestica, cvs. ‘Kathista’, ‘Lortiko’) were harvested atcommercial maturity stage, based on uniform fruit size and background color and were separated into 12 lots of24 fruits. Such lots were analyzed after harvest or after removal from 1, 3 and 5 months of cold storage andadditional ripening at room temperature for 1, 4 and 7 days, respectively, prior to be evaluated for their qualitativeproperties, phytochemical profile and antioxidant potency. ‘Kathista’ fruit appeared to exhibit a better shelf lifecompared to ‘Lortiko’ fruits. Indicatively, weight loss was 2.5%, 4.0%, 5.1% and 7.1% for ‘Kathista’ fruit and 3.2%,5.8%, 7.1% and 10.4% for ‘Lortiko’ fruit allowed to ripen at room temperature for 7 days after 0 (harvest), 1, 3 and5 weeks of cold storage, respectively. The quantitative losses were accompanied by qualitative deterioration,indicated by a substantial reduction of tissue firmness, particularly after extended low-temperature storage, thussignificantly reducing fruit marketability. The classification of apple biophenols into phenolics, hydoxycinnamicacids and flavonols, indicated some differences based both on the cultivar and the storage regime considered.Fruit total antioxidant capacity, evaluated with the FRAP assay, showed that extended low-temperature storagemay negatively affect also their antioxidant potency. With the aim this initiative to strengthen the competitivenessof local produce, this study is trying to shed some light in ‘forgotten’ Cypriot indigenous apple cultivars. Thebuilding of a database for postharvest performance, qualitative attributes, nutritional value and antioxidant potential ofCypriot apples stands as a challenging future perspective. For comparative purposes, such data need to becompared with the profile of well-known apple cultivars, grown under similar environmental conditions.115

Posters of Topic 2A survey on trans-resveratrol content of Romanian winesGEANA, Elisabeta-Irina (1) ; COSTINEL Diana (1) *; IORDACHE, Andreea-Maria (1) ; IONETERoxana-Elena (1) ; RANCA, Aurora (2) & ILIESCU, Marina (3)(1) National R&D Institute of Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies – ICSI Rm. Valcea, 4 Uzinei St.,240050 Rm. Valcea, Romania, irina.geana@icsi.ro(2) Research Station for Viticulture and Oenology Murfatlar, 90510 Murfatlar, Romania(3) Research Station for Viticulture and Oenology Blaj, 515400, Blaj, Romania* diana@icsi.roConsumption of foods rich in antioxidants have many health benefits, including protection against cardiovascularand neurological diseases, viruses, aging and, more recently, cancer. Wines and especially red wines contain avariety of polyphenolic antioxidants, of which resveratrol is considered one of the most important. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the presence of trans-resveratrol in several characteristic varietal wines from Romania,produced according to the Romanian appellation of origin system. The wines of red grape varieties (e.g. Merlot,Cabernet Sauvignon, Feteasca Neagra, Pinot Noire, Mamaia) and white grape varieties (e.g. Feteasca Regala,Sauvignon Blank, Feteasca Alba, Riesling Italian, Muscat Ottonel, Columna), vintage years 2007 to 2011, wereanalyzed. A set of 70 wine samples were analyzed by means of reverse-phase high-performance liquidchromatography, to determine their content in trans-resveratrol. The samples were injected without pretreatment.The separation was done with an aquasil C18, 250 × 4.6 mm with the sorbent particle size of 5 μm and detectionwas performed at 310 nm. The detection limit for trans-resveratrol is found to be 0.008 mg/L. White wines werefound to have markedly lower concentrations of transresveratrol in comparison with red wines, the values werebetween 0.025 to 10.23 mg/L for red wines and from 0.074 to 2.572 mg/L for white wines. According to the resultsobtained, Mamaia, Pinot Noire and Feteasca Neagra red wine proves to be a good dietary source of resveratrol.Keywords: Trans-resveratrol, wine, HPLC.The impact of 1-MCP treatment on Mal d 1-synthesis in apple fruitduring storage in CA and DCA-systemsSTRELOW, Martin; KIEWNING, Daniela *; SCHMITZ-EIBERGER, MichaelaINRES-Horticultural Science, Bonn University, Auf dem Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany* kiewning@uni-bonn.deThe most important apple allergen in Central Europe and North America is Mal d 1, a protein which belongs to theso called pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins), subgroup 10. PR-10 proteins are synthesized in responseto environmental stress, pathogens and wounding. Several studies investigated a higher allergenicity of apple fruitafter storage, which is due to higher Mal d 1 concentrations. For climacteric fruit, such as apple fruit, ethylene is akey regulatory molecule for ripening and senescence. The higher allergenicity might be related to ethylene actionduring storage. Synthetic cyclopropenes, like 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), are inhibitors of ethylene action.The commercial use of 1-MCP has the potential to extend storage periods and quality of plant products, if appliedin an optimal stage of ripeness.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1-MCP treatment on Mal d 1 synthesis in apple fruits underdifferent storage conditions. Therefore fruits of different cultivars were stored for 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks in acold chamber, under controlled atmosphere conditions (CA-conditions) and in dynamic controlled atmosphere(DCA). For evaluating the influence of this ethylene inhibitor on Mal d 1 synthesis half the fruits were treated with1-MCP. The state of ripeness of the fruits was measured by determination the content of sugar and starch as wellas firmness after every sampling date.Mal d 1 content of all apple cultivars increased during storage. Highest amounts of Mal d 1 were analyzed in fruitsstored in a cold chamber. Fruits treated with 1-MCP had a significant lower Mal d 1 content compared to theuntreated control fruits.116

Posters of Topic 2The apple allergen Mal d 1 in fruit peel in relation to fruit pulp ofdifferent apple cultivarsKIEWNING, Daniela *; BUDDE, Christina; SCHMITZ-EIBERGER, MichaelaINRES-Horticultural Science, Bonn University, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany* kiewning@uni-bonn.deThe most important apple allergen in Central Europe and North America is Mal d 1, a protein which belongs to thepathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins), subgroup 10. PR-10 proteins are synthesized in response toenvironmental stress, pathogens and wounding. Several studies showed a higher allergenicity of apple fruit afterstorage, which is due to higher Mal d 1 concentrations. It is known that Mal d 1 content depends on the cultivarsand that Mal d 1 contents increase during storage time.The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of the major apple allergen Mal d 1 in peel, pulp and inrelation to the content in the whole fruit of five different cultivars. For this we choose the cultivars ‘Topaz’ and‘Pinova’ as example for cultivars with low Mal d 1 contents as well as ‘Elstar’, ‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ asexample for cultivars with high Mal d 1 contents. Fruits were harvested at optimal harvest date, according to theStreif-Index. They were picked from defined position of the trees for excluding high variability between individualapple fruits. Fruits were stored for 12, 20 and 28 in a cold-chamber at 2°C. Mal d 1 contents of peel, pulp as wellas peel and pulp were measured after extraction by an ELISA-method.For all apple cultivars the relative Mal d 1 content were highest in the peel at every sampling date. Highest Mal d1 content were analyzed in one gram peel of fruits of ‘Elstar’, while lowest Mal d 1 contents were found in onegram peel of ‘Pinova’. For the pulp lowest amount of Mal d 1 was measured in fruits of ‘Topaz’ and highest infruits of ‘Golden Delicious’. The results for Mal d 1 calculated on the total peel and on the total pulp of a fruit weredifferent. For ‘Elstar’ highest Mal d 1 was investigated in the total peel at every sampling date, while in fruits of‘Golden Delicious’ highest Mal d 1 content was measured in the pulp at every sampling date. In conclusion onegram peel had significantly higher Mal d 1 contents than one gram pulp. But the peel makes up only 10% of thewhole apple fruit. Due to this Mal d 1 calculated on the total peel was not highest for every cultivar at everysampling date compared to Mal d 1 in the total pulp. Nevertheless peeling an apple can reduce the allergenicity ofan apple fruit significantly.Apple fruit preparation and nutritional value in supplying primaryschoolsSCHMITZ-EIBERGER, Michaela *; KIEWNING, Daniela; BUDDE, Christina; NOGA, GeorgINRES-Horticultural Science, Bonn University, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany* schmitz.micha@uni-bonn.deIn the European program 'Fruits and vegetables for schools' fruits and vegetables were supplied to primaryschools for consumption in breaks between teaching. Fruits and vegetables are prepared, for example cut orpeeled, before offering to the pupils. Either was sometimes done by the pupils themselves or by chosen parents.Preparation of fruits and vegetables is different from school to school and depends on the habits of the primaryschools. Apples, a fruit with a high nutritional value, are one of the main fruits which are offered during the wholeyear. Apple fruits can be served with and without peel. The content of valuable components differ between fruitpeel and fruit flesh, as well as non valuable compounds like residues of pesticides or special proteins, such asallergens. There are no data available about the incidence of different components in fruit flesh or peel and thedistribution of pesticide residues between fruit peel and fruit flesh. Additionally, no data can be found in theliterature about the contents of valuable components, such as ascorbic acid, and its incidence in fruit flesh andpeel.So, the aim of this study was to evaluate valuable and non valuable active ingredients in fruit peel and fruit fleshto get more information about the best or the preferred mode of preparation for apple fruits.117

Posters of Topic 2For the study, three cultivars were used (Golden Delicious, Elstar and Pinova). Fourteen days after harvest thefruit peel was removed from the fruit flesh and frozen in nitrogen at-80°C. Content of valuable and non valuable compounds (ascorbic acid, tocopherol and allergens) were analysedin peel and flesh separately in six replications.The content of valuable components differed significantly in fruit peel and fruit flesh. Whereas tocopherol contentin the fruit peel was significantly higher, the ascorbic acid content in the peel was found to be less. Non valuablecomponents, such as the apple allergen Mal d 1 or pesticides residues were higher in fruit peel as compared tothe flesh. A commendation for preparation of the fruits in the schools could be derived from this study.Nutraceutic characterisation of Italian cherry cultivarsCECCARELLI, Danilo; NOTA, Paolo; TALENTO, Carla; SCOSSA, Federico; SIMEONE, A.Maria; FIDEGHELLI, Carlo & CABONI, Emilia *CRA-Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Rome, Italy* emilia.caboni@entecra.itRecently, high interest has been focused on phenolic compounds present mainly in fruit and vegetables sincetheir consumption was shown to be associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular and malignant neoplasticdiseases. Phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in several fruit species, including cherries, whichwere found to contain higher amounts of bioactive compounds, in particular phenols, compared to several otherfruits.The aim of the present study was to characterise for their content in phenolic compounds some sweet cherry(Prunus avium, L) ancient Italian cultivars (Bertiello, Bella Italia, Duroncino di Costasavina, Ferrovia, Galuciu,Giapponese, Maggese, Pagliaccio and Ravenna) present in the in vivo national collection of fruit tree germplasmof the CRA-Fruit Tree Research Centre of Rome.Content determination of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was performed spectrophotometrically applying theFolin-Ciocalteau assay and measuring the absorbance at λ = 760 nm. The total content of anthocyanins (ANT)was determined by spectrophotometrical method according to Mondello et al. (2000). Principal phenoliccompounds were identified and quantified using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (Agilent 1100series) with a UV-Vis detector (G1315B DAD, Agilent 1100 series) and by considering retention time andcomparison with commercial standards.Different cultivars show significant differences of total TPC and ANT levels: TPC contents ranged from 306.42mg/100 g p.f of cv Duroncino di Costasavina to 52.68 mg/100 g p.f. of cv Bella Italia mutazione Susà; ANT rangedfrom 29.43 mg/100 g p.f. of cv Bella Italia mutazione Susà to 8.27 mg/100 g p.f. of cv Ravenna. The principalanthocyanins were found to be cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside. Among phenolic acids,hydroxycinnamates (neochlorogenic acid and p-coumaroylquinic acid) were the most relevant.Keywords: anthocyanins, HPLC, phenolic compounds, Prunus avium L., spectrophotometric assay.Influence of Extenday ® under hails nets on fruit quality, colourationand secondary ingredients in apple fruitsOVERBECK, Verena *; SCHMITZ-EIBERGER, Michaela; BLANKE, MichaelINRES Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany* v.overbeck@uni-bonn.deClimate change is associated with an increase in hail storms during the vegetation period of crops. In many fruitgrowing regions, nets were installed to protect the crops against hail. The loss of light can result in lower fruitquality, particularly less fruit size, less fruit coloration and less sugar content and therefore less taste. The118

Posters of Topic 2colouration of apple fruits is based on qualitative and quantitative pigment patterns of flavonoids includinganthocyanins. These pigments also enhance the nutritional value of the fruits. These pigments may contribute tothe prevention of cardiovascular diseases, cancers and osteoporosis. Hence, a large concentration of flavonoidsis desirable for all fruits including apple.Reflective mulches between the tree rows can enhance quality parameter in fruits and its nutritional value.However, information is scarce on the influence of reflective mulches on pigment pattern of fruits including apple.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of reflective mulch on fruit quality including sugar, starch,firmness, fruit size, (red) colouration and content of valuable components such as anthocyanins and flavonoids.Ten-year-old apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. ‘Gala Mondial’ trees on M9 rootstock were employed for theexperiment at Campus Klein-Altendorf, University of Bonn, Germany at a spacing of 3.5 m x 1 m. Tree rows wereplanted in N-S orientation to optimize the light conditions in the orchard. Trees were gown under black hail netwith the light transmission of 78-82%. Reflective white, woven textile mulch Extenday 80 was spread at a width of3 m on the grassed alleys in August 2010 five weeks before anticipated harvest on both sides of the tree rows. A0.5 m wide gap was left for water supply to the apple trees.The reflective mulch neither affected the fruit firmness nor sugar in cv. ‘Gala Mondial’ apples in 2010. There wasno effect of the reflective mulch on chlorophyll and carotenoids content in the fruit peel of cv. ‘Gala Mondial’.However, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the apple fruit were significantly enhanced by five weeks application ofreflective mulch (Extenday ® ). Flavonoids increased up to 44.3 % in the Extenday treatment. Similarly, reflectivemulch improved anthocyanin content in cv. ‘Gala Mondial’ fruit peel up to 40 % compared to grass control.Overall, this is the first time that accumulation of valuable compounds in apple fruits such as flavonoids andanthocyanins has been shown to be enhanced by reflective mulch.Would aluminum and nickel content of apricot pose health risk tohuman?DAVARYNEJAD, Gholamhossein (1) *; VATANDOOST, Safieh (1) ; KAVEH, Hamed (1) ; NAGY,PETER Tamas (2)(1)Department of Horticultural Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Po.box 91775-1163. *Corresponding Author, Nagy Peter Tamas(2)Institute for Research and Development, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, 138Böszörményi Street, Hungary* davarynej@um.ac.irHigher demands of food production for human consumption increased uses of fertilizers and other chemicals thatarise in a major public problem and heavy-metal pollution. Levels of Aluminum and Nickel which affect mankindhealth in exact doses, were determined in fresh and dried samples of "Jumbo cot", "Tom cot", "Gold strike","Gold" "Bergeron", "Berg rouge", "Sweet cot", "Yellow cot" and "Zebra" apricot cultivars in Hungary to assesspossible health risk of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) consumption. Highest content of Al and Ni among allcultivars, where 9.71 and 2.14 mg/kg of dehydrated apricot samples. Fresh fruit samples maximally contain 2.9,and 0.425 mg/kg of Aluminum and Nickel respectively. Data analysis showed significant differences betweencultivars for Al and Ni. Furthermore, to reveal the health-risk possibility of dried and fresh fruit consumption dailyintake of elements and health-risk index were calculated and compared.Key words: Prunus armeniaca L., chemical composition, heavy metals, health risk index.119

Posters of Topic 2Impact of postharvest UV-C and ozone treatment on microbialdecay of white asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)HASSENBERG, Karin (1) ; HERPPICH, Werner B. (1) *; HUYSKENS-KEIL, Susanne (2)(1)Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim e.V., Potsdam, Germany;* wherppich@atb-potsdam.de(2)Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Section QualityDynamics/Postharvest Physiology, Berlin, GermanyWhite asparagus is a very important crop in Germany. Still mostly purchased fresh, it is now increasingly offeredas convenience product. Because losses due to microbiological spoilage could reach 30 %, postharvest qualityassurance must focus on retardation of undesired metabolic processes, and also on microbial status to meetrecent food safety regulations (HACCP, traceability). Therefore, optimization of postharvest treatments isessential for efficient food supply chain management of asparagus. Most chemical sanitation (e.g. chlorine ormethylbromide) is forbidden due to the risk of carcinogenic by-products formation; thus, modern sanitationtechniques may rely on physical methods and/or fumigation with Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)compounds. Hence, the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of ozonated water and UV-Cirradiation, or a combination of both, on the microbial load of white asparagus spears during simulated shelf-life.In two independent experiments, freshly harvested white asparagus (cv. ‘Gijnlim’) spears were washed, sortedand randomly separated into batches of approx. 500 g. Thereafter, respective batches were subjected to a) UV-Cirradiation (254 nm; 1 kJ m -2 ), b) submerged in ozonated water (2.6 or 4.5 ppm, at 10 °C for 30 sec) or c) treatedwith both UV-C and ozonated water. Untreated spears were used as controls. All spears were stored at 20 °C inwater vapour saturated atmosphere for up to four days. On harvest day, and day 2 and 4 of storage, sampleswere analyzed for aerobic mesophilic total bacteria, yeast and mould counts.In both experiments, the initial microbial load of spears ranged between 10 4 and 10 5 cfu g -1 , while yeast andmould counts were less than 10 3 cfu g -1 . During storage, aerobic mesophilic total bacterial counts rose to 1.510 7cfu g -1 , and yeast counts ranged between 10 3 and 10 4 cfu g -1 in control spears. In the first experiment, washingwith ozonated water (4.5 ppm) always resulted in one log higher mould counts than in controls after four days ofstorage. Growth of mould and aerobic mesophilic bacteria differed between the experiments. Independent oftreatment, no effect on mould counts was observed in the second experiment. The initial aerobic mesophilic totalbacterial count could not be reduced by treatments, except with the combined treatment in the first experiment.Microscopic inspection identified Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp. and Acremonium sp. as the main infecting species.To conclude, none of the investigated treatments yielded a satisfying reduction of the microbial load on fresh,unprocessed white asparagus spears during four days of shelf life.Keywords: Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) compounds, irradiation, Penicillium, sanitation.Inhibition of ethylene response by 1-methylcyclopropene on pottedornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)FINGER, Fernando Luiz (1) ; SEGATTO, Fernanda Bastos (2) ; SILVA, Tania Pires Da (2) &BARBOSA, José Geraldo (1)(1)UFV/Departamento de Fitotecnia, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.(2)UFV/Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, 36570-000 - Viçosa, MG, Brazil.* ffinger@ufv.brOrnamental pepper cultivar Calypso is very sensitive to ethylene action, showing complete abscission of theleaves when exposed to 10 L L -1 for 48 hours, under fluorescent white light conditions (8 – 10 mol m -2 s -1 ). Byexposing the plants to ethylene, significant drops on the contents of chlorophyll a, b and total was determined atthe end of the treatment. But, no changes on leaf total carotenoid were observed after the treatment withethylene. When the plants were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at a concentration of 1 L L -1 for sixhours, followed or not by the treatment with ethylene, the contents of chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoid120

Posters of Topic 2remained unchanged. The control plants showed no changes in the chlorophylls or carotenoid contents after 48hours from moving the pots from the green house to the indoor conditions illuminated with fluorescent white light.The 1-MCP was able to prolong the post production shelf life of the plants, by inhibiting the abscission of leaves.Plants treated with 1-MCP, followed by ethylene had accumulated leaf abscission of 43%, after 18 days of postproduction life, similar to the control plants. While after the same period, the 1-MCP treated plants had 20% of leafabscission. The 1-MCP partially blocked in ethylene inducing leaf abscission, since the rate of the 1-MCP +ethylene treated plants was higher than the 1-MCP treatment up to the 18 th days of post production shelf life.Regardless which treatment, during the post production life there was a continuous decrease in the chlorophyllcontent of the leaves up to the 18 th day, with lower rate of degradation for the 1-MCP treated plants.Keywords: ethylene, chlorophyll, leaf abscission, post production.Changes in flavor of Medlar fruit (Mespilus germanica L.) duringripeningVELICKOVIC, Milovan (1) ; RADIVOJEVIC, Dragan (1) *; OPARNICA, Cedo (1) ; NIKICEVIC,Ninoslav (1) ; ZIVKOVIC, Marijana (2) ; DJORDJEVIC, Neda (2) ; TESEVIC, Vele (3)(1)Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Serbia(2)Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000Belgrade, Serbia(3)Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia* dragan1970@agrif.bg.ac.rsThe medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) has been of recent interest for its edible fruits. The most common use of thisfruit is for raw consumption after bletting. The effect of the maturation stages on the volatile compounds of themedlar fruit was investigated during two different stages. Volatile flavour substances were isolated from theminced pulp of half ripe and full ripe fruits of medlar by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) withmethilen chloride as extracting solvent. The concentrate was analysed by GC-FID-MS. Hexanoic andhexadecanoic acids were the predominant acids, hexanal and trans-2-hexenal the predominant aldehydes, cis-3-hexenol and hexanol the predominant alcohols and p-cymene, terpinen-4-ol and γ- eudesmol the terpenesresponsible for the characteristic medlar flavour were also present. C6 aliphatic compounds, such as cis-3-hexen-1-ol and cis-3-hexenal, were observed to be the major volatile constituents in the green stage. In contrast, methylhexanoate and methyl trans-2-hexenoate were the main volatile in half ripe fruits.Key words: Medlar fruit, ripening stage, volatile compounds.The effect of anti-browning agents to the quality of fresh cut pearSEGLINA, Dalija *; KRASNOVA, Inta; ABOLTINS, Aivars; MISINA, Inga & GAILITE, IngridaLatvia State Institute of Fruit Growing, Graudu Street 1, LV 3701, Dobele, Latvia* dalija.seglina@lvai.lvPears are used as a component of fresh cut salad. The most seriuous problem of fresh cut fruit products isenzimatic browning, which deteriorate not only the sensory charasteristics but also nutritional value. Colour andexternals of fruit salad is the first that attracts the attention of customer and affects the purchasing decision.Therefore the best method to ensure quality during storage is treatment of fresh cut pears by anti-browninginhibitors. Research was carried out at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing in 2011. The effect of differentanti-browning inhibitors on fresh cut pear slices was studied. Fruit slices of pear cultivar ‘Mramornaja’ was treatedby sea buckthorn, Japanese quince, white currant juice and 4% and 5% antioxidant Natureseal® AS1 solutions.Samples were packed in polypropylene boxes and stored for 12 days at temperature 4 ºC. Changes in content of121

Posters of Topic 2vitamin C, polyphenols, soluble solids, titratable acids, and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP) were detectedduring storage.Significant decrease of polyphenols (80%) after 3 days of storage was observed in samples treated by seabuckthorn and Japanese quince juices. However no significant changes were detected in their further storageunlike in samples treated by white currant and 4% Natureseal® AS1 solutions, where polyphenols decreasedconstantly during all storage. Antiradical activity in fresh-cut pear samples treated by natural juices initially washigher than in control; however it decreased rapidly by 30-40% in the first days of storage and reached the levelofcontrol samples. At the same time antiradical activity in samples treated by Natureseal® AS1 decreased equally -approximately 10 % in 3 days. Significant changes in vitamin C content were detected in all pear samples. Duringfirst 3 days of storage it decreased for 33-36% in samples treated by white currant and Japanese quince and for81% in both Natureseal® AS1samples. The study stated, that the best anti-browning inhibitors for maintaining thequality of fresh cut pear slices are 4% and 5% Natureseal® AS1 solutions and juice of Japanese quince.Keywords: fresh cut produce, natural juices, quality indices.Dry onion peels as a source of valuable secondary metabolites(1)SHEVCHENKO, Yaroslav (1) ; GRUDA, N. (2) ; SMETANSKA, I. (3)Technical University of Berlin, Department of Methods of Food Biotechnology, Königin-Luise-Str.22, 14195 Berlin, Germany* yaroslav.shevchenko@mailbox.tu-berlin.de(2) University of Bonn, Institute of Plant Sciences and Resource Conservation, Division of HorticulturalSciences, Auf dem Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany(3)Department of Plant Food Processing, University of Applied Science Weihenstephan-Triesdorf,Steingruber Str. 2, 91746 Weidenbach, GermanyThe annual production of dry onions in some countries of European Union reaches 1 million tons. This volume ofagricultural production also generates great amount of by-product in the form of dry onion peels. The estimatedannual volume of such plant material across the EU can vary between 230 to 400 thousand tons. Thesebyproducts, as nonedible, are being cast away during several stages of onion processing – from harvesting andtransportation to meal preparation. The aim of this work is to analyze onion peels of different origin for possiblecontent of secondary metabolites. Our working hypothesis is that the secondary metabolites such as phenolicacids tend to concentrate in outer layers of plant tissues, contributing to different color and structure of plantmaterial. In order to test this hypothesis we selected different onion genotypes of diverse origin and dissimilarcolor of the onion peels. These genotypes were: Ukrainian ‘Yalta’, French ‘Shallot’, German ‘Red’, Spanish‘White’.Methanol-extracts of the dried onion peels were examined for antioxidant activity using the DPPH-assay. Theresults showed that the highest free radical scavenging activity is a characteristic trait of the red colored onionpeels (75-90%). This parameter was very low in shallots and white Spanish onion peels (10-25%). The analysis ofanthocyanin content proved that the red colored peels (genotypes ‘Yalta’ and ‘Red’) tend to accumulate minorquantities (0.01–0.03 mg kg -1 dry weight). No anthocyanins were detected in the less colored by-products(‘Shallot’ and ‘White’). The total polyphenol content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu-assay. Themaximum concentration of total phenolics was detected in genotype ‘Yalta’ (2345.25 mg kg -1 GAE). SubsequentHPLC analysis detected a presence of catechin 4.8±0.48 mg kg -1 and quercetin 1935±123.5 mg kg -1 GAE in redcolored onion peels. A strong relationship between the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of thebyproduct extracts were found (R 2 =0.751).The modern agriculture generates massive surplus of different plant products. This immense output also yields ascore of valuable byproducts which until now tend to be discarded as redundant. However, the valorization ofsuch byproducts like onion peels can provide the industry with valuable secondary metabolites which in turn couldbe reintroduced into food generating system. The onion peels analyzed in this research demonstrated thispotential. After all, the concentration of quercetin in onion peels of some cultivars was comparable to that of e.g.green tea.Key words: By-product, quercetin, antioxidant activity.122

Posters of Topic 2‘Royal Gala’ apple stored under dynamic controlled atmospheremonitored by respiration quotient and chlorophyll fluorescence(1)WEBER, Anderson (1) (2) *; BOTH, Vanderlei (2) **; NEUWALD, Daniel Alexandre (1) ***;BRACKMANN, Auri (2) ****Kompetenzzentrum Obstbau Bodensee (KOB) Schuhmacherhof, 6 Ravensburg, Germany *anweba@yahoo.com.br *** neuwald@kob-bavendorf.de(2) Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Departamento de Fitotecnia, Núcleo de Pesquisaem Pós-colheita, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. ** vanderleiboth@yahoo.com.br and ****brackman@ccr.ufsm.brApples which are not stored under low temperature or controlled atmosphere (CA) properly may have a highmetabolic rate during postharvest stage resulting in quality losses. One of the most recent techniques for applestorage and already commercially used, is the dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA). The aim of this work was toevaluate two different methods of DCA for ‘Royal Gala’ apples. The O2 concentration during eight months ofstorage was controlled either using the respiration quotient (RQ = 2, 4 and 6) on the one hand or the chlorophyllfluorescence measurement, as commercially used, on the other hand. Both methods were compared withconventional controlled atmosphere (CA) storage at 1.2 kPa O2 and 2.5kPa CO2. All treatments were stored at0.5°C. Apples which were stored under DCA showed a higher percentage of healthy fruits, consequently, withlower decay, flesh browning and mealiness. This result can be explained by a lower respiratory rate, lower ACCoxidase activity resulting in lower ethylene production and, therefore, better maintenance of fruit quality. DCA withan RQ of 4 and 6 also had a positive influence on maintaining fruit quality but the fruit flesh of these treatmentswas characterized by an alcoholic flavour. This occurs due to the low O2 partial pressure during DCA storage,which stimulates anaerobic respiration and boosts the ethanol, acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate production.Therefore DCA conditions with a monitored respiration quotient of 2 and measured chlorophyll fluorescenceresulted in the best fruit quality maintenance.Keywords: Ethylen, anaerobic respiration, fruit quality, ethanol, ethyl acetate.Internal browning in ‘Santana’ apple – reasons and possibilities toreduce the disorderNEUWALD, Daniel Alexandre *; STREIF, Josef **; KITTEMANN, Dominikus ***Kompetenzzentrum Obstbau Bodensee (KOB) Schuhmacherhof, 6 Ravensburg, Germany* neuwald@kob-bavendorf.de ** corresponding author streif@kob-bavendorf.de*** kittemann@kob-bavendorf.de'Santana' is an important scab resistant and early ripening apple cultivar used for organic production in the LakeConstance region (South-Western Germany). However, this variety shows a high sensitivity to the occurrence ofinternal browning disorder during controlled atmosphere storage (CA). The aim of this research was to evaluatepossible reasons for the incidence of this physiological disorder in ‘Santana’ apples under CA-storage conditionsand to develop methods to reduce the symptoms. During three years, organically grown apple fruit wereharvested from two different orchards in the Lake Constance area. The influence of the following factors on theoccurrence of the disorder during a 5-month storage period was investigated: pre-harvest calcium applications,harvest date, time of CA establishment and CA conditions. The results show that weekly calcium applications (8to 10 sprayings with calcium chloride from T-stage until harvest) can reduce internal browning during storage. A20-day delay of establishment of CA conditions after harvest, as successfully used to reduce flesh browningdisorders in other apple varieties like `Braeburn`, did not reduce the browning symptoms. Conversely fruit fromdelayed CA-storage showed an increased occurrence of the disorder. Results indicated that low CO2concentrations (0.7% - 1.0%) are one of the key factors to control flesh browning in `Santana`, as with increasingCO2 concentrations a significant higher incidence of the disorder was observed. In addition, apples from laterharvest dates were much more sensitive for the disorder compared to earlier picked apples. Further investigation123

Posters of Topic 2will be necessary to check the possible influence of temperature and oxygen concentration on the occurrence ofinternal browning in `Santana`.Keywords: fruit quality, physiological disorder, controlled atmosphere, organic production.Magnesium infiltration as a tool to assess bitter pit occurrence inapplesSESTARI, Ivan (1) *; NEUWALD, Daniel Alexandre (2) **; WEBER, Anderson (2) (3) *** &BRACKMANN, Auri (3) ****(1) Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP,Brazil * isestari@yahoo.com.br(2)Kompetenzzentrum Obstbau Bodensee (KOB) Schuhmacherhof, 6 Ravensburg, Germany **corresponding author neuwald@kob-bavendorf.de(3) Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS Brazil *** anweba@yahoo.com.br and ****brackman@ccr.ufsm.brBitter pit has long been recognized worldwide as a serious physiological disorder of a range of applevarieties. In several apple producing regions, growers and storage companies still assess fruit nutritional status topredict bitter pit occurrence. However, this procedure is expensive and has not always provides reliable resultsalong the years; so alternative procedures have been used to predict the bitter pit occurrence before storage. Inthis work the predictive capacity of bitter pit by magnesium infiltration method was estimated in Gala, Braeburnand Fuji apples, from different orchards and sampling dates. A hundred fruits from each orchard, three of eachcultivar, were harvested 20 days before or at commercial maturity. Afterwards, fruits were vacuum infiltrated withmagnesium chloride and placed at 20°C for 10 days, after which the number of lesions was recorded on individualfruits. For estimating the predictive capacity, the bitter pit-like lesions induced by magnesium was compared withthe real bitter pit incidence on a parallel sample of fruits from each cultivar, orchard, and harvest date that wasstored during 5 months on controlled atmosphere (CA) following 10 days at 20°C. Although susceptibility of fruit tobitter pit is partly cultivar dependent, considerable differences in the incidence of bitter pit among cultivars andorchards were not observed. The results obtained in this work indicate that magnesium infiltration was able topredict the incidence of bitter pit in both cultivars and orchards, only when the samples were collected andinfiltrated about 20 days before commercial maturity. From the practical point of view, these results suggest thatmagnesium infiltration might be used as a reliable and inexpensive method to segregate, before harvest, fruitsfrom orchards according to their potential for developing bitter pit in CA storage.Keywords: fruit quality, physiological disorder, controlled atmosphere.Strawberry ‘Clery’ fruit quality evolution during harvestANDRIANJAKA-CAMPS, Zo-Norosoa *; CRESPO, Pamela; ANÇAY, André; CARLEN,ChristophAgroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, SwitzerlandCH-1964 Conthey, Switzerland* zonorosoa@yahoo.frStrawberry fruit composition is important for its taste and health value. Significant variations of the fruitcomposition such as the content of sugars, acids, phenolic compounds and vitamin C have been alreadyobserved and criticized. Several studies have shown that the genotype has a very high impact on thesevariations. In addition, variations of these parameters can be also monitored within a same genotype and thusalso be responsible for the inconsistencies in fruit quality. The aim of this study was to assess the weekly124

Posters of Topic 2evolution of those quality traits during the whole harvest period and to analyze the duration of the fruitdevelopment and its effects on the fruit quality parameters for the strawberry cultivar ‘Clery’.Our results confirm the high fluctuation of the strawberry quality within a same genotype throughout the harvestperiod, especially for soluble solids content and for anthocyanins content in fruits. Another source of variation wasthe duration of the fruit development from flowering to harvest, especially for the anthocyanin contents. Fruits withslower development and ripening time appeared to accumulate more anthocyanins.Key words: Anthocyanin, Fragaria × ananassa, duration of fruit development, fruit quality, harvest period.Dynamics of fruit growth and fatty acid composition of hazelnuts,grown in BulgariaBLAGOEVA, Elitsa (1) *; NIKOLOVA, Magdalena (1) ; TANEVA, Sabina (2) ; DIMITROVA, Roza(2) ; MAREKOV, Ilko (2) ; MOMCHILOVA, Svetlana (2)(1)Agricultural Experiment Station, Kardzhali 6600, Bulgaria(2) Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia1113, Bulgaria* elica_blagoeva@abv.bgThe research aims evaluation of nut growth and developmental changes of three hazelnut cultivars of differentorigin and ripening time: ‘Ran trapezundski’, ‘Tonda Gentile delle Lagne’ and ‘Ata Baba’ grown in Bulgaria.Analyses were done at three stages of fruit development – ripening in July, harvest in August and post-harvest inSeptember in order to determine whether harvest time corresponds to kernel quality and nutritional value. Theresults indicate that the three cultivars differ in their fruit growth dynamics which reaches its pick at differentperiods depending on the cultivar. Kernel growth dynamics follows fruit’s one but shows more uniform pattern forall cultivars and does not coincide with it. For the same period each cultivar showed individual trend of fruit andkernel growth. Harvesting was done at physiological fruit drop. Post-harvest drying slightly influenced kernelmass. Fat was the predominant component at all stages and showed increasing trend during kernel developmentfor all cultivars. However, the percentage of that rise was different for each cultivar. In addition, after harvest nosignificant changes in fat content were registered. Also, after harvest the fatty acid profile of hazelnuts did notalter significantly for all cultivars studied. Analysis of fatty acids composition distinguished ‘Ata Baba’ as cultivarwith the highest content of the essential linoleic (18:2) fatty acid.Keywords: Corylus sp., fruit development, post-harvest, lipids, fat content.Evaluation of grapes quality and wines typicity made fromgrapevine variety mamaia, in Murfatlar vineyardRANCA, Aurora *; ARTEM, Victoria & ANAMARIA, PetrescuResearch Station for Viticulture and Enology Murfatlar,Calea Bucuresti Street 2, Murfatlar, Romania* auroraranca@yahoo.comMamaia is a original, Romanian black grape variety, that is grown only within Murfatlar vineyard.Variety provides some years grapes production of great quality, with a typical aroma, suitable for obtainingdifferent types of wines.Research aims to better understand the behavior of this variety under different cllimatic conditions of the years125

Posters of Topic 22009-2011, data obtained contribute to the establishment of the quality potential variety and to shape a sensoryprofile of wine.Were analyzed and interpreted climate and phenological data recorded during the three years of study, therewere made quantitative and qualitative analysis of grape production. It was followed to highlight the influence ofclimatic factors on the flavor intensity typical for this variety.Wines were analyzed by a panel of tasting experts and for better expressing the results was used a scoringsystem based on the note award, after a 0 to 10 scale, for a series of visual, olfactory and gustatory features,marking the directly proportional to the intensity of analyzed character. Based on the marks awarded by eachmember of the tasting jury, was calculated the averages for each sensorial character.It is noted that wines made from harvests 2009 and 2011 are superior than those obtained in 2010 year as thecolor intensity and olfactory intensity, earning obvious more flavors of berries, vanilla and rose, balanced tasteand a final net higher impression. These differences are determined not only by aging (in the case of 2009 wine)but also by different climatic conditions of the three years that allowed variety to highlight the potential differently.Keywords: phenology, climatic factors, wine quality, olfactory profiles, aromas intensity.Determining the optimum modified atmosphere for extending theshelf-life of whole and fresh-cut zucchini (Cucurbita pepo ssp.pepo)BLANCO-DÍAZ, M.T. (1) *; PÉREZ-VICENTE, A. (1) ; FAYOS, A. (1) ; DOMÍNGUEZ, I. (1) ; DELRÍO-CELESTINO, M. (2) & FONT, R. (1)(1)Department of Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, IFAPA Centro La Mojonera CaminoSan Nicolás, 1. 04745 La Mojonera, Almería, Spain(2)Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, IFAPA Centro La Mojonera, Camino San Nicolás,1. 04745 La Mojonera, Almería, Spain* g32bldim@hotmail.comProduction of minimally processed vegetables has been increasing in recent years in industrialized countries as aresult of changes in consumer attitude. Clients demand ready-to-eat products without defects that keep theirphysical, nutritional and sensorial quality. Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo) has been commercialized fordecades as a non-processed fruit. However, fresh-cut industry is now requiring other commercial formats for thisfruit, as it is fresh-cut, in order to attend consumer demand.Pre-harvest and post-harvest conditions influence the fresh-cut manufacturing products being refrigerationtemperature and cutting format two important parameters for determining the shelf-life in packaging vegetables.For extending the shelf-life in fresh-cut products, different technologies as refrigeration storage and modifiedatmospheres packaging (MAP) have been proposed. The objective of MAP design is to determine the parametersthat allow reaching the optimum atmosphere inside the package for a given produce while minimizing the timerequired achieving this atmosphere. In order to maintain the quality at the end of the storage, atmospherepackage design is one of the most important choices in fresh-cut industry.Numerous vegetables can be processed as a fresh-cut produce by cutting in different shapes such as wedges,slices, sticks and cubes. However, it is well known that fresh-cut vegetables are more vulnerable to loss of qualitythan non fresh-cut products since fruits are wounded by cutting.In this work, optimum modified atmosphere for whole and fresh-cut zucchini (cv. ‘Sinatra’ was investigated. Fruitswere processed in three different cutting formats (slices, sticks and cubes) to get different wounding intensities infruits, defined by the ratio of the exposed area to tissue weight (A / W). Fruits were stored at 10 ºC and 95% HRfor 10 days in glass jars, monitoring changes in O2 and CO2 composition in the static closed system.Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were higher in the processed zucchini than in the whole fruitas a result of increasing respiration rate after cutting. On the basis of our results, an O2 concentration close to 1% (for a respiration quotient of 1.2) was obtained as the optimum for extending the shelf-life of the processedfruits. Significant statistical differences were detected in optimum MAP for whole and fresh-cut zucchini causedby the respiration rate increase. These results are important for extending the shelf-life for whole and fresh-cutzucchini.This work was supported by the project RTA2009-00036-00-00 (INIA) and FEDER funds.126

Posters of Topic 2Determining film permeability in whole and fresh-cut zucchini(Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo) fruits stored at different temperaturestorageBLANCO-DÍAZ, M.T. *; PÉREZ-VICENTE, A.; DOMÍNGUEZ, I.; FAYOS, A. & FONT, R.Department of Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, IFAPA Centro La Mojonera, CaminoSan Nicolás, 1. 04745 La Mojonera, Almería, Spain* mariat.blanco.ext@juntadeandalucia.esNatural characteristics of fruits and vegetables make these products highly appreciate by consumers. However,fruits and vegetables are perishable products that continue their metabolic processes after harvesting leading todeterioration, which is highly accelerated when they are processed as a fresh-cut produce. Among otherstrategies carried out by the food industry, the combination of refrigeration temperatures, optimum modifiedatmosphere packaging (MAP) and high-humidity storage (HR) have been shown to be effective in postharvestpreservation of these horticultural commodities for reducing quality losses.In recent years, new films have been developed by packaging industries combining flexible polymers inorder to satisfy food market. More common films used in fresh cut fruits and vegetables are bi-oriented (BOPP)and mono-oriented (OPP) polypropylene, as well as polyethylene (PE) films. Although fresh and fresh-cut industrymakes use of several films materials, there are still some limitations for optimum conservation for mostcommodities, because commercial films do not match the specific requirements of many fruits and vegetables,especially in their fresh-cut form. Permeability film to O 2 (PO 2) and CO 2 (PCO 2), water vapor transmission rate(WVTR), and the permeability coefficient (β) (ratio PCO 2/PO 2) are important factors to be considered to select aproper film to package in MAP. These film characteristics are key properties to get the adequate atmospherecomposition and humidity content inside the packages once the steady-state gas composition is reached, tominimize the product deterioration.In this work, optimum film permeability for zuchinni (Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo) cv. ‘Sinatra’ and ‘Natura’in whole fruits and fresh-cut produce (cubes) has been investigated. Fruits were stored under refrigeration (6 ºCand 10 ºC, 95% HR) for 10 days in static close system.Significant statistical differences were detected in β values associated to whole and fresh-cut shapes.When respiration coefficient was close to 0.7, package permeability requirements were similar for whole andfresh-cut fruits. However, film permeabilities for whole and cubes shapes stored at 10 ºC were higher compared tothose of 6 ºC, as a result of the respiration rate increase.These results could be of interest to the film manufacture industries researching on the development ofappropriate film permeabilities for specific commodities, to maintain quality properties in whole fruits and fresh cutproduce.This work was supported by the project RTA2009-00036-00-00 (INIA) and FEDER funds.The influence of storage conditions on quality parameters of headcabbage with conical headsGAJEWSKI, Marek *; SMARZ, Monika; RADZANOWSKA, Jadwiga; PUDZIANOWSKA,MartaWarsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland* marek_gajewski@sggw.plHead cabbage cultivars (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. alba), which form small heads of conical shape, area new alternative vegetable crop in Europe. They are grown on a limited scale yet, mainly in West Europe. Theobjective of the study was to determine the effect of controlled atmosphere storage on the quality of the conicalcabbage heads in comparison with normal atmosphere storage. Two Dutch cultivars of the conical cabbage:127

Posters of Topic 2‘Caraflex F1’ and ‘Bejo 2654’ were stored for 3 months in a cold store, under normal (NA) and controlled (CA 5%CO 2 + 3% O 2) atmospheres. Other storage parameters were: temperature of 0-1 o C and RH 95%. Before and afterthe storage some parameters of the quality of the cabbage were determined, including dry matter, vitamin C,soluble solids, nitrate(V) contents, as well as the colour of the cabbage heads leaves in CIE L*a*b* system. Afterthe storage mass percentage of marketable product, natural weight losses of the heads and sensory quality(overall sensory quality and consumer liking) were also determined. CA storage resulted in a higher percentage ofmarketable product, less mass loss of the heads and in their better quality than storage under normalatmosphere. Also changes in vitamin C and soluble solids contents were inhibited as a result of the atmospheremodification. Nitrate(V) content in the heads was not affected by storage conditions and remained stable duringthe storage period. Consumer acceptance of the cabbage was also higher for CA stored heads. Therefore,storage of cabbage heads in CA conditions, with gas composition of 5% CO 2 + 3% O 2, seems to be a betteralternative for storage of the heads than storage in a regular cold store, i.e. under normal atmosphere conditions.Keywords: Brassica oleracea cultivars, controlled atmosphere, nitrate(V), storage losses, sensory quality.Influence of temperature and light exposure during storage onquality changes of spinach leavesGLOWACZ, Marcin (1) *; MOGREN, Lars (2) ; READE, John (1) ; COBB, Andrew (1) ;MONAGHAN, James (1)(1) Crops Department, Harper Adams University College, Newport, Shropshire, UK(2) Department of Horticulture, SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden* mglowacz@harper-adams.ac.ukQuality loss during storage of spinach leaves may result from changes in their texture, colour and chemicalcomposition. The influence of temperature and light exposure during storage on quality changes of spinach wasstudied. Bagged spinach leaves were stored at three different temperatures (1, 10 and 20°C) and under differentlight conditions: light (24 h), darkness (24 h). Changes in the gas composition (O2 and CO2) inside the bags, leafcolour, and solute leakage were evaluated. Packages exposed to light showed higher O2 content compared withthose stored in darkness, while CO2 development during storage was only reported for the bags stored indarkness or under continuous light at high temperatures. Spinach leaves became lighter and more yellow athigher temperatures. The same effect was found when samples stored under light conditions were compared withdark-stored counterparts. Solute leakage increased with increasing temperature of storage and was higher if thesamples were stored in darkness. This study has shown that both temperature and light exposure during storagehave an impact on textural and visual quality of spinach leaves. The effect of light conditions on nutritional qualityand physiological/biochemical changes in spinach requires further investigation.Keywords: colour evaluation, gas composition, nutritional quality, solute leakage.Effect of hot water and modified atmosphere packaging treatmenton some quality changes of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) duringstorageAKBUDAK, Bulent *; OZER, Hakan M.; ALTIOGLU, IlkerDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag UniversityGorukle Campus, Nilufer, 16059 Bursa, Turkey* bakbudak@uludag.edu.tr128

Posters of Topic 2In this study, the effect of hot water (HW) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) at storage period andquality were investigated in 'Hachiya' fruits which have increasing trend in production year after year in ourcountry and in the world for many years. The harvested fruits were immersed in 48 °C water for 10 minutes.Polyethylene plastic packaging materials in different thicknesses were used for MAP. Treated and untreated fruitswere stored at 0±1 °C with 90±5% relative humidity (RH) conditions. According to the results obtained from theexperiment, 50 μ PE packaging material gave more successful results in terms of the quality characteristics.Keywords: persimmon, postharvest treatment, quality, storage.Effect of postharvest treatments on storage period and quality inpersimmon (Diospyros kaki L.)AKBUDAK, B. *; OZER, H.M. & YENER T.Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag UniversityGorukle Campus, Nilufer, 16059 Bursa, Turkey* bakbudak@uludag.edu.trIn this study, the effect of hot water (HW), low oxygen (O 2), 1-methlycyclopropene (1-MCP) and modifiedatmosphere packaging (MAP) at storage period and quality were investigated in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. cv.‘Fuyu’) increasing trend in production year after year in our country and the world. For this purpose, the fruits afterharvest were treated with 48 °C water for 10 minutes, low O 2 (1.5%) for 48 hours and 1-MCP for 12 hours. Thefruits were stored in normal (NA) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions. Treated and untreatedfruits were stored at 0±1 °C with 90±5% relative humidity (RH) conditions for 90 days. According to the resultsobtained from the study, low O 2 and 50 μ PE gave more successful results in terms of the quality characteristics.Keywords: hot water, low oxygen, 1-MCP, persimmon, quality, storage.Profile of falvonoid compounds in peel of Valencia orange fruitduring storage periodSHAMLOO, Mohammad Mohammadi (1) *; SHARIFANI, Mehdi (1) ; GARMAKHANY, AmireDaraei (2) & SEIFI, Esmaeil (1)(1)DepartmentHorticultre, Gorgan nuiversity of Agricultural sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan,Iran(2)Department of Food Science and Technology, Islamic Azad Uuiversity of Azadshahr Branch,Golestan, Iran* m.m.shamloo@gmail.comFlavonoids `are a large group of polyphenolic compounds with low molecular weight, found in free and glicozidicforms in plants. Citrus fruits can be used as a food supplement containing hesperidin and flavonoids to preventinfections and boost the immune system in human body. The aim of this study was the investigation of the effectof clove oil and storage period on the amount of hesperidin and naringin component in orange peel (cv. Valencia).Four treatments used including clove oil (1%), wax, mixture of wax-clove oil, and control. Treated fruits werestored at 7 C and 85% relative humidity for 3 months. The amount of hesperidins and naringin was determinedusing high performance liquid chromatography with a mobile phase prepared from 2% aqueous acetic acid andacetonitrile. The detection wavelength was at 285 nm. antioxidant activity was measured using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH)free radical scavenging assay. Results showed that narangin and hesperidinwere decreased during storage. Different treatments only had significant effect on the amount of hesperidin whilestorage period affected both of them. Further the treatment had significant effect on narangin and hesperidin129

Posters of Topic 2levels. Results of correlation study, indicated strong relation between antioxidant activity and amount of naringinand hesperidine during the storage period. However, at the end of storage period, the amount of hesperidine andnaranigine for treatment of mixture of clove oil and wax were diminished significantly in comparison with othertreatments, probaly aneorbic condition caused such reduction. In conclusion, hesperidine and naringine of peelsare suitable indexes for edible quality control of pulp tissue at the end of storage period.Key words: Citrus fruits, flavonoid, hesperidin, naringin, HPLC, DPPH, antioxidant.Sensory profiles of various stored fruit species are affected bymaturity class assessed by Time-resolved ReflectanceSpectroscopy at harvest(1)RIZZOLO, Anna (1) ; VANOLI, Maristella (1) (2) ; SPINELLI, Lorenzo (3) ; TORRICELLI,Alessandro (2)Consiglio per la Ricerca e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura – Unità di ricerca per i processidell’industria agroalimentare (CRA-IAA), via Venezian 26, 20133 I-Milano, Italy(2) Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 I-Milano, Italy(3) Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie – CNR, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 I-Milano, Italy* anna.rizzolo@entecra.itTime-resolved Reflectance Spectroscopy (TRS), a non-invasive technique which probes fruit pulp at a depth of1−2 cm, provides the simultaneous quantification of the optical properties (absorption and reduced scatteringcoefficients) of diffusive media. TRS has been used to detect internal attributes related to maturity, texture andcell wall structure as well as disorders in intact fruit.The absorption coefficient (µa) measured at harvest in the 630-690nm range was related to fruit maturity inapples, pears, nectarines and mangoes. Apples and nectarines became sweeter, more aromatic and less sourwith decreasing µa670. Both absorption and scattering coefficients measured at670 and 780nm were able todifferentiate between healthy and nectarines with woolliness, internal browning or internal bleeding.Apples having a dry-mealy texture with no flavor were discriminated from flavoured apples with a juicy texture byusing absorption coefficients measured in the 630-780nm range.This research aimed at studying the sensory profiles of various fruit species after storage in different atmospheresand temperatures in relation to the maturity class measured by TRS at harvest.We considered: apples from two harvests stored for 5 months in normal and controlled atmospheres; earlymaturingpeaches and late-maturing nectarines after 1 month storage at 0°C and 4°C; and pears after 4 monthsstorage in normal, controlled and dynamically-controlled atmospheres.For each species, fruit were individually measured at harvest by TRS at 670 nm, ranked on the basis ofdecreasing µa (increasing maturity) and randomized into 30 fruit samples all having 10 fruit of less (LeM), mediumand more mature (MoM) TRS classes. Sensory analyses were carried out using one peeled slice/fruit of LeM andMoM classes from each sample using a sensory panel of ten short-term-trained judges. Each sample wasevaluated for the intensity of attributes related to fruit structure: firm, juicy (all species), crispy, mealy (apples),grainy (pears) and wolly (peaches and nectarines); and to taste and flavour: sweet, sour and aromatic (allspecies) and astringent (pears).On the average, sensory profiles were significantly influenced by TRS maturity class and storage. More maturefruit (i.e. belonging to MoM class or stored at either 4°C or in normal atmosphere) were described less firm andmore juicy, and were characterized by higher intensities for the descriptors bound to defects related to structure(‘wolly’ for peaches and nectarines, ‘mealy’ for apples and ‘grainy’ for pears). LeM peaches, apples and pearswere described sourer and less sweet and aromatic than the MoM ones.Our results confirm that µa670 measured by TRS at harvest could be used to classify fruit of a batch into classesof maturity which, after storage and shelf life, differed for the sensory profile.Keywords: sensory profiles, apples, pears, peaches, nectarines, non-destructive method, TRS, maturity.130

Posters of Topic 2Evaluation of post-harvest plums “Irati” in different stages ofmaturation under refrigeration and natural environmentAYUB, Ricardo Antonio (1) *; EIDAM, Tânia (2) ; MORGADO, Carlos Bernardo (3)(1) Researcher, Department of Phytotechnology and Phytosanitation State University of Ponta Grossa,Paraná, Brazil.(2) Working on master´s degree in Agronomy, Agronomy EngineerState University of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.(3) MSc in Agriculture, Agronomy Engineer, State University of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.* rayub@uepg.brThe harvest of plums normally not to exceed 20 days, and the ripening is extremely rapid, occurring a largesupply of fruit in a short time. The cold storage is one of the main methods used for conservation, however, itsfruits are highly perishable and have a reduced shelf life. In addition to the storage conditions, the maturity stageat harvest is also directly related to fruit quality. So, the present study was done with aimed to evaluate thepredicted harvest the fruits of plum “Irati” and its impact on the quality of the fruit during storage at roomtemperature and under refrigeration, as well as analyze their behavior in relation to climacteric this fruit. In theexperiments, developed in the years 2009 and 2010 were used fruits of plums (Prunus salicina) “Irati”. Theripening stages were determined according to the skin color. For the experiment conducted in 2009 wereharvested fruits in four ripening stages and these were stored at room temperature and under refrigeration at 5° C(+ 1). During the period of storage were evaluated of 3 in 3 days. In experiments conducted in 2010, the fruitswere homogenized in order to standardize the ripening stage in 50 to 75% of red. These fruits were stored in coldchamber at 0° C and from day 15° initiated evaluations of 3 in 3 days. To characterize the fruit was evaluated:pulp firmness, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, weight loss and color. The experimental design for theexperiment conducted in 2009 was factorial, consisting of 4 ripening stages, 4 and 5 periods of storage, forstorage in natural environment and refrigerated, respectively, and 4 replicates each containing 4 fruits. And for theexperiment conducted in 2010, the experimental design was randomized complete block design, being composedof 4 periods of storage and 5 replicates each containing 10 fruits. The statistical analyzes were performed withSISVAR program, adopting the Tukey test with a significance level of 5%. From the evaluations in can beconcluded that skin color is presented as a good indication of the predicted harvest plums “Irati”. Fruits withmaturation point intermediate problems had lower weight loss. To variety under refrigeration showed aconservation of 12+2 days, indicating low adaptability to refrigerated storage.Key words: Prunus salicina, conservation, fruit quality, storage.Impact of the tomato fruit temperature on its growth andcompositionGAUTIER, Hélène (1) *; BERTIN, Nadia (1) ; BALDAZZI, Valentina (1) ; BRUNEL, Béatrice (1) ;L’HOTEL, Jean Claude (1) ; GENARD, Michel (1) ; ORLANDO, Patrick (1) ; PRADIER, Michel (1) ;SERRA, Valérie (1) ; VERCAMBRE, Gilles (1) ; BIAIS, Benoît (2) ; GIBON, Yves (2)(1) INRA UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914Avignon, France(2)INRA UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenaved’Ornon, France* helene.gautier@avignon.inra.frThis work is part of the Eranet EraSysBio+ FRuit Integrative Modelling project, which aims at characterizing andmodelling the effect of environmental factors on carbon metabolism of tomato fruit during its development.Despite the well-known effect of temperature on plant phenology and respiration, models used to predict fruitproduction or fruit quality fail to consider temperature impact on fruit composition. Our objective was thus to focus131

Posters of Topic 2on these aspects in order to establish how changes in fruit temperature will affect fruit growth and the time courseof accumulation of sugars, acids and secondary compounds until maturity.Greenhouse-grown tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Money Maker) were subjected to local heating from20 days post-anthesis (DPA) until maturity. An automated local heating system was designed with thermocouplesto monitor fruit heaters in order to maintain 3 temperature offsets (+3, +6 and +9°C compared to control fruits)throughout the day and night. Fruit were harvested at the start of the treatment (20 DPA) and every followingweek until maturity (red ripe stage). After harvest, fruits were weighted and subsamples were desiccated for 4days at 80°C to determine dry matter content, or frozen in liquid nitrogen and store at -80°C before metabolicanalysis.Increasing fruit temperature significantly reduced the duration of fruit development to reach maturity from 58 days(control) to 51 days post anthesis (+9°C). It also reduced fruit growth (fruit equatorial diameter, and fruit freshweight) and fruit dry matter content. The reduction in fruit growth was likely due to reduction in fruit cell size as thenumber of cells was not affected. Increasing fruit temperature also accelerated starch degradation and affectedfruit content: amino acids, sugars or acids content. This work will be complemented by analyses of secondarycompounds such as Vitamin C and carotenoids.Keywords: temperature, fruit growth, quality, sugars, acids, tomato.Changes in carotenoid composition in flowers of Tagetes tenuifoliaCav. and Tagetes patula L. during storageOSCHMANN, Cornelia; GRUND, Friederike; TESKE, Sebastian; ULRICHS, Christian *;HUYSKENS-KEIL, SusanneHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin,Germany* christian.ulrichs@agrar.hu-berlin.deSome secondary plant compounds are known to show antioxidative potential and thus, health promotingproperties. The edible flowers of Tagetes ssp. reveal high contents of carotenoids and have a high nutritionalvalue. Carotenoids are antioxidants and play an important role in human health maintenance by helping to reducethe impact and minimize the oxidative damage caused by surplus free radicals.The aim of the present study was 1. To evaluate the content of antioxidative carotenoids in three differentcultivars of Tagetes tenuifolia Cav. cv. ‚Luna Lemon‘, ‚Luna Orange‘ and ‚Luna Red‘ at the time of harvest and 2.to assess the carotenoid pattern (total carotenoids, ß-carotene, lutein and lycopene) of flowers of two differentcultivars and varieties of Tagetes patula L. cv. ‚Disco Marietta‘ and Tagetes tenuifolia Cav. cv. ‚Sperling’sOrangemeer‘ at the time of harvest and during storage for 4 days under simulated retail conditions (12 h at 20°Cand 12 h at 5°C, 90% rh) for 4 days.In Tagetes tenuifolia Cav. cv. ‚Luna Lemon‘, ‚Luna Orange‘ and ‚Luna Red‘, the color intensity of flowerssignificantly correlated with total content of carotenoids. Thus, ‚Luna Red‘ had the highest carotenoid content,followed by ‚Luna Orange‘ and ‚Luna Lemon‘. Flowers of Tagetes tenuifolia Cav. cv. ‚Sperling’s Orangemeer‘showed higher carotenoid contents in comparison to Tagetes patula L. ‚Disco Marietta‘. During storagecarotenoids in all varieties remained almost constant.Due to their high contents of bioactive compounds, among them ß-carotene and lutein, Tagetes tenuifolia Cav.showed a high nutritional potential. Further studies are in progress in order to investigate the effect of growingregime, postharvest technologies, and conditions of distribution on health promoting properties of edible flowers.132

Posters of Topic 2Preliminary study on non-destructive assessment of Europeanplum (Prunus domestica L.) maturitySALAMA, Abdel-Moety; NEUMÜLLER, Michael; TREUTTER, DieterUnit of Fruit Science, Technische Universität MünchenD -85354, Freising- Weihenstephan, GERMANYask002047@yahoo.comPlum maturity is usually assessed by destructive methods in the laboratory. The determination of harvestdate and quality factors of European plum is poorly studied but needs to be as accurate as possible. Thus, forprecision agriculture or continuous following of plum maturation, more rapid and non-destructive methods areneeded. Therefore, in addition to measurements of fruit color, a new optical method was recently proposed. It isbased on the estimation of the screening of chlorophyll fluorescence by flavonols and anthocyanins. This allowsto indirectly quantify these phenolics in the intact fruit skin. Here, we present the first results obtained with thecommercial device Multiplex on two European plum Prunus domestica L. cultivars, ‘Haganta’ and ‘Hoh4517’during 2010 season.Keywords: Plum, Ripening, Flavonoids, Chlorophyll fluorescence, multiplex.Evaluating short term effects of temperature and light on strawberry‘ELSINORE®’ firmnessPYROTIS, Stavros; ABAYOMI, Louise *; REES, Debbie; WHITFIELD, Charles; ORCHARD,JohnNatural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom*Corresponding author: l.abayomi@greenwich.ac.ukThe hypothesis was to test if there is a short term effect of increased temperature and light levels on strawberryfruit firmness. Strawberry plants of cv. Elsinore® were grown at a commercial farm and at fruiting stagetransferred into growth cabinets where they were subjected to 16 hour day/8 hour night cycles respectively, and to12 hour low (20 o C)/ 12 hour high (28 o C) temperature cycles, in succession. Three harvest days took place over aperiod of four weeks. For each harvest day, three fruit picks occurred, with a time interval of 4 hours betweenpicks. The conditions over the 4 hours immediately prior to harvest were darkness and low temperature for thefirst pick, light and low temperature for the second pick and light and high temperature for the third pick.Significant differences (p

Posters of Topic 2The effect of modified atmosphere storage on the quality of freshdill (Anethum graveolens L.)TSAMAIDI, Dimitra *; PASSAM, Harold C.Agricultural University of Athens, Laboratory of Vegetable Production,Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece* dtsamaidi@gmail.comBecause of its high perishability, fresh dill (Anethum graveolens L.) cannot be stored for more than a few days,even at low temperature. The present study was therefore undertaken to determine whether modifiedatmospheres based on changes in CO2 and O2 concentrations would benefit dill storage. Dill cv. Ducat wascultivated between October 2009 and January 2010. Plants were harvested at the fresh market stage (beforeflowering) and randomly selected leaves were weighed, placed in airtight plastic bags and stored for 10 days at5°C. The atmospheres within the containers (O2-CO2-N2) were initially as follows: (1) 20-0-80 (air), (2) 20-10-70,(3) 10-0-90, and (4): 10-10-80. The changes in O2-CO2 concentrations were monitored during storage; freshweight, chlorophyll, vitamin C and total phenolics concentrations were measured before and after storage. Theoxygen concentration within the bags during storage fell to 12.5% (treatment 1) and 17.9% (treatment 2)indicating a reduction of respiration due to the inclusion of 10% CO2 within the initial atmosphere (20% O2). At aninitial concentration of 10% O2, the oxygen level decreased to 5.5% and 5.8% in the absence or presence of 10%CO2 (treatments 3 and 4), respectively. In each case, the decrease in O2 was accompanied by a correspondingincrease in CO2 concentration. Weight loss during storage ranged from 2.6-5.3% and the total phenolics levelsdecreased in all treatments except treatment 3 (10-0-90). Vitamin C and chlorophyll concentrations decreasedduring storage. Vitamin C loss was similar in all treatments, but chlorophyll loss was significantly higher in thetreatments with 10% CO2. In consequence, although modified atmospheres containing 10% CO2 reducerespiratory activity they are of questionable value for dill because the decrease in chlorophyll concentrationcauses a decrease in quality.Keywords: chlorophyll, temperature, total phenolics, vitamin C, oxygen, carbon dioxide.Influence of storage conditions on flavonoids content andantioxidant activity of selected shallot (Allium cepa L. AggregatumGroup) cultivarsPUDZIANOWSKA, Marta; GAJEWSKI, Marek; PRZYBYŁ, Jarosław *; BURACZYŃSKA,Agnieszka; GACZKOWSKA, Olga; MATUSZCZAK, MartaWarsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland* jaroslaw.przybyl@gmail.comAllium crops are well known because of their biological activity mainly resulted from presence of sulphurcompounds, however these species are also a rich source of flavonoids, mainly quercetin glycosides. Thesecompounds show antioxidant properties, preventing human organisms from harmful effects of free radicals.Numerous reports on common onion have been published, but shallot was much less investigated in respect of itsquality, especially hybrid cultivars obtained recently by Dutch breeders. The aim of this study was to determinechanges in the content of flavonoids in fleshy scales of shallot bulbs resulting from storage in differentatmosphere compositions. Also the influence of storage conditions on antioxidant activity of the bulbs wasdetermined. Bulbs of the three shallot cvs.: 'Bonilla F1' ‘Conservor F1' and ‘Matador F1’ were stored in the normalatmosphere (NA) and controlled atmosphere (CA) of the following compositions: 5% CO 2 + 5% O 2, 5% CO 2 + 2%O 2, 2% CO 2 + 5% O 2, 2% CO 2 + 2% O 2. The temperature of storage was 0-1 o C and RH 85%. Before and after 7-month storage period the bulbs were examined in respect of flavonoids content and antioxidant activity (AA).Flavonoids were identified in methanolic extracts with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), AA wasmeasured with FRAP and DPPH assays. Four flavonoid compounds were identified in the plants extracts.Quercetin 3,4’ di-O-glucoside and quercetin 4’-glucoside (spireside) were present in the highest amounts. Content134

Posters of Topic 2of the flavonoids was higher after storage period than directly after harvest, regardless to atmospherecomposition. The cultivars significantly differed in flavonoids content, and 'Bonilla F 1' bulbs appeared to be therichest in flavonoids, both directly after harvest and after storage. Investigated shallot cultivars differed also inrespect of AA. The highest AA level estimated with DPPH assay showed 'Bonilla F 1' bulbs. The highest AAmeasured with FRAP assay directly after harvest showed also bulbs of 'Bonilla F 1', while after storage – of'Conservor F 1'. AA measured with DPPH assay didn’t show significant influence of storage, however AAmeasured with FRAP assay was significantly lower directly after harvest of the bulbs than after storage.Atmosphere composition showed a small effect on AA measured with FRAP assay and did not show any effect onAA measured with DPPH assay.Keywords: shallot, cultivars, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP.Storage of onions in farm scale ventilated silosFERREIRA, Ana (1) *; SOUZA, Cristina (1) ; PEREIRA, Ariana (1) ; CARDOSO, Deise (1) ;FINGER, Fernando (1)(1)UFV/Departamento de Fitotecnia – Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Brazilana.sato.ferreira@gmail.comOnions is the third most popular vegetable commercialized in Brazil. But despite of its importance there only a fewstudies dealing with the storage of the bulb without refrigeration. In this work 400 kg of cured onions were storedin a 1.0 m in diameter by 1.5 m in height silo, ventilated at rate of 25 m 3 / h every day during the night period (12hours). As control treatment, the onions were put in 20 kg bags of interlaced threads polyethylene. At every fifteendays it was determined the total soluble solids, titratable acidity, length of sprouting leaf, alliinase activity and lossfresh weight. The onions stored in the silo were discarded after 90 days, presenting 80% of rotten bulbs and 0.5%of sprouted. The bagged bulbs were eliminated at 45 days of storage showing 86% of rotten onions and 1% ofsprouted bulbs. There was an increase in the total soluble solids in the onions stored in the bags, while in the silothere was an increase followed by a continuous drop at later stages of storage. The length of the sprouting leafduring the storage increased by 6.1-fold on the bagged onions and by 4.5-fold on the silo ventilated. Thepungency increased during storage in both treatments, due to an increase on alliinase activity. In the baggedonions the rate of fresh weight was 0.069%/day and 0.055%/day. The ventilated silo is a viable alternative as alow cost to storage technique compared to the traditional bagging method.Keywords: Allium cepa L., postharvest, alliinase.The influence of flower developmental status on shelf life of floralvegetable products: a case study of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var.italica)KABAKERIS, Theresa (1) *; ZUTZ, Karsten (2) ; BOLLING, Janina (1) ; HERPPICH, Werner (1) ;GEYER, Martin (1)(1) Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam Bornim, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469Potsdam, Germany(2) Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Biological Production Systems, Vegetable SystemsModeling Section, Herrenhنuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany* tkabakeris@atb-potsdam.deFor commercial growers, fast and nondestructive methods to evaluate broccoli quality at all stages of the supplychain are highly desired. The edible part of broccoli consists of an immature, developing inflorescence, which is135

Posters of Topic 2rapidly affected by senescence. So far it is assumed that broccoli curds of a young developmental stage withundifferentiated flower buds can be stored for a longer time than curds in a stage close to flowering. At themoment, possibilities to determine broccoli physiological status during cultivation, at harvest and during storageare scarce.Broccoli curds were harvested on fields of a commercial grower near Hamburg in June and August 2011 andwere stored in cooling chambers at 3.5°C and 10°C for 26 and 8 days, respectively. During growth, the diameterof inflorescences was measured regularly. In order to nondestructively describe the developmental stage of curds,photographs of individual broccoli florets were taken with a microscope camera shortly after harvest. In addition,surface color changes were measured every 48 hours with a chromameter (MINOLTATM CM-2600d) andanalyzed as L*, a* and b*, hue angle and Chroma.Analysis of microscopic pictures showed that the size of individual flowers on different curds varied from 1.1 to 2.3mm (June) and from 0.9 to 3.1 mm (August). There was no correlation between the diameters of individualflowers and that of broccoli curds. At 10°C storage temperature, a* and b* values indicated degreening of broccolicurds during 8 days of storage, while inflorescences remained green at the common storage temperatures of3.5°C during 26 days of storage. Color changes accompanied an increase in the variation coefficients of a* andb*. In the August experiment, there was a weak correlation (r²=0.32) between diameter and h° values of curds atthe last storage day. However, the relationship between the developmental stage of broccoli curds and their shelflife could not be confirmed.Keywords: flower buds, senescence, color change, hue anglePlum ripening evaluation by 1 H NMR spectroscopyAYUB, Ricardo Antonio (1) *; FONSECA, Flavia Aparecida (2) ; BARISON, Anderson (3)(1) Researcher, Department of Crop Science Ponta Grossa State University, Paraná, Brazil.(2) Ph.D. Department of Chemistry Paraná Federal University, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.(3) Researcher, Department of Chemistry Paraná Federal University, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.* rayub@uepg.brThe increasing demand on fruit and juices consume as well as the need to long time storage fruits and decreaseproduction time has stimulated the use of ripening accelerators in all the word, in order to induce physiologicalmaturity of the fruits. Therefore, this investigation aimed to evaluate the effect ripening accelerators on plumReubennel post-harvest by means of NMR spectroscopy. For this, plums were harvested in Orchard Farm Schoolfrom Ponta Grossa State University, in different ripening stages (early maturation, 7 and 22 days after maturationstarts). In each harvest, some fruits were submitted to artificial ripening by immersion in a 2-chloroethylphosphonic solution for two minutes, while others were allowed to natural ripening. After ten daysripening, juice was obtained and submitted to 1H NMR analysis. The 1H NMR spectra revealed that there are nosignificant differences in the chemical composition of sugar and organic acids, such as malic and citric, betweennatural and induced ripening plum, after they have been harvested. The application of the ripening acceleratorhas caused only superficial changes on fruits, such as in color and skin softening, but any improvement on thefruit quality regarded to sugars and organic acid amounts. On the other hand, the sucrose amount was stillincreasing on fruits that remained in trees, while the amounts of organic acids were in decreasing. The increasingon sucrose levels could be related to need for energy by the fruits, once the metabolism is still working. Inharvested fruits the metabolism stops and than the increasing on sugar amounts also stops, is not reactivated bythe application of ripening accelerators. This fact is supported by the amounts of other sugars, such as α and βglucose and fructose, that were invariable during ripening. This founds revealed that the fruits could be ripenedsome time more in tree and improved its quality, and than harvested and treatment with ripening accelerators inorder to homogenize color and skin softening, once no increases on sucrose was observed in treated fruits, norreduction on organic acids. Therefore, NMR spectroscopy can be employed on determination of optimal stage forharvest, regarding its sugar and organic acids content as well as to verify changes by application of ripeningaccelerators.Key Words: ripening accelerators, composition of sugar and organic acids.136

Posters of Topic 2Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene, normal and modified atmospheretreatments on quality and vase life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii)AKBUDAK, Bulent *; MURAT, SenayDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag UniversityGorukle Campus, Nilufer, 16059 Bursa,Turkey* bakbudak@uludag.edu.trIn the study, the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), normal (NA) and modified atmosphere (MA) storagewere investigated on postharvest quality properties and vase life of gerbera. The flowers were stored at 4±1 ºCtemperature and 80±5% relative humidity (RH). At the end of the study, 1-MCP treatment with NA and MAsignificantly reduced postharvest quality losses. The best results for the quality criteria determined in the researchwere obtained from the 1-MCP and 30 µ PVC combined treatment.Keywords: gerbera, postharvest treatment, quality, storage, vase life.Effect of preharvest biopreparat treatment on storage of gerbera(Gerbera jamesonii)AKBUDAK, Bulent *; MURAT, SenayDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag UniversityGorukle Campus, Nilufer, 16059 Bursa,Turkey* bakbudak@uludag.edu.trIn the study was examined effect of preharvest and postharvest treatments on storage period and vase life ofgerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. Rosalin). With this purpose, gerberas were treated with preharvest mycorrhizaand trichoderma, postharvest normal (NA) and modified atmosphere (MA) treatments. Cover materials in differentcharacteristics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) used in MA. Then, theflowers were harvested in commercial maturity and stored for 35 days under NA and MA conditions with 4±1 ºCtemperature and 80±5% relative humidity (RH). Following each storage period, flowers were kept at 22±1 ºC and60±5% RH to determine vase life. In the samples taken from 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 35 days were determinedsome quality changes. At the end of the study, trichoderma treatment with MA significantly reduced postharvestquality losses. The best results for the quality parameters determined in the research were obtained from thetrichoderma and 30 µ PVC combined treatment.Keywords: mycorrhiza, quality, storage, trichoderma, vase life.Evaluation of carnation flower colour of Domingo and Famosacultivars in postharvest and their relationship with ethylenebiosynthesis(1)EBRAHIM-ZADEH, Asghar (1) ; MARTÍNEZ-RAMÍREZ, Gabriela Beatriz (2) ; JIMÉNEZ-BECKER, Silvia (2) ; PLAZA, Blanca María (2) ; LAO, Maria Teresa (2)Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh,55181-83111. Iran.137

Posters of Topic 2(2) Department of Crop Production, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence(CEIA3). Ctra. Sacramento s/n. 04120 Almería, Spain* mtlao@ual.esPetals and leaves colour is an important quality parameter. Colour must be able to maintain during vase life. Thisparameter is related with cultivars. Nevertheless, throughout vase life colour changes in function of flower stages.Carnations are described as a climacteric flower, where the influence of ethylene exposure could be related withflower colour. This work presents carnation petal colour measures related with the ratio of ethylene biosynthesis.Two carnation cultivars Domingo and Famosa were essayed. Three treatments were applied to Dianthuscaryophyllus cut flowers: expose to exogenous ethylene at 1 ppm concentration up to 8h (T1), Silver thiosulphate(STS) at 1 mM for 2h (T2) and flowers held in distilled water served as control (T3). Ethylene ratio of biosynthesiswas measured by gas chromatography and petal colour was measured by photograph and RGB model ofPhotoshop software. Differences in ethylene ratio biosynthesis were found between cultivars, even betweentreatments for each cultivar. The method used to determine changes in colour in carnation flowers is an easy anduseful tool. Red, Green and Blue values present changes along stages of postharvest in 2 cultivars in alltreatments essayed. Significant differences between treatments were found in red colour in cultivar Domingowhen it started ethylene biosynthesis. Only STS treatment maintains colour at this stage. Green and Bluemeasurements present significant differences at stage 5 in cultivar Domingo, presenting the same tendency asred colour. Also, Famosa presents significant differences of green and blue colour under control treatment atstage 7.Keywords: RGB model, vase life, flower stages, senescence.Experiences of biological control of Pseudomonas viridiflava on cutflowers of Ranunculus asiaticus(1)FASCELLA, Salvatore (1) ; BOERI, Giovanni Luca (1) ; CANGELOSI, Benedetta (1) ; PASINI,Carlo (1) ; BENUZZI, Massimo (2) ; CURIR, Paolo (1) *CRA-FSO The Agriculture Research Council - Unit for Floriculture and Ornamentals Species,Sanremo (Im) Italy(2) Intrachem Bio Italy, Technical Service, Cesena (FC), Italy* paolo.curir@entecra.itThe main pathology affecting buttercup (Ranunculus asiaticus) crops of the Riviera Ligure is the infection of theepigeal organs, caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava. It is a disease of bacterial origin which affects plant leavesand causes the appearance of internerval and stem browning necrotic spots and the subsequent decaying ofleaves with further collapse of the tissues. When environmental conditions are favourable, the development ofdisease may also involve flowers. We report the results of three trials of fight against P. viridiflava on cut flowerscultivar Pink Elegance in climatic chamber at 6-8 °C and humidity close to saturation. In all the trials, flowerswere inoculated artificially with a suspension of the pathogen, at the concentration of 1x10 8 cfu (colony formingunits)/ml. In the first trial : copper penta-hydrate 5.5%, (Mastercop), copper hydroxide 26.2%, (Heliocuivre),Fosetyl-Al 25% + oxychloride copper 25%, (R6 Bordeaux), acibenzolar-S-methyl 50%, (Bion 50 WG), coppersulphate neutralized with lime 20%, (Selecta Disperss), Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713, 1,34 %, (Serenade ASO)were used in post-inoculation. In the following two trials: copper hydroxide 19,9% (Heliocuivre S), tribasic coppersulphate 15.2% (Cuproxat), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain 747 25%, ≥ containing 437.5x10 12 cfu/hl (Amylo-X),B. amyloliquefaciens strain 747 25% ≥ containing 312.5x10 12 cfu/hl (Amylo-X), Reynoutria sachalinensis extract5%, (Regalia), have been evaluated, respectively. These products were administered at different times: preinoculationand post-inoculation of the bacterium. In summary, the use of biological active ingredients allowed aneffective control of P. viridiflava, especially when they were administered in the pre-inoculation phase. The extractof R. sachalinensis showed good ability to limit infection in pre-inoculation and post inoculation, better than thecopper-based products. The effect of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens, that in some cases displayed a goodefficacy in controlling the disease, needs further investigation.Keywords: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, leaf rot, Ranunculus asiaticus, Reynoutria sachalinensis.138

Posters of Topic 2Market acceptance and willingness to pay of customersfor plants in biodegradable potsGABRIEL, Andreas *; MENRAD, KlausChair of Marketing and ManagementWeihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied SciencesFreising, Germany* a.gabriel@wz-straubing.deSince decades, environmental protection and waste reduction are highly discussed issues in Germany.Especially, topics of recycling and reducing of plastic containers increased efforts to utilize biodegradablematerials. According to experts opinions technical solutions are available to apply biodegradable flower pots forornamental plants since the beginning of the 1990s. However, a successful and extended introduction on theGerman market has been hampered up to now because of insufficient processing and marketing opportunities(Groot et al., 2000). A high uncertainty of plant producers, retailers and consumers and lack of productinformation also play negative roles in this context. Most plant buyers disclose high ecological-oriented attitudes(Straeter&Bormann, 2008; Hall et al., 2010), but this does not per se result in a higher willingness to pay andbuying behavior of consumers for such higher-priced biodegradable pots.Hence, in our study 562 customers of six flower retail shops and garden centers in Western and SouthernGermany are asked directly after buying certain potted plants (ornamentals, young vegetable plants and herbs)offered in the shops – both in standard plastic and in biodegradable pots. Both alternatives are promoted side byside at the stores with explicit price declaration and proper information about the benefits of the newbiodegradable pot material. The price difference of the plants in the two pot types is determined equal to thehigher material and production costs utilizing the biodegradable pots (20-30 cents). Interviewers recorded thecustomers’ choice in their shopping trolley and asked questions about the intention of the purchase, knowledge ofbiodegradable materials and characteristics of the buyer himself. In order to detect real market acceptance andwillingness to pay higher prices for biodegradable pots the respondents had to remember the noticed pricedifferences, their reasons for choosing a certain pot type and their individual price threshold for plants in the moreenvironmentally-friendly container.The analysis exposes that the respondents show both high interests in biodegradable pots and an increasedwillingness to pay an additional charge of 15-48 % depending on the kind of potted plants. Especially for edibleand vegetable plants the consumers’ recalled pain threshold of higher product prices is higher the additional costsof producing plants in biodegradable pots. Furthermore, the survey revealed that quality and environmentalaspects are higher-ranked product properties than the price for customers of these stores. An additional marketpotential can be created by combining these biodegradable pots with organically produced plants.Keywords: biodegradable plant pots, willingness-to-pay, consumer behaviour.Price perception and long-term price knowledge ofbuyers of ornamental plantsGABRIEL, Andreas *; MENRAD, KlausChair of Marketing and ManagementWeihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied SciencesFreising, Germany* a.gabriel@wz-straubing.deIn recent years, in Germany specialized retail stores for flowers and plants more and more have to competeagainst new distribution channels like food retail stores especially with respect to pricing and scale effects. Manyshop managers are convinced that they have to adapt competitors’ prices because of customers’ price-dominatedperception of the distributed products.Thus, it is it is the target of this study to analyze the long-term price knowledge of customers of ornamental plantsin German retail stores. For this purpose one of the most popular ornamental potted plants like Pelargonium139

Posters of Topic 2(spring-summer) and Poinsettia (advent time) have been chosen. Customers’ price knowledge includes referenceprices perceived in long-term memory and can be affected by several factors around the product (category), storeand brand (e. g. intensity of advertising) and of course by the consumer itself (buying behavior, sociodemographics,buying intention etc.). Additionally, different factors of price perception of the buyers of plants caninfluence the long-term price knowledge which can be measured by scanning the explicit price recall accuracy ofconsumers before they are entering the retail store. In our study, 253 customers in six horticultural retail storeswere face-to-face interviewed in Mai and November 2011 about aspects of their buying behavior, price perceptionissues and their product price estimations concerning Pelargonium and Poinsettia. Based on a foregoing literaturereview on related studies considering other consumption product categories, the coherency of potential impactfactors on the price perception and the price recall accuracy of the consumers are analyzed.A first result of the survey was a distinct respondents’ overestimation of the actual price of the plants in the storesof 16 % in average. An observed broad price band between the expected minimum and maximum price for theplants in the retail stores is another indicator for a high price uncertainty of the customers for these products. Wealso found that beside other consumer characteristics (e. g. intentions, socio-demographics) the existent priceperception plays an important role for the price knowledge of the consumers. Measured in the four different pricerelatedconstructs – price and quality consciousness, price-quality scheme and sales proneness - the generalprice perception has direct impact on the recall accuracy of buyers of seasonal potted plants. The findings of thisstudy show low price knowledge of the customers of ornamental plants in general and offer new cues for shopmanagers for adjusted pricing and promotion activities.Keywords: Pricing, price perception, price knowledge, consumer behaviour, retail marketing.Insight of consumer cognitive and preference toward thevegetables grown with the cultivation technology of plant factoryHUANG, Li-ChunDept. of Bio-Industry Communication and Development, National Taiwan University,Taipei, Taiwanlihuang@ntu.edu.twEven though the cultivation technology of plant factory has been used in horticultural industry for years, it is still anew approach for some Asian countries, such as Japan, Taiwan and China, regarding applying the plant factorysystem into the mass production of vegetables. With the plant factory system, vegetables are cultivated in awarehouse-liked factory. Due to its automatic control environmental system, plant factory gives the advantages ofpesticide residue free and all year round production to the production of vegetables, which are highly treasuredvalues for consumers and food industry. However, the high equipment and maintenance costs of plant factoryresult the higher price of its vegetable products on the market. From the aspect of market competitiveness, price,technology acceptance and consumer perception are still the challenges for marketing the vegetables grown fromthe technology of plant factory. This article was aimed to investigate the consumer perception and suspicionstoward applying the plant factory technology into vegetable production. Consumers’ perception, preference andwillingness to pay for the vegetables grown from plant factory were also investigated. A consumer survey, with asample of 390 participants, was conducted in Taiwan for reaching the study goals. The study results indicatedthat approximately 54.9% of the consumers felt confused between the organic vegetables and plant factory grownvegetables; 33.3% of the consumers considered that plant factory was just the same as the general hydroponicstechnology. In addition, 64.4% of the consumers had suspicions about the plant factory. What the consumerssuspected about applying plant factory technology into vegetable production was: the pollution that might bemade by the used nutrient solution (44.6%), the energy consumption issues (42.2%) and so on. The governmentresearch institute would get the highest trust support (57.2%) when consumers were choosing a producer ofvegetables which are cultivated by plant factory technology. Over 52% of the consumers were willing to acceptand try the vegetables which were produced by the plant factory technology. However, 37% of the consumersindicated that they needed more information about the technology of plant factory before they decided to buy thevegetables of plant factory. These customers were also wondering if the used nutrient solution would pollute theenvironment (44.6%) and too much energy might be wasted during the process of production (42.2%). The studyresult also suggests the consumers’ acceptable price range for plant factory vegetables: the maximum acceptableprice level was about 20% to 30% higher than that of the regular vegetables.Keywords: soilless cultivation, vegetable consumption, vegetable cultivation, consumer evaluation, willingness topay.140

Posters of Topic 2Importance of the horticultural therapy in the view of the people ofNovi Sad (Vojvodina, Serbia)GACIC, Ana *; BLAGOJEVIC, Ivana; CUKANOVIC, Jelena; MLADENOVIC, Emina* anagacic898@gmail.comThis paper examines a public opinion about the importance of horticultural therapy. The research was conductedin the city of Novi Sad, Serbia, through the survey. The application and benefits of horticultural therapy, users ofthe treatment, the objects of therapy application, are some of ten questions contained in the questionnaire. Theobtained results showing that 52% of respondents are familiar with the term horticulture therapy, however, morethan half of respondents did not know where the therapy can be applied, or who therapy users are. The resultsshow that more female respondents are familiar with the term of horticultural therapy. Also, respondents withhigher levels of education are more familiar with the importance of horticultural activities. Nearly two-thirds ofrespondents did not know what the benefits of the therapy are, while 100% of the respondents had never visited afacility where horticultural therapy is applied. This result can be explained by the fact that in Serbia there hasn’tfacility in which horticultural therapy is implemented. From these results it could be concluded that the citizens ofNovi Sad are not sufficiently aware of the benefits arising from the activities in horticultural therapy. It is necessaryto conduct a training of the relevant stakeholders, training of therapists, and then the application of thehorticultural therapy in a various institutions in Serbia.Keywords: horticulture therapy, survey, Novi Sad.Trend analysis usability in the horticultural innovation process- Applied to innovation design for the Kalanchoë market -RUCAR, Manuel (1) *; CHRISTOFOL, Herve (2) ; GALOPIN, Gilles (3)(1) Chlorosphere, Angers Technopole(2) Arts et Métiers ParisTech Angers LAMPA, LUNAM Université d’Angers(3) Agroscampus Ouest INHP* manuel@chlorosphere.frMore and more, style and aesthetics are determining crIteria in the consumer market of plants. The horticulturalindustry is an industrial network from the scientist, the grower, the seller and the landscaper to the final consumer.In fact, apart from distributors or prescribers such as the landscapers, other actors in the network are not facedwith the expectations and concerns of consumers. Other industrial sectors, for example automotive or textileindustries have been structured to coordinate their contributions in order to anticipate customer needs better andthey have designed a method : Trend Analysis.Our aim is to study the transfer of this Trend Analysis method to the horticultural domain. It would thus bepossible for the actors in the horticultural network to use tools which have already proved to be effective.In this paper, we propose a study of the Kalanchoë market to identify innovations in other sectors which couldstimulate style-innovation transfers.In the first part, a phylogenetic studie will make it possible to determine which Kalanchoë families appared overtime (from the classical Flower Kalanchoë to wildflower and varieties with foliage such as the thyrsyfolia). Amarketing study will check the current sales formats (kalanchoë artificially colored blue, monospecific pot, coloredpot, mini plants) and the consumer’s perceptions of these plants.In the second part, interviews of experts will allow us to discover the sectors of influence they had selected in theirpast projects. The experience of the design and research team will be solicited too.And In the third part a multidimensional analysis of the current offer and the list of sectors of Influence will bemapped in order to propose new axes of stylistic innovation.141

Posters of Topic 2Unraveling apple consumer segmentation by the identification ofassociated sensory preference keydriversCHARLES, Mathilde (1) (2) *; MAITRE, Isabelle (1) ; SYMONEAUX, Ronan (1) ; VIGNEAU,Evelyne (3) ; PROST, Carole (2) ; MEHINAGIC, Emira (1)(1) LUNAM Université, Groupe ESA, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UPSP GRAPPE, France(2) LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Flavour Research Group, UMR CNRS 6144, France(3) LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Sensometrics and Chemometrics Laboratory, France* m.charles@groupe-esa.comApple is the most produced and consumed fruit in France and in Europe. The importance of fruit texture andflavour for consumers was shown in different studies. However, a fine segmentation of apple consumer on a largeselection of cultivars has not been carried out until now. In order to analyse this segmentation and to identifypreference sensory key drivers, a study with 31 cultivars was set out.As the impact of fruit colour can significantly influence hedonic responses of consumers, fruits were presentedpeeled in order to focus on in-mouth perceptions. Fruits were analysed, both, by a trained panel composed of 15experts and at the same time by 224 French consumers.A conventional profile, using 30 descriptors (Odour, Taste, Texture and Aroma), was set up by the trained panel,while consumers were asked to score the liking of the product using a nine-point hedonic scale. A questionnaireon uses and attitudes relative to apple consumption was also submitted to each consumer.An approach based on preference mapping techniques was used to link sensory descriptive results and likingdata: internal preference mapping, on one side, to identify the different consumer segments; external preferencemapping, on another side, performed for the mean consumer of each group to model preference according tosensory descriptors.Three segments were identified. The first group (~45% of the respondents) is composed of consumers who,whatever the texture, have a clear preference for aromatic and sweet apples with exotic fruit, flower and ripe fruitnotes. Their sensory preferences do not match the image they have about their liking. This underlines a lack ofknowledge of the consumers about apple cultivars. The second group (~33% of the respondents) likes aromatic,crunchy and acidic apples especially Granny Smith cultivar. These consumers take care about the cultivar whenbuying apples. And the third group (~22% of the respondents) prefers aromatic apples (ripe fruit note) with afondant texture.Texture as aroma play a significant role in apple preferences. The importance of these two criteria lead us tostudy their influence when tasting an apple and to set up innovative sensory methodologies to better grasp therole of aroma/texture on perception.Typology of German Consumers on the Market for OrnamentalPlantsKAIM, E. (1) *; FLUCK, K. (1) ; ALTMANN, M. (2)(1) Department of Economics and Market Research, Research Center Geisenheim, Germany(2) CoConcept, Luxembourg* eike.kaim@fa-gm.deIntroductionDuring the last 25 years the German market for ornamental plants has undergone many changes: e.g. at theproduction level a decline of smaller companies is to be registered, whereas at retail level additional shoppingsites in supermarkets and garden centers have increased and thus intensified the competitive environment. In142

Posters of Topic 2addition, consumers show a more differentiated shopping behavior. These developments do have an impact onthe whole supply chain. For all active performers in the market, it is crucial to know which types of consumers arebuying their products and what kind of wishes they have. The last scientific survey to this topic (Altmann, 1984)already dates back more than 25 years and it can be hypothesized that some of those consumer types do nolonger exist, some new consumer types, young consumers in particular, have developed. There is a newgeneration of the ornamental plant buyers whose motives have not yet been investigated enough.Materials and methodsThe objectives of this research work are to analyze the motives of the consumers to buy ornamental plants and todevelop an up to date typology of ornamental plant consumers. A consumer typology provides useful informationfor strategic decisions of the enterprises along the value added chain. It will enable the actors in the ornamentalplant sector to deliver tailor-made products and problem solutions.In order to analyze motive structures of consumers, a questionnaire was designed. Its development was based onthe results of a preliminary study. The core of the standardized questionnaire is formed by a validated statementbattery which is completed by questions concerning the use of plants at home, the shopping behavior as well asdemographic characteristics. A number of 500 consumers were reached, representative for the population in themetropolitan area of the Rhine Main Region in Germany. Therefore the results of this study can be transferred toother German urban conurbations. The consumer data collected were analyzed by factor analysis and clusteranalysis.ResultsAt first, the statistical evaluation of the data conducted by factor analysis conducted nine factors, explainingattitudes of consumers towards plants (cut flowers, potted plants, bed & balcony) and their buying motives.Second, six different types of consumers were found by cluster analysis. The poster shows the results of the sixconsumer cluster solution.Literature citedAltmann, M. 1984. Consumer's typology at the ornamental plant market. Research reports to the economy in thehorticulture (47), Hannover and Weihenstephan.Keywords: market segmentation, consumertypology, ornamental plants, factor analysis, cluster analysis.143

PLENARY SESSIONTOPIC 3CONCEPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF INNOVATINGSUSTAINABLE HORTICULTURAL SYSTEMS, INCLUDINGORGANIC HORTICULTURE

Plenary SessionSustainable production systems in fruit orchardsXILOYANNIS, CristosDepartment of Crop Systems, Forestry and Environmental Sciences,University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italycristos.xiloyannis@unibas.itOver the past six decades a large proportion of agricultural land has been degraded (erosion, loss of organicmatter, salinization, etc.) by over-exploitation and excessive external input (chemical fertilizers, unsuitableirrigation methods, application of low-quality water, soil tillage, etc). The emission of greenhouse gases fromagriculture currently accounts for 10-12% of total anthropogenic emissions.Increasing consumer demand for low C-footprint food has encouraged the industry to find ways to reduce energyinput throughout the production-supply chain. At orchard scale, some operations (use of machines, fertilization,irrigation, etc) are CO2 sources, while the total carbon balance can be negative (sink) or positive (source)depending on soil and canopy management.Agricultural systems that use non-sustainable techniques can aggravate the current situation. While suchpractices are still common among growers, there is ample evidence that good practices can restore organicmatter levels in soil, reduce erosion and environmental pollution and increase CO2 sequestration from theatmosphere into the soil.A good fertilization plan should take into account plant demands, availability of mineral elements in the soil(mineralization process) and other inputs, particularly in the water used for irrigation, in order to avoid water andsoil contamination and improve yield quality and quantity. Environmentally-friendly techniques also have positiveeffects on soil microbiota, enhancing soil fertility, plant growth, yield and quality.Sustainable orchard management is of particular importance in Mediterranean climates, where there is a high rateof soil mineralization, low rainfall, high evapotranspiration and often little water available for irrigation. The soil canstore large amounts of rainwater, particularly in autumn and winter when plant water needs are very low. Deeploamy soils can hold up to 2.000 m3 ha-1, assuming a root depth of 1m. The water contained in this volume of soilcan satisfy 30-40% of the yearly water requirements of an orchard in semi-arid regions. Soil management underconditions of water scarcity should aim to improve water-holding capacity by increasing organic matter levels andhydraulic conductivity, and to eliminate or reduce evaporation.Orchard design, canopy architecture and correct management of the latter must also be addressed to improve notonly water use efficiency (by increasing the exposed/shaded leaves ratio) but also microclimatic conditions insidethe canopy, and therefore bud, flower and fruit quality. Efficiency can be increased by reducing tree size, adoptingtraining systems that maximise the number of exposed leaves, minimising shading, and performing summerpruning. Exposure to light and high evapotranspiration improves the quality and taste of fruit, increasesaccumulation of less-mobile mineral nutrients (such as calcium) and enhances accumulation of reservesubstances in wood and in flower buds and therefore flower quality.Keywords: organic matter, nutrition, irrigation, carbon balance, canopy architecture.146

TOPIC 3CONCEPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF INNOVATINGSUSTAINABLE HORTICULTURAL SYSTEMS, INCLUDINGORGANIC HORTICULTUREORAL PRESENTATIONS

Keynote AddressDeficit irrigation of horticultural crops: progress and challengesFERERES, EliasInstitute of Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC) and University of CordobaApartado 4084, 14080-Cordoba, SpainWater scarcity for irrigation is becoming a common situation in many world areas. This threat is particularlydangerous in the case of perennial crops, where water supply must be assured to guarantee the viability oforchards and vineyards. One option to cope with scarcity is to use deficit irrigation (DI), defined here as a regimewhere the applied irrigation water is less than the full evapotranspiration (ETc) requirements. When the irrigationrate is below the ETc rate, there will be a net depletion of water from the soil reservoir. Two situations may thendevelop. In one case, if there is sufficient stored soil water to sustain transpiration at potential rates, water deficitsdo not develop and the ETc is not affected, even though there has been a reduction in applied irrigation belownormal practice. This is often done inadvertently by many farmers in their orchards during the post-harvest period.However, if irrigation is insufficient to meet the ETc demand, crop water deficits may induce a reduction in growthand transpiration. In the latter situation, DI reduces ETc below its maximum potential leading to net water savingsthat may or may not have negative consequences for the production and the net income of the orchard.Faced with a situation of applying less water than is needed, several strategies have been proposed for optimaluse of the limited resource. In one, called continuous or sustained DI (SDI), a constant fraction of the crop ETc isapplied at regular intervals. If the soil profile is full at the start of the season, there is net soil water extraction tocompensate for the deficits; as the season progresses, the soil is progressively depleted and the water deficits willincrease in severity as time goes on in the absence of rainfall. An alternative approach is called regulated DI(RDI), and is defined as a regime that purposely stresses the trees or vines at specific crop developmental stagesconsidered to be the least sensitive to water deficits. Under RDI, the trees are subjected to irrigation deficits onlyat certain stages of development but they generally receive full irrigation outside these periods, in particular duringthose stages considered most sensitive to water deficits. Other options to reduce ETc are based on increasingirrigation interval to reduce E, or the alternate wetting and drying of each side of the tree or vine row in a practicecalled partial root drying (PRD). All these practices have been investigated over the last 20 years, with growinginterest over the last decade. At present, it is possible to formulate optimal RDI strategies for the major fruit treesand vines to adjust to water scarcity situations, and to sustain orchards and vineyards under DI for long timeperiods. A prerequisite for successful use of DI is an enhancement of stress monitoring, as the risks of excessivewater deficits increase as the water supply is reduced in an inherently heterogeneous orchard or vineyard. Thepresentation will cover progress to date in DI for horticultural crops, will delineate cases of successful use atcommercial levels, and will outline the future challenges that must be overcome to generalize this practice whereappropriate.148

Oral Presentations of Topic 3A sustainable approach to control downy mildew (Bremia lactucae)in greenhouse-grown lettuceBOGAERT, Aaike (1) *; VAN HESE, Nathalie (2) (3) ; LEENKNEGT, Ilse (4) ; VERGOTE, Nico (1) ;HÖFTE, Monica (2) ; BLEYAERT, Peter (3)(1)Provinciaal Proefcentrum voor de Groenteteelt (PCG), Kruishoutem, Belgium(2) Laboratorium voor Fytopathologie, Vakgroep Gewasbescherming, Universiteit Gent, Belgium(3) Inagro, Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium(4) Proefstation voor de Groenteteelt (PSKW), Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium* ab@proefcentrum-kruishoutem.beBremia lactucae, the causal agent of downy mildew in lettuce (Lactuca sativa), causes high yield losses. Thepathogen is usually controlled by fungicides in combination with resistant varieties. However, new fysio’s ofBremia develop very rapidly and the pathogen easily develops resistance to chemicals. The aim of this work is todevelop a more sustainable control strategy, based on the epidemiology of the pathogen. This work focuses onthe possible sources of primary inoculum, the climatological conditions the pathogen needs to survive and infectplants, and the translation of this knowledge into practical advice for breeders.Initially we supposed Bremia is only spread by spores produced by sporangiofores. The role of oospores in theepidemiology of B. lactucae is poorly studied. In Flanders, the presence of oospores was demonstrated inseverely diseased crops from field and greenhouse trials, indicating that they may form a possible source ofprimary inoculum. Since B. lactucae is considered as a heterothallic oomycete, the presence of the two matingtypes, B1 and B2 is needed for the production of oospores. Mating type analyses indicated that isolates of bothmating types occur in Flanders; although B2 was detected only once up till now. The importance of oospores inthe disease epidemiology will be further investigated.Greenhouse trials revealed that the key components for climate adaptation are relative humidity and temperature.A relative humidity below 90% significantly suppresses the disease incidence. The temperature is inverselyrelated to the length of the incubation period and a temperature above 18°C is unfavorable for the pathogen.Further analysis of the epidemiology indicated that these climatological conditions are mainly important duringgermination, penetration and sporulation. Once inside the plant, B. lactucae can survive periods with lowerrelative humidity and higher temperatures, during which its development is paused. Greenhouse trials haveshown that climate adaptation may be a potential control strategy, but this is not always economically andpractically feasible. Consideration of (bio)chemical treatments in the sustainable protection system is thusinevitable. Registered chemicals against B. lactucae have been evaluated in the lab and in greenhouseexperiments. Most of them work more effectively when applied preventively which emphasizes the necessity topredict an outbreak of downy mildew. Therefore we are currently developing a system with trap plants, which willgive information about the circumstances favorable for a disease outbreak.Keywords: Bremia spp., integrated control strategy, epidemiology, adaptation greenhouse climate.149

Oral Presentations of Topic 3Environmental management technology for controlling spider mitesOHYAMA, Katsumi (1) (2) *; SUZUKI, Takeshi (2) (3) ; AMANO, Hiroshi (4) ; GHAZY, NoureldinAbuelfadl (1) ; SHAH, Maqsood (5)(1)Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Chiba 271-8510, Japan(2)Center for Environment, Health, and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwanoha, Chiba277-0882, Japan(3)Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Ichiban-cho 8, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan(4)Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502,Japan(5)Department of Entomology, Agricultural University, Peshawar 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan* k_ohyama@faculty.chiba-u.jpSpider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) are widespread phytophagous pests and cause serious damage toagricultural crops in fields and greenhouses. Growers have great difficulty in managing the spider mites becausethey easily develop tolerance to acaricides. To mitigate the ineffectiveness of chemical measures, integrated pestmanagement (IPM) by introducing physical and biological measures needs to be implemented urgently. Hence,we have attempted to introduce an environmental management technology for controlling the spider mites,specifically: 1) diapause disturbance of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and the Kanzawaspider mite T. kanzawai Kishida, and 2) effective use of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus McGregor(Acari: Phytoseiidae).To explore the suitable light environment for disturbing T. urticae and T. kanzawai in diapause induction, which isnecessary for overwintering, a lighting system consisting of multiple white light-emitting diodes (LED) eachinstalled in an aluminum bottle was developed. Experiments using the system suggest that the artificial lightingcan disturb the diapause induction of the adult females of T. urticae and T. kanzawai, and so is expected topromote seasonal extinction.To provide a sufficient population of N. californicus at an appropriate time for controlling spider mites, low airtemperature and water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were applied during storage. As a result, we could maintainthe adult females of N. californicus for up to 30 d without any impact on survival and reproductive ability, andfabricated a simple but effective vessel for storing and/or transporting N. californicus under favorableenvironmental conditions.Through this research, we demonstrated the importance of the environment management technology forcontrolling spider mites. We also expect that physical and biological measures based on this technology willgreatly contribute to the establishment of effective IPM for the mites as well as insect pests.Keywords: Air temepreature, Artificial lighting, IPM, Predatory mite, Water vapour.150

Oral Presentations of Topic 3Constant presence of complementary parasitoids for preventivecontrol of aphids in ornamental plantsDASSONVILLE, Nicolas; THIELEMANS, Thierry; GOSSET, Virginie; ROSEMEYER, ViolaViridaxis S.A., Gosselies, Belgium, info@viridaxis.comViridaxis is a Belgian company which developed a new, plant-less way of mass-rearing aphid parasitoids. Due toits innovative and unique technology, Viridaxis has been able to produce one new selected parasitoid speciesevery year.A parasitoid is a wasp able to parasitize aphids in a host-specific way. These natural enemies of aphids are usedin organic or integrated pest management strategies. In order to apply the matching parasitoid against a givenaphid species, the aphid has to be detected in the crop and subsequently identified. By the time the aphids arespotted by the grower and then identified by himself or a specialist, it is usually more difficult to gain control overan increasing aphid population.Viridaxis developed a new concept of aphid control, based not on the species identified but on the crop treated.There was a need for a product controlling the largest possible variety of aphid species susceptibly present inornamental crops. As the first step of development, an inventory of the aphid species attacking ornamental cropswas made in various regions. A unique cocktail of parasitoids species (OrnaProtect) controlling all these aphidswas then designed.Here, we show the results of trials made with OrnaProtect in 2010-2011 on several crops (Hydrangea, Cyclamen,Gerbera, Begonia…).OrnaProtect contains six different species of natural aphid enemies, and is able to control all commonly appearingaphids attacking ornamental crops. The fact of mixing different species not only covers the entire spectrum ofaphids, but also contributes to prolonged hatching. Here, we show that it is possible to reinforce this long lastingemergence by mixing mummies of different ages, older mummies (stored at low temperature) emerging earlierafter release than young mummies. We describe how the mix was optimized by studying the impact of storage at7°C on the survival and emergence dynamics of mummies. With that prolonged hatching dynamics, a releaseevery two weeks assures a permanent presence of fresh adult parasitoids in the crop.The ready-to-use units of OrnaProtect contain an integrated feeding point which contributes to longevity andefficiency of the parasitoids. Its application in the crop is much faster than even any chemical treatment.Keywords: natural aphid control, parasitoid cocktail, prolonged hatching, ready-to-use units.151

Oral Presentations of Topic 3Potential for controlled abiotic stress as a quality enhancer of babyleaf spinachMOGREN, Lars (1) *; READE, John (2) ; MONAGHAN, Jim (2)(1)Department of Horticulture, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden(2)Crops Department, Harper Adams University College, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB, UK* Lars.Mogren@slu.seApplying abiotic stress in a controlled fashion during growth, pre harvest, to leafy vegetables has been suggestedas a strategy that may increase levels of bioactive compounds , and in some cases, increase shelf life potential.In a two year project, change in ascorbic acid (AsA) content in baby leaf spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) wasstudied in response to a wide range of pre harvest abiotic stress factors. AsA is one of the main antioxidantsfound in leafy vegetables and the total amount and proportion of the oxidised form dehydroascorbic acid (DHA),could potentially be a parameter giving an indication of the stress level of the leaves. The assumption is that thehigher the content of AsA and the lower the proportion of DHA, the better the shelf life potential. AsA and DHAconcentrations were determined by HPLC. The analyzed leaves were grown under green house conditions. Foliarapplication of water solutions of common salts resulted in higher AsA levels, but the leaves were damaged withnecrotic spots and brown edges. Both cold treatment (10°C Day / 5°C Night) of whole plants a few days prior toharvest as well as heat treatment (40°C) a few hours prior to harvest increased the AsA levels. This approachneeds further technical development to be commercially applicable. Restricted water supply leading to milddrought stress, a few days prior to harvest turned out to be the most promising pre harvest treatment leading toincreased AsA content without any visual quality differences compared to full watered treatments. The extent ofdrought stress as well as timing of the treatment in the growth cycle needs further investigation.Keywords: Baby leaf production, Spinach, Spinacia oleracea, Vitamin C, Abiotic stress.152

Oral Presentations of Topic 3The use of Bacillus thuringiensis and Neem alternation on Plutellaxylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its effects on naturalenemies in cabbage productionSOW, Gallo (1) ; NIASSY, Saliou (1) ; ARVANITAKIS, Laurence (2) ; BORDAT, Dominique (2) ;DIARRA, Karamoko (1) *(1)Equipe production et protection intégrées en Agroécosystèmes horticoles, Département de Biologieanimale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD), BP5005, Dakar, SENEGAL.(2)Laboratoire de Biodiversité des agrosystèmes horticoles TAB/L, Campus international deBaillarguet, CIRAD, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, FRANCE.* karamoko.diarra@ucad.edu.snThe diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) is a major pest of cabbage in Senegal. Chemical control isthe most commonly used control method despite its environmental and health issues. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)and Neem-based products are considered as relevant alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides. The aim ofthis study was to assess the effect of the alternation of Bt and Neem (Azadirachta indica) on P. xylostella and itseffect on parasitoids compared to sole applications of Bt, Neem and Dimethoate. Plants treated with Dimethoaterecorded say three times more P. xylostella compared to applications of Bt, Bt/Neem and Neem. Results showedthat although there were no significant differences between Bt, Bt/Neem and Neem, populations of P. xylostellawere considerably reduced in these treatments as compared to Dimethoate and control. Four parasitoid specieswere recorded of which two species were important both in abundance and level of parasitism. These includeOomyzus sokolowskii and Apanteles litae. The parasitism rate was higher in the Neem treatment. The correlationbetween abundance of P. xylostella and parasitism rate was observed in all the treatments except that onDimethoate and was stronger in Bt/Neem and Neem. The results demonstrated that in the absence of chemicalinsecticides, the impact of parasitoids was significant. This study suggests that the use of only four alternatedapplications of Bt and neem is as effective as sole treatments in the control of P. xylostella and is more costeffective to farmers.Keywords: Parasitism, cabbage, Azadirachtin, diamondback moth, Bacillus thuringiensis.153

Oral Presentations of Topic 3Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria reduce application rates ofchemical fertilizers in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)ERTAN, Yildirim *; FATIH, AkbayAtatürk University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey* Corresponding author, ertanyil@atauni.edu.trThe use of fertilizers, including chemical fertilizers and manures, to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity hasoften negatively affected the complex system of the biogeochemical cycles. The search for plant growthpromotingrhizobacteria (PGPR) that improve soil fertility and enhance plant nutrition has continued to attractattention due to the increasing cost of fertilizers and some of their negative environmental impacts. The objectiveof this study was to determine the effect of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC)-deaminase containingplant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, Paenibacillus polymyxa RC14 on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and nutrientuse efficiency of lettuce grown in reduced rates of inorganic N fertilizer. The study has demonstrated that PGPRinoculation can improve growth, yield, plant uptake of nutrients and thereby increase the use efficiency of appliedchemical fertilizer in lower ratios of nitrogen. The results suggest that PGPR-based inoculants can be used andshould be further evaluated as components of integrated nutrient management strategies.Keywords: plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, lettuce, nitrogen, fixation, growth, yield.154

Oral Presentations of Topic 3Is biogas residue safety and efficient fertilizer to organic iceberglettuce crop?IIVONEN, Sari (1) *; TONTTI, Tiina (2) ; NYKÄNEN, Arja (2) & VÄISÄNEN, Hanna-Maija (1)(1) University of Helsinki, Ruralia Institute, Lönnrotinkatu 7, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland(2) MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Lönnrotinkatu 3, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland* sari.iivonen@helsinki.fiIncreasing waste recycling has diversified the selection of organic material usable in crop fertilization and soilimprovement. Biogas residue, the by-product of energy production, has been generally perceived as a potentialorganic fertilizer due to its higher relative amount of mineralized nitrogen (N) and lower C/N ratio compared toundigested biomass. The experimental knowledge of its use as a fertilizer in an open-field vegetable cultivation isscarce in cool climate conditions of Northern Scandinavia. First aim of this study was to compare fertilizationeffects of two different biogas residues to other organic fertilizers, such as meat and bone meal (MBM) andcomposted and granulated chicken manure (CM), and to commercial mineral nutrition blend. Second aim was toevaluate the risks of fertilization use of biogas residue to the hygiene quality of lettuce crop. One option to avoidhygiene risks is to use biogas residue as a fertilizer during previous year rotation. Benefits of this option tofollowing year lettuce crop are analyzed in this study.The field experiments were carried out during 2010-2011 at the Mikkeli research station of MTT AgrifoodResearch Finland located in central Finland. Two-year field experiment was conducted as a randomized completeblock design with five fertilization treatments, five rotation options and four replicate plots. In year 2010, thefertilization effects on crop plant lettuce and 1st year crop rotation plants oat and oat-pea mixture were analyzed.In year 2011, the fertilization effects on 2nd year crop plant lettuce after 1st year lettuce (rotation option 1), 2styear crop plant lettuce after fertilized rotation plant pea-oat or oat (rotation option 2 with pea-oat or oat), and 2ndyear lettuce after unfertilized rotation plant pea-oat or oat (rotation option 3 with pea-oat or oat).Fertilization effect was analyzed by counting total biomass and marketable yield of lettuce at the harvesting timein relation to given N. In addition to this, the apparent N recovery (NREC) was counted. The relative chlorophyllcontent of lettuce leaves and soluble nitrogen in the soil during growing period were analyzed. In year 2010, themicrobiological hygiene analyses of biogas residues and lettuce crops fertilized with residues were conducted.Results of the study will be presented in the full paper. This knowledge is needed in the evaluation of fertilizationeffect of biogas residues compared to other organic materials and for giving practical guidelines to farmers.Keywords: iceberg lettuce, biogas residue, recycled fertilizer, organic production, nitrogen recovery, crop hygiene.155

Oral Presentations of Topic 3The German horticultural innovation systemKUNTOSCH, Anett (1) *; KÖNIG, Bettina (2) ; BOKELMANN, Wolfgang (3)(1) Humboldt-University, Berlin. Dep. of Agricultural Economics. Philippstrasse 13, 10099 Berlin. 030-2093 46421(2) Humboldt-University, Berlin. Dep. of Agricultural Economics. Philippstrasse 13, 10099 Berlin. 030-2093 6446(3) Humboldt-University, Berlin. Dep. Of Agricultural Economics. Philippstrasse 13, 10099 Berlin. 030-2093 6464* anett.kuntosch@agrar.hu-berlin.deWorldwide challenges such as limited natural resources, climate change, food security, higher consumerdemands or changing markets, require a growing need for innovative solutions in the horticultural sector. Yet, onlyif innovation mechanisms are known, these can be supported to overcome these challenges. Innovation researchwithin this field was marginalized for a long time by horticultural and agricultural economists in Germany.However, changes in the agricultural and horticultural knowledge and innovation systems have been reportedworldwide. Yet, it is unclear, if and how these changes have influenced innovativeness in the sector/among theactors. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the current innovation system and innovation mechanisms.The innovation system approach by Malerba (2002, 2004) provides a conceptual, but not methodologicalframework for the description of sectoral Innovation Systems. We developed a conceptual framework based onthe innovation system approach (Malerba 2002, 2004) and method-mix in order to study the German agriculturalinnovation system (level1) and its subsystems (horticulture, plant production, lifestock-farming) (level 2). For thispurpose, we determined different levels within the system and defined value chains as conceptual arenas ofinnovation processes around a specific technological solution or group of technological solutions (level 3). Furtheron, we studied the system on these different levels using expert interviews on level 3, expert workshops on level 2and the Delphi method on level 1 to derive a coherent understanding of the system. We used the case studyapproach to analyze energy innovation in the German greenhouse value chain as an exemplarily innovation fieldthat addresses current societal, ecological and economical needs.Analysis on level 3 indicated, that innovation activities in the case of energy innovations in horticulture is stronglyconnected to other sectors such as optics, engineering, senor technologies etc. Innovation processes arecharacterized by a number of feedback-loops. The findings suggest, that we can`t postulate the existence of atechnological paradigm in this case, but found the existence of a number of different technical, social and processinnovation aspects. Most important challenges for the horticultural innovation system are the role of the extensionin innovation processes and the management of interfaces between different actors.The applied method-mix is suitable to study innovation mechanisms in the diverse horticultural sector on differentlevels of interaction. Aggregating the partial results from the different steps and levels to the next higher oneallows for a general understanding of the system.Keywords: innovation mechanisms, energy innovation, value chains, qualitative research, extension.156

Oral Presentations of Topic 3Economic evaluation of the Swiss pome fruit productionBRAVIN, Esther (1) *; CARINT, Dante (2) ; HANHART, Johannes (3)() Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Switzerland(2) AGRIDEA* esther.bravin@acw.admin.chIn 1947, at the Research Station for Horticulture in Switzerland, began a project for the evaluation of theeconomical situation of pome fruit. A selected network of hundred fruit growers, started to collect data about workneeds on the orchard, plant protection and productivity. The first fifty years these data were delivered on paper,but from 1997, 30 producers started to use the field record system software “Asa-j-Agrar”.Growers have to introduce cost relevant inputs such direct costs (pesticides, fertilizers, etc) and structural costs(machines, tools, trees, anti-hail net, irrigation, etc), but also productivity data like yield, quality and prices.Evaluation of full cost account, benefit or loss per plotAt the end of each season, production costs, labor costs, benefit/loss and income per plot and cultivar arecalculated; thus, also the intern labor is taken into account. The sum of these cost gives the full cost account. Inorder to calculate exactly the production cost there are two possibilities: on one hand by using producer’s realdata for hourly labor and machine costs, and on the other hand, by using objective hourly labor costs (source:Swiss Fruit Union) and machine costs (source: Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon).Advantages for fruit growersGrowers that participate to this network can get a specific evaluation of their own orchard, with related benefitsand losses. With the vertical comparison (between years) and the horizontal comparison (between plots andgrowers), they learn about their orchard’s situation. Published results of this project help Swiss fruit growers tocompare relevant pome fruit varieties from an economic point of view and show developments of the economicsituation in the pome fruit production.Keywords: Pome fruit, economic, full cost account, field record.157

Oral Presentations of Topic 3Economic perspectives of molecular farming in greenhousehorticulture(1)TARAGOLA, Nicole (1) *; DEMEYER, Rolinde (2) ; VAN DROOGENBROECK, Bart (2) ;CLAEYS, Dakerlia (1) (1) (3); LAUWERS, LudwigInstitute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Social Sciences Unit, Burg. VanGansberghelaan 115 B.2, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium(2)Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (LVO), Technology & Food Science Unit, Burg.Van Gansberghelaan 115 B.1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium(3)Ghent University, Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent, Belgium* nicole.taragola@ilvo.vlaanderen.beDuring recent years greenhouse growers consider conversion, because of decreasing and fluctuating prices.Molecular farming (MF), using genetically modified (GM) plants as protein factories, could be one option toenhance profitability. Greenhouses are an obvious choice, especially in the EU, due to current legislation,public opinion on GM plants and stable production conditions.To evaluate the possible impact of conversion from existing greenhouse production to MF, simulations ofchanges in economic indicators (costs, turnover, profitability) and use of inputs (labor, energy) are carried outbased on individual data from greenhouse companies belonging to the Flemish Farm Accountancy DataNetwork. The greenhouse companies are subdivided into following categories of specialization : pot plants,cut flowers, bedding plants, tomatoes (or other intensively heated vegetables) and lettuce. Different sizes ofgreenhouse companies are also distinguished.Estimations of yields at conversion are based on experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis thalianais best known as model organism in plant genetics. However, its prolific seed production, short life-cycle,and high seed-specific expression levels of recombinant proteins are favourable characteristics for a flexibleand fast production platform as well (Demeyer R., 2011; Van Droogenbroeck et al., 2007). Simulations arecarried out for different yield levels.Experimental data are also used to estimate labor input and operational costs (e.g. seed, fertilizer, plantprotection products, energy, etc.) at conversion. Extra investments in infrastructure are necessary to complywith requirements connected to greenhouse cultivation of GM plants. As greenhouse types vary according tospecialization, extra investment costs depend on the current status of the infrastructure.The results show that the impact of conversion to MF farming in greenhouse horticulture is highly firmspecific, depending on the current situation of the greenhouse. In particular, zooming into the comparisons ofthe situation before and after conversion, important variations in opportunity costs for labor are foundbetween the greenhouse companies potentially eligible for conversion. The findings reveal feasibility forsmall-scale growers to produce high-value recombinant proteins in limited amounts, such as medication forrare diseases and clinical trials. These companies can then be targeted to act as early adopters of MF.Sensitivity analyses show that economic results are influenced by productivity fluctuations, indicating thatgreenhouse MF has potential to improve competitiveness through technical progress. This opensperspectives for further profitability increases, while learning by doing, and for more growers to step into theMF system innovation.Keywords: system innovation, molecular farming, GM plants, conversion, greenhouse production.158

TOPIC 3CONCEPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF INNOVATINGSUSTAINABLE HORTICULTURAL SYSTEMS, INCLUDINGORGANIC HORTICULTUREPOSTER PRESENTATIONS

Posters of Topic 3Plant growth promoting microorganisms and bio-control of Pythiumultimum on Euphorbia pulcherimaSIGG, Pascal * & CAMPS, CédricAgroscope ACW, Centre de recherche Conthey, CH- 1964 Conthey, Suisse* pascal.sigg@acw.admin.chThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 4 microorganisms on: 1) the vegetative growth (PGP)and 2) the bio-control of the pathogenic fungus Pythium ultimum on Euphorbia pulcherima ‘Mars Improved’.Plant growth promoting assay. Plants were inoculated with the microorganisms at planting and the vegetativedevelopment of plants was compared to a control non-inoculated. The vegetative growth was evaluated bymeasuring the stem length, the stem diameter, the total area of all the red-colored bracts, the fresh weight, thedried weight, Root fresh weight and root dried weight.Bio-control assay. Two strategies were carried out concerning the inoculation of microorganisms: (1) the curativeand (2) the preventive strategies. The curative strategy consisted in infested plants with P. ultimum some daysbefore inoculating the bio-control microorganisms. The preventive strategy consisted in infested plants with P.ultimum two weeks after inoculation of the bio-control microorganisms. The same parameters as described beforewere measured. The microorganisms inoculated were Gliocladium catenulatum, Trichoderma harzianum (T-22),Glomus intraradices, Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf 153) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.Plant growth promoting assay. Plants inoculated with G. catenulatum and G. intraradices showed the mostimportant PGP effect. The inoculation of G. catenulatum allowed obtaining plants with longest stems and highervalues of fresh weight than control plants. The inoculation of G. intraradices allowed obtaining plants with highervalues of root fresh weight, root dried weight and stem diameter.Bio-control assay. Plants infested with P. ultimum in the curative strategy were more impacted than these infestedin the preventive effect. The preventive strategy showed positive effect of G. catenulatum and G. intraradices onvegetative development compared to control plants. As described in PGP results, G. intraradices positively actedon root part and G. catenulatum on aerial part of Euphorbia.Keywords: Euphorbia pulcherima, Pythium ultimum, Glomus, Gliocladium, BCA, PGPM.BLE – A founding advisory and management service in germanhorticultureGRUDA, NazimFederal Office for Agriculture and Food, Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179 Bonn, Germanyngruda@uni-bonn.deThe Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) is a service authority within the area of responsibility of theFederal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) of Germany. One of the most importanttasks of BLE is to manage the agricultural/horticultural, food and consumer protection research projects. Theseprojects include consulting of parties seeking and applying for funding (funding advisory service) as well asadministrative processing and technical project support at all levels – starting from the initial project idea up to theuse and application of project results.National research grants are award in the following fields: Technical and non-technical innovations in the areas of food/nutrition, agriculture and consumer protection Research and development projects and/or measures for technology and knowledge transfer within theFederal Program on Organic Farming and other forms of sustainable agriculture (BÖLN) Research projects to supply the BMELV with guidelines for decision-making Situation analyses and statistics in biodiversity Model and demonstration projects in the areas of preservation and innovative, sustainable use of biodiversityThe BLE also coordinates German participation in the crossnational European Research Area Networks (ERA-Nets).160

Posters of Topic 3There were alone within the Innovation Support Programme approximately 218 collaborative projects with 609subprojects with an ordinary duration of three years that were funded until the end of 2011. This equates to a totalbudget of 139 million Euros, with a financial contribution of 101 million Euros provided by this programme. Theprogramme aims are (i) improving the competitiveness of companies, (ii) strengthening the economic power ofinnovation, (iii) maintaining/enhancing employment, (iv) protection of natural resources and (v) improving workingconditions.If all the BLE funding is taken into account it becomes clear that a lot of promotion has been invested intoresearch and development of horticulture in the last few years. On behalf of BMELV a sector study was recentlyconducted concerning the innovation in the German agriculture and horticulture. Generally, it could be said thatthere is a discrepancy between research findings and the implementation into practice. It is expected thatnetworks in the agricultural value chains will be established and appropriate support measures will be developedin the near future. This is done in order to make a better implementation of innovative products and services inhorticulture possible and to contribute to a sustainable development in this very important economic sector.Keywords: foundation, innovation, innovation support programme, project support, sustainable development.Green bean production and fruit quality under organic andintegrated intensive crop system in mediterranean areaCONTRERAS, Juana Isabel (1) ; SEGURA, Maria Luz (1) *; LAO, Maria Teresa (2) **(1) Institute of Research and Training in Agriculture and Fishery (IFAPA), Junta of Andalusia. CaminoSan Nicolás n.1. 04745 La Mojonera. Almería. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CEIA3).Spain. * marial.segura@juntadeandalucia.es(2)Department of Vegetal Production, Engineering Higher School, University of Almería, Ctra.Sacramento s/n. 04120 Almería, Spain. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CEIA3). Spain.** mtlao@ual.esThis work presents the results of a study conducted on ‘Mantra’ green bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris ssp.volubilis), on a sand-mulched loam soil using trickle irrigation, comparing the influence of two crop systems(Organic and Integrated) and two soils with different organic matter levels (1.00% and 2.45%). The experimentaldesign was a two-factorial with four replications per treatment. The treatments established were: E 1: Organic CropSystem (OCS) under Low Organic Matter Soil (LOMS). I 1: Integrated Crop System (ICS) under LOMS. E 2: OCSunder High Organic Matter Soil (HOMS). I 2: ICS under HOMS. Nitrogen and K were applied by fertigation andtotal levels were: 68 kg N ha -1 and 107 kg K ha -1 following Regulation (CEE) Nº 2092/91 (Organic Crop System)and Specific Regulation of Green Beans Integrated Crop Production (BOJA) Nº 10/01. Green bean fruit yield wasevaluated by monitoring the marketable production, (category I and II), total marketable production, unmarketablefruit and total production. Quality was evaluated using dry matter content of fruit (DMC), total soluble solids (TSS),pH, tritable acidity and mineral salt concentration (N, P, K, Ca and Mg). E 1 showed lower total marketableproduction, unmarketable fruit and total production, than other treatments. E 2, I 1 and I 2 show similar productionparameters. Nevertheless, the distribution between categories was similar for all treatments. Dry matter content offruit (DMC) and concentration of mineral salts were similar for all treatments. Along harvest period, average totalsoluble solids and pH were similar for each treatment, with value around 5.3 and 5.9 respectively. Nevertheless,acidity increased during the harvest period. Acidity does not show significant differences between treatments,except in the fifth sampling, where OCS were higher than ICS treatments.Key words: Fertigation, marketable fruit, dry matter content of fruit, total soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity.Three years evaluation of the use of mechanical pruning in “Rocha”pearsDIAS, António B. (1) *; PATROCÍNIO, Sandra (2) ; PEREIRA, Sérgio (2) ; PINHEIRO, Anacleto (1)**; PEÇA, José O. (1)(1) Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM)/Departamento de161

Posters of Topic 3Engenharia Rural da Universidade de ÉvoraNúcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal* adias@uevora.pt ; jmop@uevora.pt ; ** pinheiro@uevora.pt(2) Cooperfrutas CRLQuinta das Freiras, Ponte do Jardim, 2460-617 Alcobaça, PortugalManual pruning with pneumatic shears is a current practice used by pear farmers in Portugal. As an alternative,mechanical pruning performed by a tractor mounted cutting bar provided with circular disc-saws can be used.A trial to evaluate the use of the tractor mounted cutting bar in the pear pruning, were conducted between 2008and 2010, in a commercial orchard of Rocha variety. The orchard was planted in an array of 4m x 2m and thetrees are trained as the central leader system.In this trial, in a randomised complete block design with three replications, three treatments (T1, T2, T3) are beingcompared leading to 9 plots with three lines of 10 trees per plot. In each plot the central line is used forparameters evaluation.The treatments under study are: T1 - manual pruning performed by workers using pneumatic shears, in eachyear; T2 - mechanical pruning, topping the canopy parallel to the ground, in each year and hedging in the twosides of the canopy, in 2008 and 2010; T3 - mechanical pruning, topping the canopy parallel to the ground, ineach year and hedging in the two sides of the canopy, in 2008, followed by a manual pruning complement eachyear.Tree height and width was measured, before and after pruning interventions. Pruning operation was timed andpear yields evaluated. Mechanical pruning seems to be effective in controlling tree size leading to a more uniformorchard when compared to manual pruning. The use of the tractor mounted cutting bar can contribute to increaseworking rate of the manual pruning complement.At the third year of the trial, a decrease in pear production was registered in the trees exclusively submitted tomechanical pruning, suggesting that a manual pruning complement was necessary. More years of field work areessential to validate these results.Keywords: tractor; cutting bar, disc-saws, work rates, pear production.Expanding regional organic fruit and vegetable markets: chances,challenges and implications for regional sustainable food networksin GermanyKÖNIG, Bettina *; VON ALLWÖRDEN, Andrea; BOKELMANN, WolfgangHumboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and HorticultureDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Economics of Horticultural ProductionPhilippstraße 13, Haus 12-0, 10099 Berlin, Germany* bettina.koenig@agrar.hu-berlin.deWorldwide, additional ethical attributes gain relevance: organic food does not only have to be organic, but „fair“,„regionally produced“ etc. In Germany the market for organic products has grown constantly over the last years(BÖLN 2010). Fresh fruits and vegetables are among the most important product categories. However, themarket growth has been realized to a large extend by imports while German organic fruit and vegetableproduction did not develop correspondingly despite a growing trend for regional products (BÖLN 2010). In orderto develop adequate strategies and instruments to meet the demand, it is necessary to understand why marketsignals currently are not met by the supply side adequately. Previous work has dealt with single issues in thisproblem field, and focused on the production/ producer side. Since market perspectives are a crucial factorhindering conversion decisions (K önig 2006), the perspective of the value chain has to be taken into considerationmore prominently in order to derive adequate support measures to improve domestic supply in Germany.We used an action research approach that allows to identify interaction mechanisms that contribute tothe reproduction of the phenomenon. Three case studies in Germany represent different situations for regionalorganic vegetable value chains. In a first step an analysis of the market and conversion conditions in Germanyand international examples has been conducted. Secondly, in three case study areas interviews with all relevantvalue chain members and supporting institutions have been carried out. The analysis of the specific regionalresources and actors and their relationships served as basis for a series of regional workshops. Actors alongrelevant regional value chains participated in these workshops to form a joint mental model on the understanding162

Posters of Topic 3of the situation. Strategies to improve the situation have been formulated and implementation has beenmoderated and accompanied by the research team.Development of the organic vegetable market requires changes on different levels in the regional value network.Action research can support the analysis of the situation, identification of conflicting interests and participatorystrategy option development. The method allows to gain insight in interaction mechanisms to discuss options tosupport regional sustainable food networks on the example of organic fruit and vegetable in Germany. Wedeveloped a guide that involves e.g. change and network management adapted to regional organic valuenetworks to be used by extension or other change agents. It allows addressing the factors that influence marketgrowth and conversion in the organic sector more systemically.Key words: value chain management, action research, change management.Crop load regulation by use of artificially created tree shadingSOLOMAKHIN, Alexey (1) (2) (3) *; BLANKE, Michael (2) ; KUNZ, Achim (1) ; ALIEV, Taymashan(4) & KLAD, Alexander (5)(1)Klein-Altendorf, INRES- University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Str. 42, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany(2)INRES- Horticultural Science, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany(3)Present address: Lipetzkoje shosse st. 66-e/71, 393773 Michurinsk, Tambov region, Russia(4)All-Russia Michurin Research, Institute of Horticulture, Michurina st. 30, 393760 Michurinsk,Tambov region, Russia(5) ‘ Sad-Gigant’, Shkolnaya st. 615, 353565 Slavjansk-na-Kubani, Krasnodar region, Russia* solom79@yandex.ruSince carbon starvation due to photosynthesis inhibition may induce fruit abscission, four-year-old apple trees cvs‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Elstar’ and ‘Gala’ on M9 at Bonn were shaded to achieve desired crop load viz thin. Wholetrees were covered with shade cloth (80 % shade/PAR reduction, 90% UV reduction) for either 3, 6 or 9 dayseither at the end of bloom or 23 days after full bloom (DAFB); uncovered adjacent trees served as control. Whileshading for 3 days (23 DAFB) was optimal for fruit quality (fruit size, colour and sugar content) with only a slightdecrease in yield, prolonged shading (for >6 days) also led to fruit quality improvement, but also to a considerabledecrease in yield, caused by a higher rate of June drop; fruit trees shaded earlier at the end of bloom shоwedweaker June drop and more fruit set with insufficient thinning efficacy.Later and prolonged shading (>6 days) increased fruit sugar content by 1.0-2.3 % SSC (and taste) by improvingtree source : sink relationships, and fruit mass by 41 % in cv. ‘Gala’ and 13 % in cv. ‘Elstar’, with better (75-100 %red surface) colouration of 85-96% than ca. 65 % in the un-shaded control; the same shading treatment alsoinduced the desired stronger return bloom viz less alternate bearing, with the least flowers in the un-shadedcontrol.Thus, this study has shown that shading for 3-6 days at 23 DAFB due to its effects on source:sink relationshipsand tree carbon starvation may be an environmentally-friendly technology to obtain fruit of the desired quality interms of firmness, size, colour and sugar content and prevent biennial bearing of fruit trees.Key words: photosynthesis inhibition, source / sinks relationship, shading, fruit quality, crop regulation.Effect of microorganisms on Lisianthus sp. quality: effect onseedlings and harvested plantsCAMPS, Cédric * & SIGG, PascalAgroscope ACW, Centre de recherche Conthey, CH- 1964 Conthey, Suisse* cedric.camps@acw.admin.ch163

Posters of Topic 3The aim of the present study was measuring the affect of microorganisms on the seedling quality of Lisianthus sp.at planting. Thus, the effect of different "plant growth promoting microorganisms" (PGPM) has been studied. Thefollowing microorganisms were used: Gliocladium catenulatum, Trichoderma harzianum (T-22), Glomusintraradices and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Three varieties of lisianthus were tested: Eustoma Texas Purple (1-4), Eustoma ABC F1 Blue (3-4) and Eustoma ABC F1 Rose (3-4).The average germination rate was higher for plants inoculated with G. catenulatum than these treated with othersmicroorganisms.At planting, plantlets inoculated with G. catenulatum presented the highest values of fresh weight, dry weight andtotal foliar area than the other ones.At harvest, plants inoculated with G. catenulatum and G. intraradices presented a higher commercial quality thanall the other ones. G. catenulatum allowed to obtain the longest stems, that is one of the two quality parametersfor lisianthus quality on market. G. intraradices allowed obtaining plants with a most important amount of flowersbuds, that is the second parameter of lisianthus quality on market.Keywords: Lisianthus, PGPM, Gliocladium catenulatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,Glomus intraradices.Sustainable orcharding through eco-design and co-designPENVERN, Servane (1) *; JAMAR, Laurent (2) ; DAPENA, Enrique (3) ; LATEUR, Marc (2) ;SIMON, Sylvaine (4) ; BELLON, Stephane (1)(1)INRA PACA – Unité Ecodéveloppement, Site Agroparc, FR-84914 Avignon Cedex 09, France(2)CRA-W, Dept. of biocontrol and plant genetic resources, BE-5030 Gembloux, Belgium(3)SERIDA, Apdo, 13, ES-33300 Villaviciosa, Spain(4)INRA PACA, UE Recherche Intégrée, Domaine de Gotheron, FR-26320 Saint-Marcel-lès-Valence,France* servane.penvern@avignon.inra.frA heavy reliance of apple production on pesticides is prevalent in Europe, despite the development of IntegratedPest Management and alternative methods (e.g. mating disruption) to control pests. Orchard management isindeed highly constrained by the conservative design of current orchards (e.g. disease-susceptible cultivar andgenetic homogeneity) and international standards of the fruit market. In contrast, because orchards are complexperennial systems strongly contributing to landscape complexity, they also provide opportunities to designinnovative production systems based on ecological processes rather than pesticides.Since 2007 a French-speaking group of growers, extension agents and scientists from Spain, France, Belgiumand Switzerland with complementary expertises and skills in apple production has addressed the question ofsustainable fruit growing. Its participatory approach consisted in (i) sharing expert-knowledge and experiencesduring annual workshops to define the properties of an orchard addressing economic, social and environmentaldimensions of sustainability; (ii) identifying key-elements and innovations to propose a framework to (re)designsustainable orchards; (iii) elaborating relevant tools to assess the overall sustainability of these innovativeorchards. The main achievements are:- Progress towards sustainability is a dynamic process in a fluctuating environment. One ‘ideal’ orchard cannot bedefinitively proposed; the focus is more on the design and/or the trajectory of candidate orchards towardsprototypes based on 4 basic properties: resilience, autonomy, reproducibility and sustainagility.- Most innovative experiences (e.g. association of animal and fruit productions, fruit agroforestry, plant biodiversityintegration) have been identified in organic and low-input commercial orchards. Only a few experiments aredevoted to such an integrative approach (Fibl, INRA Gotheron, CRA-W, GRAB).- Key-elements were identified for design purposes. A general framework was elaborated to design prototypesmaximizing both bottom-up (through the plant) and top-down (through natural regulators) processes forproduction and orchard health: planting material, tree training, biodiversity etc. Upscaling from the field to thelandscape as well as the integration of ecological, biological and agronomic knowledge and socio-economicperspectives are key-issues.- The need to develop simultaneously conception and evaluation of prototyped systems was outlined.- The food-system was also questioned by our prototyping approach. We believe that sustainable orchards ownmulti-functional and multi-production dimensions, within a diversified food-chain. This also sends back to theorchard complexity which deserves to be further intensified –but not the orchard itself-.164

Posters of Topic 3Lastly, the most promising co-designed prototypes are now to be evaluated in various European contexts within afollow-up project still to be initiated.Keywords: orchard, agroecosystem, resilience, low-external input, organic, innovation, diversification, ecologicalfunctioning, knowledge-based, participatory approach.Agro-morphological characterization of a diverse collection oftomato varieties cultivated in protected area in organic culturesystemBREZEANU, Petre Marian (1) *; MUNTEANU, Neculai (2) ; AMBARUS, Silvica (1) ; BREZEANU,Creola (1) ; CALIN, Maria (1) ; VANATORU, Costel (3)(1)Vegetable Research and Development Station Bacau, Romania – Calea Barladului, no. 220,Bacau, Romania(2) University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Iasi(3) Vegetable Research and Development Station Buzau, Romania* brezeanumarian@yahoo.comIn recent years people began to pay an increased attention to environment, demonstrating by growing concern forsustainable solutions to reduce the negative effects of pressure particularly on agriculture and on environment. Inthe same time consumers are interested in healthy products (with distinguished internal and external qualities).An increased demand for organic vegetables is a great opportunity and a challenge for organic vegetable growersand also for researchers to develop new studies. Our challenge to develop research in ecological system has dualvalence: (1) ecological systems has the potential to support biodiversity conservation through (increased numberand variety of cultivated wild species, high levels of agro-biodiversity, maintaining soil healthy and soil fauna,reducing the risk of water pollution) (2) use of the products obtained in organic farming is able to ensure foodsafety. Use of local varieties perfectly adapted to environmental conditions can help to improve ecosystem healthby reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers and their effect on improving soil structure. The study wasconducted on a diverse tomatoes collection cultivated in ecological culture system in protected area. We selectdifferent local populations known for high level of quality and also for resistance to pathogen attach. Knowledge ofagro-morphological and physiological characteristics of the parents in case of tomato species is a prerequisite forbreeding in order to obtain performance F1 hybrid. At Vegetable Research and Development Station Bacau,Romania, after a careful study of the main features were promoted from field base (collection), which holds over80 cultivars, the sample area 30 genitors, with unlimited growth. Our study envisaged aspects regarding type ofgrowth, vigurozity, production potential (t/ha), precocity, plant resistance to pathogens, some fruit characteristicslike: shape, color, weigh, lodge number, firmness, storage and split resistance and some physiologicaldeterminations. In case of tomatoes the main studied physiological index which contribute to achievement of fruittaste are following: total soluble dry matter, pigments, and titratable acidity. Compared with control variant theadvanced homozygous lines achieved a total production over 100 t / ha organic culture system. Ten of the lineshave a very good resistance to attack of pests and pathogens, which entitles us to conclude that they are suitablefor organic culture.This work was cofinanced from the European Social Fund through Sectorial Operational Programme HumanResources Development 2007-20013 project number POSDRU/I.89/1.5/S62371 “Postdoctoral School inAgriculture and Veterinary Medicine Area”.Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum, biodiversity, biological culture system.165

Posters of Topic 3Response of a very-early maturing peach cultivar to water stressand crop load according to simulations with QualiTreeMIRÁS-AVALOS, José Manuel (1) *; ALCOBENDAS, Rosalía (2) (3) ; ALARCÓN, Juan José (2)(3) ; PEDRERO, Francisco (2) (3) ; VALSESIA, Pierre (4) ; LESCOURRET, Françoise (4) ;(2) (3)NICOLÁS, Emilio(1)Estación de Viticultura y Enología de Galicia (EVEGA). Ponte San Clodio s/n 32427, Leiro(Ourense), Spain(2) Departamento de Riego, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CSIC, P.O. Box 164,30100, Espinardo (Murcia), Spain(3)Unidad Asociada al CSIC de Horticultura Sostenible en Zonas Áridas (UPCT-CEBAS), PaseoAlfonso XIII, s/n. 30203, Cartagena (Murcia), Spain(4)UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), INRA, Domaine Saint-Paul, SiteAgroparc, 84914 Avignon Cedes 9, France* jose.manuel.miras.avalos@xunta.esPeach trees are mainly cultivated in dry countries and are often subjected to water stress, which isknown to influence fruit growth. Moreover, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) practices are used in order to savewater and improve fruit quality in peach-tree orchards. Fruit thinning may be considered a useful technique toimprove peach marketable yield under water restriction conditions. Besides, models are powerful tools to analyzethe effects of several factors on carbon partitioning within the plant and, hence, vegetative and reproductivegrowth. In this sense, these models may be used to understand the effect of RDI on fruit growth. Recently, amodel (QualiTree) that describes carbon allocation within the tree has been presented, it also describesreproductive and vegetative growth and accounts for the water status of the tree. In this study, we used QualiTreeto assess the combined effects of water stress and fruit thinning on the vegetative and fruit growth of a very earlymaturingpeach cultivar (‘Flordastar’). First, we calibrated the model for this cultivar confronting simulated andexperimental data. We tested QualiTree on different situations involving deficit irrigation (five scenarios based onleaf water potential values: -0.8, -1.6, -2, -2.5, and –3 MPa) and crop load (unthinned, commercial load and lowload). In addition, two scenarios concerning the time of application of the water restriction (either during stage II orstage III of fruit development) were considered. Outputs from the model displayed a good agreement withobserved data concerning fruit and vegetative growth, as described by relative root mean square error values,which ranged from 0.24 to 0.37. QualiTree predicted well the variability over time of fruit and vegetative growth.Water stress negatively affected fruit and vegetative growth, reducing fruit growth up to 53%, when comparing themost stressful scenario with that of control conditions. In addition, a severe water stress produced during stage IIof fruit development impeded fruits to attain a marketable size even when water status was re-established duringstage III. A low crop load partially counteracted the negative effects of water stress on fruit growth. These resultsare encouraging but further improvements in the model, such as a validation of fruit quality data, are needed inorder to improve the predictive capabilities of QualiTree. Nevertheless, at its present state, QualiTree is able tosimulate, successfully, several combinations of cultural practices and may be used in the future for designing treecropmanagement through simulations.Keywords: deficit irrigation, modelling, carbon allocation, fruit size, water stress, Prunus persica.Perspective and challenges in Tagetes sp. culture usingbiofertilizersSCHMIDT, Brigitta *; ŞUMĂLAN, RaduDepartment of Plant PhysiologyBanat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of TimişoaraTimişoara, Romania* brigischmidt@yahoo.com166

Posters of Topic 3Biofertilizers using arbuscular mycorrhiza appeared on market not a very long time ago and even presently thereis not a large scale of products. Also the difficulties of inoculum production and the high prices hinder the successand competitiveness of products. The high prices are mostly due to the production technique of arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are obligate symbionts, thus cannot be mass-cultivated in sterile conditions, onlyimplying the host plant or in sophisticated and extremely expensive in vitro cultures, which are also not veryproductive. Also the time and type of application is critical to the success of infection.Nevertheless the AMF are preferred to several reasons: increase the mobilization and absorption of minerals andwater from soil, protection against diseases, pathogens and adverse environmental conditions.The present paper describes the problems and experiences deriving from our experiments with hydroponicculture of French marigold, when plants were infected with a commercial inoculum containing a consortium ofthree AMF species. The results show that the type of phosphates in nutrient solution and also their concentrationis crucial to the success of fungal infection, and high concentration of P can even inhibit the intraradiculardevelopment of AMF. It was also observed that some types of phosphates determine the AMF to turn intoparasitic and to become detrimental to the development of host plants.Instead, when we used phosphates with low solubility in water and in low concentrations in the nutrient solution,the AMF determined significantly positive differences in flowering and development.In conclusion, the use of AMF is recommended especially for low input cultures, being suitable for restoration ofpolluted ecosystems and protection of degraded soils.Keywords: Tagetes patula L., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant physiology.The potential of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria for the eggplantproduction(1)SUNGTHONGWISES, Kiriya (1) *; MATSUOKA, M. (2) ; OHNISHI, K. (3) ; TANAKA, S. (4) &IWAI, C. B. (5)Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources (Agronomy Section), Faculty ofAgriculture, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.(2)International Field Science Course, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University (Nankoku campus),Kochi, 7838502, Japan(3) Research Institute of Molecular Genetics Science Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, KochiUniversity (Nankoku campus), Kochi, 7838502, Japan(4) Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University (Nankoku campus), Kochi, 7838502, Japan(5)Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources (Land Resources and EnvironmentSection), Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.* Corresponding author: skiriy@kku.ac.thThe present study aims to identify the diversity and the efficiency of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria(PSB) with a strong potential as a natural fertilizer for eggplant production. Phosphorus is considered as theprincipal yield-limiting nutrient along with nitrogen according to it is a primary constraint to plant growth in manyterrestrial ecosystems especially, in acid sandy soils with high levels of P fixation by Fe and Al oxides. Thepotential of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) to increase soluble P by enhancing solubilization of insoluble Pcompounds was isolated and evaluated in this experiment. Six different PSB strains isolated from eggplant fieldswere screened for their efficiency in P solubilization. The PSB isolated from eggplant field soils solubilized 770-1,548 mg/L of P. Stepwise multiple regression analysis and P solubility kinetics indicated that the majormechanism of P solubilization by PSB is the pH reduction through the release of organic acids. Especially,Klebsiella pneumoniae strain M-AI-2 isolate code Ek04 and Gluconacetobacter sp. isolate code Ek01 in theeggplant field seem to have the capacity to solubilize insoluble forms of AlPO 4 and FePO 4 which are the mainforms of insoluble phosphates in acid sandy soils.Key words: Eggplant, Organic fertilizer, Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB).167

Posters of Topic 3Nutritional parameters of Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var.alboglabra) under organic growing conditionsKOPTA, Tomáš; POKLUDA, Robert *Faculty of Horticulture Lednice, Mendel University in Brno,Lednice, Czech Republic, fax 00420 519 367 222* pokluda@mendelu.czThe five cultivars of Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) were tested during 2008 and 2009 in thesystem of certified organic production. The analyses of crude fiber, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, potassium,sodium, calcium, magnesium and total antioxidant capacity TAC were done in edible parts. The fiber contentwithin all cultivars was significant (2 - 4.2 g.100 g -1 f.m.). According to the obtained results it can be concludedthat among the tested cultivars the highest content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was found in cv. Suiho (anaverage of 810 mg.kg -1 ), Green Lance (776 mg.kg -1 ), and Happy Rich (598 mg.kg -1 ). Higher potassium contentwas observed at rather later cultivars Green Lance (4943 mg.kg -1 in 2008) or in cv. Happy Rich (5355 mg.kg -1 in2008). Highest calcium content was analysed in the Hon Tsai Tai (704 mg.kg -1 in 2008) and most of magnesiumin cv. Happy Rich (136 mg.kg -1 in 2009) and Green Lance (133 mg.kg -1 in 2009). The highest value of TAC wasfound in cv. Green Lance (1.09 µmol trolox.g -1 f.m.). As prospective according to the monitored substancescontent can be considered cultivars Green Lance, Happy Rich or Suiho.Keywords: Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra, Chinese broccoli, vitamin C, antioxidants, minerals, crude fibre.Effect on yield and quality different agricultural organic waste inorganic strawberry growingBALCI, Gulden; DEMIRSOY, Husnu *; DEMIRSOY, Leyla* husnud@omu.edu.trThe aim of this study was to determine the effects on yield and fruit quality of strawberry plants of differentagricultural organic wastes (hazelnut husk compost, broken hazelnut husk, rice hulls compost and rice hulls),thus, to examine using of possibilities of them as an alternative to farm yard manure in organic strawberrygrowing. Experiment was carried out with frigo plants of Camarosa, Sweet Charlie, Fern, Redline Hope cv. insummer planting system. All agricultural organic wastes and farm yard manure (3 tons per decare) were appliedon experimental plots preparing with garden soil. In this experiment, the plots including both farm yard manurewith garden soil and garden soil were used as control. Experiment was designed as Randomized Plot with 3replicates. Earliness, yield per plant, some fruit quality and vegetative growth parameters were recorded for eachapplication. According to the results, it was determined that hazelnut husk compost and broken hazelnut husk canbe used as an alternative to farm yard manure in organic strawberry growing.Effect of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and mycorrhiza on growth andtotal chlorophyll in pepper plant(1)AKBUDAK, Nuray (1) *; BASAY, Sevinc (2) ; TEZCAN, Himmet (3)Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Gorukle Campus, Nilufer,Turkey(2) Orhaneli Vocat Sch, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey168

Posters of Topic 3(3) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa* nakbudak@uludag.edu.trThe effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mossae and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and their interactionon plant growth and chlorophyll accumulation were studied in pepper plant grown in pots. It was found that: (1)the mycorrhiza treatment increased stem dry weight by 15.5% and mean plant height by 8.89% compared thecontrols (2) infections by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum reduced stem fresh weight by 49.70 %, dry weight 49.81 % (3)the treatment combining both S.sclerotinia + Mycorrhiza increased root fresh weight by 22.23%, root dry weight21.66% This leads to the conclusion that the beneficial effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus supersedes thepathogenic effect of S. sclerotinia (4) total chlorophyll content were higher in mycorrhizal treatments than controls.Keywords: Capsicum annuum, chlorophyll content, disease assessment, mycorrhiza, plant growth parameter,seedling.Sustainability of Sicily’s citrus production: an energetic, economicand environmental analysis of lemon and orange production(1)PERGOLA, M. (1) ; D'AMICO, M. (2) ; FAVIA, M.F. (1) ; INGLESE, P. (3) *; PALESE, A.M. (4) ;PERRETTI, B. (1) ; CELANO, G. (4)Dipartimento Tecnico Economico per la Gestione del Territorio Agricolo-Forestale (DiTEC) -Università degli Studi della Basilicata – Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10 - 85100 Potenza – Italy(2) Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agroalimentari e Ambientali (GeSA) – Università degli Studi diCatania - Via Santa Sofia, 100 - 95123 Catania - Italy(3)Dipartimento DEMETRA – Università degli Studi di Palermo - Viale delle Scienze - 90128PALERMO- Italy(4) Dipartimento di Scienze dei Sistemi Colturali, Forestali e dell’Ambiente (DipSISTEMI) – Universitàdegli Studi della Basilicata – Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10 - 85100 Potenza – Italy* Corresponding Author: paolo.inglese@unipa.itThe Sicily island is characterized by a natural pedoclimatic environment, favourable to citrus production. In fact,some of the local varieties, thanks to their exceptional organoleptic and nutritional proprieties, have beenawarded prestigious prizes in national and international contexts.The adoption of organic farming technologies can represent a positive factor for the revival of citrus production inSicily, overcoming the negative factors that are weighing on the sector: declining size of farms, aging of orchardsdue to delayed or no renewal, insufficient generational change in peasant families.The objective of the research presented in this note was to prove the positive value of organic farming methods,assessing its sustainability through the energetic, environmental and economic analysis of the whole productioncycle of lemon and orange orchards.In this study, the quantity of energy consumption in the production cycle was calculated by multiplying the quantityof inputs used by the energy conversion factors drawn from the international literature.The environmental analysis was carried out according to the LCA methodology using the software SimaPro 7.2.The production costs were calculated considering all internal costs, including equipments, materials, wages, costsof working capital.The performance of the two systems, organic and conventional, were compared over a period of fifty years. Theresults, estimated per hectare of production, prove a stronger sustainability of the organic over the conventional,both in terms of energy consumptions and environmental impact, specially for lemon. The same resultsnormalized per kg of final product, confirm, in particular, the environmental superiority of the organic productionsystems.169

Posters of Topic 3Evaluation of resistance to fire blight in pear cultivarsERFANI, Javad (1) *; ABDOLLAHI, Hamid (2) ; EBADI, Ali (1) ; FATAHI, Reza (1)(1) Department of Horticulture Sciences, University of Tehran(2) Seed & Plant Improvement Institute* jerfani@ut.ac.irFire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most destroyer diseases of plants in theRosaceae subfamily Pomoideae. The objective of this study was to determine the level of resistance of 30 pearcultivars. The level of resistance was determined as the length of the fire blight lesion as a percentage of overallshoot length. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among evaluated cultivars, indicating a widerange of resistance to fire blight pathogen. The pear cultivars showed considerable variations in resistance to fireblight with the severity of infection ranging from 0.4% to 100%. In this study the cultivars were divided into fourgroups including very resistant (0-10%), semi-resistant (11%-50%), susceptible (51%- 80%) and very susceptible(81%- 100%) according to the percent of length of necrosis to the total shoot length. Three cultivars including‘Dare Gazi’, ‘Harrow Sweet’ and ‘Natanzi’ were identified as very resistant, 14 cultivars as semi-resistant, 10cultivars as susceptible and another three cultivars including ‘Mohamad Ali’, ‘Duchesse’ and ‘Chojuro’ wererecognized as very susceptible.Keywords: Pear, Fire blight, Resistant cultivars, Dare Gazi.Low-residue apple production compared to common IP and BIOproductionNAEF, AndreasResearch station Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Schloss, P.O. Box, CH-8820 Wädenswil,Switzerlandandreas.naef@acw.admin.chIn several European countries, consumers and retailers are demanding a large reduction, ideally an elimination,of pesticide residues from fruits. Producers need information and advice on how to meet these demands.In a field trial with Golden Delicious and the scab resistant varieties Topaz, Otava and Ariane, common cropprotection strategies for integrated and organic apple production were compared to a low-input strategy withreduced use of synthetic fungicides. Pest and weed control was identical to the integrated strategy. In allstrategies, insecticides were used only if damage thresholds were exceeded and alternative measures wereapplied, being mating disruption against codling moth, mulching of leafs to reduce scab inoculum and exclosurenetting to prevent pest invasion. In the first year, fungicide application was interrupted in summer in the low-inputstrategy. Compared to the integrated strategy, this resulted in increased incidence of fruit scab on GoldenDelicious and bull’s eye rot on Golden Delicious and Topaz. The level of damage was similar to the organicstrategy. From the second year on, synthetic fungicides were used until end of bloom. After bloom, control ofdiseases was done with potassium bicarbonate and sulphur. No pesticide residues could be detected with thisstrategy and good control was achieved for scab on Golden Delicious and powdery mildew on all varieties. Arianewas the most robust variety. Bull’s eye rot at storage on Golden Delicious and Topaz remained the weakness ofthe low-input strategy. Hot water treatments after harvest reduced the incidence of this disease. No relevantlosses due to pests were observed in any strategy during four years.The trial will be continued to collect further information on crop protection efficacy and profitability, aiming atrecommendations for farmers.Keywords: pesticide residues, apple production, scab, bull’s eye rot.170

Posters of Topic 3Simultaneous detection and identification of pathogenic fungi inwheat using a DNA macroarrayPALMISANO, Marilena (1) *; KUHN, Roger (1) ; SIEROTZKI, Helge (2) ; BOLSINGER, Martin (2)(1) ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Campus Reidbach, P.O. Box, CH-8820 Waedenswil,marilena.palmisano@zhaw.ch(2)Syngenta Crop Protection Muenchwilen AG, WST-810.3.18. CH-4332 Stein* pama@zhaw.chThe detection of economically important pathogens is a key element in sustainable wheat production and aprerequisite for crop protection. The objective of the project was to develop a DNA macroarray for fast and costeffectivedetection of nine pathogenic fungi in wheat: Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusariumpoae, Microdochium nivale var. majus, Microdochium nivale var. nivale, Puccinia recondita, Septoria tritici,Septoria nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis.Methodically, a macroarray is similar to a microarray but without the need for expensive equipment. PCR labeledsamples of DNA are hybridized to pathogen-specific oligonucleotides (probes) anchored to a solid support. Apositive reaction between an amplicon and a perfectly matched oligonucleotide generates a chemiluminescentsignal which can be detected by a plate reader. The macroarray is sensitive enough to detect single nucleotidepolymorphism (SNPs). Sample analysis is simple, fast, cost-effective, fully automated and suitable for highthroughput screening.In this project, the nine wheat pathogens were detected within 6 hours simultaneously in a single sample usingbetween one to four different species-specific probes for each pathogen. Species-specific detectoroligonucleotides were designed based on the β-tubulin and/or succinate dehydrogenase region of fungal DNA.The detection limit of the DNA macroarray technique particularly depends on the pathogen-specificoligonucleotides deployed.The necessity for monitoring pathogenic fungi in wheat production and for prediction of crop yield has beenrecognized for a long time. The DNA macroarray responds very sensitively and has the potential to recognizepathogenic fungi earlier with reference to the cultivation period than a conventional PCR. This means that theDNA macroarray can detect genomic DNA from fungi in a lower potency than the conventional PCR.One benefit of the DNA macroarray for detection of fungal pathogens in wheat is its increased specificity and theother its application to a large number of microorganisms which can be detected in a single assay. Thistechnology has been proven to be relatively cost-effective compared with real-time PCR or microarrays.This project was financially supported by the Commission of Technology and Innovation CTI in Berne,Switzerland.Keywords: DNA macroarray, wheat, pathogen-specific oligonucleotides, detection, screening.Verger Cidricole de Demain: conception, assessment and diffusionof environmental high-performance and economically viable ciderapple orchard systemsGUERIN, Anne *; DUPONT, Nathalie; GILLES, YannInstitut Français des Production Cidricoles, La Rangée Chesnel, F-61500 Sées, France* anne.guerin@ifpc.euThe context of pesticide reduction imposed by environmental concerns and regulations leads to technicaldeadlocks in orchard management. In order to overcome these obstacles and to answer the conventional growerswilling to go beyond Integrated Fruit Production, the cider industry professionals have decided to launch aprogram based on the conception of innovating sustainable orchard systems.Due to the numerous interactions between production factors, system approach is particularly well adapted. Itallows to understand and to improve the functioning of the overall orchard by taking into account theseinterrelations rather than focusing on each factor alone. Besides, specificities of cider apple orchards such as171

Posters of Topic 3using low susceptible cultivars or processing of fruits make them well-suited fields for experimentations on lowinputcropping systems.“Verger Cidricole de Demain” is a long-term and multi-partner project, including professionals, farmers,researchers, teachers, field advisors or organizations promoting agriculture. It aims to: (i) design self-sufficientorchard systems through the combination of several practices minimizing the use of inputs as much as possible,(ii) experiment the feasibility of these systems under field conditions in commercial organic and conventionalapple orchards (iii) select resources, methods and indicators to assess their sustainability through an agronomic,ecologic, economic and social multicriteria approach. This will also allow to evaluate the environmental efficiencyand the technical and economical incidence of the strategies adopted for the conception of systems.Designing a more sustainable orchard is all the more topical that a large part of the French cider apple orchardarea will need to be replanted in the next decade.Keywords: prototyping, innovative cropping systems, pesticide input reduction, sustainable cider apple-growing.Possibilities of integrated diseases control of carrotsBIMSTEINE, Gunita (1) *; BANKINA, Biruta (1) ; LEPSE, Liga (2)(1) Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Latvia University of Agriculture, Liela Street 2, Jelgava, LV-3004, * gunita.Bimsteine@llu.lv(2) Pūre Horticultural Research Center, Abavas Street 2, Pūre, Tukums district, LV-3124 LatviaCarrot is one of the most popular and profitable vegetables grown in Latvia, nevertheless there is a lack ofknowledge regarding carrot diseases and their control.Investigation on the integrated carrot disease control in Latvia was carried out at Pure Horticultural ResearchCentre and Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences of the Latvia University of Agriculture during 2008 – 2011. The aimof this investigation was to identify the most common carrot diseases under local conditions and to comparevarious strategies of fungicide treatment: 1) control (without fungicide); 2) fungicide applied according decisionsupport system DaCom Plant Plus to control foliar diseases; 3) fungicide used according expert decision.Fungicides with active ingredients mankozeb, boscalid and pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin were used. Incidenceand severity of the diseases were observed during vegetation period. The severity of the diseases was evaluatedusing a 0-5 index scale. Development of the diseases was described by AUDPC (area under diseases progresscurve).Alternaria leaf blight of carrots (caused by Alternaria dauci) dominated in all observation period, but in 2011 alsoincidence of Cercospora leaf blight (caused by Cercospora carotae) was high. Both above mentioned diseasesunder field conditions of Latvia can reduce carrot yields considerably. In 2010, white rot (caused by Sclerotiniasclerotiorum) also was identified on carrot foliage in the field. The severity of carrot foliar blight was very low in theyears 2008-2010 and did not exceed 1-10%. Only in 2011 the severity of the disease was 100% observed incontrol and 10 – 19% observed in variants with fungicide applications.The number of fungicide applications recommended by DaCom Plant Plus varied 2-5 times in different years, butonly 1-2 times in variant with fungicide applications based on expert decision. Technical effectiveness of fungicideapplication was less than 60% during investigations, except 2011, when technical effectiveness of fungicideapplication fluctuated (81-90%) depending on the control strategy.Carrot yield was higher in 2009 (69 – 90 t ha -1 ), but the lowest yield was obtained in 2010 (22 – 33 t ha -1 ).Statistically significant differences were observed in 2009 and 2011, but only between control and variants withfungicide applications. Differences between different control strategies were not significant.Keywords: integrated control, foliar diseases, fungicide.172

Posters of Topic 3Electronic nose for the early detection of Red Palm Weevil(Rhynchophorus ferrugineous Olivier) infestation in Palms:preliminary resultsRIZZOLO, Anna (1) *; BIANCHI, Giulia (1) ; LUCIDO, Paolo (2) ; CANGELOSI, Benedetta (2) ;POZZI, Letizia (3) ; VILLA, Giovanni (3) ; CLEMATIS, Francesca (2) ; PASINI, Carlo (2) ; CURIR,Paolo (2)(1) The Agricultural Research Council - Food Technology Research Unit (CRA-IAA), via Venezian 26, I20133 Milan, Italy(2) The Agricultural Research Council - Unità di Ricerca per la Floricoltura e le Specie Ornamentali(CRA-FSO), Corso Inglesi 508, I 18038 Sanremo (IM), Italy(3) Demetra Società Cooperativa Sociale Onlus, Via Visconta 75, I 20045 Besana Brianza (MI), Italy* anna.rizzolo@entecra.itThe Red Palm Weevil (RPW, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) is one of the worst pests for palms and whenthe infestation of this insect is discovered, usually it is too late for recovering the plant. In the Mediterranean areaRPW mainly attacks the Phoenix canariensis species, and in Italy it was recorded since 2004. Various methodshave been applied to control and manage RPW, but at the moment none of them successfully prevented itsspread out. Basing on the fact that from the infested trees a brownish-yellow smelly liquid is oozed out associatedwith changes in plant volatile emission due to the stress, in 2011 a trial was planned in order to see if gassensors (eNose) can be used for the early detection of RPW pest in Phoenix canariensis trees.Palms were grown in buckets at CRA-FSO inside isolated greenhouse under quarantine conditions: six wereinfested with two, four or eight RPW larvae (2 palms/RPW number) by inserting each RPW larva through a holedrilled in the trunk; four palms were used as control, two with four holes drilled in the trunk without RPW larvaeand two without any hole. After 8, 15 and 23days from the infestation, the air surrounding the crown of each palmwas sampled using a gas sampling pump and 20L gas-tight sampling bags, transported to Demetra labs andanalysed for volatile pattern by eNose. After 8 and 23 days from the infestation, in association with air samplings40 leaves/palm were sampled from the crown, put into 1.7L jars fitted with a gas-tight lid equipped with a septumfor gas samplings, weighed and trasported to CRA-IAA labs for volatile pattern analysis by eNose. In both labseNose analyses were carried out using a PEN3 Portable Electonic Nose produced by Airsense consisting of asampling section, 10 MOS type chemical sensors and a software package for data recording and multivariatestatistical analysis.Normalized sensors signals of air and leaves samples were separately processed using pattern recognitiontechniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). With PCA ofair samples, RPW palms could be distinguished along PC2 axis by the healthy and drilled ones, whereas PC1increased with the increase of time from infestation. With PCA of leaves samples, opposite PC1 trends with timefrom infestation were observed for healthy trees (increase) and for drilled and RPW ones (decrease). Theperformance of classification models based on RPW infestation whatever the number of larvae ranged from76.7% for air samples to 100% for leaves samples.Keywords: RPW; Phoenix canariensis, electronic nose, air, leaves.Integrated fruit production in Bulgaria – state-of-the-art, tendenciesand ecologically sound approaches for producing safe fruitsRANKOVA, Zarya (1) *; TITIYANOV, Miroslav (2) ; ZHIVONDOV, Argir (1)(1) Fruit-Growing Institute – Plovdiv, 12 Ostromila Str., Bulgaria(2) University Of Forestry – Sofia, Bulgaria* rankova_zarya@abv.bg173

Posters of Topic 3The present study treats some major elements of integrated fruit production as a modern approach for obtainingtop quality, ecologically pure fruit produce – choosing the suitable cultivar and cultivar-rootstock combination,integrated approaches for control of diseases, pests and weeds, systems of irrigation and of maintaining the soilsurface in the fruit plantations.The combined approach for pest control, the application of good agricultural practices and the use of pesticideproducts with confirmed selectivity, suitable for application under the conditions of integrated fruit production, aswell as the search for alternative approaches to limit the use of agrochemicals, ensure that the crops aremaintained in a good agrotechnical and ecological condition.Integrated fruit production as an organizational form in fruit-growing, is the modern ecologically-oriented fruitproduction. The knowledge on its basic principles is a necessary condition for adapting fruit-growing to theEuropean requirements for the production of competitive fruit produce, preservation of the environment and thebiodiversity.Keywords: fruit growing, cultivars, pest control, integrated fruit production.Effect of different plant strengthener on the appearance of powderymildew on rosemary (Rosmarinusofficinalis)SAUER, Heike (1) *; RATHER, Karin (1) ; KOCH, Robert (1) ; BLUM, Hanna (2)(1) State Horticultural College and Research Institute, Diebsweg 2, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany(2)Ökoplant e.V., HimmelsburgerStraße 95, 53 474 Ahrweiler, Germany* heike.sauer@lvg.bwl.deThe powdery mildew on rosemary (LeveillulalabiatarumRosmarini f) can cause economical damage in organicgreenhouse production. Therefore measurements must be taken to avoid infestation with powdery mildew. In atrial four plant strengthener and one fertilizer were tested preventively by spraying weekly. The plant strengthenerused were ‘SteinhauersMehltauschreck’ (sodium hydrogen carbonate), ‘HF Pilzvorsorge’ (fennel plant extract),the combination of both, ‘Vi-Care’ (water extract of citrus seeds) and one fertilizer ‘Schwefal’ (sulfur). The plantstrengthener ‘Vi-Care’ and‘Prev’ (orange oil extract) were sprayedafter the attack of the fungus by three timestreatment within ten days. The effect of the different treatments on disease incidence and infestation werecompared to a water control. All treatments reduced disease incidence. ’HF Pilzvorsorge’,‘SteinhauersMehltauschreck’ in combination with ‘HF Pilzvorsorge’, ‘Schwefal’ and ‘Vi-Care’ led to nearlysymptomless plants. Plants treated with ‘Schwefal’ however showed white spots. To sell these plants they have tobe cleaned. ‘Vi-Care’ and ‘Prev’ sprayed after attack of powdery mildew led to a visible decline of diseaseincidence. Hereby ‘Vi-Care’ reduced the percentage of plants with visible mildew spots from 30% to 15%, and‘Prev’ decreased the amount from 20% plants to 1% after treatment. ‘Prev’ was more effective than ‘Vi-Care’.Keywords: Rosmarinusofficinalis, powdery mildew, Leveillulalabiatarum Rosmarini f, organic greenhouseproduction.Merging ecological and social approaches to tackle insecticideoveruse in Colombian small-scale passionfruit productionWYCKHUYS, Kris A.G.CIRAD UR Hortsyskris.wyckhuys@cirad.frIn many parts of the tropics, the bulk of minor fruit production is in the hands of smallholder farmers, who arestrapped of financial resources and all too often bypassed by government extension programs. In Colombia,several species of Passiflora sp. are cultivated; with most important crops being sweet, yellow and purple174

Posters of Topic 3passionfruit. Cultivated on >8,000 hectares, these crops sustain countless farmer households in some thecountry’s most deprived and volatile rural areas. Lance flies (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) are key pests of passionfruitcrops, but little information exists regarding their biology, ecology and management. Local farmers are thought toexperience considerable yield losses due to pest attack, but lack the necessary knowledge to properly managethem. In 2008, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) teamed up with local universities to devisecost-effective, sustainable and environmentally-sound pest management options for local passionfruit producers.Firstly, a national farmer survey was conducted to gain insights into the agro-ecological knowledge and pestmanagement behavior of local farmers. Aside from a universal use of calendar-based insecticide sprays, farmersexperimented to high extent with home-made bait traps and low-cost bait types. A few farmers also invented toxicbait sprays and sanitary practices, but none were familiar with biological control. Next, participatory researchapproaches were adopted in various farming communities, to compare these local innovations with scientificallydefinedmanagement tools or selected, broadly-adopted tactics for Tephritid fruit fly management. By doing so,farmers could discover for themselves that some of their management tactics were futile while others were muchmore effective and less costly than their current pesticide use patterns. Lastly, farmer experiences weredocumented using video, and are currently projected in multiple communities during ’agricultural movieafternoons’. Farmers are excited to see themselves on the big screen and are eager to try out practices that arepromoted by their peers. Through this research project, CIAT researchers and national partner institutionselucidated susceptibility of passionfruit to arthropod pests and laid the basis for integrated pest management inthese crops. The joint social and ecological project focus proved highly effective in identifying pest managementalternatives and further promoting those with local smallholder farmers in rural settings, and could serve as atemplate for numerous other pest management programs in small-scale fruit production in both the developingworld as in Europe.An individual-based modeling approach to assess trap croppingmanagement of Helicoverpa zea in tomato field in MartiniqueGRECHI, Isabelle (1) ; TIXIER, Philippe (3) ; RHINO, Béatrice (2) ; MALEZIEUX, Eric (1) &RATNADASS, Alain (1)(1) CIRAD, UPR HortSys, F-34398 Montpellier, France(2) CIRAD, UPR HortSys, F-97285 Le Lamentin, Martinique, France(3) CIRAD, UPR Systèmes bananes et ananas, F-97285 Le Lamentin, Martinique, France* isabelle.grechi@cirad.frFarmers in the tropics are faced with crop protection issues such as adverse impacts of pesticides on humanhealth and on the environment, particularly in intensive agrosystems in French overseas islands, or foodinsecurity and low income due to pest-induced crop losses, particularly in low-input traditional systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. A Cirad-funded « Omega3 » project tackles these problems by studying the effects of the plannedintroduction of plant species diversity (PSD) in tropical agrosystems, as a potential alternative to conventionalpractices based on pesticide use. One of the several study cases the project focused on is the management ofthe tomato fruit worm Helicoverpa zea in tomato field in the French West Indies (Martinique), relying on stimulantpest diversion PSD-based process. Sweet corn is proposed .as a trap crop to control the populations anddamages of H. zea at the tomato field scale. To understand system functioning and improve H. zea management,a spatially-explicit individualbased model is under development. The model includes three interacting modulesthat describe (i) phenology of tomato and corn plants and dynamic of their attractive stages for H. zea (ii) H. zeadevelopment, both using thermal units, and (iii) movement and oviposition behavior of H. zea. The model runs atthe field scale over one tomato cropping cycle and is approximated at a daily time-step. More widely, we aim touse this model as a generic tool to improve our understanding of system functioning by assessing generalinfestation patterns in response to the plant characteristics (e.g., relative attractiveness of the commercial vs. trapcrops), the spatiotemporaldeployment of commercial and trap crops (i.e., spatio-temporal planting design of the crops), and the insectbehavioural traits (e.g., movement, oviposition,…). The modeling approach is presented and discussed.175

Posters of Topic 3Program PETAAL: a biocontrol strategy of the sycamore lace bugCorythucha ciliata (Say) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in urban areasVERFAILLE, Thibaut (1) ; PIRON, Mireille (2) ; GUTLEBEN, Caroline (3) ; JALOUX, Bruno (1) ;HECKER, Christian (4) ; MAURY-ROBERT, Anne (5) ; CHAPIN, Eric (5) ; CLEMENT, Alain (6)(1) Agrocampus Ouest - Centre d’Angers INHP, 2 rue Le Nôtre, 49045 Angers cedex 01- France.thibaut.verfaille@agrocampus-ouest.fr, bruno.jaloux@agrocampus-ouest.fr(2) Koppert France - 14 rue de la Communauté - Parc d'Activités de Viais - 44860 Pont St Martin -France. mpiron@koppert.fr(3) Plante & Cité - 3 rue Alexander Fleming - 49006 Angers cedex 01 - France.caroline.gutleben@plante-et-cite.fr(4) If Tech - Centre Horticole Floriloire - 3 rue des magnolias - 49130 Les Ponts de Cé - France.contact@iftech.fr(5) Fredon PACA - Antenne du Var - 224 rue des découvertes - 83390 Cuers - France.annemaury.fredon@orange.fr(6) Université d'Angers - Laboratoire LISA, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, 4 boulevard Lavoisier,BP 42018, Angers cedex, France. alain.clement@univ-angers.frThe sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliata (Say) has been identified as one of the main pests in green spaces ofFrance and Mediterranean countries, causing aesthetic damages on plane trees and public nuisances (honeydewproduction, house invasions, etc.). In a context where regulation and environmental issues are in favour of newenvironmentally friendly solutions’ development, a biological control strategy against this pest is expected byprofessional as a major innovation. This is the aim of the PETAAL Program (2008-2012) labelled by Vegepolys,the international plant cluster, and involving six partners from biocontrol industry, scientific and technicalcommunity.During this four-year project, the potential efficiency of several biocontrol agents has been tested in laboratoryassays and experimental trials, carried out in several French cities. Entomopathogenous nematodes of theSteinerneima gender were tested at different seasons, different doses and with the addition of an adjuvant or not.Trials with the generalist predatory insect, Chrysoperla lucasina, were carried out to identify the best period ofapplication, stages to be applied, doses and its predation potential and dispersal capacity in the trees.Observations and monitoring of the pest activity, such as the wintering adults’ migration from trunk to leaves andthe pest dynamics in the foliage, were done upstream from the different experiments.As a tool for the experiments, a colour image analysis software package has been developed in order to measurequantitatively foliar bleaching due to the sycamore lace bug as an indicator of the treatments’ efficacy. Theinterest of this tool is the possibility to analyse automatically a large amount of plane tree’s leaves pictures,producing accurate, reliable, repeatable and non-subjective quantitative measurements. This tool, built up with adata capture bench and software, is already operational and usable in routine by non-specialists of pictureanalysis.The results of the assays and experiments showed the interest to use entomopathogenous nematodes forcontrolling wintering and summer sycamore lace bug populations, and Chrysoperla lucasina for controlling springlarvae population. Moreover, they highlight that spraying conditions and intervention planning are key factors toguarantee the efficiency of biocontrol agents.In 2011, a global strategy combining the biocontrol agents has been implemented in order to propose anaffordable and efficient solution.The PETAAL Program was a large-scale experience of biocontrol research actions in green spaces. It hasenabled to describe components and steps of a global strategy to control sycamore lace bug populations withthree biocontrol agents. The conclusions of the project enabled to provide to green spaces managers technicalresponses (alternative products and tools) and new perspectives for a safety management of urban trees in orderto reduce the use of pesticides in urban areas.Keywords: Urban green areas - Plane trees - Corythucha ciliata - Biological control - Entomopathogenousnematodes - Chrysoperla lucasina - Foliar damage - Colour image analysis Software.176

Posters of Topic 3A mix of six parasitoids for aphid control below observationthresholdTHIELEMANS, Thierry *; DASSONVILLE, Nicolas; GOSSET, Virginie; ROSEMEYER, ViolaViridaxis S.A., Gosselies, Belgium* tthielemans@viridaxis.comViridaxis is a Belgian company which has developed a new, plant-less way of mass-rearing aphid parasitoids.Due to its innovative and unique technology, Viridaxis has been able to produce one new selected parasitoidspecies every year.Biocontrol as part of IPM strategyon ornamentals can be challenging due to an especially low tolerance to thepresence of any insect (pest or beneficial) on the final product. The best strategy is to keep insect populations aslow as possible, ideally under the observation threshold.OrnaProtect is a mix of six different wasps which parasitize aphids of ornamental plants in a more or less hostspecific way. It is used in a preventive strategy and does not necessitate aphid identification.OrnaProtect will actdirectly on the first aphid(s) in the culture, responsible of the primary infection,rather than acting on wellestablishedand crop damaging aphid populations. Avoiding an exponential population increase of aphids,thispest will be controlled often before aphids reach the observation threshold.Ephdedruscerasicola, one of the six species of OrnaProtect, induces a modification of the behavior of parasitizedaphids. Unlike other parasitoids, oviposition of E. cerasicola seems to be responsible for the fact that theparasitized aphids do not stay on the leaves and stems for mummification but hides (in the substratum, under thepots…) before being mummified. For this reason,it is almost impossible to observe these mummies in fieldconditions.Aphelinusabdominalis is not only efficiently parasitizing a relatively large range of aphids, but it is also known forits host-feeding activity. With a two months lifespan, A. abdominaliscontributes tobiocontrol of aphids inornamentals by reducing the possibility to observe traces of this pest.All parasitoids included in OrnaProtect are individually efficient in the control of a large host range. However, thestrength of a mix lays equally in the synergy of the different parasitoid species, i.e. combination of the differentresearch capacities, daily oviposition rates, lifespan, affinities to their hosts, behavior modification, host-feedingactivity, temperature range, etc. This reinforces the action of OrnaProtecton the complex of aphids occurring onornamental plants and makesbiocontrol possible withthe utmost respect ofquality criteria of the plants for sale: Aslittle as possible observation of aphid traceson the final product.Keywords: natural aphid control, parasitoid cocktail, Ephedruscerasicola, Aphelinusabdominalis, ready-to-useunits.Decision support for sustainable orchard pest management with theSwiss forecasting system SOPRASAMIETZ, Jörg *; HÖHN, Heinrich; RAZAVI, Elisabeth; HÖPLI, Hans Ulrich; SCHAUB,Lukas; GRAF, BennoAgroscope Changins-Wädenswil Research Station ACW, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland* joerg.samietz@acw.admin.chCrop protection under innovative and sustainable orchard management relies on precise timing of surveillanceand control of pest populations. The system SOPRA has been developed as forecasting tool in order to optimizetiming of monitoring, management, and control measures of insect pests in fruit orchards. Applying time-varyingdistributed delay approaches, phenology-models were developed driven by solar radiation, air temperature andsoil temperature on hourly basis. Up to now, relationships between temperature and stage specific developmentrates for the relevant stages of the life cycles were established under controlled laboratory conditions for majorpests of apple, pear, cherry and plum: Rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea), Apple sawfly (Hoplocampatestudinea), Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), Smaller fruit tortrix (Grapholita lobarzewskii), Apple blossom weevil177

Posters of Topic 3(Anthonomus pomorum), Summer tortrix (Adoxophyes orana), Pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri), European cherry fly(Rhagoletis cerasi), Red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi), and Plum fruit tortrix (Grapholita funebrana). Insect bodytemperatures in the models are based on studies of habitat selection of relevant developmental stages andaccording simulations using the three driving variables and structural orchard features. For validation, modelpredictions were compared with independent field observations from several years. On base of local weatherdata, age structure of the pest populations is simulated and crucial events for management activities are predictedby the SOPRA system. Through a web-interface, the simulation results are made available to consultants andgrowers (www.sopra.info). As exemplified here, phenology is directly linked to a detailed decision support and toextended information about the pest insects as well as to the registered plant protection products. Fourteenclimatic regions cover all fruit growing regions of Switzerland. SOPRA is applied as decision support system forthe ten major insect pests of fruit orchards on local and regional scale in Switzerland and southern Germany andhas a wide range of possible applications across Europe.Keywords: decision support system, integrated pest management, phenology model, forecasting, tree fruit.AGROBIOFILM - Development of enhanced biodegradable films foragricultural activitiesCOSTA-RODRIGUES, C. (1) ; CARVALHO, L. (2) ; DUARTE, E. (2) *(1) SILVEX, Indústria de Plásticos e Papéis SA, Portugal(2) Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal* eduarte@isa.utl.ptThe European consortium behind AGROBIOFILM project wasestablishedby a multidisciplinary group, joining SMEsuppliers, universities, research centres and end-users of agricultural plastics:SILVEX (Portugal)–SME (Coordinator);BIOBAG International (Norway) – SME;ICS Environment (France)–SME;Instituto Superior de Agronomia (Portugal)–RTD;ADESVA (Spain) –RTD;Universite Montpellier (France) –RTD;Aarhus Universitet (Denmark) – RTD;Hortofrutícolas Campelos (Portugal) – End-user;Olivier Mandeville-Peiriere (France) – End-user;ExplotacionesAgrariasGarrido Mora (Spain) – End-user.The use of conventional polyethylene (PE) films as soil mulches is a common practice in horticultural production,especially in the production of high value vegetable crops, since their utilisation has numerous advantages.However, at the end of the crop cycle PE has to be removed, which is a costly and difficult operation, leaving lotsof plastic residues in the soil that can be responsible for environmental problems, since PE does not biodegrade.The removed plastic should then be sent to recycling or landfill, which is also an expensive process.In order to change this actual panorama, a group of European SME suppliers and users of agricultural plastics,supported by universities and research centres, established the consortium behind AGROBIOFILM project,wishing to address a major market opportunity through the development and performance demonstration ofbiodegradable mulch films (BMF), that would be able to reduce the environmental impacts caused by theutilisation of PE as soil mulch.AGROBIOFILM is developing enhanced mulch films based on biodegradable raw materials, customized tospecific crops and regions, with a possible positive effect on crop yield and quality, pests and disease control, soilpreparation and fertilization. Special attention shall be dedicated to the integration of all the knowledge acquiredthrough a full life-cycle analysis and a performance/cost-efficiency validation. These enhanced BMF should bemore competitive at both the technical and the economic point-of view by optimising its processing conditions.In the course of the project a very recent Novamont’s Mater-Bi® formulation (CF04P grade), characterised by ahigher content in renewable resources, is going to be tested and compared with other biodegradable polymersalready commercialised, particularly with the Novamont’s Mater-Bi® NF grade. The development of this newgrade aims to produce a more competitive and more sustainable solution, from the technical, economic andenvironmental point-of-view.178

Posters of Topic 3The agronomic performance of these BMF are being assessed through field experiments conducted on fourselected crops known to need specific requirements in terms of film properties and life time: bell-pepper(Capsicum annuum), muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), strawberry (Fragaria sp) and grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.).The field trials of muskmelon and strawberry in open field conditions are settled in Portugal (Ribatejo), trials ofstrawberry under tunnel in Spain (Andalusia) and the grapevine trials in France (Languedoc-Roussillon).Keywords: AGROBIOFILM, Mulch films, Bioplastics, Sustainability.Evaluation effect of culture densities in different times onqualitative properties of Allium ampeloprasum L.ssp.iranicumMANSOORE, ShamiliHormozgan University, Iran* shamili1358@yahoo.comAllium ampeloprasum is a native plant that consumed as a raw or cooked vegetable in Iran. Despite highnutritional value and continuous demand for consumption, there is not much research on the impact of culturecondition or agronomical management on growing and producing properties of Iranian leek. So a statisticalexperiment was conducted as factorial with completely randomly blocks design in three replications. Treatmentsincluded plant density (133, 200, 266, 400, 533, 800, and 1600 plants / m2) and planting time (1st April and 1stSeptember). Some vegetative (fresh weight, dry weight, yield, yield biomass number of remained plants, totalsoluble solid, ,phosphor, potassium and sodium, calcium, magnesium, vitamin C, protein, fat) and reproductive(flowering stalk number, seed production, seed biomass and thousand seeds weight) traits were measured duringthe experiment. Results indicated that yield biomass decreases by increasing density and fewer losses wereachieved of plants from densities of 133 and 200 plants / m2. Also the most seed production and seed biomasswere obtained from the mentioned densities. Although level of product in higher densities was higher butsignificant difference was not observed between treatments. Spring culture (average yield= 4.6 kg/m2) hassignificant difference to another planting time. Also it was denoted that number of flowering stalk and the mean ofseed production in spring culture is more than fall culture. Thousand seeds Weight, level of phosphor, potassium,sodium, calcium, magnesium, Vitamin C, Protein and fat were not affected by culture density and in the otherwords, high densities compared with lower densities have not significant effect on procedure of changes ininternal ingredients of the product.Key words: Iranian leek, vegetative characteristic, reproductive traits, yield indexes.The use of somatic embryogenesis in artificial seed production incauliflower (Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis)AL-SHAMARI, Magda *; RIHAN, Hail; AL-SWEDI, Fadil & FULLER, Michael PaulSchool of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology,Plymouth University, PL4 8AA, UK* magda.alshamari@plymouth.ac.ukA reliable method was developed for high production of cauliflower artificial seeds through somaticembryogenesis. Optimum embryogenic callus proliferation was obtained using friable callus derived fromhypocotyls and root explants on semi solidified MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) media containing 0.15, 0.5mgL-1 of 2,4- dichlorophenoxy acetic acid(2,4-D) and 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mgL-1 kinetin. This callus inductionmedium (CIM) was used to maintain callus tissue by sub-culturing every 21 days. Liquid cultures were initiatedfrom chopped embryogenic clusters and high production of somatic embryos (SEs) was established after 20 dayswith MS agitated liquid medium supplemented with 0.05 mgL-1 Indole -3-acetic acid (IAA) , 0.5 mgL-1 kinetin and179

Posters of Topic 320% sucrose. High survival rate (100%) and conversion to plants rate (60%) was achieved after one month whensomatic embryos were cultivated on MS medium without hormones. Mature somatic embryos were encapsulatedin calcium-alginate beads to produce artificial seeds. Artificial seed regeneration to complete plantlets wasdetermined.Keywords: Cauliflower, Somatic embryogenesis, Artificial seeds.Timing field production of Japanese bunching onion (Alliumfistulosum L.)KOŁOTA, Eugeniusz; ADAMCZEWSKA-SOWIŃSKA, Katarzyna & UKLAŃSKA-PUSZ,Cecylia *Department of Horticulture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesGrunwaldzki sq. 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland* cecylia.uklanska@up.wroc.plJapanese bunching onion is a minor crop in Poland, grown mostly in home gardens as a perennial plantspecies for the use of cut foliage in early spring season. Recently there have been developed some pseudostemtype cultivars producing little number of tillers, which can be grown for the use of whole plants in early growthstages or for blanched pseudostem like leek species. The study was aimed to evaluate the yield and nutritionalvalue of Japanese bunching onion ‘Performer’ under influence of growing term and age of plants. Seedpropagated transplants were grown for similar period of time within 5 Apr. – 08 June, 6 May – 8 July, 7 June –10Aug., 8 July – 10 Sept., 5 Aug. – 11 Oct. or harvested after 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135 and 150 days fromplanting date. Plants grown for 135 and 150 days were blanched by mounding the soil around the lower leafbases.Results of the study proved that Japanese bunching onion can be produced for the fresh market supply sinceJune till October by differentiation the term of planting the seed propagated transplants or by the harvest of plantsat different stage of growth within 60 and 150 days of cultivation in the open field. Plants at the same ageharvested in one month intervals since early June to September produced similar, while in October lower yield,with gradual decrease of dry matter, carotenoids, sugars, volatile oils and nitrates. The delay of harvest date from60 to 120 days after planting resulted in substantial yield increment with simultaneous depletion of vitamin C,carotenoids, chlorophyll, sugars, volatile oils, nitrates, total N, K and Ca content. Blanched plants characterizedconsiderably longer white portion of pseudostem, lower content of chlorophyll, and carotenoids, while higheramounts of vitamin C.Keywords: growing term, harvest date, yield, plant composition.Experience with Honeycrisp apple storage management inWashingtonHANRAHAN, Ines (1) ; MATTHEIS, James P. (2) ; SCHMIDT, Tory (3) ; MCFERSON, James (3)(1) Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Yakima, WA USA(2) USDA-ARS Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, USA(3) Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee, WA USA* hanrahan@treefruitresearch.comHigh demand and premium pricing have led to rapid increases in Honeycrisp plantings and fruit volume inWashington State, USA since introduction of the cultivar in 1999. Most fruit is packed and sold by Januarybecause of strong demand coupled with difficulties associated with extended storage. However, with rapidly180

Posters of Topic 3increasing production volume, it appears essential to lengthen the marketing window. Extended storage ofHoneycrisp is complicated by severe fruit quality problems like bitter pit and skin greasiness. Rapid decline intitratable acidity can occur in mature fruit, leading to inconsistency in flavor. Fruit sensitivity to chilling manifestsitself as soft scald and/or soggy breakdown and flesh cavities can appear if fruit is exposed to CO2 levels >1%.Since 2008 we have conducted a series of experiments to determine: 1) if fruit storage can be extended whilepreserving fruit quality; 2) factors contributing to chilling disorder development; and, 3) orchard factors thatinfluence postharvest performance. Best-storing fruit comes from annually bearing orchards with medium croploads. Less mature fruit with some remaining starch (5, 1-6 scale), light green background color, good titratableacidity (0.5% malic acid) stored best, although flavor may have been compromised. One week at 10°C followedby subsequent storage at 2.2-3.3°C reduced incidence of soft scald and soggy breakdown. Controlledatmosphere (CA, ≤1% CO2; ≥2% O2) alone or in combination with 1-MCP reduced skin greasiness. Soft scalddevelopment was highly variable among orchards and years. Soft scald development was best mitigated byearlier harvests, since disorder incidence increases with advanced maturity.Keywords: apple, storage, disorders, soft scald.Effect of indole buteric acid and putrescine on adventitious rootingof semi-hard wood kiwifruit cuttingsKHEZRI, Masood (1) ; WOOLLEY, David (2)(1)Horticultural Research Institute, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran(2)Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Massey University,Palmerston North, New Zealand* masoodkhezri@gmail.comThe low rooting percentage of kiwifruit cuttings is the major problem of its commercial propagation. Thisexperiment was carried out to determine if Putrescine (Put) and its combination with indole buteric acid (IBA)promote the rooting percentage and root development of kiwifruit cuttings. Two cultivars including ‘Gold’ and‘Green’ were investigated. Results showed that application of Put treatments alone did not increase the rootingpercentage, the root number and the root volume. The highest rooting percentage was obtained by application ofIBA (2000 ppm) to ‘Gold’ and IBA (4000 ppm) to ‘Green’ cultivars. For ‘Gold’ cultivar, IBA combined with 10 mMPut showed higher number of root, root volume and root fresh weight compared to only IBA or Put treatments.There was a negative correlation between the callus volume and the rooting percentage of the cultivars, and IBAtreatments as well as its combination with Put treatments prevented the excessive callus formation. These resultssuggest that both IBA and Put play a role in conjunction with each other for root growth and development ofkiwifruit cuttings.Keywords: Auxin, Polyamine, Rooting, Kiwifruit cutting.Effect of pre emergence herbicides on growth quality of Alliumampeloprasum L. ssp.iranicumMANSOORE, ShamiliHormozgan University, Iran* shamili1358@yahoo.comIran is the center and origin of many agricultural plants. One of the domestic and most important plants is a sort ofedible Allium, Iranian leek, which is consumed as narrow leaf vegetable. Cultivation of this plant is conductedtraditionally and there is a little information on its agronomy and breeding. One of the main concerns of the181

Posters of Topic 3producers is weeding during cultivation period, because narrow leaf weeds could combine with the harvested cropand reduce its quality. This study was conducted to examine some pre emergence herbicides effect on seedgermination and plant establishment (in laboratory, greenhouse and farm conditions). Treatments includedapplication of Cholorotal Dimethile (0, 7.5, 5, 12.10 kg/hec), Triflouraline (0, 1.5, 2, 1.5 kg/hec) and Pandi-Methaline (0, 2.25, 3, 3.75 kg/hec). Germination percentage, germination rate, epicotyl and hypocotyl length, dryand fresh weight of root and stem were measured. Results represented that the seed of this plant have greaterresistance to low level of applied herbicides. Germination rate was decreased by increasing herbicideconcentration. Triflouraline treatment reduced seedling establishment in laboratory and farm conditions. Bestseed germination and seedling establishment, with high weed controlling, was observed in Cholorotal Dimethiletreatment (in three conditions) with lowest applied level.Key words: Iranian leek, Dacthal, Tereflan, Stomp, germination rate.Conservation tillage in intensive vegetable production systems –Strip tillage in white cabbage cultivationÜBELHÖR, A. (1) *; PFENNING, J. (1) ; HERMANN, W. (2) ; MORHARD, J. (3) ; BILLEN,N. (4) ; CLAUPEIN, W. (1) & LIEBIG, H.P. (1)(1)Institute of Crop Science (340a),(2)Research Station ‘Ihinger Hof’: Crop Production and Crop Protection (301),(3)Institute of Agricultural Engineering (440),(4)Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation (310), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany* annegret.uebelhoer@uni-hohenheim.deStrip tillage is well established in corn and sugar beet production. Main advantage of this cultivation method is thereduction of soil erosion because of soil cover with straw residues from pre-culture. Concerning vegetableproduction there exist a limited number of studies only. In 2009 experiments were started to prove the strip tilltechnique for the cultivation of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. convar. capitata var. alba).Field site is located at the Research Station “Ihinger Hof”, southwest of Germany. The cultivation treatments were(1) conventional tillage (CT), (2) conventional tillage with previous cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var.capitata L.) (CT_lettuce), (3) strip tillage (ST), (4) strip tillage with lettuce as pre-crop (ST_lettuce).Theexperimental design was completely randomized with four replications per treatment. Winter triticale ‘Talentro’was pre-crop respectively pre-pre-crop and at crop harvest in 2010 whole straw residues remained on soilsurface. In autumn 2010 conventional tillage treatments were ploughed and strip tillage treatments wereprocessed with a GPS-RTK-based machine (Horsch Focus). In spring 2011 lettuce was planted in treatmentCT_lettuce (2) and ST_lettuce (4). After harvest, white cabbage was planted without any further soil treatment.Lettuce und cabbage transplants were planted using a modified planting machine (Checci & Magli).During a four-week-period after planting root and shoot development was investigated. Root and shoot length,leaf area, fresh weight, dry matter and root/shoot ratio were assessed. Harvest yield was determined and plantsamples were taken for fresh/dry matter measurements and plant nitrogen analysis. In addition, soil erosionlosses were measured with a small chamber rainfall simulator.There were no significant differences in marketable plant weight for lettuce concerning CT_lettuce (2) andST_lettuce (4). Mean per head was 641 g (2) and 662 g (4). Dry matter content was significantly higher for striptillage compared to conventional tillage treatment (p

Posters of Topic 3Effect of seed origin, fertilization and pruning on growth, yield andfruit sugar content of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.)WOLF, Stefanie *; PFENNING, Judit; CLAUPEIN, Wilhelm; LIEBIG, H.PeterInstitute of Crop Science (340a), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany* wolfst@uni-hohenheim.deGoldenberries (Physalis peruviana L.), originated from Andean regions, are grown for their delicious and healthpromoting fruits. The cultivation is possible in temperate climates with respect to restrictions as frost intoleranceand perennial growth character. To improve goldenberry cultivation concerning summer green house conditions inGermany an experiment with 88 goldenberry plants grown under sheltered conditions (foliar greenhouse,day/night 18 °C, aeration 27 °C) in grow-bags with fertigation (spaghetti tubes) was carried out and implementedwithin six months (28 May 2010 - 22 October 2010). Two different seed origins, two nitrogen (N) fertilizertreatments (0,4 g N/m 2 per week; 0,8 g N/m 2 per week) and two pruning treatments (one without pruning of sidebranches and the other with reduction of sidebranches from four to two) were tested. Dry matter (DM) [g], shootelongation [cm] and nitrogen concentration [% in DM] of vegetative plant parts were gauged. Measurements offresh and dry matter [g], nitrogen concentration [% in DM] and whole sugar content [°Brix] as well as Saccharose,Glucose and Fructose concentrations [% in DM] of generative plant parts (fruits) were made.N fertilizer treatment resulted in significant different DM of leaf, shoot and root samples. For 0,4 g N/m 2 per weekmean dry matter of whole plant was 174,5 g ± 13,1 g versus 0,8 g N/m 2 per week with 222,5 g ± 16,1 g. Results ofplant nitrogen concentrations in leaf samples showed significant higher N concentrations (3,18 ± 0,19 % N in DM)when supplied with higher N fertilization (0,8 g N/m 2 per week). In leaf samples supplied with 0,4 g N/m 2 per weeka mean concentration of 2,79 ± 0,16 % N in DM was measured.Shoot elongation, including mother- and sidebranches, was not significantly influenced by fertilization. Yield andfruit quality parameter such as sugar concentration did not alter because of N supply. Mean yield was 6,8 t/ha andmean sugar content was optically analyzed 15,3 °Brix and enzymatic-optically analyzed concentrations ofSaccharose was 25,9%, of D-Glucose 12,8% and of D-Fructose 12,3% in DM. By trend goldenberry plantsfertilized with 0,8 g N/m 2 per week had a higher yield (373,5 g per plant) compared to plants (301,9 g per plant)with 0,4 g N/m 2 per week fertilization. Pruning method of side branches had a significant impact on dry matteraccumulation of all organs and to some extent on fruit yield. Seed origin had no significant effect.In conclusion for temperate climate regions cultivation of goldenberries is worthwhile with rather low fertilization, ina grow-bag system and under sheltered conditions.Keywords: nitrogen, grow-bag, saccharose, uchuva, cape gooseberry, greenhouse, fruit quality.Predicting natural fruit drop in apple – a model to facilitate chemicalfruit thinning(1)GÖLLES, Michael (1) *; WIDMER, Albert (1) ; BAUMGARTNER, Daniel (2)Extension Tree Fruit, Research Station Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Wädenswil,Switzerland(2)Quality and Safety of Produkts, Nutrition and Health, Research Station Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Wädenswil, Switzerland* michael.goelles@acw.admin.chThe decision, whether a chemical fruit thinning in an apple orchard is necessary and to what extent, is oftendifficult. Currently growers take a decision without knowing what will be happening later at natural fruit drop(Junedrop). If multiple thinning applications are applied, it is also necessary to know about the effectiveness of theprevious application. So, the aim of our experiment is to give them a decision support to optimize chemical fruitthinning applications. Based on the model developed by Duane W. Greene (University of Massachusetts), AlanLakso and Terence Robinson (Cornell University), data from different varieties (Golden Delicious, Diwa®, Kanzi®,Braeburn and Gala) and sites were collected in the last three years. For each sample 105 representative fruit183

Posters of Topic 3clusters were selected on 7 trees in plots without chemical thinning and within these clusters every single fruit wasmarked. From all marked fruits, beginning at end of bloom, diameter was measured two times within about oneweek to calculate fruit growth. The model is based on the presumption, that a fruit will reduce growth beforeabscission. Greene et al. proposed the hypothesis, that all fruits that don’t reach a growth rate of 50 % or morecompared to the growth rate of the fastest growing fruits, will ultimately stop growth and abscise. To assessnatural fruit set all flower clusters (at Pink bud stage) and fruits (after Junedrop) on the trees were counted. In2009 and 2010 the forecasts of fruit abscission with the recommended parameters did not work properly in ourgrowing conditions. So in 2011 the available data from 9 plots were used to optimize the parameters. Thecalculations were made with different quantities of fruits per tree combined with varying percentage rates ofgrowth for each plot. To find the best combination for forecast, mean fruit set and standard deviation over all trialplots was calculated. Counted fruit set after Junedrop was 18.8% (standard deviation: 6.58). With the standardparameters (1st to 3rd fastest growing fruit per tree, 50% growth rate) the forecast was 46% fruit set (standarddeviation: 19.8). Best results were gained with 82 % growth rate of the 2nd to 6th fastest growing fruit of each tree.Adapting the parameters for the forecast resulted in 19% fruit set (standard deviation: 4.83). In addition to theseexperiments, marked fruits were measured with near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). We assume, that the changesoccurring before the fruit drops, can be determined by measuring the reflected light with the PHAZIR(Polychromix) device at an early stage (8 – 10 mm) of fruit development. The objective is to develop a modelusing NIR to decide which fruit will persist after natural fruit drop. Considering the data of the last two years theresults are promising.Keywords: apple, fruit drop, fruit thinning, Near Infrared Spectrometrie, modeling.Rootstocks influence on the assimilation surface and vegetativepotential of Prokupac grape cultivarMARKOVIĆ, Nebojša; ATANACKOVIĆ, Zoran *; RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, ZoricaFaculty of Agriculture, Belgrade University,Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia* zoranata4@yahoo.comResearch were conducted at the experimental field of Faculty of agriculture in Belgrade. The research subjectwas Serbian autochthonous wine cultivar-Prokupac, grafted on three different rootstocks: Berlandieri x RipariaKober 5BB, Berlandieri x Riparia SO4 and Sasla x Berlandieri 41B. The research showed that the greatest impacton leaf area increasing had rootstock 41B (212,43 cm2) and the lowest K 5BB (192,02 cm2). During the severalresearch years on the total shoots length the greatest influence had rootstock 5BB K (181,5 cm), while the othertwo rootstocks is annotated smaller total shoot increase of 172,8 cm (K 5BB) and 164,1 cm (SO4). Percent of ripepart on the shoot was higher on rootstock SO4 (90,2 to 94,3%). On the same rootstock in the research period wasfound slight increase in shoots length during the growing compared to the other two rootstocks (182,6 to 217,0cm). The highest weight of discarded pruning shoot was observed on the rootstock K 5BB (430.33 g), after that onrootstock 41B (370.23 g) and the lowest on the rootstock SO4 (329.16 g) which is rated as statistically significant.Keywords: Prokupac, rootstock, shoot growth, weight of pruned shoot.The influence of BA and BA+GA4+7 on formatting sylleptic shootson one-year-old apple nursery tree in cvs. Jonagold and CadelRADIVOJEVIC, Dragan (1) *; MOMIROVIC, Ivan (1) ; MILIVOJEVIC, Jasminka (1) ; LUKIC, Milan(2) ; VELICKOVIC, Milovan (1) ; OPARNICA, Cedo (1)(1)University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia(2)Fruit research institute, Kralja Petra I 9, 32000 Čačak, Serbia184

Posters of Topic 3* dragan1970@agrif.bg.ac.rsThis study presents the influence of 4% BA (6-benzyladenine) and 1,8% BA+1,8% GA 4+7 (6-benzyladenine +gibberellic acids 4 and 7) on feathering of one-year-old apple trees in two cvs. Jonagold and Cadel. Differentconcentrations of BA (300, 600, 1200 and 1800 mg L -1 ) and BA+GA 4+7 (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg L -1 ) wereapplied, and two treatments for both chemicals were performed. First treatment was applied at 70 cm height ofnursery trees and for the second time 2 weeks later. Comparison was performed in relation to untreated control.An application of BA and BA+GA 4+7 did not affect both rootstock and nursery tree diameter at 10 cm above thegrafting union. Nursery trees of cv. Jonagold was not influenced by treatment applied, whereas in cv. Cadeltreatment with BA+GA 4+7 decreased apical growth of nursery trees. Development of sylleptic shoots in bothcultivars tested was influenced by type of growth regulator and concentration applied. Treatment with BA at 300mg L -1 concentration in both cultivars tested did not influence the length of branching zone, total length andnumber of sylleptic shoots, and number of sylleptic shoots longer than 20 cm. The most positive influence on allstudied parameters was observed on nursery trees treated with the highest concentration of BA (1800 mg L -1 ).The lowest concentration of BA+GA 4+7 (500 mg L -1 ) expressed the easily feathering of both studied cultivars. Thehigher concentrations (1000, 1500 and 2000 mg L -1 ) similarly increased the number and total length of syllepticshoots on nursery trees.Key words: apple cultivars, nursery trees, BA, BA+GA4+7, lateral branching.Prunus microcarpa, a potential rootstock for stone fruitNAS, Mehmet Nuri & SEVGIN, NevzatKahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 46100Kahramanmaras – TURKEY* mnurinas@ksu.edu.trPrunus microcarpa is well adapted to severe winter and dry hot summer conditions. It has largely been neglected,yet it has the potential of being a dwarfing, precocious rootstock. Five cultivated Prunus species (almonds,apricots, cherry, peaches and plums) were grafted on P. microcarpa. Grafting results indicated P. microcarpa`spotential of being a promising rootstock for cultivated Prunus species. In the first or second growth year, theplants of all five species grafted on P. microcarpa rootstocks bloomed and produced fruit. Promising clonalrootstock candidates were micropropagated and acclimatized successfully. The five stone fruit were grafted onclanal rootstock candidates to analyze their growth and development further. The warrant and challenges of usingP. microcarpa as a rootstock and the employment of propagation methods are discussed in detail.Soil quality evaluation of fruit crop systems in semi-arid climaticconditionsLARDO, Egidio (1) *; COLL, Patrice (2) ; PALESE, A.Maria (1) ; LE CADRE, Edith (2) ;VILLENAVE, Cecile (3) (4) ; XILOYANNIS, Cristos (1) ; CELANO, Giuseppe (1)(1)Dipartimento di Scienze dei Sistemi Colturali, Forestali e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi dellaBasilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 10 I-85100, POTENZA, Italy(2)Montpellier SupAgro, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 MONTPELLIER, France(3)IRD, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 place Viala, 34060, MONTPELLIER, France(4) ELISOL environnement, 2 place Viala, 34060 MONTPELLIER, France185

Posters of Topic 3* egidio.lardo@unibas.itConventional horticultural practices induce soil organic matter losses and increase groundwater contamination,soil accumulation of detrimental elements, and nutritional imbalances in plants. The choice of sustainableinnovative agricultural techniques can preserve environmental resources, and restore and improve soil quality asdefined by many authors. This study evaluated the effects of different soil management strategies, with differenttime durations, on soil quality of 3 representative orchards made with the most economically important fruit treespecies of Southern Italy: peach orchard, olive orchard and vineyard. Conventional soil management (CON)included soil tillage and the use of agrochemicals; innovative soil management (INN) was characterized byfertilization, cover cropping and mulching and the use of soil amendment (compost) and pruning material. Wemeasured different soil indicators in order to evaluate the quality of the examined soils. We selected somephysical (soil texture, bulk and particle density, aggregate stability, water-holding capacity), chemical (pH, cationicexchange capacity, soluble organic C or SOC, total N content), and biological (structure and abundance ofnematode communities, microbial biomass carbon or MBC, soil basal respiration or BR) soil quality indicators.Soil biological indicators, as metabolic quotient (qCO 2), BR/SOC and MBC/SOC, were also calculated for eachcrop system.Physico-chemical features changed according to the different cultivation treatment time. In general, soil organiccarbon, total N and K increased in all INN treatments especially in those amended with compost. The highestabundance of total nematodes was observed in peach orchard. Whatever perennial crop, the INN systemsshowed more total nematodes than CON. The abundance of total plant-feeders, bacterial-feeders and fungalfeedersevidenced a wide variability in the different treatments and orchards. Globally, more omnivores andpredators were under INN treatment than CON one. The EI (enrichment index) showed a higher availability ofresources for the vineyard and the peach orchard. The SI (structure index) showed a net difference betweentreatments only in the olive orchard. The qCO 2 and BR/SOC values showed a reduction in all INN caseshighlighting positive effects on soil quality. MBC/SOC increased in both INN olive and vineyard systems.This work confirms that, under semi-arid conditions, innovative soil managements in perennial fruit orchardsystems can be used to restore and improve soil quality although with differences depending on species andduration of soil management treatment.The effects of ethylene applications on root architecture and growthrate of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L) seedlingsBALLIU, Astrit * & SALLAKU, GlendaAgricultural University of Tirana, Horticultural Department, Tirana, Albania.* astritballiu@yahoo.comGraded seeds of an indeterminate tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L) commercial variety, were seeded in foamtrays filled with peat substate. 25 days after sowing, 1/3 of total number of plants was unplugged, and 2/3 of theirroot system was removed by mechanical pruning. The just pruned seedlings (rps1) were transplanted into similartrays with the same plug’s size (12 cm 3 ). One week later (32DAS), the same procedure was applied respectivelyto the third group (rps2). Rests of the plants (nps) were left intact and continuously grown in their initial plugs. 40day after sowing, randomly selected plants of each group were unplugged and sank for few seconds in dilutedethephon solutions (0, 1, 2 and 5 ml l-1) and latter transplanted into individual 150 cm 3 plastic pots filled withvermiculite. The relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and root relativegrowth rate (RRGR) were computed for PC-treatment and after recovery period. Treatment with ethephon atconcentrations up to 5 mg l –1 during PC, modified the root architecture, caused inhibition of root elongation as wellas tough deformations of the root tips, the root elongation zone, and the lateral roots (LR). The effects ofethephon treatments to root system, seems to be age depended. An enhancement of root growth was recordedafter the recovery period, which seems to be related with the enhancement of lateral root (LR) formation duringPC-treatment.Key words; ethephon, root modifications, relative growth rate, stand establishment.186

Posters of Topic 3Influence of seed treatment on germination of dwarf fan palm(Chamaerops humilis L.)GIOVINO, Antonio (1) ; SCIBETTA, Silvia (1) ; SAIA, Sergio (1) *; RUFFONI, Barbara (2)(1)Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura – CRA-SFM, Unità di ricerca per ilrecupero e la valorizzazione delle specie floricole mediterranee (Bagheria, PA, Italy)(2)Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura – CRA-FSO, Unità di Ricerca per laFloricoltura e le Specie Ornamentali (San Remo, IM, Italy)* sergio.saia@unipa.itDwarf fan palm (Chamaerops humilis L.) is an important Mediterranean species well known for many uses suchas gardening, environmental restoration, and technological uses. Dwarf fan palm is usually propagated from seed,which takes up to 100 days to germinate. The germination pattern of dwarf palm seeds was studied during a 100-days length period in relation to different pre-sowing treatments (sulphuric acid, mechanical scarification or hotwater) in comparison to untreated control. A covariance analysis was performed to test the effect of time withinseed-treatment treatment. All germination patterns were significantly fitted by a S-shaped (sigmoidal) distributionfunction with the general equation y=β+α/(1+exp(-(x-μ)/s)). Treatment with sulphuric acid significantly increasedthe final germination capacity in comparison to untreated control. No differences were observed in % germinationamong the other seed treatments. Seed treatments increased by three to seven fold the maximum germinationrate and reduced by 26% the mean germination time in comparison to untreated control. The reduction in meangermination time, and the increase in percentage germination and germination rate suggest that stimulation ofseed germinability may have economical implication in the production of dwarft palm and its involvement inenvironmental restoration strategies, with no need to use dangerous or expensive acid pre-treatment in order toincrease the propagation success.Keywords: Chamaerops humilis; germination timing pattern; seed treatment; germination rate.Germination capacity of dwarf fan palm (Chamaerops humilis) seedafter short-time storageGIOVINO, Antonio; MAMMANO, Michele Massimo; GUGLIUZZA, Giovanni; SAIA, Sergio *Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura – CRA-SFM, Unità di ricerca per ilrecupero e la valorizzazione delle specie floricole mediterranee (Bagheria, PA, Italy)* sergio.saia@unipa.itDwarf fan palm (Chamaerops humilis) plays an important ecological role in the thermo Mediterranean vegetationstage, both in woodlands, xerophitic shrub communities and also in degraded ecosystems thanks to its ability togrow in harsh conditions. In greenhouse conditions, dwarf fan palm is propagated from seeds. Whereas otherpalm species show reduced germination even afters few months of seed storage, no information is available onthe germination capacity of dwarf fan palm seed after storage. We examined the germination pattern of dwarfpalm seeds aged after a storage of four, six and eight months in comparison to fresh seed (control).A covarianceanalysis was performed to test the effect of time within seed-storage treatment. The germination patterns weresignificantly fitted by a S-shaped (sigmoidal) distribution function with the general equation y=β+α/(1+exp(-(xμ)/s)).Short-time storage significantly increased both final seed germination and maximum germination rate, andreduced mean germination time in comparison to unstored control. If considering that we did not make any seedtreatment before sowing, these results may be due to an increased oxygen and water diffusion through the seedhard coat during time.Keywords: Chamaerops humilis; germination timing pattern; seed treatment; germination rate.187

Posters of Topic 3Somatic embryogenesis as a chrysanthemum propagation toolLEMA-RUMIŃSKA, JustynaLaboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Ornamental Plants and Vegetable Crops,University of Technology and Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz, Polandlem-rum@utp.edu.plSomatic embryogenesis is a one of the most efficient micropropagation techniques, where somatic embryos areregenerated from the somatic cells of the explants. Genetically, they are a clone of mother plants, however,morphologically they are similar to the zygotic embryos naturally developed in the seeds. Their developmentalstages are also similar: globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledonary.This study concerned the somatic embryogenesis in ten cultivars of the Lady group of chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum x grandiflorum Ramat./Kitam.). All of the cultivars investigated are mutants and they werecreated by means of mutation breeding at the Department of Ornamental Plants and Vegetable Crops, theUniversity of Technology and Life Sciences in PolandThe research involved the use of the modified MS basal salts medium supplemented with growth regulators: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at the concentration of 4 mg·dm -3 and kinetin (KIN) or 6-benzylaminopurine(BAP) at the concentration of 1, 2 and 5 mg·dm -3 . The media pH was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving.Rectangular lamina fragments were cut from the leaves of microcuttings and cultured on the media. The cultureswere kept in a growth room at 24±2 0 C and exposed to 16 h photoperiod. Daylight was maintained by usingPhilips TLD 54/34 W lamps with the photon flux density of 31.8 molm -2 s -1 .Somatic embryos regenerated through indirect somatic embryogenesis via callus phase. After 10 weeks ofculture, embryos were isolated under stereomicroscope. The best somatic embryogenesis result was reported in‘Lady Salmon’ cultivar on the medium with only 2,4-D auxin, however, this medium was also observed with a highnumber of adventitious roots and the regeneration of embryos together (connected embryos). The high number ofgood quality somatic embryos were regenerated also on the medium with kinetin 1 mg·dm -3 and 2,4-D for the‘Lady Yellow’ cultivar (9 somatic embryos per explant) and a similar result was recorded for ‘Lady Vitroflora’cultivar on the medium with 1 mg·dm -3 BAP and auxin.The most efficient media for a majority of the chrysanthemum cultivars investigated contained a highconcentration of auxin and a lower concentration of cytokinin. The experiment demonstrated cultivar specificity forsomatic embryogenesis in chrysanthemum mutants.Investigation of the interaction of endophytes and poplar plants invitro culture and field trialsFRAGNER, Lena (3) *; HANAK, Anne Mette (3) *; WAWROSCH, Christoph (1) ; KOPP, Brigitte(1) ; WANEK, Wolfgang (2) ; ULRICH, Kristina (4) ; EWALD, Dietrich (4) & WECKWERTH,Wolfram (1)(1)Department of Pharmacognosy(2)Department of Chemical Ecology and Ecosystems(3)Department of Molecular Systems Biology(4)Fed Res Ctr Forestry & Forest Prod, Inst Forest Genet & Forest Tree Breeding, D-15377Waldsieversdorf, Germany* contributed equallyanne.mette.hanak@univie.ac.atIn 2007 the European Union has announced the “2020 directive” for the promotion of renewable energy resourcesand sustainable agricultural processes with a focus on biofuels. According to this directive in 2020 20% of energyis achieved by renewably resources with being agricultural processes a large proportion. Poplar is an important188

Posters of Topic 3energy crop in Europe as well as in Austria. Therefore growth and biomass are the primary parameters for studiesin this system and also to enhance the suitability of such commercial crops for renewable energy resources.The growth-promoting interaction of bacteria and the plant are of special interest. Colonization of endophyticbacteria in internal plant tissue can promote plant growth, stress resistance and enhance control of pathogens. Invitrogrown explants of the poplar hybrid (♀[Populus alba x (P. davidiana + P. simonii) x P. tomentosa]) free fromculturable bacteria show significant differences in growth, root development (adventitious roots) and metabolicsignature compared to inoculated shoots with Paenibacillus sp. strain P22. We investigated the influence of thisendophytic Paenibacillus isolate on the metabolism of poplar shoot explants, free from culturable endophyticbacteria, with gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) for metaboliteanalysis. Metabolite profiling of Paenibacillus-inoculated and non-inoculated poplar plants revealed a significantmetabolic signature in the plant as a response to the presence of the bacteria. We have observed and improvednitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in inoculated plants. Further field experiments are also planned by planting specificpoplar hybrids and inoculating them with specific compositions of endogeneous endophytes to investigate growthpromoting effects and their influence of the metabolic composition as well as the lignocellulose-composition of thepoplar plants.Temporary immersion systems for efficient mass propagation ofmedicinal and aromatic plantsWAWROSCH, Christoph * & KOPP, BrigitteDepartment of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria* christoph.wawrosch@univie.ac.atWhile plant production through in vitro-propagation is nowadays a well established industry, micropropagation canstill be a costly technology. This is especially true for medicinal plants where there is often less demand than forexample in ornamentals. Micropropagation protocols are usually based on semisolid nutrient media, involvinglarge numbers of relatively small containers, large culture areas, and extensive manual handling. Especiallylabour costs make micropropagated plants expensive, particularly when lower quantities are produced (Etienneand Berthouly, 2002). Principally, it has been stated that for many species commercial application ofmicropropagation will only be realizable if novel technologies are available (Kitto, 1997).Micropropagation based on liquid nutrient media offers various advantages like reduced production costs,improved physiological status of propagules, easy renewal of medium, scale up to bioreactor size, andpossibilities of automation. However, in most plant species continuous culture of the explants in liquid mediumleads to hyperhydration and subsequent loss of the propagules. This can be overcome with temporary immersionsystems (TIS) where the plant material is only periodically in contact with the medium. The present contributiondeals with the in vitro-propagation of selected medicinal and aromatic plants in a twin flask TIS. Individualoptimization of immersion times mostly resulted in higher multiplication rates when compared to conventionalsystems using semisolid media. The advantages as well as possible limitations of the TIS will be discussed.Etienne, H. and Berthouly, M. 2002. Temporary immersion systems in plant micropropagation. Plant Cell TissueOrgan Cult. 69: 215-231.Kitto, S.L. 1997. Commercial micropropagation. HortScience 32: 1012-1014.189

Posters of Topic 3Effect of conservation agriculture and biochar on yield and qualityon a tomato-lettuce crop rotationDALLA COSTA, Luisa *; PIRELLI, Tiziana; TOMMASI, Rita & ZAVALLONI, CostanzaDepartment of Agriculture and Environmental Science, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 208, 33100, Udine, Italy.* luisa.dallacosta@uniud.itConventional management practices in horticulture allow obtaining high standard of productivity in terms ofquantity and quality although their long-term impacts on the agricultural soils are often negative and responsiblefor the loss of substantial amounts of soil organic matter. On the other hand sustainable agricultural practicessuch as minimum tillage promote the conservation of the native soil organic matter improving progressively thesoil fertility. The objective of this study was to compare in a tomato-lettuce rotation the effect of 1) managementpractices (conventional or sustainable) and 2) biochar additions (with or without biochar) on total productivity andquality of tomato and lettuce. The two-year-experiment was conducted in a tunnel on 24 lysimeters (1.44 m 2each), 12 cultivated with lettuce (Solanum lycopersicum) and the other 12 with tomato (Lactuca sativa L.). Thelysimeters that during the first year were used for tomato in the second year were cultivated with lettuce. Biocharwas obtained from pirolysis at 500°C of fruit trees pruning residues and added at a dose of 30 ton ha -1 . Totalcommercial productivity was higher in tomato only in the second year grown with sustainable practices comparedto traditional ones. This was mainly due to the less incidence of brown rot on the fruit, probably for the bettermanagement of water availability with sustainable practices. Although biochar did not influenced total commercialproductivity its addition significantly reduced the amount of brown rot. Differently, lettuce productivity was notinfluenced by the management practices in the two year. Addition of biochar improved the productivity in thesustainable management practice of 14% and 36% in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Also the amount of nitrate inlettuce leaves was significantly reduced in presence of biochar (14% and 10% less in the sustainable andtraditional treatment, respectively). The use of biochar in combination with sustainable practices seems to be apromising alternative to improve quality of the commercial product especially in case of leaf vegetable crops likelettuce, spinach and rocket.Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum L., Lactuca sativa L., biochar, conservation agriculture, management practices.New contributions to improving knowledge about in vitro culture ofwalnut in RomaniaGOTEA, Rodica (1) *; VAHDATI, Kourosh (2) ; SESTRAS, Radu (1) ; GOTEA, Ionut (1)(1) University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Romania(2) Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Aboureihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran* rodica@gotea.roThe walnut (Juglans regia L.) can be considered one of the traditional species in Romania due to veryfavorable environmental conditions. The research centers as: S.C.D.P. Geoagiu, I.C.D.P. Piteşti, S.C.D.P. Tg. Jiu,S.C.D.P. Iaşi and S.C.D.P. Râmnicu Vâlcea had obtained and continue to obtain new walnut varieties. Almost allwalnut cultivars in Romania are obtained by grafting methods. Currently, in Romania are a few studies about invitro culture of walnut and that because the walnut is a difficult specie to be propagated by in vitro methods.(HOZA et al. 1992; BARASCU et al. 1998) had obtained the preliminary data about in vitro culture of walnut.(SARPE 2002) tried to find an optimal culture media for improving the rate of multiplication and rooting for walnutmicrocuttings. The best results were obtained on DKW medium with 0,1 mg/l IBA, 1 mg/l BAP and 0,1 mg/GA3. Inthis research the walnut microcuttings were well developed on 2.1g/L Phytagel gelling agent medium with 1 mg/lBAP and 0.1 mg/l IBA. The partially data of this study were obtained at University of Tehran, College ofAbouraihan, Iran.Keywords: microcuttings, in vitro culture of walnut, proliferation, Phytagel, BAP.190

Posters of Topic 3A literature review of two alternative gelling agents that can be usedfor in vitro culture of walnutGOTEA, Rodica (1) *; VAHDATI, Kourosh (2) ; SESTRAS, Radu (1) ; GOTEA, Ionut (1)(1) University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Romania(2) Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Aboureihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran* rodica@gotea.roThe Persian walnut (J.regia L.) is one of the special species due to his complex characteristics.Because of the many advantages which can be obtained by in vitro culture of walnut was performed by numerousstudies in this regard.An important role in culture initiation is the type of gelling agent that can be used.For in vitro culture of walnut have been used different gelling agents (5g/l AgarRoland used by Ripetti V. (1993),7g/l Difco Bacto Agar used by Rodriguez R. (1993), 0.55% agar used by Marques Silva D.J. (1997), 0.25%Phytagel used by Sanchez Olate M.E. (1997), 9.5g/l Kobe agar used by Navatel J.C. (2001), 2.2 g/l Phytagelused by Saadat Y.A. (2001) , 2.1g/l Phytagel used by Vahdati (2004), 9-10 g/l agar used by Bourrain L. (2009) et.all.).Using of gelling agents such as tapioca and cassava as a new variant for in vitro culture of walnut can be apossibility to improve the existing knowledge.Keywords: cassava, tapioca, in vitro culture of walnut.The effect of the intercropping with lettuce on growth, mineralcontent and yield of broccoliYILDIRIM, Ertan (1) ; TURAN, Metin (2) *; KARLIDAG, Huseyin (3)(1) Ataturk University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey(2) Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey* mturan@atauni.edu.tr(3) Inonu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Malatya, TurkeyThis study was conducted to determine the effect of the intercropping with lettuce on growth, chlorophyll content,mineral content and yield of broccoli in field conditions in 2009 and 2010. The broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var.italica) as a main crop was intercropped with leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa) as intercrop. Lettuceseedlings were planted in the middle of between broccoli rows simultaneously in separate plots. All crops weregrown also in pure stands. Results of this study indicated that intercropping systems compared to sole did notaffect some growth characteristics and yield of broccoli except for plant weight. Phosphorus, potassium, sulphur,sodium, iron, manganese and zinc content of broccoli leaves did not vary significantly depending on croppingsystems. However, intercropping caused increase magnesium and calcium but decrease nitrogen compared tosole broccoli cropping. The study showed that broccoli based intercrop treatments might provide the highest totalyield as well as productivity and profitability.191

Posters of Topic 3The specific role of alternate bearing cycle on physiologicaldisorders of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)KHEZRI, Masood (1) *; PANAHI, Bahman (2)(1)Horticultural Research Institute, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran(2)Iran’s Pistachio Research Institute, Rafsanjan, Iran* masoodkhezri@gmail.comAlternate bearing (alternating years with high and low yields) is a prominent characteristic of pistachio (Pistaciavera L.). The occurrence of the most important physiological disorders such as abscission of inflorescence buds,fruit abscission, blankness, non-splitting, early splitting and nut deformation were investigated during the alternatebearing cycle (“on” and “off” years) of “Kaleh-Ghoochi” pistachio cultivar. The growth parameters, the number ofnuts per ounce, the yield per shoot and the whole tree yield were also compared between “on” and “off” years.Results showed that the percentages of inflorescence buds abscission, fruit abscission, non-split and deformednuts were all significantly higher in the “on” year compared with the “off” year. The percentage of blank nuts aswell as the leaf area, length and diameter growth of the current-year shoots was higher in the “off” year. Thisexperiment showed that besides the inflorescence bud abscission, the changes of other disorders during thealternate bearing cycle are quite important emphasizing that the retention or the abscission of inflorescence budsmay not be the only limiting factor to yield alternation in pistachio.Keywords: Pistachio, abscission of inflorescence buds, fruit abscission, blankness, non-splitting, nut deformation,yield.Influence of biochar in the subsequent year after application ongrowth and development of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa var.capitata L.)SCHÖNEBERG, Anita *; PFENNING, Judit; GRAEFF, Simone; CLAUPEIN, Wilhelm &LIEBIG, H.P.Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany* anita.schoeneberg@uni-hohenheim.deIncreasing CO 2 emissions derived from fossil origin are a driving force for climate change (IPCC, 2011). Theproduction of biochar and incorporation into agricultural soils is one option to sequester carbon and promote plantgrowth by influencing nutrient and water dynamics in soils (LEHMANN, 2007).At the experimental station for horticulture, University of Hohenheim (Germany) lettuce was planted on 7 April2011 in six uncovered hotbeds split into two plots each: biochar application (7.5 or 15 t ha -1 ) and control. Biochar -derived from spruce wood (Biomass Steam Processing at the KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany) - was manuallyincorporated in spring 2010 before cultivation of cucumber plants was started. The soil was silty clay. Nitrogen (N)fertilisation was assessed regarding the results of N min-sampling before planting, water status was monitoredusing tensiometers and irrigation occurred on demand. Fresh weight and nitrogen concentration of the lettuceplants were measured in samples at beginning of head formation and at harvest. Soil samples were taken beforeplanting and at both sampling dates to determine pH, N min, macro nutrients as phosphorus, potassium,magnesium and micro nutrients as boron, copper, iron, manganese, zinc.At first sampling date (beginning of head formation) plant fresh weight was increased with increasing amount ofbiochar (303.96 g for 7.5 t plots and 309.36 g for 15 t plots) and was highest in control without biochar application(341.26 g). At harvest plants of 7.5 t plots had a significantly lower fresh weight (705.99 g) compared to plants of15 t plots with 772.81 g and of control plots with 765.17 g. Nitrogen concentration in plants was lower at firstsampling with increasing biochar application, indicating a slight N immobilisation by the carbon (C) rich biochar,whereas at harvest N concentration was highest in plants from 15 t plots. In soil nitrate concentrationsmeasurements showed no significant differences according to biochar application but were lowest in 15 t plots,192

Posters of Topic 3concluding that nitrate leaching was not reduced. No enhanced nutrient availability was observed and pH 7 wasmeasured in all plots.The results observed in this study arise the question whether biochar can significantly improve temperate soilswhich appropriate plant growth sufficiently. There are neither significant effects of biochar application on growthand fresh weight of lettuce nor on nutrient dynamics in this study. Negative effects of biochar for lettucecultivation, yield and visual quality were not detectable.Keywords: biomass steam processing, carbon sequestration, charcoal, nutrients, temperate climate.Literature CitedLehmann, J. 2007. Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(7), pp. 381- 387.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2011.http://www.ipcc.ch/news_and_events/docs/ipcc33/SRREN_FD_SPM_final.pdfSeasonal changes in fruits of 13 pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)genotypes during developmental stagesZAREI, Abdolkarim *; ZAMANI, Zabihollah; FATAHI, Reza* zarei@ut.ac.irIn order to study fruit changes in different developmental stages, 29 important physical and chemical charactersof 13 pomegranate genotypes were recorded during the growth season using destructive as well as nondestructivemethods. According to results overall growth trend of pomegranate fruit is single sigmoid. Comparedto destructive method, dimensions of fruits showed a more constant increasing trend using non-destructivemethod. Crown of fruit formed in the preliminary stages and after that its dimensions did not show noticeablechange. Fruit weight, 100 aril weight and seed weight showed a decrease in growth rate at 60 to 80 days after fullbloom (DAF). Percent of peel dry to fresh weight decreased to some extent until ripening, while percent of aril dryweight increased (14.1% at 20 DAF to 18.8% at 130 DAF). In hard seed genotypes, hardening in seed cover wastriggered from 40 DAF and completed until 130 DAF. Ratio of seed to aril fresh weight drastically decreased andreached to the half of the initial sampling stage (39.8% to 15.7%). Total soluble solids (TSS) increased in allgenotypes and compared to sour and sweet-sour genotypes, sweet ones showed lower degrees of TSS in allstages. Titrable acidity decreased in sour and sweet-sour but in sweet genotypes it was low from the beginningand remained nearly constant. pH of fruit juice decreased slowly during fruit maturation. Results indicated that aslight decrease in growth rate was present in some of studied characters, which was concomitant with their seedhardening.Keyword: Days after full bloom, aril, growth trend, maturation, total soluble solids.Product Carbon Footprints across the supply chains of selectedexamples (apples and tomatoes)ERGÜL, Rumyana *; MEMPEL, Heike; STROBER, WolfgangWeihenstephan-Triesdorf University Of Applied Sciences,Am Staudengarten 10, 85354, Freising, Germany* r.erguel@wz-straubing.deBackgroundAll developed countries adopted high ambitious policy goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).Significant changes across the whole supply chain are needed to achieve goals successfully. From this193

Posters of Topic 3perspective the Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) became increasingly important over recent years. Each step ofthe value chain has to be taken into account, starting from the production and transport of raw materials,intermediate products, transformation, distribution, consumer use and waste disposal. Most studies issue varyingresults because of the use of different methods for GHG assessment. The innovative element of the describedPCF - Project, which started in November 2011, is the collection of primary data for the production in Germanyand abroad (Spain, Holland, New Zealand). On the basis of the data set adaptation options for the productionprocess regarding different environmental parameters can be identified. In this study the storage and marketing ofapples and tomatoes, as well as consumer behavior in buying and consumption of fruits and vegetables will betaken into consideration. Results will be available by the end of August 2014.Project GoalsCalculations of carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of apples and tomatoesIdentification of high emission phases and analysis of CO2 reduction potentialsEvaluation of methodology for the calculation of carbon emissionsEvaluation of the acceptance of CO2-labelingMaterial & MethodsCarbon emissions for apples and tomatoes will be assessed along the whole supply chain. Consumer behaviorwill be considered and integrated in the PCF-calculations, which is hardly to be found in any undertaken study.Products will be measured according to ISO-Standard 14040/44 or the upcoming harmonized ISO Standard14067. The aim of the project is to develop a dynamic footprint model which works like a modular constructionsystem and can be applied to specific products and shipments.Current WorkThe project work mainly focuses on comprehensive data collection on production, distribution and consumerbehavior. The material and energy flow assessments of apples and tomatoes will start with onsite data collectionin farming operations. Values from different time periods concerning production areas, application of fertilizersand pesticides, technical equipment and yield are required in detail and will be measured using data sheets fortomato and apple growers. Due to the involved project partners at all stages of the supply chain, the collection ofprimary data is guaranteed and external factors (weather, pests, different consumer behavior) needed for anadaptation of production processes will be assessed.Documentation and evaluation of the product carbon footprint forgreenhouse produced vegetablesKREUZPAINTNER, Alexandra * & MEYER, JoachimDepartment of Plant Sciences, Center of Life and Food Science WeihenstephanTechnical University of Munich, Bavaria, Germany* alexandra.kreuzpaintner@wzw.tum.dePushed by the consumer and public authorities the transparent and complete documentation of the vegetableproduction processes is an increasing necessity for the horticulture industry. Especially the documentation of theemission of the CO2-equivalent of the entire production processes and of the produced product itself becomesmore and more important. Therefore the development of the “Product Carbon Footprint (PCF)” plays an importantrole in food production.Generally the concept of the production process documentation is divided into the following three steps: dataacquisition, data analysis and evaluation and compilation of a product pass. For the producing gardener the dataacquisition normally is time consuming. In protected cultivation nowadays computer systems for climate controlare installed and could be used in a much more comprehensive way as data source. So the climate computercould measure the consumption of the production parameters energy, water, and climatic factors. A minor amountof inputs for example the application of pesticides, beneficial organisms or fertilizers and the general productionschedules have to be inputted by the grower. With these data each production resource is can be analyzed anddocumented in various functional units as there are e.g. per entire greenhouse, per square meter or, with mayorimportance, per selling unit (e.g. one kg tomato).For the implication of the latter method two different methods have been tested. The first method is to divide theentire tomato harvest through the entire consumption of the resources. This method is simple and needs only fewinputs. But there is still the open question if the ecological impact is distributed in a right way. So the aim of thesecond method is to determine the distribution of the entire resource consumption to the vegetative and the194

Posters of Topic 3generative growing phase differently. To distinguish into these phases the truss tomato “Mecano” was grown inthree different sections of the experimental greenhouse. In each section the blossoms of 20 plants (so total 60plants) were tagged at the beginning of the blooming. So the date of the beginning of the blossoms, the date ofthe harvesting and the entire harvest weight could be defined. The results of this experiment show clearly that thegenerative growing phase is more or less constant over all tested tomatoes.If the two methods are compared first results show that there is nearly no difference between the results. Thus aconstant distribution of the resources consumption to the entire tomato harvest is possible (method 1).For the calculation of the “Product Carbon Footprint (PCF)” the documented resources for the determinedfunctional units have to be multiplied with the CO2-equivalent of these resources.At the moment a second experiment is conducted to verify the results of the first year. During thesemeasurements the data transfer and evaluation processes run automatic via direct data lines.Keywords: Traceability, CO2-equivalent, Climate computer, Automatic data acquisition, Consumption ofresources.Decontamination of irrigation water comparison of stationary andmobile photocatalytic water treatment(1)ALAM, Mehboob (1) *; LARSSON, Christine (1) ; ROSBERG, Anna Karin (1) ; BURLEIGH,Stephen (1) ; AHRNÉ, Siv (2) ; MOLIN, Göran (2) ; JENSÉN, Paul (1) ; ALSANIUS, Beatrix W. (1)Microbial Horticulture Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, SLU, P.O. Box 103, SE-230 53Alnarp, Sweden(2) Applied Nutrition, Department of Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100Lund, Sweden* mehboob.alam@slu.seQuality irrigation water required for food production and processing is becoming a scarce commodity that forcesthe farmers/producers to use any type of available water. Therefore, globally millions of hectares are irrigated withuntreated, partly treated, diluted or treated wastewater for the production of vegetables and fruits. Harmful humanpathogens can be introduced into crops through contaminated irrigation water. Consumption of vegetablesirrigated with water of low or variable hygienic quality in vegetable fields has resulted in outbreaks of manyinfections and intoxications due to bacterial contamination, often seen as non-bloody or hemorrhagic diarrhoea,the latter sometimes leading to hemolytic uremic syndrome. Therefore, a source of water free of humanpathogens is a prerequisite for irrigation of plants. For minimizing the risk for dispersal of human pathogensdisinfection of irrigation water within field is a useful approach. Photocatalytic treatment installed as a stationaryunit has proved its ability to reduce pathogens. However, water may be recontaminated with in the irrigationcircuit, therefore a mobile photocatalytic unit close to the irrigation ramp might further reduce the pathogenicmicrobes. The aim of this study is to determine the potential of decontamination with mobile photocatalytictreatment of irrigation water and thereby increase the hygienic water quality in the irrigation circuit.Water was sampled from an impoundment with variable hygienic quality. Samples were collected from fivedifferent sites within the same irrigation circuit (1) pond water before the coarse filter, (2) after the coarse filter, (3)at the start of the field water circuit, (4) before photocatalytic unit mounted on the irrigation ramp and (5) afterpassing a photocatalytic unit mounted on the irrigation ramp. Preliminary results indicate that the number ofaerobic microorganisms at 22 °C, total coliform bacteria, thermotolerant coliform bacteria, E. coli as well as fecalstreptococci were considerably reduced by photocatalytic treatment. Moreover, for DNA extraction samples werefiltered through 0.45 µm filters and the pellets were stored at -80 o C before DGGE-analysis. As photocatalytic unitscan be installed on the irrigation ramp and managed on-line, this treatment is an appealing technology fordecontamination of irrigation water in field crops.195

Posters of Topic 3Effect of foliar application of iron-chelates on seasonal changes ofleaf petioles and berries mineral composition of Halwani Lebanonand Kamali grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)ALIMAM, Nabil M. A.Horticulture and Landscape Design Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University ofMosul – Mosul, Iraqnabil_alimam2000@Yahoo.comA Field experiment was conducted out during 2005 and 2006 growing seasons, to study the effect of foliarapplication of chelated-iron "Fe-EDTA" (0,100 and 200 mg.L -1 ) on seasonal dynamic of mineral composition(N,P,K,Fe and Zn) in leaf petiols and berries of Halwani Lebanon and Kamali grape cultivars, grown on acalcareous soil in Mosul region / IRAQ. The results revealed that in both seasons increasing levels of foliar Fe-EDTA applications to vines of both grape cultivars, before bloom and after fruit, caused a significant increase ofN, P, K, Fe and Zn concentration in leaf petioles and berries as compared with the control. In addition, the N, P,K, Fe and Zn concentration in leaf petioles were high at the beginning of the growth season, but decreasedtowards at end the growth seasons in both cultivars. The nutrients content of berries were increased towardsveraison and ripening stages in both cultivars during both seasons.Keywords: Foliar application, Fe-EDTA, Seasenol, Vitis vinifera L.The response of mature alternate-bearing pistachio (Pistacia veraL.) trees to spray zinc fertilizationKHEZRI, Masood (1) *; SARCHESHMEHPOUR, Mehdi (2)(1)Horticultural Research Institute, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran(2)Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Bahonar University of Kerman,Kerman, Iran* masoodkhezri@gmail.comSpray application of nutrients is now commonly practiced for fruit trees, although the effectiveness of sprayapplication of micronutrients in general, and Zn in particular, is not always satisfactory and varies greatly amongfruit species. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of zinc (Zn) fertilization on the vegetative and thereproductive responses of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) trees. The experiment was carried out on 30-year-old‘Kaleh-Ghoochi’ pistachio trees in two consecutive years (‘on’ and ‘off’ years). Foliar Zn-EDTA sprays withdifferent concentrations (0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm) were applied at the stage of one week before full bloom, 4weeks after full bloom and 8 weeks after full bloom. The results showed that Zn spray fertilization increased theZn concentrations of leaves in both the years and the stages of application. Although the percentages ofinflorescence bud abscission and non-split nuts were not affected by the Zn application, the percentage of fruitabscission was significantly decreased at the first stage of application in the ‘on’ year. Zn fertilization alsodecreased the percentage of blank nuts and increased the number of nuts per cluster at the first stage ofapplication in the both ‘on’ and ‘off’ years. Nut deformation was decreased at the second and third stages of Znapplication in the ‘on’ year. Results also showed that the shoots fertilized with Zn had higher leaf area (at thesecond stage in both years), shoot length (at the first stage in both years) and nut yield (at the first stage in the‘on’ year) compared to those of the control. This study demonstrated the usefulness and efficiency of sprayapplication of Zn to pistachio trees and emphasized that the time of application and the bearing cycle of pistachiotrees should be considered.Keywords: zinc spray, pistachio, fruit abscission, blank nut, deformed nut, yield.196

Posters of Topic 3Morphological and physiological response of pistachio (Pistaciavera L.) seedlings to soil nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizationHADAVI, Faranak (1) *; ERSHADI, Ahmad (1) ; KHEZRI, Masood (2) ; JAVANSHAH, Amanallah(3)(1)Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran(2)Horticultural Research Institute, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran(3)Iran’s Pistachio Research Institute, Rafsanjan, Iran* faranak_hadavi@yahoo.comImproving the morphological and physiological characteristics as well as the survival percentage of transplantedpistachio seedlings is of great importance for the horticulturists and nurserymen. This experiment was carried outon the ‘Badami-Zarand’ pistachio seedlings in a controlled greenhouse. Nitrogen (N) as ammonium nitrate andphosphorous (P) as dicalcium phosphate were applied to the soil with four levels (0, 50, 100, 150 µg/g soil). Thepots were arranged as factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates. Resultsshowed that the application of N (150 µg/g) with P (150 µg/g) improved the shoot morphological characteristicsincluding the height, diameter, number of leaves, leaf area and shoot dry weight. The root characteristicsincluding total root length, area and volume as well as lateral and main root dry weights were increased by theapplication of N (100 µg/g) and P (100 µg/g) separately. Also, leaf physiological characteristics includingphotosynthetic and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and resistance were affected by the soil fertilizationof N and P. It was found that the survival of transplanted seedlings treated with N and P was significantly higherthan the control plants. These results suggests that the soil application of N and P to pistachio seedlings is anefficient and useful approach to promote the growth of seedlings, improve the root and leaf physiologicalcharacteristics and increase the survival of transplanted seedlings.Keywords: mineral nutrition; growth parameters, photosynthesis; seedling transplant.Effect of irrigation and increased potassium supply on yield andnutritive composition of carrotOMBÓDI, Attila (1) ; ZALOTAI, Krisztina (1) ; LUGASI, Andrea (2) ; BOROSS, Ferenc (3) ;HELYES, Lajos (1)(1)Szent István University, Department of Horticulture(2)National Institute for Food and Nutrition Science(3)Central Food Research Institute* ombodi.attila@mkk.szie.huIn Europe, for many vegetable crops the main emphasis is on the nutritive value of the products, especially if theyare produced for processing purposes. Our objective was to investigate the effects of irrigation and increasedpotassium supply on the nutritive composition and yield of carrot. The experiment was conducted in 2010, inGödöllő, Central-Hungary on sandy soil, with the leading industrial cultivar ‘Bangor’. Sprinkler irrigated stand andunirrigated (rainfed) control, and potassium supply of 150 and 300 kg K 2O ha -1 were compared. Dry matter,fructose, glucose, saccharose, six different carotenes, polyphenol and nitrate contents were measured as nutritiveconstituents. In Hungary, 2010 turned out to be the year with the biggest precipitation since the beginning ofsystematic meteorological measurements, but distribution of this precipitation was unfavourable. Based ontensiometer readings just three irrigations were necessary to apply (during a 4-week-long dry period in July) witha total amount of 69 mm. Irrigation significantly increased the marketable yield of carrot by the rate of 59% (108 tha -1 opposed to 68), mainly due to the increase in average root weight (124 g piece -1 opposed to 79). Meanwhile,the irrigation significantly decreased the foliage to root weight ratio. Except for zeaxanthin and cis-ζ-carotene, thecontents of the nutritive components were not influenced negatively by the irrigation. Moreover, dry matter, α-197

Posters of Topic 3carotene and nitrate contents were significantly better for the irrigated treatment. This result can be explained bythe fact that during the last two months of the experiment the water supply was the same for both treatmentsthrough the natural precipitation. The similar nutrient contents and the bigger yield resulted in significantly highernutrient yield in case of every measured nutritive constituent. Increased potassium supply did not influence theyield characteristics and the nutritive composition. This result may can be attributed to the leaching effect of heavyrains occurred during the experiment. Based on these results, we concluded that irrigation was very beneficialfrom the viewpoint of both root yield and nutrient yields even in a year with unusually high precipitation, whileincreased potassium supply did not have any effect under our experimental conditions.Keywords: average root weight, dry matter content, carotenes, nitrate.Glass-matrix based fertilizers. A novel approach to fertilizationbased on plant demandREA, Elvira (1) *; TRINCHERA, Alessandra (1) ; ALLEGRA, Maria (2) ; ROCCUZZO, Giancarlo(2) ; RINALDI, Simona (1) ; SEQUI, Paolo (1) ; INTRIGLIOLO, Francesco (2)(1) Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura – Centro di ricerca per lo studio delleRelazioni tra Pianta e Suolo (CRA-RPS), Via della Navicella 2-4, 00184 Rome, Italy, tel. +39 0677078141, fax +39 06 7005711.(2) Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura – Centro di ricerca per l’Agrumicoltura ele Colture Mediterranee (CRA-ACM), C.so Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy, tel. +39 095 7653103,fax +39 095 7653113* Corresponding author: elvira.rea@entecra.itA glass-matrix fertilizer (GMF), a by-product from ceramic industries, releases nutrients only in the presence ofcomplexing solutions, similar to those exuded by plant roots. This ensures a slow release of nutrients over time,limiting the risk of their loss in the environment. With the aim to improve fertilizer performance, GMF was mixedwith digested vine vinasse (DVV), pastazzo (a by-product of the citrus processing industry, PAS) or greencompost (COMP). Nutrient release was evaluated by extraction in citric or chloridric acids, at differentconcentrations.Theoretical and actual nutrients release were compared to evaluate possible synergistic effects due to the organiccomponent added to the mineral fertilizer: phosphorus (+7.1%), K (+4.8%), Fe (+8.5%) and Zn (+5.5%) werereleased more efficiently by 2% citric acid from GMF+DVV, while Ca availability was increased (+5.3%) by 2%citric acid from GMF+PAS mixture. Both DVV and COMP increased by 12–18% the Fe release from GFM matrix.It was supposed that organic biomasses added to GMF increased the release of some macro and micronutrientsthrough an ‘activation effect’, which suggests the employment of these organo-mineral fertilizers also in shortcyclecrops production. Moreover, the re-use of some agro-industrial organic residues gives another ‘addingvalue’ to this novel organo-mineral fertilizers.Keywords: organo-mineral fertilizer; glass matrix; nutrient; biomass.Impact of different potassium fertilizers doses on Ca:Mg andK:Mg ratio in the grapevine organsLIČINA, Vlado; MARKOVIĆ, Nebojša; TRAJKOVIĆ, Ivana ; ATANACKOVIĆ, Zoran *Belgrade University, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia* zoranata4@yahoo.comBalanced nutrition and fertilization are essential components of the growing technology in vineyards in terms ofachieving the required yields and quality of grapes. Magnesium is constituent of the chlorophyll and precursor of198

Posters of Topic 3many enzymatic reactions. Calcium plays an importan role in plant nutrition like growing of apical shoot and rootmeristem, carbohydrate translocation and is a constituent of the cell wall. In grape nutrition, potassium isgenerally recognized as one of the essential nutrient, which regulates most of the enzymatic reaction in the plant,affect the carbohydrates accumulation and also affects fruit quality and berries color. The research was carriedout in the vineyard of the Faculty of Agriculture experimental station-“Radmilovac” with cv. Sauvignon blancgrafted to the rootstock Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB. This research was to demonstrate the effects of differentpotassium fertilizer application on the Ca:Mg and K:Mg ratio in soil and vines organs. In this experiment,treatments included increasing doses of potassium fertilizer (50, 100 and 150 kg K2O/ha 50% KCl) and control(without fertilization). Treated soil was subjected for detail agrochemical soil analysis, while the soil samples wascollected from the depth of 0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 cm. Leaves for analysis were collected in August andshoots after pruning. The level of available potassium was (11.95-14.15 mg/100 g of soil), magnesium (20.2-23.7mg/100 g of soil) and calcium (354-464 mg/100 g of soil). During the first year, Ca:Mg ratio was 5.8-14.4:1, in thesecond year 5.4-18.5:1 and at third year 4.9-25.2:1. The K:Mg ratio ranged from 0.08-0.21:1 in the first, 0.13-0.29:1 in the second and 0.11-0.21:1 in the third year of study. The Ca:Mg and K:Mg ratio were mostly influencedby 100 and 150 kg K2O/ha potassium doses. The K:Mg ratio in the leaves and shoots did not change underdifferent potassium fertilizer doses, so that the antagonism between these two elements did not happen.Key words: potassium fertilizer, Ca, Mg, K.Effect of multinutrient complex fertilizers on growth of very earlypotato cultivarsWADAS, Wanda *; DZIUGIEŁ, TomaszDepartment of Vegetable CropsSiedlce University of Natural Sciences and HumanitiesPoland* wwadas@uph.edu.plFertilization is one of the most important agronomical factors affecting plant growth and potato tuber yield. In thelast years there has been an increase in multinutrient complex fertilizers usage. Multinutrient fertilizers supplycrops with primary (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and secondary (calcium, magnesium, sulphur) nutrients andmicronutrients (iron, zinc, manganese, cooper, boron, molybdenum). Multinutrient complex fertilizers have theadvantage of having each nutrient in each granule. They are more expensive than the equivalent quantity ofnutrients achieved by applying the equivalent quantities of singlenutrient fertilizers. Efficient application of theproper type and amount of fertilizer is an important part of achieving profitable yield. The right proportion ofnutrients is prerequisite for satisfactory plant growth. The effect of multinutrient complex fertilizres HydroComplex(NPKMgS 12-11-18-3-8 + B, Mn, Zn, Fe), Nirtophoska® blue special (NPKMgS 12-12-17-2-6 + B, Zn), Viking 13(NPKMgCaS 13-13-21-1-4-1) representing the nitrophoska group and Polimag® S (NPKMgS 10-8-15-5-14 + B,Cu, Mn, Zn) from the amophoska group, and singlenutrient fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, single superphosphate,potassium sulphate) on the growth of very early potato cultivars (‘Aster’, ‘Fresco’, ‘Gloria’) was compared in athree-year field experiment. The field experiment was carried out in the middle-eastern part of Poland on apodzolic soil. The multinutrient complex fertilizers and singlenutrient fertilizers were applied in the amountsequivalent to recommended rates for the cultivars tested of 100 kg N/ha. The remaining elements in thesinglenutrient fertilizers were applied at the rates which guarante an appropriate N:P:K proportion for ediblepotatoes, i.e. 1:1:1.5. The kind of fertilizer (single- or multinutrient) did not affected the height of plants. Anapplication of multinutrient complex fertilizers HydroComplex and Nirtophoska® blue special resulted in highermass of above-ground plant parts and assimilation leaf area compared with singlenutrient fertilizers; the leaf areaindex ( LAI) was higher by 0.28 and 0.32, respectively. When the multinutrient complex fertilizers were applied,leaf weight ratio (LWR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were similar to singlenutrient fertilizer.Out of the multinutrient complex fertilizers, only Nirtophoska® blue special significantly increased tuber yield, onaverage by 2.40 t/ha, compared with the single nutrient fertilizers.Keywords: height of plants, mass of leaves, mass of stems, assimilation leaf area, leaf weight ratio (LWR), leafarea ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), tuber yield.199

Posters of Topic 3Application of arbuscular mycorrhiza and endophytic bacteriaaffected rhizome quality of Curcuma alismatifolia GagnepRUAMRUNGSRI, Soraya (1) (2) ; THEPSUKHON, Apiraya (3) * & SHIGEYUKI, Tajima (4)(1)Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University,Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand(2)Plant Nutrition and Hydroponics Research Unit, Institute for Science and Technology, Chiang Mai50200, Thailand(3)The Office of the Commission on Agricultural Resource Education, Chulalongkorn University,Bangkok 10330, Thailand(4) Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan* apiraya.t@hotmail.comSince the price of chemical fertilizer increases year by year, this brings about the decrease of benefit and incomeof growers. The alternative method to reduce chemical fertilizer use is thus needed for Curcuma rhizomeproduction. The endophytic diazotrophic bacteria (EDB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have highpotential for application in agriculture and could lead to a considerable decrease in the amount of chemicalfertilizers. In this experiment, plants were subjected to experimental treatments with two factors. The first factorwas the two levels of fertilizers application (0 and 7.5 g/pot). The second factor was four types of microorganismapplication. The results showed that fertilizer rate at 7.5 g/pot gave greater diameter of storage roots, number ofrhizomes, fresh and dry weight than non-fertilizer. The microorganism application, AMF+ECS203 gave the bestrhizome quality, fresh weight and dry weight compared with the other treatments. The interaction betweenfertilizer rates and microorganism application were significantly different in diameter of storage roots, number ofstorage roots, fresh and dry weight of storage roots. There was an interaction between fertilizer rates andAMF+ECS203 gave the best fresh anddry weight of rhizome compared with the other treatments. The best treatment for C. alismatifolia plant in thisexperiment should be the supply of fertilizer rate at 7.5 g/pot mixed with AMF+ECS203.Key words: Curcuma alismatifolia, endophytic diazotrophic bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.On-farm comparison of fertilizer application practices to assessnitrogen-use efficiency of Curcuma alismatifolia GagnepRUAMRUNGSRI, Soraya (1) (3) ; SUEYOSHI, Kuni (2) & INKHAM, Chaiartid(1) Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University,Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand(2) Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan(3) Plant Nutrition and Hydroponics Research Unit, Institute for Science and Technology, Chiang Mai,50200, Thailandsunwins111@hotmail.com(1) (3)In Thailand, Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. is the second highest export-value flower plant after orchids, andtrend of the exporting are increasing in every year. However, the crop yield for exporting to the internationalmarket has uncertain quality each year that may mainly be attributed to imbalanced fertilizer use, especially innitrogen fertilizer which is one of the most important plant nutrients. On this experiment, the field experimentswere carried out on 4 commercial Curcuma farms (designated site A, B, C and D). The total amount of nitrogenwas differently supplied at 15.0, 6.9, 4.1 and 1.95 g N/plant in site A, B, C and D, respectively. The resultsshowed that fertilizer management in commercial Curcuma farm is varied widely from one individual to another.Nitrogen supply was related to nitrogen concentration in plant parts at different growth stages. At the flowering200

Posters of Topic 3stage, the trend of N concentration in leaves (from site A to site D) decreased along with the decrease of N supply(from 15 g/plant to 1.95 g/plant).At the harvest stage, the highest and lowest N concentration in new rhizomes were obtained when plants weregrown in site C and site D, respectively. Yields in terms of rhizome fresh weight per clump and rhizome quality interms of rhizome diameter and storage roots diameter were difference in each commercial farms. The nitrogenuseefficiency of Curcuma and soil analysis in each commercial farm was determined in this experiment.Key words: Curcuma alismatifolia, nitrogen-use efficiency, fertilizer application.Effect of potassium supply on drug production and quality of mintspeciesNÉMETH-ZÁMBORINÉ, Éva (1) *; SZABÓ, Krisztina (1) ; RAJHÁRT, Péter (1) ; POPP, Thomas(2)(1) Corvinus University of Budapest, Dept. of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, H-1118 Budapest, Villányistr. 29-35. Hungary(2) K+S Kali GmbH, Applied Research and Advisory Service Agro, Bertha-von-Suttner-Straße 7, 34131Kassel, Germany* eva.nemeth@uni-corvinus.huAlthough demand for medicinal plants is continuously growing and advances in several aspects have beenachieved, research on agrotechnics became scarce in the last period. For many species optimal measures inmechanisation, herbizide application and fertilization are still lacking. Nutrient supply is often based on practicalexperiences without scientific data on species specific requirements, effects on drug yield and active ingredients.In frame of a four year experiment on ten species, we investigated the effects of potassium supply on theproduction and essential oil characeteristics of Mentha x piperita L. (peppermint) and Mentha spicata var. crispata(BENTLS.) MANSF. (speramint). Former results indicated the importance of nitrogen in growth and production ofpeppermint but were contradictious about potassium while almost no data exists for spearmint.The trial was conducted in 2008-2011 in Budapest, on 20m 2 open field plots, in four replications. The treatmentsfor both species included different levels of potassium (0, 100, 200, 300 kg/ha) with standard levels of nitrogen(120 kg/ha in two splits during vegetation) and phosphorous (80 kg/ha). These tretments were compared withunfertilized control. Fertilizers were added as solid formulations (ammonium-nitrate, TSP, SOP) in spring.The results showed that nutrient supply had different effects on the experimental species.Under the conditions of the experimental field, lower level of potassium proved to be optimal for peppermint. 100kg/ha K fertilisation assured by 25-257% more folium and herba yields compared to untreated plots and by 3-14%more drug yields compared to the ones only with N and P. The proportion of leaf compared to stem mass washowever, highest ont he plots receiving 300 kg/ha dosages. The effect on the essential oil and menthol contentwas contradictious during the years, which acertaines former assumptions that phenological phase might have amore important influence on these traits.In case of spearmint 200 kg/ha potassium level increased significantly the mass of both herb and leaf drugs. Theincrease in these yields compared to the control reached 25-220% while that compared to the plots with only Nand P reached 5-69% depending on year and number of harvests. Leaf size was also positively influenced by theK supply, however leaf/stem proportion remained uneffected. Fort he essential oil content the same treatmentsproved to be optimal as for the drug yield. 200 kg/ha K fertilization assured by 20-41% higher levels of oil in theleaves.Keywords: peppermint, Mentha piperita, spearmint, Mentha spicata var.crispata, fertilization, nutrient.201

Posters of Topic 3Effects of partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation on fruitquality during storage of Granny Smith applesĐUROVIĆ, Dejan (1) ; MRATINIĆ, Evica (1) ; MILATOVIĆ, Dragan (1) ; ĐUROVIĆ, Snežana (2) ;ĐORĐEVIĆ, Boban (1) ; MILIVOJEVIC, Jaminka (1) ; RADIVOJEVIC, Dragan (1)(1) Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia(2) Institute PKB – Agroekonomik, Zrenjaninski put bb, 11213 Padinska Skela, Serbia* dejan.djurovic@agrif.bg.ac.rsThe effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD), deficit irrigation (DI) and control irrigation (CI) on fruit quality duringstorage of ‘Granny Smith’ apples were studied during two-year period. To establish control over soil water regime,apple trees were planted in plastic containers with a volume of 120 l. Plants were irrigated with various amountsof water in order to establish three different treatments: 1) Control irrigation (CI) in which the soil moistureamounted to 80% of field water capacity, 2) deficit irrigation (DI), in which 60% of CI water was evenlyapplied to the whole root system and 3) partial root drying (PRD), where 60% of CI water was appliedto one half of the root while the other half was allowed to dry, and the irrigation was shifted when soilwater content of the dry side had decreased to 15-20%. Changes in fruit quality during cold storage wereassessed every 30 days. Fruits were stored for 180 days. DI and PRD treatments both improved fruit quality infollowing terms: dry-matter concentration at harvest, flesh firmness and total soluble solids. Mean fruit weight waslower in DI than in PRD and CI treatments. Fruits matured earlier when subjected to DI treatment, compared withPRD and CI treatments. The fruits from PRD treatment showed less weight loss during storage than fruits from DItreatment. After six months of cold storage, the highest decrease of flesh firmness was found in fruits from CItreatment. No effects of irrigation to changes in contents of soluble solids and total acids were found.Key words: apple, regulated deficit irrigation, fruit maturity, storage, firmness.Effects of foliar and substrate application of selenium on fruitquality of strawberryPALENCIA, Pedro (1) *; BURDUCEA, Marian (2) **; MARTÍNEZ RUIZ, Fátima (3) ; OLIVEIRA, J.Alberto (1) ; GIRÁLDEZ, Inmaculada (3) ***(1) Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, Escuela Politécnica deMieres, C/ Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, 33600 Mieres, Spain.palencia@uniovi.es(2) Faculty of Biology, Al. I. Cuza University, Iasi, Romania.marian.burducea@yahoo.com(3) Dpto de Ciencias Agroforestales, E.T.S.I. ‘La Rábida’, Universidad de Huelva, Palos de la Frontera(Huelva) Spain.(4) Dpto. Química y Ciencias de los Materiales. Universidad de Huelva. Avda. Fuerzas Armadas s/n.21007 Huelva. Spain. *** giraldez@uhu.esThe amount of selenium in plants is highly dependent upon both the amount and the availability of selenium in thesoil and this can vary geographically. An experiment was carried out at the Huelva University, Spain, in 2010–2011. The experiment had duration of seven months. 100 strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv.‘Splendor’) were cultivated in a soilless growing system, using polyethylene bags (100 cm x 18 cm x 30 cm) filledwith coir fiber as substrate under natural light and temperature. A completely randomized block design (5treatments x 2 replications) was used in a soilless growing system. Each replicate consisted of 10 plants. Therewere five test population: 1) control (non-treated); 2) Se (IV) in substrate; 3) Se (IV) foliar (sprayed on leaves); 4)Se (VI) in substrate; 5) Se (VI) foliar. There were analyzed the content of chlorophyll, the number of leaves, crowndiameter, weight, firmness, pH, º Brix and titratable acidity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the202

Posters of Topic 3influence the foliar and substrate application of Se (IV) and Se (VI) on fruit quality of strawberry plants in soillessgrowing system. The results show that there are no significant differences in average fruit weight and firmnessamong treatments and control. Treatments differed significantly in content of chlorophyll and crown diameter: Se(IV) foliar had the highest values. Se (VI) in substrate had the highest number of leaves followed by Se (VI) foliar.Total Soluble Solid (TSS) content and titratable acidity of fruit differed among the treatments. Se (VI) in thesubstrate had the highest TSS content.Keywords: Splendor, Total Soluble Solid, Soilless, Titratable acidity, º Brix.Climate change induced changes of water demand and nitrogenfertilization for vegetable production in Hessian ReedSCHMIDT, Nadine *; ZINKERNAGEL, JanaGeisenheim Research Center, Department of Vegetable Crops, Germany* nadine.schmidt@fa-gm.deThe climate change is predicted to have a significant impact on the future vegetable production in Hesse.According to climate projections the change of important climate parameters relevant to cultivation will result indeterioration of water balance (WB). Especially the special crop vegetable requiring strong irrigation will sufferunder the worsened WB. Whereas extensive projections concerning the climate are available, in the agriculturalsector additional research is required to estimate how the forthcoming situation should be dealt with. Hence, it isof great importance to determine potential future scenarios of water demand and supply. The climate change thatis currently taking place raises the question of what impacts are to be expected on water consumption of theplants and additional agricultural irrigation. To evaluate the possible range of future climate developmentsstatistical as well as dynamical regional models are assessed: WETTREG, REMO and CLM, driven by ECHAM5and HAdCM3 global climate models for scenario A1B. Simulations cover the period 1971 – 2100, where validationis based on decade 1971 -2000. Horticulture companies have to adapt to new conditions, if they wish to survivefuture challenges. In case of altered growth factors leading to changes in terms of yield and quality, effects ofclimate change, especially concerning vegetable production sector, have to be expected. The greatest challengehere is water supply, which is of absolutely crucial importance for production. All the climate models usedconsistently predict only minor changes in annual precipitation. In any case, all simulations related to futureprecipitation distribution predict a strong redistribution of summer precipitation (- 30%) to winter precipitation (+40%) till 2100. In addition, it is expected that precipitation-free periods will increase. In reference period 1971 –2000, periods of drought for 30 days or longer have been registered. Following the trend led by simulations,frequency rises in both longer precipitation-free periods of more than 10 days and length of dry periods until 2100.Therefore, all simulations refer to a trend toward drier conditions and increasing negative WB during the growingseason. This requires compensation in necessary additional irrigation in order to enable plant production in thefield. The majority of vegetable cropping areas in Hesse are already irrigated. In the context of the EU WaterFramework Directive influence of climate change on quantity and point of time of nitrate leaching has to beinvestigated. For this purpose leachate from onions will be analysed in lysimeter stations.Keywords: climate change, simulation, regional models, irrigation, fertilization, climatic water balance.Frost resistance as an indicator of brown heart susceptibility inswede (Brassica napus var. napobrassica)FADHEL, Faiz T; FULLER, Michael P; BURCHETT, Stephen & JELLINGS, AnitaSchool of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Plymouth University,UK, PL4 8AA203

Posters of Topic 3Swede (Brassica napus var. napobrassica) is a “cool season” plant with frost hardiness. The crop is reported tobe sensitive to Boron availability and low Boron can lead to Brown Heart syndrome and complete crop rejection.The contributions of the genotype and environmental components of this syndrome however have not been fullyestablished. Following the severe winter of 2009/10 in the UK, in breeders trials, some genotypes showedsusceptibility to frost in addition to susceptibility to brown heart.The internal browning symptoms of brown heart are difficult to detect without growing a crop to maturity and thendestroying the crop to score susceptibility. Consequently it is a very difficult trait to breed resistance to. It ispostulated that if a genetic association can be determined between brown heart appearance and frostsusceptibility, then a seedling frost testing screen may be a useful surrogate method to screen for brown heartresistance.To investigate the linkage between frost and brown heart resistance, a frost resistance screening (to -10 ˚C) ofcold acclimated plants (4 ˚C for 14 days) was carried out using 6 genotypes selected by the breeders (ElsomsSeeds Ltd) to cover the perceived range of genetic susceptibility to brown heart (Magres, Male Sterile Magres,Acme, Emily, Helenor, and Lizzy). Seedling (3 leaf plants) recovery post-freezing and the relative electricconductivity (REC %) of leaf tissue from more mature plants (7 leaves) was measured.Results showed that seedlings of all genotypes completely recovered after -2˚C but were completely dead at -10˚C. Genotypes clearly differed in their response to -4, -6 and -8 and two of them (Helenor and Acme) wereconsistently classified as frost susceptible with a recovery percent of 62.5 and 65% respectively. Lizzy showedhigher resistance to frost (81.7% recovery). REC% results correlated with the seedling results and showed thatHelenor and Acme had a high percent of cell damage (REC of 82.2 and 80.3%) respectively and Lizzy appearedto be the most frost resistant (REC 52.9%).Breeders data of brown heart appearance in swede roots in field trials recorded from 2000 to 2010 was analysedand showed that the majority of the appearance of internal browning was mostly associated with the genotypeswith Helenor, Acme and Angela in their genetic background. Genetic brown heart susceptibility was associatedwith low frost resistance in these varieties.Keywords: brassica napus var. napobrassica, swede, brown heart susceptibility, frost resistance, borondeficiency.Irrigation effects on the agronomic performance of Albariño cultivarin the Ribeiro AOC. Preliminary resultsTRIGO-CÓRDOBA, Emiliano; GÓMEZ-SANMARTÍN, José Manuel; BOUZAS-CID, yolanda;DÍAZ-LOSADA, Emilia; ORRIOLS-FERNÁNDEZ, Ignacio; MIRÁS-AVALOS, José Manuel *Estación de Viticultura y Enología de Galicia (EVEGA)Ponte San Clodio s/n 32427, Leiro (Ourense), Spain* jose.manuel.miras.avalos@xunta.esIrrigation studies on Galician vineyards are scarce. Due to climatic change, research on this topic isdemanded. Albariño is the main white grapevine variety cultivated in the Galicia (NW Spain). This cultivarpresents small clusters and berries, it is vigorous and possesses interesting oenological qualities. An experimentcomparing two irrigation treatments was carried out in 2011 at Leiro (Ourense, Spain) within the Ribeiro AOC.Fourteen-year old Albariño plants were trellised to a vertical shoot positioning and submitted to two water supplytreatments from veraison till three weeks before harvest: rainfed and irrigated to a 70% of potentialevapotranspiration. The experimental layout was a randomized block design with three repetitions. Soil within theexperimental plot was classified as an inceptisol. During the growing season, average temperature was 18.5 ºCand total rainfall was 131.2 mm. Water amount applied to the irrigated plants was 119 l per plant. No significantdifferences were observed on water status of irrigated and rainfed plants. Data on yield, cluster number andweight of 100 berries were recorded. In addition, juice and wine parameters were analyzed. Irrigated plantsproduced slightly more clusters per plant (54.1) than those rainfed (53.83). However, this difference implied anincrease in yield on irrigated plants (6.95 and 5.94 kg per plant in irrigated and rainfed, respectively). Moreover,berries were greater under irrigation (135.1 g/100 berries) than under rainfed (126.5 g/100 berries). Juiceparameters did not present significant differences between treatments. Wines from rainfed plants presented ahigher alcoholic grade (14%) than those irrigated (13.5%). Titratable acidity was greater under the irrigationtreatment. In conclusion, during the year studied, irrigation treatment slightly affected the agronomicalperformance of Albariño; however, further research is needed.Keywords: Albariño, evapotranspiration, grapevine, wine, yield.204

Posters of Topic 3Impact of phosphorus nutrition on photosynthesis, leaf yield andplant quality of Centella asiatica L. UrbanMÜLLER, Viola *; LANKES, Christa; HUNSCHE, Mauricio & NOGA, GeorgInstitute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Sciences, University of Bonn, Aufdem Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany* vmueller@uni-bonn.deDespite the steadily growing market for Centella asiatica, driven by the health benefits mainly due to thecharacteristic pattern of saponins in its leaves, the commercial exploration of this medicinal plant is widelyunderexplored. As a consequence, the market’s demand is predominantly satisfied by wild harvesting from thenature, which implicates a large variation in plant and product quality (Randriamampionona et al., 2007; Prasad etal., 2012). The advancement to a well-directed cultivation would assure continuous availability of high-qualityCentella raw material in terms of content and composition of saponins. To our knowledge, precise information oncultivation techniques, particularly on the mineral nutrition of Centella plants, is still lacking.Our previous studies therefore focused on elucidating the impact of nitrogen nutrition on growth and quality ofCentella plants (Müller et al., 2011); the present experiment aimed to investigate the effects of phosphorus supplyon photosynthesis, leaf production, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content as well as synthesisof saponins in leaves. Greenhouse plants were grown for eight weeks in rock wool cubes and fed with a nutrientsolution at either 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 or 0.09 g P L -1 . The application of the nutrient solutions was carried out twiceor thrice a week according to the plant’s demand. Assimilation rate and plant growth were monitored weekly.Fresh and dry weight of leaves and stalks, leaf area (LA) and specific leaf weight (SLW) were ascertainedbiweekly, while examination of leaf nutrient concentration was carried out once at the end of the study. Leafsamples for determination of saponin concentration by HPLC were harvested two, four, six and eight weeks afterstart of the experiment. Asiaticoside and madecassoside as well as asiatic acid and madecassic acid werechosen as quality markers for saponins and sapogenins, respectively.In general, the applied P treatments had a strong effect on the experimental plants. With the increase in P supply,the P concentration in leaves augmented up to the treatment 0.06 g P, while N and K showed no furtheraccumulation above the treatment 0.04 g P. Significant differences were also observed in growth and leafproduction already at two weeks after start of the experiment. At the end of the study, leaf yield was significantlyenhanced by the increase in P supply. Assimilation rate rose as well, whereas SLW declined up to the treatment0.04 g P. LA in turn was enlarged by the increase in P supply showing statistical significance for single treatmentgroups. Similarly to SLW, the concentration of sapogenins was adversely affected up to the treatment 0.04 g P.Henceforth the sixth week of the study this metabolic response was also proven for the saponins. At the end ofthe experiment there were no significant differences concerning the total yield of saponins and sapogenins,defined as leaf yield multiplied by sapo(-ge)nin concentration in leaves, between the treatments 0.02, 0.04, 0.06as well as 0.09 g P.AcknowledgementsThe authors thank the Program ‘Regionale 2010’ and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany) for financialsupport within the framework of the project AgroHort med.Literature CitedMüller, V., Lankes, C., Hunsche, M., Noga, G. 2011. Impact of nitrogen nutrition on growth and plant quality ofCentella asiatica L. Urban. Planta Medica 12: 1229-1472.Prasad, A., Pragadheesh, V.S., Mathur, A., Srivastana, N.K., Singh, M., Mathur, A.K. 2012. Growth andcentelloside production in hydroponically established medicinal plant – Centella asiatica (L.). Ind. Crop. Prod. 35:309-312.Randriamampionona, D., Diallo, B., Rakotoniriana, F., Rabemanantsoa C., Cheuk, K., Corbisier, A.M.,Mahillon, J., Ratsimamanga S., El Jaziri, M. 2007. Comparative analysis of active constituents in Centella asiaticasamples from Madagascar: Application for ex situ conservation and clonal propagation. Fitoterapia 78: 482-489.Keywords: asiatic pennywort, saponin content, assimilation, nutrient solution, hydroponic system.205

Posters of Topic 3The influence of the trace elements on grape winter hardinesspotentialVELIKSAR, Sofia; TUDORACHE, Gheorghe; TOMA, Simion; DAVID, Tatiana; BRATCO,Dumitru; BUSUIOC, ValentinaInstitute of Genetics and Plant Physiology, Chisinau, Republic Moldovadechevas@rambler.ruFoliar treatment of plants can provide grape plants with macro- and microelements, avoid mineral deficienciesduring the period of vegetation, and increase of the quantity and quality of grapes. Taking into account theinsufficient supply of soils in mobile forms of microelements (Fe, B, Mn, Zn, etc.) and their high necessity forperennial plants resistance and productivity, a special complex of microelements Microcom-V was created. Theefficacy of foliar fertilization of vine with a specific complex of trace elements Microcom-V was studied in thegreenhouse and field conditions. Foliar treatment of vine during the period of vegetation changed somephysiological indices: intensification of phosphorus components and carbohydrate metabolism in leaves andshoots, chlorophyll content in leaves, free amino acids content in leaves, berries and bleeding sap. It leads to theaccumulation of newly acquired solutes (proline, glutamic acid, glutamine, monosaccharides), that might protectthe plants as osmotic – balancing solutes or against free radicals generated in response to stress.The modifications revealed led to the intensification of plant growth and development, formation and a fullmanifestation of genetically based potential of plant productivity and resistance to the unfavorable conditions ofenvironment. The critical 1ow temperature during the winter is the major constraint for viticulture in RepublicMoldova. Increase of plant resistance is a promising means to solve the problem and to ensure to high and stablecrops with high quality. Our data obtained in 2007 – 2010 testify that 3-fold foliar treatment of plants by Microcom-V during the vegetation led to the increase of average length of annual vine shoots in comparison with the controlplants. Annual shoot maturation of treated plants increased by 13 – 18 % compare to untreated. The resistance tothe wintering of 4 varieties (Shardone, Alb de Suruceni, Aligote, Codrinskii) in spring of the next year increasedafter the foliar fertilization by 7 – 10 % compare to the untreated plants. It grows the quantity of buds alive, butquantity of damaged and perished buds decreased in the treated plants under the influence of foliar fertilization bytrace elements complex Microcom-V. Beneficial action of specific complex of microelements on the volume ofcrop and grape quality was established.Keywords: Microcom-V, foliar fertilization, carbohydrate, free amino acids, shoot maturation bleeding sap.Quality of Syngonium podophyllum “Silver” crop related withnutritional status of the root-zoneCONTRERAS, Juana Isabel (1) ; SEGURA, Maria Luz (1) *; PLAZA, Blanca María (2) ;JIMÉNEZ-BECKER, Silvia (2) ; LAO, Maria Teresa (2) **(1) Institute of Research and Training in Agriculture and Fishery (IFAPA), Junta of Andalusia. CaminoSan Nicolás n.1. 04745 La Mojonera. Almería. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CEIA3).Spain. * marial.segura@juntadeandalucia.es(2)Department of Vegetal Production, Engineering Higher School, University of Almería, Ctra.Sacramento s/n. 04120 Almería. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CEIA3). Spain. **mtlao@ual.esThe purpose of this trial was to study the nutritional status of the root-zone, using the substrate solutionobtained with the suction cup method, and also growth and plant quality, testing some sources of fertilization. Thetrial was carried out in a type INSOLE greenhouse (Buried Solar Greenhouse), from 19 April to 19 September,2004. There were four mineral fertilizer treatments: (SLF) a standard liquid feeding, (LFSF) a fertilizer (17-8-14)containing nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+) and a nitrification inhibitor (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, DMPP)and (CRF) two coated controlled release fertilizers (Basacote Plus (16-8-12) plus half concentration of SLF andOsmocote Plus (16-8-12) plus half concentration of SLF. The nutrient substrate solutions showed important206

Posters of Topic 3differences depending on the nutrient solutions applied, especially when CRF were incorporated to the substrate.Substrate buffers the system, avoiding a high pH lowering. Electrical conductivity (E.C.) was high in CRF, due tothe high nitrate concentration, what suggests that the use of controlled release fertilizers should be reconsideredin tropical crops. Basacote treatment showed a good-excellent plant quality, LFSF and Osmocote treatmentspresent a good quality plants and SLF a poor quality plants. The efficiency of different ways of fertilization hasbeen studied globally, being LFSF significantly higher.Keywords: Container crop, fertigation, nitrification inhibitor, controlled release fertilizer, mineral nitrogen.Monitoring nitrogen content of soils with vegetable crop production– The SchALVO as an environmental instrument in water protectionareas in Baden -Württemberg, GermanyRATHER, KarinState Horticultural College and Research Institute Heidelberg, Germanykarin.rather@web.deIn the state Baden-Württemberg (BW) in water protection areas vegetable production is subject to strictregulations according to the decree SchALVO (Schutzgebiets- und Ausgleichsverordnung). This system waslaunched in 1988, amended in 2002 and ensures consistent constraints and financial compensation. TheSchALVO seeks to remediate nitrate contaminated groundwater by means of agricultural measures and takes the‘good agricultural practice’ following the Düngeverordnung (DüV, enforced throughout the whole country) asprerequisite. It is accepted as an ‘additional programme of measures’ to fulfil the Water Framework Directive(WFD, Anonym 2007). SchALVO is compulsory in water production domains which cover 26% of the area of BWwith 359.500 ha in agricultural use. The range of constraints depends on soil type, distance to water source andthe pollution status of the water protection area in three classes: With increasing nitrate concentration ofgroundwater normal (N-, 50 mgNO3 L-1) areas are graded which cover 70%, 25% and 5% of the agricultural used land, respectively. Specializedlimitations in vegetable crop production include use of fertilizers; crop choice; dates for establishing catch crops;time windows for tillage; and many others. Soils are sampled for residual nitrate-N in 0-90 cm annually betweenOctober 15th and November 15 th . The results of this monitoring are nationwide recorded and analysed. Farmersget compensations for specific constraints only if they meet an allowable level of residual nitrate-N in autumn of45 kg N ha-1. Before amendment of SchALVO soil sampling took place on 900 sites with vegetable growing. Theresults revealed a distinct reduction in soil nitrate-N content in the period 1991 to 2000. Since 2001 monitoringrefers exclusively to the areas at high risk for leaching (P- and R-areas) which amount for 140 to 200 sites withvegetable cropping each year. An increase in residual nitrate-N in autumn was observed whereas since 2006 theresidual nitrate-N reached a level of 70 to 80 kg N ha-1. For 2010 a detailed analysis of nitrate-N residues on 150vegetable growing sites was done and results presented. Generally the effect of measures according to SchALVOis influenced by site specific characteristics as well as weather conditions. The results of the monitoring programare used to check compliance with the requirements. Besides they are a valuable instrument of the extensionservices to derive well documented recommendations for practice.Keywords: nitrogen, vegetables, soil nitrogen content, water protection, fines, SchALVO, Water FrameworkDirective, Germany.207

Posters of Topic 3Effect of different quality irrigation water on the growth, mineralconcentration and physiological parameters of Viburnum tinusplantsGÓMEZ-BELLOT, M José (1) *; CASTILLO, Marco (1) ; ÁLVAREZ, Sara (1) ; ACOSTA, JoséRamón (1) ; ALARCÓN, Juan José (1) ; BAÑÓN, Sebastián (2) (3) ; ORTUÑO, M Fernanda (1) ;(1) (3)SÁNCHEZ-BLANCO, M Jesús(1)Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC). P.O. Box 164, E-30100Espinardo, Murcia, Spain(2)Departamento de Producción Agraria. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT). 30203Cartagena, Spain(3)Unidad Asociada al CSIC de “Horticultura Sostenible en Zonas Aridas (UPCT-CEBAS). 30203Cartagena, Spain* mjgb@cebas.csic.esTreated wastewater may be considered an alternative source of water and fertilizer nutrients for landscape plants.However, NaCl, the principal compound in this water, can be detrimental to plants. Viburnum tinus plants weresubjected for 4 months to 4 irrigation treatments with water from different sources: control (Control) (EC < 0.9 dSm -1 ); NaCl solution (NaCl) (EC = 4 dS m -1 ); irrigation water normally used in the area (IW) (EC = 1.2-1.8 dS m -1 )and reclaimed water (RW) (EC = 4 dS m -1 ). During a recovery period of two months, all the plants were irrigatedwith the control water. The results showed that the biomass was affected in all saline treatments (NaCl, IW andRW) and both leaf area and height decreased at the end of saline period. These changes were more pronouncedin the NaCl treatment, which also caused a decrease in stem diameter and root/shoot ratio. The similar growthalterations founded after the recovery period showed that salts continued to be present in the substrate.Compared with the control, NaCl and RW plants showed a greater rate of Na + and Cl - absorption by roots. Stemwater potential was mainly affected by the NaCl treatment in the last weeks of the saline period. Through theexperiment, the stomatal conductance and photosynthesis values were the lowest in plants that received thehighest amount of salts, especially NaCl treatment which was the only treatment that did not recover at the end ofexperiment. Plants of the IW treatment showed slight changes in stomatal conductance and photosynthetic ratewith respect to the control, although the reduction in the growth and size of these plants suggests that slightincreases in EC could be very toxic for this species. Hence, using different sources of water with similar EC,(NaCl and RW) it is important to know the exact composition, since the toxic effects produced by highconcentrations of Na + and Cl - might be offset by the effect of other ions like magnesium, potassium andphosphorus. In the physicochemical analysis of water, the highest concentrations of these ions were observed inRW and as consequence, their concentrations in plants were not reduced by the Na + and Cl - effect, phosphoruseven increased, improving the plant nutritional balance.Keywords: stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, ornamental plants, salinity, water relations.Sustainable improvement of nitrogen efficiency of vegetables crops– Implementation of the EU water framework directive in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyRATHER, Karin * & GROßE LENGERICH, TimState Horticultural College and Research Institute HeidelbergDiebsweg 2, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany* karin.rather@web.deIn Baden-Württemberg, Germany, the national monitoring (2009) according to the water framework directiveidentified 23 water bodies as vulnerable zones for which 14 zones will not reach the “good quantitative status and208

Posters of Topic 3good chemical status of the groundwater” until 2015. Agricultural and horticulture land use was designated forbeing the main contributor exceeding the threshold of 50 mg nitrate L -1 . Besides existing national and statespecific action plans (DüV, MEKA, SchALVO) 1 this enforces additional requirements to reduce nitrate input to fulfilthe requirements of the water framework directive. In this content the state horticultural college Heidelbergsuccessfully established a three-year-project to improve nitrogen efficiency of vegetable crops in three of thevulnerable zones (Rhein-Neckar, Hockenheim-Walldorf and Bruchsal).With the active cooperation of farms, horticultural extension services and administration, a sustainable nitratemanagement system will be developed and integrates several measures into the farms’ crop rotation. Thisincludes an economic and ecological evaluation of measures and their acceptance in practice. Finally this conceptwill be transferred to other vegetable growing areas in Baden-Württemberg. Main components of the project are:exact field trials in three pilot farms; 28 actively engaged farmers in a working group; analysis of farm and fieldbased nitrogen balances. This report outlines the approach and challenges for vegetable production. Theprogress of the project can be tracked on the advice platform www.beratung-im-gartenbau.de/WRRL.(1 action programmes of Baden-Württemberg: DÜV = Düngeverordnung, MEKA = Marktentlastungs- undKulturlandschaftsausgleichs, SchALVO = Schutzgebiets- und Ausgleichs-Verordnung für Wasserschutzgebiete)Keywords: measures, sustainability, management system, pilot farms, practice, extension service, horticulture.Assessment of the heterogeneity of water status in commercialorchards by high resolution thermal imageryGONZALEZ-DUGO, V. * (1) ; ZARCO-TEJADA, P. (1) ; RUZ, C. (1) ; FERERES, E.(1) Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC). Alameda del Obispo, s/n. 14004 Cordoba (Spain)(2) Department of Agronomy. University of Cordoba. Edif. Celestino Mutis, Campus Rabanales, 14014,Cordoba (Spain)* Corresponding author. Email: victoria.gonzalez@ias.csic.es(1) (2)Orchards are generally non homogeneous due to several factors. This heterogeneity is not only caused by soilheterogeneity, hill slope and other physical factors, but to variations in management, including those related toirrigation network features. As water scarcity forces growers to reduce irrigation supply, the assessment of theheterogeneity in orchard water status is of paramount importance in precision agriculture and in irrigationmanagement. If knowledge of the variability exists, the scheduling and arrangement of irrigation systems could beoptimized according to this information, which should also be useful as a decision supporting tool. Here wepresent a novel approach for the assessment of the heterogeneity found in commercial citrus orchards. A thermalcamera mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was flown over a 70-ha commercial orchard located inSeville (Spain). The high resolution (pixels of less than 0.5 m) of the acquired imagery enables to target purecrowns and avoid soil-vegetation mixed pixels, which is essential in discontinuous canopies, as in tree orchards.After calibration, the images were assembled in a mosaic, corresponding to the 70-ha orchard. Irrigation unitswere located and analyzed separately. Mean value, standard deviation and other indicators linked with datadispersion within each irrigation unit were calculated. The irrigation units can be grouped according to theheterogeneity located therein. These tools showed to be useful for assessing the spatial variability in orchardsand represent a promising tool for decision-making in horticultural irrigation.Effects of aminolevulinic acid on organogenesis in protocorm-likebody (PLBs) of Cymbidium spp. in vitroNAHAR, Syeda Jabun (1) *; KAZUHIKO, Shimasaki (2)(1) The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences Ehime University, Ehime, Japan(2) Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan209

Posters of Topic 3* naharmunna@gmail.com (Corresponding Author)Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), is an important biosynthetic precursor of all tetrapyrroles such as vitamin B 12, billins,heme, chlorophyll and other specialized machinery in plants as well as animals. ALA appears to have potential asa non-toxic endogenous substance for improving agricultural production. In recent years, application of lowconcentrations of exogenous ALA has been found to promote plant growth, development and responses toenvironmental stresses. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of “Aminolevulinic acid(ALA)” on in vitro regulation of protocorm-like-bodies (PLBs) of Cymbidium insigne and Cymbidiumfinlaysonianum. PLBs of Cymbidium species were explanted on modified Murashige and Skoog (Shimasaki 1995)medium supplemented with “Aminolevulinic acid” (5 ALA- Cosmo oil co., Ltd., Japan) at various concentrations (0,0.1, 1 and 5 mg L -1 ). New PLBs and shoots were successfully regenerated on modified MS mediumsupplemented with aminolevulinic acid. In Cymbidium insigne, 0.01 mg L -1 and 1 mg L -1 aminolevulinic acid withMMS media induced the higher formation of PLBs (100%) and maximum shoots proliferation rate (66.7%)observed when media supplemented with 0.1 mg L -1 aminolevolunic acid within 40 days of culture. In the case ofCymbidium finlaysonianum, the highest PLBs induction rate (100%) and shoots induction rate (100%) obtained0.01 mg L -1 aminolevulinic acid with MMS media. The PLBs induction rate 100% also found when the mediasupplemented with 5 mg L -1 aminolevulinic acid. From present studies indicated that ALA at low concentrationsgreatly promotes new PLBs, and shoots formation in Cymbidium spp. in vitro condition. Moreover, aminolevulinicacid, supplemented to MMS medium promoted shoot formation but not rooting.Key words: Aminolevulinic acid, Plant growth regulators, Cymbidium spp., in vitro.Effect of moderately saline water and water deficit on the content ofantioxidants in paprika (Capsicum annuum) at different ripeningstagesLERMA, Maria Dolores (1) ; RAIGÓN, Maria Dolores (2) ; FITA, Ana Maria (1) ; MORENO, Estela(1) ; GARCÍA-MARTÍNEZ, Maria Dolores (2) ; PROHENS, Jaime (1) ; PENELLA, Consuelo (4) ;CALATAYUD, Ángeles (4) ; NEBAUER, Sergio G. (3) ; SAN BAUTISTA, Alberto (3) ; LÓPEZ-GALARZA, Salvador (3) ; CAMACHO, Francisco (5) ; TELLO, Julio César (5) ; RODRÍGUEZ-BURRUEZO, Adrián (1) *(1)(2)COMAV-Ciudad Politécnica Innovación, Departamento Química, and DepartamentoProducción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica València. Camino Vera 14,46022 Valencia Spain.(4) Departamento Horticultura. IVIA. Ctra. Moncada-Naquera km. 4,5. Moncada, Spain.(5)Departamento Producción Vegetal, Universidad Almería. Cañada de San Urbano s/n 04120Almería, Spain.(3)* Corresponding author. E-mail: adrodbur@doctor.upv.esFruits of Capsicum are one of the most popular vegetables in the world as there is a plethora of dishes to whichthey contribute with their particular flavor. In addition, these fruits can provide high levels of antioxidants likeascorbic acid (AA) and total phenolics (TP), which may be affected by the ripening stage. Furthermore, paprika isof paramount importance for many European countries, particularly Mediterranean producers like Spain.Unfortunately, growers of this region are facing several problems that jeopardize paprika cultivation, being wateravailability and quality (mainly salt level) two of the most important ones. Thus, to study the response of differentgenotypes and the genotype×enviroment interaction may help to improve the sustainability of paprika cultivationin these areas. Here we studied the effect of irrigation with moderate saline water (5 dS/m) and water deficit (60%respect to control) (treatment/T) on the levels of AA and TP in unripe and fully ripe fruits (stage/S) from threevarietal types (genotype/G): Bola (round), Piquillo (triangular) and Morro de Vaca (bell).All the main effects contributed to the observed variation, particularly the S effect. On average, AA and TPincreased respectively from 117 to 178 and from 141 to 226 mg/100 g f.w. with ripening, and Bola showed thehighest increases (90% in AA and 150% in TP). As a result, we studied G and T within each ripening stage. Thus,apart from AA at unripe stage, G was significant for both traits at the two stages, while T contributed significantlyto both quality traits, with the only exception of TP at fully ripe stage. Regarding T effect, saline water had themost negative effect as it decreased both AA and TP in most accessions at both stages. In contrast, AA and TP210

Posters of Topic 3levels from water deficit treatment were similar to those of the controls. However, we also found examples of G×Tinteraction which suggest that some genotypes could be selected because of their good response to these stress.Thus, AA values of Bola (unripe stage), and TP of Piquillo (unripe) and Morro de Vaca (unripe and fully ripe)under saline conditions were similar to those of the controls. The same was true for AA values in Bola and Morrode Vaca (unripe) and Piquillo (unripe and fully ripe) and for TP in Bola and Piquillo (fully ripe) and Morro de Vaca(unripe and fully ripe) under water deficit.Keywords: Capsicum peppers, abiotic stress, ascorbic acid, phenolics, breeding for sustainability.Evaluation for abiotic and biotic stress of Capsicum peppercommercial rootstocks and cultivarsPENELLA, Consuelo (1) *; BOIX, Amalia (2) ; MORENO, Estela (3) ; RUIZ, Carlos (2) ; FITA, Ana(3) ; LERMA, Maria Dolores (3) ; Raigón, Maria Dolores (4) ; SAN BAUTISTA, Alberto (5) ; LÓPEZ-GALARZA, Salvador (5) ; MARSAL, Jose Ignacio (1) ; GARCÍA-LOPEZ, Alejandro (2) ; DOÑAS,Francisco (2) ; NEBAUER, Sergio G. (5) ; RODRÍGUEZ-BURRUEZO, Adrián (3) ; CAMACHO,Francisco (2) ; TELLO, Julio César (2) ; CALATAYUD, Ángeles (1)(1)Departamento Horticultura. IVIA. Ctra. Moncada-Naquera km. 4,5. Moncada, Spain.(2)Departamento Producción Vegetal, Universidad Almería. Cañada de San Urbano s/n 04120Almería, Spain(3)COMAV-Ciudad Politécnica Innovación, (4) Departamento Química, and (5) Departamento ProducciónVegetal, Universitat Politècnica València. Camino Vera 14,46022 Valencia Spain.* Corresponding author. E-mail: penella_con@gva.esCapsicum peppers are an economically and socially important crop in Spain. Unfortunately, the continuous soilexploitation, the monoculture, and/or intensive agricultural practices lead to the development of viruses and soilbornediseases. This fact, together with the occurrence of abiotic stresses, mainly due to water salinity, suboptimaltemperatures and water deficit, can result in plant senescence and the decrease of both yield and productquality. The use of grafted plants could be an adaptation strategy that allows plants to overcome soilbornediseases and environmental stresses.The main objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the behaviour of two commercial rootstocks Atlanteand Tresor and the cultivar Piquillo under biotic (Phytophthora capsici and P. parasitica infection) and abiotic(salinity and water deficit) stress. The survival percentages of plants, disease severity index (DSI) were evaluatedin infected plants. Photosynthetic parameters and fruit size were measured under abiotic plants stress. Weevaluated the extent of graft by examining the commercial yields parameters using Atlante and Tresor onto Uranovariety.In our results, under biotic stress, the survival percentages of plants and DSI were negatively affected by P.capsici infection in Atlante rootstock and Piquillo cultivar. The virulence of P. parasitica infection was minor thanP. capsici in these species. Under salinity conditions, photosynthesis values were lower in Atlante and Piquillocompared to control although fruits size in Piquillo was not affected. Atlante rootstock showed specific toleranceto water stress but not to salinity. The mean weight fruit, length and thickness fruit were higher in grafted plantsonto Tresor. Total yield was similar in both rootstocks.The most resistant rootstock to biotic and biotic stresses was Tresor.Consequently, the use of graft would be a good technique when abiotic and/or biotic stress are present but therootstocks must be testate in order to determine its resistance to desirable stress.Keywords: Pepper, stress, yield, photosynthesis, fruit qualities, rootstocks.211

Posters of Topic 3Product and production management along the value chain ofhorticultural open field productionHENNIG, Robert *; LENTZ, WolfgangUniversity of Applied Sciences DresdenFaculty for Agriculture and Landscape ManagementDresden (Germany)* roberthennig@web.deSuccess of open field production depends to a large extent on the production conditions. The producer’s influenceon the conditions is limited. Weather changes, diseases and pests occur without a long preparation period. On theother hand, the retailers, the consumers and the legislators expect a safe production process and a high quality,safe product in sufficient quantities for a reasonable price. New claims like regionalism and sustainability arebecoming more and more important and evidence must be produced. Additionally, the producers have to complywith the international and the national laws. To take the company’s future into account, the producers have to fulfilthe named expectations. Therefore, a production optimising and information coordinating management system isneeded. To achieve the goal, a comprehensive production and information management system, literatureresearch and qualitative interviews were planned.The theoretical framework, achieved from the literature research, is used as the basis of the productionmanagement system. It includes planning, monitoring, controlling and information supply. Whereas planning,monitoring and controlling are used as support of the business management, the information supply supportsplanning, monitoring and controlling. Or, in other words: Without functioning information supply there is nocorporate management support system. To meet the minimum requirements, the legal requirements have to betaken into account while designing the information supply system. Broadening this by including the retailer’s andthe consumer’s ideas is possible, as well as to integrate company-specific information relating to the productionmanagement. Especially the retailer’s and the consumer’s requirements are important because of their influenceon the company’s success. To avoid doublings in the information supply, these were detected and eliminated.The remaining information has to be collected, processed, evaluated and coordinated. Problems that occur inpractice during the named steps, but also the information needs, shall be identified with the help of qualityinterviews at the beginning of 2012. Taking account to the detected problems and information the productionmanagement system and the information supply system will be revised. Finally, a model will be designed thatshows the management what information has to be collected when, how to process it, how to evaluate it and whoneeds the information.Keywords: Controlling, Information coordination, Information supply system, Production management system,Production optimisation, Quality management.Innovation and sustainable competitiveness: the risks of thefragmentation of the productive process – the French example ofthe ornamental outdoor plantPLOTTU, Béatrice (1) ; WIDEHEM, Caroline (1) ; CHIKH-MHAMED, Sonia (2)(1) Lecturer in economics, AGROCAMPUS OUEST – Centre d’Angers, National Horticultural andLandscaping InstituteGRANEM (Angevin Economy and Management Research Group),UMR-MA n°49, 2, rue Le Nôtre49045 Angers cedex 01, Francebeatrice.plottu@agrocampus-ouest.fr, caroline.widehem@agrocampus-ouest.fr(2) Ph D Student Sciences of ManagementIUT d’AngersGRANEM (Angevin Economy and Management Research Group),UMR-MA n°49, 4 Bd Lavoisier49016 Angers cedex, Francesonia.chikh-mhamed@univ-angers.fr212

Posters of Topic 3The creation, the protection and the distribution of the plant basic material are innovative and strategic phases atthe origin of the value and of the driving of the French supply chain in ornamental outdoor plant. Their control ison the base of a sustainable competitive advantage. Since 1990s, the French horticultural chain in ornamentaloutdoor plants knows a fragmentation of its productive process. The French companies leaders in production ofyoung plants of outdoor ornament abandoned the first stages of production, importing for lesser costs thenecessary plant material, and specialized vertically in the culture and the export of sold plants at a late stage. Thisarticle aims to show that if a strategy of vertical specialization abandoning the first stages of production turns outpaying for the French companies individually, it makes run strategic risks to the chain in access to the innovationand in preservation of the plant capital. The paper, which implies the assessment of innovative process, is basedon a case study of French companies, a survey into the trades completed by a study on the protection of the plantvarieties on the European market for the young plants.Key words: value chain, sustainable competitiveness, vertical specialization, property rights, innovation, plants.Connecting research and innovation processes: Overcomingobstacles für knowledge and technology transfer in horticulturalvalue chainsKÖNIG, Bettina (1) *; DIEHL, Katharina (2) ; KUNTOSCH, Anett (1) ; BOKELMANN, Wolfgang (1)(1) Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Department of AgriculturalEconomics, Economics of Horticultural Production, Philippstraße 13, Haus 12-0, 10099 Berlin,Germany(2) Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Land Use Research (ZALF) e.V., Eberswalder Str. 84,15374 Müncheberg, Germany* bettina.koenig@agrar.hu-berlin.deFacing worldwide challenges such as limited or damaged natural ressources, climate change, food security, foodsafety, changing consumer demands etc. implies the growing need for innovative solutions in all sectors. Foodproducing sectors are particularly in the focus of adaptation strategies due to their close interrelations withenvironment, health and economy. Publicly funded research is one source for knowledge based innovation insectors dominated by small and medium sized companies, such as horticulture. However, making scientificknowledge and technology usable for horticultural innovation is one key challenge in the horticultural andagricultural innovation system in Germany (K nig et al. 2011). In this paper we present a process that supportsknowledge and technology transfer between science and business in order to enable scientists, extension andtransfer agencies to manage the transfer process context specific.First, we discuss current theoretical concepts of knowledge and technology transfer and different barriers thattypically have to be overcome in the system as well on the actor’s level. Secondly, we illustrate barriers in thehorticultural sector based on traditional knowledge transfer models and horticultural knowledge systems.Based on two case studies in Germany we developed processes to overcome these barriers. Based on theanalysis of the regional innovation system (Malerba 2002, Koschatzky 2009), we defined the starting point for twoexemplary case study processes. The first case study explored transfer options for a biological control method tomanage Verticillium wilt in strawberry production. The second case study is an aquaponic system for lowemission plant and fish production.The paper presents results of the analysis, the change needs that arise from the regional innovation system andthe transfer object and how these changes can be developed by involving participatory methods along the valuechain. By doing so, we contribute to current discussions on efficient knowledge and technology transfermechanisms.213

Posters of Topic 3Scope of supply chain management for sustaining growth of farmsector in Indian PunjabSINGH, JoginderAgricultural EconomistCentre for Agricultural Research & Rural Development44 Shant Park, Ludhiana 141012Phone: 91-161-2552394 Cell: 09814435516E-mail: drjogindersingh@hotmail.comThe agriculture of Indian Punjab after witnessing green revolution has recently been decelerating in growth withstagnating productivities of main crops of wheat and rice at near the existing potential levels. A strong need is feltto diversify it in favour of high value enterprises such as fruits, vegetables, cotton, basmati, spices, flowercultivation, livestock enterprises etc. The basic hiccup for this diversion is the lack of market infrastructure. Thispaper attempts to bring out the role of various stakeholders such as farmers’ organizations, governments; andprivate concerns which have already made some efforts in this direction. The recent trends in organized retailstores appear to have helped in this direction and have set some glaring instances of success. The value additionin different forms supported by market intelligence system for catering to the domestic and export market can helpboost production of such potential farm products. Yet there are some milestones to be crossed such as qualityimprovement, scientific storage, handling, processing, market information and making production system volatileto meet the market requirements of domestic and global markets. Consumers opt to pay higher for such essentialquality services, the benefit of which also travels back to the farmers.Possibilities and limits of modelling the development of horticulturefarms based on accounting dataKÖLBEL, Conny (1) *; LENTZ, Wolfgang (2)(1)Chair Economics of Horticulture and Landscaping, Technical University of Munich, Freising,Germany(2) Faculty of Agriculture / Landscape Management, Dresden University of Applied SciencesDresden, Germany* koelbel@zbg.uni-hannover.deOften the evaluation of policies, regarding the horticulture sector in Germany, is carried out by analysing officialstatistics and deriving general qualitative recommendations. In order to generate trends of future developments ofhorticultural sectors in more detail, a quantitative economic model has been designed and implemented as acomputer model at the Centre for Business Management in Horticulture and Applied Research (ZBG). Toestablish the model accounting data and farm size information of horticultural farms in Germany from abouteleven years were analysed with statistical methods. In addition a comprehensive literature analysis was carriedout to complete the economic relationships used in the model to calculate the outcome of an individual farm. Thecalculated results of one year are the input values for the next year, which results into a dynamic model. Withrespect to the very different structures of farms in the horticultural sector, several enterprises, which correctlyreflect the investigated sector, run through the model. For all farms of a model-run the user determines externalinfluencing factors of the forecast period as well as adjustment strategies.Compared to higher aggregated models, models on farm level allow a direct description of individualdevelopments of farms. The validation of the model is limited to the range of the investigated values, because214

Posters of Topic 3beyond these values distortions of results are possible. Increasing the forecast period also increases the deviationbetween the model results and the observed accounting data. The depersonalised accounting data available atthe ZBG do not include information about individual production methods, cultivated plants and external influencingfactors. This and the fact that farmers follow their own individual objectives, which is often not profit maximization,makes it difficult to interpret the single development of a farm in a sector. For individual farms a good agreementcould be found between the model results and the real accounting data for a period of seven years. The resultsobtained by the developed model shows that the use of accounting data are applicable to reproduce short-termadjustment strategies in horticultural farms on an abstract level.Keywords: forecast, farm model, accounting data, econometric, business management.Eastern European seasonal employees in German Horticulture:Role and recent developments in the context of the EU expansionBITSCH, Vera * & MITTELBERGER, CeciliaChair Economics of Horticulture and LandscapingTechnische Universität MünchenAlte Akademie 16, 85354 FreisingGermany* bitsch@tum.deSeasonal employees from Eastern Europe constitute an important factor in German horticultural production. From1991 until 2005 the number of seasonal employees increased from 90,000 to 300,000 people. Of the 1.1 millionemployees registered in German agriculture in 2010, 300,500 employees were employed seasonally. Most ofthese seasonal employees support horticultural production, in particular specific crops like strawberries andasparagus. Accordingly, production is highly dependent on the availability of seasonal employees, which isrestricted by laws and regulations. Recent developments in policy may affect the sustainable supply of seasonalemployees. Following the schedule of the Eastern EU expansion, citizens of an increasing number of countrieswere admitted to work in Germany with diminishing restrictions. In 2006, employer associations and horticulturalbusinesses reported a decrease in seasonal worker availability. The reasons were twofold. (1) Contrary to theseasonal labour market in the U.S., liberalization through the EU expansion as a decreasing effect on laboursupply in horticulture. E.g., in 2005, the largest share of seasonal employees still came from Poland (87%). Dueto the EU expansion Polish workers then had to pay higher taxes and all EU member states were open to them.In 2008, the share of seasonal employees from Poland had decreased to 70%. During the same time period, theshare of seasonal from Romania increased from 16% to 26%. (2) German legislation with the goal to provide workfor the German unemployed restricted the number of eastern European seasonal employees, albeit notaccomplishing its primary goal. In May 2011, the job market for the EU member states of 2004 (Poland, Slovakia,Czech Republic, Slovenia, Hungary, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) reached full liberalization. While the newermember states of 2007, Romania and Bulgaria, are still facing restrictions, seasonal employees from thesecountries will not need an employment permit for the upcoming 2012 season. The question remains how tosustainably ensure a long term supply of the seasonal workforce in German horticulture. Solutions discussed forremedying the decreasing availability of Eastern European seasonal employees include higher wages and lowertaxes. Furthermore the pressure could result in higher mechanization or a rise of informal employment.215

Posters of Topic 3Seasonal employees in US horticulture: Agricultural Census trends1997 – 2007, wage developments, and housingBITSCH, VeraChair Economics of Horticulture and LandscapingTechnische Universität München, Alte Akademie 16, 85354 FreisingGermanybitsch@tum.deThe paper analyses labour trends in the U.S., based on Agricultural Census data 1997, 2002, and 2007. Inaddition, employment determinants, including wage data from NASS and exemplary housing data of two statesare reviewed. The most labour-intensive crops in the U.S. are ornamental and nursery production, followed byfruits and tree nuts, and vegetables and melons. Despite the seasonality of nursery and ornamental production inmany U.S. regions, seasonal labour is more pronounced in fruit and vegetable production. Also, contract labour,which is wide-spread in fruit and vegetable production, remained minimal in nursery and ornamental production.Over the decade, the share of labour expenses has decreased. But while sales per worker have increased, themonetary productivity is stagnant. Whereas the availability of the seasonal horticultural workforce andsustainability of the supply in European countries is more threatened by the liberalization of the EU job market,the contrary is the case in the U.S. In the U.S., horticultural production is threatened by borderenforcement and stricter immigration legislation. The total workforce is shrinking. But the number of short-termemployees (less than 150 days) is shrinking faster than the overall number of employees. At the same time,labour-intensive fruit and vegetable crops in certain states, such as California with the largest share of theagricultural workforce, have been increasing. Finally, the paper compares two states with similarly diverse andlabour-intensive production, Michigan and Oregon. Both show a lower share of contract labour than other stateswith labour-intensive crops, such as California and Florida, but different developments.Overall, the share of contract labour is decreasing in Michigan, but increasing in Oregon. Numbers of long-termworkers are increasing; numbers of short-term workers are decreasing in both states. Except most recently, wagerates have developed similarly, despite minimum wage indexing in Oregon. More farm workers are migratory inMichigan than in Oregon. The Western U.S. has more unauthorized workers and more newcomers, and morefarm workers with Spanish as their main language than the Midwest. Farm workers are more likely to live on-farmin Michigan, which has twice as many licensed farm labour camps, despite a much smaller workforce, andhousing quality seems higher.“University-industry network” in the horticulture sector: Experiencewith the stakeholders’ network in Kenya and EthiopiaWENZ, Katrin *; WOLFGANG, BokelmannHumboldt Universität zu Berlin, Economics of Horticulture ProductionDepartment of Agriculture Econimics, Faculty of Agriculture and HorticultureHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany* Corresponding author: Katrin.wenz@agrar.hu-berlin.deA closer network with the stakeholder in the region can contribute to a better analysis of the problems anddissemination of knowledge. During the last years horticulture departments became highly specialist “knowledgesilos”.In order to be prepared for complex research tasks or the labor market in the sector, students need to develop thepotential to deliver solutions capable for the complex tasks in the horticulture sector. A network with stakeholdersprepares students to be able to communicate beyond this ‘ivory tower’. This network includes private companies,public institutions, NGOs, professional associations and other potential employers of university graduates. Thecollaboration between stakeholders and universities can support experiential learning. Furthermore it can help toengage in collaborative, innovative, and policy-relevant research around innovation and consumer and market216

Posters of Topic 3demands, the environment and the structure and performance of the agriculture and agri-food sector. Thenetwork can help to disseminate research results and provide opportunities for graduate students.During 2008-2011 a university-industry network was established together with partner universities in Kenya andEthiopia. The article reflects the experience with the introduction of a university-industry network within theframework of this EU project. It focuses on the institutional requirements which are important factors for thesuccessful implementation of the network and analysis problems and factors of success.Keywords: Higher education, University-Industry-Network, Stakeholder, Dissemination, International Cooperation.Establishing a network to analyze the international competitivenessof apple productionDIRKSMEYER, WalterThuenen-Institute, Institute of Farm Economics,Braunschweig, Germanywalter.dirksmeyer@vti.bund.deNowadays apples are marketed worldwide. Hence stakeholders in national and international apple value chains,such as apple producers, manufacturers of production factors, retailers or processors of apples, need to knowwhere, how and under what kind of conditions todays and future apples production takes place. For predictions inthis direction an international comparison of the prevailing apple production systems and the analysis of theircompetitiveness are crucial. Therefore, the management of a scientific network aiming at regularly analyzing andbenchmarking international apple production systems and their economics is a worthwhile undertaking.Taking this into account it is intended to develop, establish and manage a worldwide network of scientists andconsultants suitable to assess the competitiveness of apple production on an annual basis. In order to achievethis the overall objective is that typical production systems will be identified and analyzed in different regions andcountries.The approach to be followed is to establish regionally typical models of standardized apple producing farmsbased on regional expert knowledge (Zimmer and Deblitz 2005). These typical apple farms cover the maincharacteristics of prevailing production systems in globally important apple production regions. The features of thetypical farms are based on the judgments of local farmers, consultants and researchers. Ideally, typical farms donot exist in reality. The typical farms vary in size, production technology, productivity etc. For each typical farmmonetary and physical input and output data are modeled annually. To reach this, investments and eachimportant production step are considered in the model, such as planting, fertilization, crop protection, harvestingand marketing. Output key figures of the model to benchmark the competitiveness are costs of production, cashflow, productivities, and gross margins among others.The approach will be implemented in a three-year starting phase. Within this period it is intended to develop thestructures required for a long-term management of the network. In the first step, the model will be implemented inGermany for two regions. Parallel the international extension of the network will be initiated. Based on their globalmarket share relevant countries are the Netherlands, Italy, France, South Africa, Chile and New Zealand. In themedium term, additional in-depth analyses will be undertaken, e. g. country case studies and food supply chainanalyses.An important output of the network activities will be annual reports on the main results. Furthermore, annualmeetings of the network stakeholders are intended in order to discuss the results achieved so far and to decideabout next steps of the network development. The network is open to interested parties worldwide and will extendits focus towards wine and selected vegetables in the future. First results are expected in 2013.ReferencesZimmer, Y. and C. Deblitz (2005): agri benchmark Cash Crop – A Standard Operating Procedure to DefineTypical Farms. www.agribenchmark.org. Download: 24.05.2012.Keywords: international network, cost of production, productivity217

Posters of Topic 3The economic value of high tunnel investment as a rain covers instrawberry productionKOIVISTO, Anu * & NIEMI, SannaMTT Agrifood Research Finland, Economic ResearchLatokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland* anu.koivisto@mtt.fiStrawberry production in high tunnels has become general in Europe and in North America. Especially in northernparts of Europe and Canada the use of tunnels have provide advantages by prolonging the growing season,increasing the yield and improving the yield quality. High tunnel strawberry production has demonstrated to beprofitable production method at least in Sweden and in Finland, albeit the profitability has reported to be sensitiveto gained yield improvement and price of yield. Commonly economic analysis comprises the additional costscaused by tunnel investment, gained yield improvement and the better price of yield caused by yield timing out ofseason. However the tunnel production provides also the other economic advantages; it protects the severe yieldloss caused by torrential rains and hailstorms. These extreme weather phenomena are fairly rare, but if thoseoccur, the yield loss could be notable, or even total. The probability of torrential rains in Finland’s climate is 10.5%which means that during 5 summers of 12 the field meets with torrential rain. The aim of this study was to assessthe economic value of the high tunnels as a tool for diminish the yield loss caused by the torrential rains andhailstorms in Finland. The approach of expected loss value measurement was used. The expected average valueof yield loss caused by torrential rains and hailstorms was 260 € per 1 000 m 2 per year. That was not enough tocover the extra costs caused by tunnel investment, which were about 1 200 € per 1000 m 2 per year.Consequently, also the other advantages have to gain before tunnel investment can be justified by economicalbasis.Keywords: Fragaria ananassa, hail, profit, rain, risk, small fruits.Enhancing global competitiveness of Indian apple: Investigating thevalue chain perspectiveSINGH, Babita (1) ; SIKKA, B.K. (1) ; SINGH, Surendra P. (2)(1) Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University UP, Noida, India.Email–drbabita9@gmail.com bksikka@gmail.com(2)Department of Agricultural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN-37209-1516.Email–ssingh@Tnstate.eduIndia with a population of 1.22 billion is a large and growing market for food products. Though India is the secondlargest producer of fruits and vegetables, the industry is facing major challenges due to the unavailability of freshand quality fruits and vegetables. The supply chain suffers from maximum inefficiency, due to the involvement ofmany intermediaries and lack of necessary infrastructure such as cold storage, resulting in poor quality, largemarkups and lower share of producer in the consumer rupee. The Indian apples are also facing stiff competitionfrom China, USA, and European countries. This study was undertaken to asses the global impact on domesticapple industry. To work out marketing cost and margins, the Azadpur Fruit & Vegetable Market in Delhi wasconsidered. It was found that the total trader margin in the supply chain of imported apples amounts to about 51percent and the 13 percent tariff share reflects a customs duty of 50 percent, the traders’ margin in consumerrupee represents a tariff equivalent of about 200 percent on c.i.f import unit value. For Indian apples theproducers' share was estimated as 56.61 percent in the consumer rupee. The value chain analysis were based on“decision diamonds” such as input supply, farm production, post harvest treatment, logistics, processing andmarketing, to identify steps in the chain that needs to be further evaluated. The meager share of producers in thesupply chain is attributed to many factors like losses during transportation and storage; lack of appropriatetechnologies, advanced techniques, lack of capital, knowledge, information and transparency in the supply chain.Other factors impacting supply chain and product quality are: tracking and traceability; lesser control of productsafety and quality across the supply chain. It was observed that imported apples fetch a higher price because of218

Posters of Topic 3its quality, uniform grading and freshness. The retail prices of imported apples in consumer markets is higherbecause 1) the consumers having higher incomes prefer to have imported apples, 2) the customs duty chargedon the border price of imported apples is 50 percent, and the domestic marketing margins on imported apples areextremely high, 3) trader margins on imported apples moving from Mumbai port to other markets are high. It isencouraging to note that entry into Indian markets has pushed the prices up and margins of intermediaries are incontrol and the stakeholders of domestic apples have adopted good management practices. Thus, arrival ofimported apples has not had any dampening effect on the level and fluctuations in the domestic apple prices.Keywords: India, apple, value chain, supply chain, competitiveness, decision diamonds, global competitiveness,distribution channels, marketing system, consumers.Attitude-based adoption model for implementation of energyefficient technologiesHERTEL, ManuelScience Centre Straubing,Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied SciencesGermanym.hertel@wz-straubing.deThe Bavarian horticultural industry is very heterogeneous in its structure. In addition to numerous smaller directlyselling companies, highly specialized greenhouse producers with an indirect distribution concept exist in the fieldof vegetable growing and ornamental plants. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), theenergy costs are an increasing cost factor and thus enhanced energy efficiency is an important approach toimproving competitiveness. Especially in smaller companies, the technical equipment is often not up to date.Therefore, it is of interest to locate the influencing factors which hinder or fasten implementation of innovativeenergy-saving techniques, to give instructions to overcome these barriers and improve energy efficiency. Withinthe Bavarian State funded research association FORETA, which pools eleven academic projects related toenergy-efficient technologies and applications, an econometric model has been developed for the identifyingpromoting and inhibiting factors of innovation in Bavarian horticulture. On the basis of reviewed literature and asurvey of experts in horticulture, a multi-attribute model has been developed, which illustrates intentions andbehaviors of decision makers in horticulture. This theoretical model is being assessed on the basis of an empiricalinvestigation in more than 100 horticultural companies in Bavaria which took place in summer 2010. Managers ofdifferent horticultural areas were asked for rating about 110 statements using a five-point Likert scale. TheQuestionnaire referred to innovative techniques as well as to personal opinions of managers and facts about theirbusiness. As depend variables, energy-efficiency were measured by simulating the energy consumption ofgreenhouses, in addition an index of used techniques were built to represent applied innovations. Theassessment of the developed structural equation model is being examined by a Partial Least Square procedureusing the collected data.Keywords: Innovation, Energy Efficiency, Adoption, SMC, Agriculture.The vegetable sector in Germany – Some indications of thecompetitivenessLUDWIG-OHM, SABINE * & DIRKSMEYER, WALTERThuenen-Institute, Institute of Farm Economics, Braunschweig, Germany* sabine.ludwig-ohm@vti.bund.de219

Posters of Topic 3This investigation is part of the project “Future Strategy Horticulture” from the Federal Ministry of Food, Agricultureand Consumer Protection which aims at strengthening the competitiveness of the German horticultural sector.The vegetable sector has been the most expanding branch of German horticulture during the last 20 years. Thestructural change in the German vegetable sector led to a declining number of farms and thus to increasing farmsizes. The area under vegetables increased by 35 % from 71,915 ha in the year 1994 to 97,218 ha in the year2005 (Dirksmeyer, 2009). In the last 20 years, the sales revenues increased by 128 % from 788 million Euro in1991 up to 1,797 million Euro in 2010, this is a growth rate of 4.4 % p.a. At farm level the operating revenues andprofits increased in recent years, too.The competitiveness of vegetable production is driven by the consumption patterns. The vegetable consumptiongrew over time and since 2007/08 settled at a level of about 7.6 million tonnes per year. There are changes overtime in consumption patterns of vegetables, such as the consumption of carrots increased by 51 % (2010/11relative to the baseline year 1997/98), tomatoes by 43 % and onions by 29 %. Consumption of cabbagedecreased, in particular cauliflower and kale (-30 %).The foreign trade with fresh vegetables in Germany is characterized by high import levels (2.97 tonnes of freshvegetables in 2010), especially from the Netherlands (39 %), Spain (29 %) and Italy (10 %) which account forthree quarters of all import volumes. Export of fresh vegetables to neighbouring European countries (453,000tonnes in 2010) is only 15% of import quantities. Half of the German export quantities were delivered to theNetherlands (with large proportions of re-imports), to Austria, Czech Republic and Italy. Another 16 % areexported to the Scandinavian countries Denmark, Sweden and Finland. A comparison of imports and exports byproducts shows clear differences. Half of the vegetable imports in 2010 accounted for tomatoes, cucumbers andlettuce, whereas 61 % of the fresh vegetable exports were cabbage, onions and carrots.The demographic trends in Germany affect future consumption and future availability of labour. According topopulation forecasts, the total population will decrease up to 5 % until 2030, but more severe shifts are expectedfor specific population classes, e.g. older than 65 years (+32 %) and young people (-14 %) and people of workingage (-15 %).In recent years, the German vegetable sector maintained its market share in a growing vegetable market. Thereare indicators for a consistent vegetable consumption and for a rising demand for convenience-products in future.The export offers additional future sales opportunities for German vegetable growers. However, in future seriousproblems are expected with regard to the diminishing population so that it will be difficult to find sufficientpersonnel.ReferencesDirksmeyer, W. (Ed.) 2009: Status quo und Perspektiven des deutschen Produktionsgartenbaus.Landbauforschung Sonderheft 330, Thünen-Institut, Braunschweig.Keywords: Competitiveness, vegetable production, Germany.Analysis of the economic relevance of German horticultureFLUCK, Katrin * & DIRKSMEYER, WalterInstitut für BetriebswirtschaftJohann Heinrich von Thünen InstitutBundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig* katrin.fluck@vti.bund.deWithin German agriculture, horticulture has a small but important role. On only 1.3 % of the whole agriculturalproduction area, horticulture generates 13.8 % of the revenues of agriculture as a whole and 30.9 % of the cashcrops. However, the economic importance of the complete horticultural value chain with its upstream anddownstream sectors has not been comprehensively documented yet. In the national accounts only horticulturalproduction is considered, which is the core of the German horticulture cluster. Hence, important parts of thesupply chain such as processing, trade, and services are not taken into account. To get a clearer picture of theeconomic importance of horticulture in Germany it is required to extend the system boundary. In this context theoverall objective of the analysis is to quantify the economic relevance of the whole horticultural supply chain inGermany.Before starting the analysis, it is very important to define the system boundary of the cluster “horticulture”. In asecond step all economic sectors that supply products to horticulture or use horticultural products are identified.This is done by using the “Classification of economic sectors in Germany” (NACE Rev. 2 for Europe) from theFederal Statistical Office. The indicators to measure the economic relevance of horticulture are employment,output value and gross value added for each sector along the horticultural supply chain. Especially the indicator220

Posters of Topic 3gross value added is crucial to describe the economic relevance of horticulture. If available, the data of theFederal Statistical Office is used. To fill data gaps it is also necessary to use additional data from associationsand from expert interviews.So far first results for the wholesale level, processing and landscaping are quantified. Thus, aspects such asinput, retail sale, gastronomy or education are still missing.ArboPlus: a farm management tool for fruit growersBRAVIN, Esther ; BLUNSCHI, MirjamAgroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACWSwitzerlandesther.bravin@acw.admin.chDaily, fruit growers are faced with important decisions. Because of their lack of information or time, they mostlydecide with their gut instinct. Because of this, the project “Interreg IV”, which manages fruit growing based on anExcel tool for self-evaluation, was developed. This tool supports growers’ strategic management.Participative methodDuring workshops, 12 consulters for fruit production and management identified issues which are highly relevantfor fruit growers and concern the evaluation of their situation and help them to manage the farm.In five workshops 55 apple growers from the region of Lake Constance used and evaluated the prototype ofArboPlus. By using the tool growers gave feedback which was implemented after each workshop.Also, consulters suggested introducing soft factors like the family’s satisfaction in order to assure the economicsustainability of the tool. Thus, the tool is based on tree levels: plot, farm and family.Plot levelFruit growers can evaluate their plot by choosing the cultivar and by introducing their own data for each cultivar.The chosen data to evaluate the situation consists of yield, quality, price, labor productivity and harvest efficiency.To evaluate their situations growers can benchmark their data. This data is taken from a project that, since 1997,collects and evaluates productivity and cost production on plot level (the database consists of 20 to 30 fruitgrowers).Farm levelFruit growers can analyze the situation for their entire farm. Potential for future developments can be evaluated.The specific issues for the evaluation of the situation on farm level were pinpointed together with experts. Theyare:- Labor- Sellers- Buyers- Cooperation with other growers- Financial and cash flow- Investment- Retirement provision- Buy new plotFamily levelFruit growers analyze how the family’s overall satisfaction is influenced by the situation of the farm. Hence,ArboPlus shows the connection between farm and family. By using ArboPlus the grower’s family can identifyissues that could lead to conflicts.Evaluated on the family level are:- Cohabitation of generations- Job sharing between the family- External jobs- Time spent with the family- Own ability221

Posters of Topic 3In the end, the most relevant issues are transferred to a resume sheet that combines work-life balance, sellingand productivity. Thanks to the analysis of their situation, growers are empowered to chose objectives and definestrategies for the coming year.Keywords: Fruit production, decision tools, management.Costs and profitability of production of organic apple, strawberryand sour cherry in PolandBRZOZOWSKI, Piotr *; ZMARLICKI, KrzysztofEconomics and Marketing SectionResearch Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland* piotr.brzozowski@inhort.plThe objective of this research was the evaluation of production costs and profitability of organic fruit production ofapples, strawberries and sour cherries. There was also made the comparison to the conventional production forthose fruits. The research was carried out in the years 2009-2011 on thirty two commercial fruit farms. Allinvestigated farms were located in central part of Poland. Average yields in organic apple production amounted12.5 tons per hectare while in conventional one 25.0 tons per hectare. In organic strawberry production averageyields amounted 8.9 tons per hectare and in conventional one 10.1 tons. In organic sour cherry productionaverage yields amounted 3.9 tons per hectare while in conventional one 6.7 tons. The yields of organic applesand sour cherries varied across the wide range mainly because of their susceptibility to biennial bearing. Theyields of sour cherries were low in both; conventional and organic mode, due to difficult weather conditions in2010 and 2011. The direct costs of apple production were lower in organic farms and accounted for 9892 PLN perhectare, while in conventional one were 10176 PLN per hectare. The direct costs of strawberry production werehigher in organic farms - 14717 PLN per hectare, while in conventional one - 13228 PLN. The direct costs of sourcherry production were higher in organic farms - 8939 PLN per hectare, and in conventional one - 7932 PLN. Thebiggest problem and the largest cost item in organic production was the mechanical and manual weed control.The conventional production of apples and sour cherries turned out to be more profitable than organic. In thecase of strawberries it was opposite - the organic production gave more net income than conventional one. Thiswas due to similar yields and higher prices paid for organic strawberries than for conventional ones.Keywords: organic, apple, strawberry, profitability, costs.Fruit growers identify their challengesBRAVIN, Esther (1) ; HANHART, Johannes (2) ; HIRRLE,Timo (3)(1) Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW(2) AGRIDEA(3) Kompetenzzentrum Obstbau Bodensee KOB* esther.bravin@acw.admin.chThe Interreg Project “Management of fruit-growing” started in the region of Lake Constance (from both sides ofthe Swiss and German border) in 2009 and ended in 2011. The objectives of the project were to promote thecompetition-ability of the region and to assure a sustainable fruit production with an extension concept.Within five different workshops, three in Switzerland and two in Germany growers had to identify issues that willchallenge their production in the next five years.The questions asked during work-shops were:- Which are your challenges in the next five years?- How do you want to react?222

Posters of Topic 3- Which extension service do you need in future?”90 fruit growers attended the workshops. 67 in Switzerland and 23 in Germany. Which represent for the Swisspart 14% and German part 1% of the fruit growers. Workshops in Switzerland (St. Gallen, Thurgau and Zurich)showed that land regulation/farm extension, personal management and productivity were most importantchallenges in the next years.Both groups on the German side showed work life balance, productivity and labor asmost important challenges.Resuming the different needs of growers five main issues have been chosen.- Scheduling and run cutting, time management and cooperation- Productivity, mechanization and labor productivity- Cultivars and rootstock- Personnel management- Work life balance, forecast and follow upHence, five work groups each consisting of 10 to 20 fruit-growers and different met in 2010- 2012 and worked onthe chosen topics. They found solutions for actual challenges. The gained information have been published in anadviser manual for Swiss and German fruit growers.Keywords: Fruit production, management, extension.223

Posters of Topic 3ProfiGemüse CH: a novel network linking research demand andsupply in the vegetable sectorVOGLER, Ute (1) *; CROLE-REES, Anna (2) ; BAUR, Robert (1)(1) Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil, Research group Extension vegetable crops, Schloss 1, Postfach,8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland(2)Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil, Research Program ProfiCrops, Schloss 1, Postfach, 8820Wädenswil, Switzerland* ute.vogler@acw.admin.chProfiCrops, one of the three research programs of Agroscope, aims at developing, testing, evaluating andexchanging knowledge and innovations in order to guarantee a future to the plant cropping sector in Switzerland.It promotes inter-disciplinary approaches in each of its projects. ProfiGemüse CH is a project, whose objective is,to strengthen the competitiveness of the vegetable production sector in Switzerland. The novelty of ProfiGemüseCH is the partnership between several research and extension organizations to combine their key competences inorder to improve demand and supply of knowledge and innovations in the vegetable sector.The research group “Extension vegetable crops” at Agroscope mainly focuses on crop production and plantprotection. Stakeholders in the vegetable sector however demand additional information and research on topicssuch as technical management, economic opportunities, and labor efficiency. ProfiGemüse CH has alreadyallowed to respond to this demand. It also succeeded in inducing research partnerships among differentinstitutions to work on broader topics than plant protection. Interdisciplinary and inter-institutional projects arerequired to examine complex issues such as adoption of new technologies.One of the projects formulated by the members of ProfiGemüse CH asked for the evaluation of new technologiesand their relevance for Swiss vegetable producers, in particular technologies using automatic guidance andenhanced steering systems based on satellite technology and GPS (Global Positioning System). This technologyis already widely used in large-scale agriculture. However, experience in the predominantly small-scale vegetableproduction in Switzerland is low. ProfiGemüse CH has established a working group consisting of experts fromresearch institutions, technology suppliers, workers safety and vegetable growers. This group has evaluated thevarious aspects of this technology and published a booklet of the state of the art of its utilization in Switzerland.This booklet is now considered as a basic and relevant decision-support document for potential adopters of theautomatic guidance and enhanced steering systems based on satellite technology and GPS. The members of thisworking group acknowledged that this collaboration has greatly increased information, experience exchange anddissemination of this topic.The experience of the Swiss network ProfiGemüse CH clearly shows that interdisciplinar approaches areprerequisite for successful implementation of research results into vegetable production. Inter-institutionalcoordination and exchange is indispensable, particularly when financial resources are limited. This is more andmore the case.Keywords: Agroscope research program ProfiCrops, interdisciplinary approaches, inter-institutional projects,network, Swiss vegetable production.Identification of organic fruit market bottlenecks in PolandZMARLICKI, Krzysztof *; BRZOZOWSKI, PiotrEconomics and Marketing SectionResearch Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland* krzysztof.zmarlicki@inhort.plPolish market of organic fruit is very limited when comparing it to markets in other EU countries, mostly to thosefrom Western Europe. The objective of this study was to identify and define the main factors influencing possibledevelopment of organic fruit market in Poland. For that reason the one hundred thirteen students at Warsaw LifeScience University were surveyed in December 2011. The surveys were asked the questions about their own224

Posters of Topic 3feelings as well as about possible feelings of all Poles concerning attitudes - reasons for not purchasing organicfruit. The second part of the survey concentrated on issue ‘why producers don’t grow more organic fruit inPoland’. The main reasons, listed according to their importance, why majority of Poles don’t buy organic fruit are:- Is much more expensive,- I don’t know where to buy organic fruit, - I don’t know what the benefits of organic fruitare,- The range of organic fruit is very poor,- Is not convenient for me to look for organic, - I never really thinkabout buying organic, - Is not healthy when compared to ordinary fruit, - Isn’t available when I go to buy it, - Is notreally different from non-organic / ordinary fruit, - Does not taste any better than non-organic / ordinary fruit, -Does not look to be as good as ordinary fruit, - Does not look very attractive, - Their shelf life is not that long thanordinary fruit. As the main factor limiting organic fruit consumption is their higher to ordinary fruit price the surveyswere asked behavioural questions. Are the consumers ready to pay a price premium for Organic fruit? In thecurrent economic situation, in students opinion, almost one fourth of all consumers would ‘definitely’ or ‘probably’buy if a 10 - 15% premium is charged. At higher premiums, this interest drops off sharply. Since most of studentsparents are growers they were asked ‘why producers don’t grow more organic fruit in Poland’. In surveys opinionthe following factors most often were stated: - Lower yields lower profitability, - Difficulties with weeds control, -Difficulties with pests control, - Not suitable climatic conditions, - Difficulties with storage, as well as undevelopedwholesales market of organic fruit.Keywords: market reseach, organic fruit, consumer preferences.Testing improved biodegradable mulch films in real fieldconditions: Case study with muskmelonCARVALHO, Lopo (1) ; OLIVEIRA, Margarida (2) ; CORDEIRO, Tiago (1) ; DUARTE, Elizabeth(1) ; MONTEIRO, António (1)(1) Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal(2) Escola Superior Agrária de Santarém, Instituto Superior Politécnico de Santarém, Portugal* eduarte@isa.utl.ptDuring the second half of the 20 th century the utilisation of different types of organic materials as soilmulchesforhorticultural production started to be replaced by a new and more effective type of mulch, made frompolyethylene (PE) plastic. Since then,the application of PE spread all over the Worldhas been the dominant typeof mulch used in every horticultural system.PE mulch films showed to be much more effective when compared to the organic types of mulches used before,however at the end of the crop cycle PE needs to be removed, which is a costly and problematic operation,leaving considerable amounts of plastic residues in the soil, contributing tosoil contaminationdue to its highresilience.The environmental concerns associated with the utilisation of mulch films made from conventional PE, lead to theresearch and development of a new type of plastic mulches, produced from biodegradable polymer blends madefrom renewable resources. AGROBIOFILM project aims to develop and demonstrate in real field conditions theperformance of an improved biodegradable mulch film (agrobiofilm), which should not affect productionyield andquality when comparing with PE mulch.Thispaper reports the main results from two years of field trials using both PE andagrobiofilm mulcheson theproduction of muskmelon (Cucumismelo var. inodorus) under open field conditions, in Portugal.In the 1 st year of field trials black PE was compared against black agrobiofilm, however in the 2 nd year two newmodalities of agrobiofilm were added to the experimental field trials, including a green one.Muskmelon initialgrowth was monitored by analyzing the canopy spread area and the beginning of flowering by counting thenumber of flowers in each plant. Production yield and precocious productivity, fruit quality, soil temperature andwater content were also evaluated. The results showed the adaptability of agrobiofilm mulches to climaticconditions and traditional techniques applied. No significant differences were observed regarding canopy spreadmeasurements (m 2 ). Blackagrobiofilmmulches had late-flowering comparing to PE and greenagrobiofilm. Also,there were no differences among modalities in total yield production and fruit quality.Regarding soil temperatureand water content dynamics were different under the tested mulches. On average soil temperature under PE wasalways 1ºC higher, conversely soil water content was higher under agrobiofilm modalities which is a promisingresult in terms of water management.In addition, a positive correlation between initial growth and the soil degree-day accumulated (R 2 =0,9908) wasobtained and between initial growth and final yield (R 2 =0,9671). In conclusion the differentagrobiofilmmulchesshowed a good performance in muskmelon crop.225

Posters of Topic 3ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAGROBIOFILM project receive funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme managed byREA – Research Executive Agency http://ec.europa.eu/research/rea (FP7/2007-2013) under the grant agreementnumber 262257.Keywords: Soil mulching, polyethylene,bioplastics,Cucumismelo var. inodorus, sustainable agriculture.Farmer’s preferences for ecofriendly nets adapted to vegetableproduction in BeninAKODOGBO, J. (1) ; VIDOGBÉNA, F. (2) ; ADÉGBIDI, A. (1) ; KOMLAN, F.A. (2) ; NGOUAJIO, M.(3) ; MARTIN, T. (4) ; SIMON, S. (5) ; PARROT, L. (4) *(1) University of Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.(2) INRAB, Cotonou, Benin.(3) Michigan State University, Department of Horticulture, A440-D Plant and Soil Science Building, EastLansing, MI 48824, USA.(4) Cirad, UR Hortsys, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.(5) Cirad, UR Hortsys, INRAB Station d'Agonkanmey, Cotonou, Benin.* Corresponding author: laurent.parrot@cirad.frCity food supplies are a rising concern for food security in an urbanizing context as productivity and yields areexpected to increase to meet the growing needs of urban dwellers. Domestic food supplies will not only requireincreased food production but face a series of constraints related to quality. Some of such constraints are therestrictions on pesticide residues. Eco-friendly nets contribute to improve food production with both reducingpesticide residues and improving product quality. Eco-friendly nets proved to be a viable alternative to harmfuland unsustainable insecticide application practices in tropical countries. However, this technology needs to beadapted to the social and economic context in which small-scale farmers evolve. To this end, we investigated across-section study of 115 farmers involved in vegetable production and evenly distributed between adopters andnon adopters in the Mono and Couffo divisions of Benin. We identified the various factors that govern theirpreferences and expectations. We performed a summary and partial analysis using Likert’s scale measurement,W-test of Kendall and t-test of Student as well as a multiple regression model. Results show that pesticides werestill adopted by 70% of the sample either exclusively or in conjunction with eco-friendly nets. Farmer’spreferences expressed for pest control revealed that speed of action and spectrum activity were the first twofactors influencing the adoption of a pest control technology. These results were in concordance with preferencesexpressed by farmers for eco-friendly nets as speed of action and spectrum activity were considered as positivefactors. However, costs were considered as negative factors (labor costs, fixed costs and running costs). Themodel stated that level of income, knowledge about net use, access to credit and level of education positivelycorrelate with the level of satisfaction for eco-friendly net adoption in its initial stages of adoption.Keywords: Ecofriendly net; agriculture; preferences; pest.The supply chain for small farmers in Hungary, with particularattention to fruit and vegetable growersBURGER, AnnaResearch Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest, Hungarye-mail: burgera@econ.core.huphone: 36/1/2461705Fax: 36/1/3193136226

Posters of Topic 3At the time of the 1990s transition in Hungary from a socialist to a capitalist economy a process of land reformtook place. The land of large state and collective farms was privatized. The average size of these newly privatizedland parcels was not more than about 4 ha; even now, after some concentration, it is 4.6 ha for individuals. It isobvious that farms of such a size are not viable in a modern economy. However, it is fortunate that, on average,land tenure is much more concentrated than land ownership. Thus there are larger individual farms andcommercial farms which rent land from those – mainly absent – landowners who own the small plots ofagricultural land. Nevertheless, there are still many small farmers. Many of them use their land to grow vegetablesand fruits. Most of the individual small farmers operate on a subsistence or semi-subsistence level. But there aresome, about 20%, who produce exclusively for the market, and about 20% sell a part of their products. There aresmall farmers who are well-specialized for open-air or covered vegetable production, mainly on the GreatHungarian Plain. Yet it is not easy for them to sell their produce. Markets are increasingly dominated by hypermarkets,super-markets and discount chains. The chains need steady supplies and standard varieties of fruits andvegetables in large quantities throughout the whole year. Obviously, these requirements can only be fulfilled bythose traders who dispose of large quantities of products. That is why these suppliers are mainly large domesticfarms and importers. If small farmers want to fit successfully into the supply chain, considerable cooperation willbe needed.Keywords: Hungary, small farmers, horticultural production, supply chain.227

PLENARY SESSIONTOPIC 4HORTICULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY: CONTRIBUTIONS TOITS LOSS, CONSERVATION OR INCREASE?

Plenary SessionEvolution of diversity of fruits and vegetables cropsPITRAT, M. & AUDERGON, J.M.INRA UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Domaine Saint Maurice, BP 94,84143 Montfavet cedex (France)We will answer only to a part of the session title (Horticulture and biodiversity: contribution to its loss, conservationor increase?) which includes the impact of the cultivars and cultivation methods on the biodiversity. Ourpresentation will focus on the diversity of fruits and vegetables crops in Europe at the species, cultigroup andcultivar levels and its evolution with time.Due to climatic conditions and cultural traditions, only a part of the world fruit and vegetable diversity is cultivatedin Europe. Until the Second World War, most of the cultivars were locally based. Since the 1950’, majorevolutions have affected most of the cultivated species at several levels:1. An enlargement of the number of cultivated species, with the introduction for instance of kiwi (Actinidia), nashi(Pyrus pyrifolia) or Japanese plums (Prunus salicina). During the same time, some species have decreased evenif they have not completely disappeared, for instance common salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius) or calabash(Lagenaria).2. A second level is the “cultigroup” or “botanical variety” within a species. New cultigroups have been introducedor created introducing market segmentation. This phenotypic diversification can be illustrated for instance by:- Galia type of melon, yellow-fleshed watermelon;- red apricot, flat peach, bloody peach;- seedless grape, seedless watermelon, parthenocarpic cucumber;- red Belgian endive or red witloof, oak-leaf and “Lollo” lettuce;- cherry tomato, long shelf life tomato.The success of a new “cultigroup” is difficult to forecast, for instance white eggplants have since many years a lowcommercial impact.On the opposite, some cultigroups have decreased: for instance winter radish as compared with summer radish,3. The third level is the cultivar with a tremendous increase of the number of available cultivars. Within acultigroup, many cultivars are created which differ by some characters which usually are not noticed by theconsumers but are important for growers, for instance disease resistance, earliness or lateness for theenlargement of the period of production, adaptation to soil and climatic conditions. For some species, the lifetimeof cultivars may be very short, for instance 2 to 5 years in lettuce. These cultivars differ by a small number ofgenes introduced from related or distant accessions or even from interspecific crosses followed by backcrosses.Almost 20000 cultivars of vegetables are registered in the European catalog: 3320 for tomato, 1965 for lettuce,1285 for French beans, 951 for onion, 866 for cucumber… Conservation varieties and varieties for gardeners areregistered in special lists.Diversity at this level, at least for the vegetable market, is high due to the activity of private seed companies. Inmany crops, open pollinated cultivars (lines or populations) have been replaced by F1 hybrids.4. “Club strategies” for the development of new cultigroups or cultivars are on the rise. For instance Pink Lady®for the apple cultivar Cripps Pink.This situation will probably continue in the next future, with the development of new cultigroups and then therelease of many cultivars adding small touches around this central figure. Concerning the genotypic variationestimated by neutral molecular markers like microsatellites or SNPs, several situations have been described:- The enlargement of the phenotypic variability is not clearly associated with the enlargement of the genotypicdiversity as for peach.- In the case of tomato, the cherry tomatoes are quite different from the large-fruited types and, within this group,it seems that two main sub-groups are emerging: cultivars for the fresh market and cultivars for processing.- For apricot or grape, the genotypes of modern cultivars reflect an enlargement by introduction and introgressionof foreign germplasm into local types.On a larger scale, the structuration of the world genetic diversity is helpful for the conservation, the evaluation andthe use in breeding programs of genetic resources. New prospects or concerns based onto climatic changepotential impacts and production durability have to be addressed. Development of future cultivars requires themobilization of new adapted germplams. The characterization of the world existing resources on bothmorphological and genotypic bases is of major importance230

TOPIC 4HORTICULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY: CONTRIBUTIONS TOITS LOSS, CONSERVATION OR INCREASE?ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Oral Presentations of Topic 4Characterization of indigenous apple genotypes from the fruitcollection of Fruit Research Institute ČačakMARIĆ, Slađana * & LUKIC, MilanFruit Research InstituteKralja Petra I/9, 32000 Čačak, Serbia* nidzovicsladja@yahoo.comCollecting, evaluation, characterization and utilization of old local apple genotypes, adapted to abiotic and bioticstress due to different environments characterizing the region of Serbia, can potentially provide a rich and usefulgenetic variability, especially for resistance and quality traits. Indigenous cultivars could be evaluated to find newsources of polygenic resistance for breeding of new cultivars with stable and durable field resistance. Howeversome of genotypes appear to carry useful genes and alleles that, if not preserved, may no longer be available.Fruit Research Institute Čačak (FRI) has a long tradition of collecting new as well as investigating genotypes inthe existing apple collection. FRI apple collection comprises 592 apple genotypes 320 foreign and 57autochthonous cultivars, 191 promising selections and 36 wild species. In this investigation, 20 indigenousgenotypes were characterized for biological and agronomic properties in accordance with Apple Descriptors(IBPGR). The following properties of these genotypes have been assessed: tree habit and vigour; time ofbeginning and season of flowering; bearing habit; harvest maturity; fruit size, shape and attractiveness; groundcolour; over colour and type of over colour; amount and type of russeting; texture; maximum storage life; eatingquality; susceptibility to bitter pit; disease susceptibility (on scale from 1 to 9) to: scab (Venturia inaequalis(Cooke) Wint.), mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.)), fireblight (Erwinia amylovora (Burnill)). The resultsobtained in this work reveal differences among the genotypes. Regarding the full flowering and harvest maturity,the genotypes can be classified into nine groups (from extremely early ‘Boskopka’, ‘Petrovača’ and ‘Zelenika’ toextremely late ‘Šumnjaja’) and five groups (from mid-season ‘Petrovača’ to extremely late ‘Vlahinja’ and‘Šumatovka’), respectively. Most of the genotypes have smaller fruits, fruit weight ranging from 27.7 g (‘Survenka’)to 172.0 g (‘Šarenika’). The predominant fruit shapes were globose-conical and flat. Ground colour varied fromyellow to green with pink, red, dark red or brown over colour. All of the assessed genotypes showed fieldresistance to fireblight and a wide range of field susceptibility to scab and mildew. In addition, the resultsrepresent the base for further work in the field of conservation of genetic resources of apple in the region ofSerbia through long-term conservation, molecular fingerprints using a novel and robust method, and increase inthe number of genotypes.Keywords: Malus x domestica, genetic resources, characterization.232

Oral Presentations of Topic 4Old autochthonous Italian fruit varieties, a source of interestinggenetic traitsENGEL, Petra *; FIDEGHELLI, CarloCRA-Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Roma, Italy* petra.engel@gmail.comIn the last two decades, following the CBD suggestions, many efforts have been made in Italy to recover oldautochthonous fruit varieties, most of them not commercially grown any more and often only present as few singletrees, particularly in small family farms.The analysis of a rich bibliography concerning the main stone fruits (apricot, sweet and sour cherry, peach andnectarine, plum, and almond) and the main pome fruits (apple and pear) revealed the presence of almost 3.500varieties. By far the most numerous species is apple (30%), followed by pear (18%), sweet cherry (17%) andpeach and nectarine (14%), while the less frequent ones are almond (9%), apricot (7%) and plum (6%).Activities of recovery and evaluation have been carried out in all Italian regions, but the highest contributions arerecorded from Campania (Naples region), Piedmont (North-West) and Emilia Romagna (South-East Po Valley),historically important areas for fruit cultivation.Resistance or tolerance to biotic stresses are the most frequent traits singled out in all species: Monilia laxa(apricot, sweet cherry, almond, plum), Venturia inaequalis (apple), Venturia pyrina (pear), Podosphaeraleucotricha (apple), Taphrina deformans (peach), Fusicoccum amygdali (almond), Erwinia amylovora (pear), PlumPox Virus (apricot), Apple proliferation (apple), Cacopsilla pyri (pear), Ceratitis capitata (peach), Rhagoletis cerasi(sweet cherry).Other important traits concern the tree biology and fruit quality: selfcompatibility (almond, sweet cherry), lowchilling requirement (sweet cherry), late blooming (almond, apricot), very early and very late ripening (sweetcherry), easy separation of the fruit from the pedicle for mechanical harvesting (sweet cherry), high antioxidantcontent in the fruits (red-fleshed varieties of apple, pear, peach).Several old autochthonous varieties carrying some of these traits have already been successfully used inbreeding programs in the past, such as selfertility in almond and fruit harvested without stalk in sweet cherry.Other traits currently utilized in breeding programs in Italy are: horizontal resistance to Venturia inaequalis (apple),to Erwinia amylovora (pear) and to Cacopsilla pyri (pear), low chilling requirement (sweet cherry) and resistanceto PPV (apricot).233

Oral Presentations of Topic 4Use of carrot genetic resources to understand root carotenoidcontentJOURDAN, Matthieu (1) (2) *; SOUFFLET-FRESLON, Vanessa (2) *; CLOTAULT, Jérémy (1) ;BRIARD, Mathilde (2) ; PELTIER, Didier (1) ; GEOFFRIAU, Emmanuel (2)* The authors contributed equally to this work.(1)Université d’Angers, UMR IRHS, F-49045 Angers, France(2)Agrocampus Ouest, UMR IRHS, F-49045 Angers, FranceCorrespondence to: emmanuel.geoffriau@agrocampus-ouest.frCarrot is one the most important vegetables in the world. Carrot genetic resources show a wide range of colorsdue to the absence (white roots) or presence of pigments: carotenoids (yellow, red, orange roots) andanthocyanins (purple roots). The structure of carrot resources is closely linked to root color according to thehistory of the cultivated species. Domesticated carrots were observed in Afghanistan about the 10 th century andwere purple or yellow. Carrot cultivation has been then extended to Europe and Asia since the 12 th century. Whiteand orange carrots appeared in Western Europe in the 17 th century, while red carrots evolved in Southeast Asiaaround the 18 th century. Human selection has influenced the organization of genetic resources.A better knowledge of these resources may be helpful for conservation, breeding or understanding the geneticcontrol of complex traits such as root carotenoid content. Nevertheless, the genetic basis of carotenoid content inroots and human selection impact on genetic resources stratification are still unclear.Our work aimed at understanding the actual stratification of genetic resources through the nucleotide diversity ofcarotenoid biosynthesis genes. Complete sequences of carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) gene – a key step in thecarotenoid biosynthesis pathway – and partial sequences of other genes were obtained for cultivars from variousorigins. Microsatellite genotyping was also performed in order to study population stratification based on neutralmarkers. Diversity was measured through several indexes (nucleotide diversity π, index ofgenetic differentiation F ST ) and population stratification was investigated. The linkagedisequilibrium along CRTISO sequence and across linkage groups was investigated.Analyses based on neutral markers and carotenoid biosynthesis pathway genes revealed that samples arestructured in two genetic clusters representing respectively European cultivars and Asian cultivars. Moreover,Japan seems to be a place where the two germplasms are admixed. These results are consistent with previouspublished studies and the recent carrot history.The linkage disequilibrium (LD) study showed a high intragenic LD for both the entire gene and genes fragments,but a low LD between loci. These results – population stratification and linkage disequilibrium extent – providehelpful indications for designing association mapping studies using a candidate gene approach to explorecomplex quantitative traits such as root carotenoid content, particularly for sample choice and candidate genepolymorphism identification.234

Oral Presentations of Topic 4Variations in almond (Prunus dulcis) self-incompatibility alleles:from Eastern Europe to Western AsiaSZIKRISZT, Bernadett (1) ; ERCISLI, Sezai (2) ; HEGEDŰS, Attila (1) ; HALÁSZ, Júlia (1) *(1) Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Corvinus University of Budapest, Ménesi út 44, 1118,Budapest, HUNGARY(2) Department of Horticulture, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, TURKEY* julia.halasz@uni-corvinus.huAlmond [(Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb.] as one of the oldest domesticated plants is thought to have originatedin central Asia. Gametophytic self-incompatibility of almond is controlled by the highly polymorphic S-locus. TheS-locus encodes for an Sribonuclease (S-RNase) protein in the pistils, which degrades RNA in self-pollen tubesand hence stops their growing. This study was carried out to detect S-RNase allelic variants in Hungarian almondcultivars and Turkish wild growing seedlings, and characterize their Sallele pool.A total of 19 Eastern European and 99 Turkish almond accessions were used in the experiments including 68sampled trees growing wild on the Akdamar Island and 31 trees occurring around the village Bademli. GenomicDNA was isolated from fully expanded young leaves. PCR was conducted using consensus primer pairs of thefluorescently labelled PaConsI-F, EM-PC1consRD to amplify the first intron, and EM-PC2consFD,EMPC3consRD to amplify the second intron. Genomic DNA-fragments were purified fromgel and cloned into pTz-57R/T plasmid. The isolated plasmids were sequenced in an automated sequencer.Five new alleles were identified, S31H, S36-S39 in Hungarian local cultivars. Two novel cross-incompatibilitygroups have been also proposed. The village Bademli and Akdamar island are two distinct places of almondnatural occurrence in Turkey. Trees growing wild around Bademli city showed greater genetic diversity than thoseoriginated on Akdamar island. The Akdamar germplasm carried relatively few S-alleles presenting approx. 10different combinations of alleles (genotypes). Many trees had identical genotypes, which might be associated bythe geographical isolation of the germplasm. Many of the previously described 45 S-RNase alleles have beenalso detected in these regions. Some of the alleles were formerly shown in Iranian or Majorca Island accessions.More interestingly, homology searches revealed that Turkish almonds carried some P. webbii alleles indicatinghybridization between the two cultivars and massive introgression events.The exclusive application of the consensus PCR primers amplifying the first and second intron regions were notsuitabale to the reliable discrimination of the S-Rnase alleles in a germplasm of great genetic diversity. Ourresults supply long-awaited information on almond S-allele diversity from regions between the main cultivationcentres and the centre of origin of this species; and are discussed from the aspect of methodologicaldevelopments and evolution of the cultivated almond.This work was funded by the OTKA PD78124 project and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of theHungarian Academy of Sciences.235

Oral Presentations of Topic 4Exotic and African biodiversities in fruit and vegetableagroecosystems in SenegalDE BON, Hubert (1) ; REY, Jean-Yves (3) ; GRECHI, Isabelle (1) ; DIARRA, Karamoko (2) ;BORDAT, Dominique (1) ; NDIAYE, Ousmane(1)CIRAD, UPR Hortsys, F-34398 Montpellier, France(2)Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Facultés des Science et Techniques, BP. 5005, Dakar, Sénégal(3)CIRAD, UPR Hortsys, F-34398 Montpellier, France, et ISRA, Dakar, Sénégal* hubert.de_bon@cirad.frNiayes are the main horticultural production area of Senegal. The fruit and vegetable crops are there grown withirrigation. This paper describes the cultivated and spontaneous biodiversity in two agroecosystems: orchards andmarket gardens. A survey was made in 2009 on 48 orchards around Thies: area of orchards, crop species andvarieties, tree species in the living hedge, secondary crops. Fruit species cultivated are mainly exotic as mango,citrus, guyava. Between rows of perennial crops, secondary crops are often established during the rainy seasonand early dry season as vegetable crops and food crops (maize, millet, cowpeas). Plant diversity of the orchard isenriched by the hedges around the plot. These hedges include African species chosen for specific uses. Inmarket garden agroecosystems, the range of crop species has long been known. In each garden, the number ofvegetable crops under cultivation is limited, from 1 to 5. These gardens include some fruit species, and aresurrounded by living hedges of tree and shrub strata. Vegetable species cultivated are annual plants which aredivided into: (i) African species multiplied in Africa as onion, okra, African eggplant, peppers, hibiscus , (ii) specieswhich are not multiplied locally due to climatic phytosanitary reasons as carrots, cabbages, turnip, Irish potato,and (iii) those that can multiply locally, but are yearly introduced as tomato, watermelon, melon, cucumber, beans.The specific diversity has increased in some cases by an intra-specific diversity as for the mango tree, orvegetable species (African eggplant, peppers, okra, tomato, onion ..). Plant diversity of horticultural systemsappeared to be composed of exotic species, few local species and few varieties. They meet the market needs tosupply the city of Dakar as well as an optimal use of water. Hedges that are not watered specifically, are on theopposite side composed resistant major African drought for 8 months. The value of this crop biodiversity as part ofan agroecological approach will rely more on African species.236

Oral Presentations of Topic 4Determination of essential oil and polyphenolic compounds inThymus speciesPLUHÁR, Zsuzsanna (1) *; SIMKÓ, Hella (1) ; SÁROSI, Szilvia (1) ; BOROS, Borbála (2) ;DÖRNYEI, Ágnes (2) ; FELINGER, Attila (2) ; HORVÁTH, Györgyi (3)(1)Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Corvinus Universityof Budapest, H-1118 Budapest, Villányi út 29-43, Budapest, Hungary(2)Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Pécs,Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary(3)Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs,Hungary* zsuzsanna.pluhar@uni-corvinus.huThymus species have already been reported as sources of essential oils, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Essentialoil polymorphism is a well-documented phenomenon within the genus. Moreover, the composition and content offlavonoids in Thymus species play important role as taxonomic markers providing distinction of species.Thymus pannonicus All., T. glabrescens Willd., T. pulegioides L., T. praecox Opiz and Thymus serpyllum L.,indigenous collective species in the Hungarian flora, were involved in our studies. Content and composition ofessential oils and polyphenolic fractions were examined in grown populations, originating from different wildhabitats, at the Experimental Station of the Corvinus University of Budapest, in 2009-2010. Essential oils of driedplant samples were obtained by hydrodistillation, then analyses were performed by capillary gas chromatography.High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array detector (DAD) and on-line massspectrometry (ESI–MS) method was used for analysis of polyphenols.Almost all grown populations of Thymus pannonicus, T. glabrescens and T. serpyllum met the requirements (min.3 ml/100 g essential oil) of the Pharmacopoeia Hungarica Ed. VIII. (2004) concerning dried flowering parts(Serpylli herba s.l.). According to the GC analysis, it can be concluded that taxa belonging to T. praecox possesssesquiterpene dominated chemotypes with main components of germacrene-D, β-caryophyllene, β-bisabolol, β-cadinene, germacrone and elemol, while Thymus pannonicus, T. glabrescens and Thymus pulegioidespopulations contain mainly monoterpenes in the essentail oils such as thymol, carvacrol, geraniol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and thymol methyl ether. The chemotype pattern of the examined Thymus serpyllum population wasunique because its essential oil was dominated by 1,8-cineol.The polyphenolic pattern in the same samples of the Thymus species involved was also characterized. Thedominant compound was rosmarinic acid, which ranged between 83.49 µg g -1 and 1.436 mg g -1 . Other phenolicacids (ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and p-coumaric acid) were present in every examined Thymusspecies, as well as flavanones: naringenin, eriodictyol and dihydroquercetin; flavones: apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside, flavonols: quercetin and rutin. The polyphenolic pattern was found to be a useful additionalchemotaxonomic tool for classification purposes and determination of the locality of origin.Acknowledgements: Our work was supported by the grants of OTKA F 043555, TÁMOP-4.2.1/B-09/01/KMR-2010-005 and TÁMOP 4.2.2./B-10.1-2010-0023 and Bolyai János Research Scholarship of the HungarianAcademy of Sciences (Zs. Pluhár: 2008-2011).237

Oral Presentations of Topic 4Quantification of agro-morphological and nutritional traits inEthiopian mustard leaves (Brassica carinata A. Braun) by nearinfraredspectroscopyMARTÍNEZ-VALDIVIESO, Damián (1) *; FONT, Rafael (1) ; MUÑOZ-SERRANO, Andrés (2) ;ALONSO-MORAGA, Angeles (2) ; DEL RÍO-CELESTINO, Mercedes (1)(1) IFAPA-Centro La Mojonera, Camino San Nicolás 1, La Mojonera, Almería, Spain(2)Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain* damian.martinez.ext@juntadeandalucia.esChanges in production patterns in agriculture and dietary habits are important factors in the increasing attention toneglected species used on their own or mixed in fresh cut or ready-to-eat leaf salads. This is the case of severalspecies from the Brassicaceae family such as Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata), whose cultivation is thoughtto have started about 4000 years B.C. in the Ethiopian highlands. One of the reasons these species haveincreased in popularity is because they deliver high concentrations of health-promoting bioactive phytochemicalssuch as glucosinolates and phenolic compounds.In some European countries, such as Spain, breeding programmes are being conducted to encourage Ethiopianmustard cultivation and consumption. The particular characteristics of some of the accessions available from seedbanks could be used to increase the production and the diversity of products available to consumers and toimprove their general quality.Our objectives were: 1) to determine the genetic variability for agro-morphological (days to first flowering (DFF)and leaf pubescence (LP)) and nutritional traits (total phenolic content) among accessions, and 2) to evaluate thepotential of NIRS to predict these traits in Ethiopian mustard leaves.A collection of 135 individual plants belonging to 45 different accessions of Ethiopian mustard were analysed byNIRS (Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy). These accessions represent the whole variability of the species inits natural cropping area.Measurement techniques for agro-morphological traits (DFF and LP) were based on Descriptors for Brassica andRaphanus. The reference values for t-PC were obtained by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method based on thestandard calibration curve of gallic acid measured at 650 nm using UV-Visible Spectrometer (Perkin Elmer).The reference values were regressed against different spectral transformations by modified partial least-squares(MPLS) regression. The coefficients of determination in cross-validation (r2) shown by the equations for DFF, LPand t-PC were, respectively, 0.78, 0.63 and 0.99. The standard deviation to standard error of cross-validationratio, were for these traits, as follows: DFF: 1.85, LP: 1.52 and, t-PC: 24.73. These results show that theequations developed for DFF and LP, can be used for screening thesecompounds in the leaves of this species. In addition, the t-PC equation obtained can be used to quality control.From the study of the MPLS loadings of the first three terms of the different equations, it can be concluded thatsome major cell components, highly participated in modelling the equations for these traits.238

Oral Presentations of Topic 4Development of breeding programmes in eggplant with differentobjectives and approaches: three examples of use of primarygenepool diversityHURTADO, Maria; VILANOVA, Santiago; PLAZAS, MAriola; GRAMAZIO, Pietro;PROHENS, Jaime *Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica deValència, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain* jprohens@btc.upv.esDiversity available in the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) primary genepool can be used for developing newimproved materials with better characteristics. We have initiated three breeding programmes in this crop aimed atdifferent objectives: a) development of commercial hybrids for greenhouse cultivation (hybrids programme); b)improvement of the pickling ‘Almagro’ eggplant landrace (Almagro programme); and, c) introgression of traits ofinterest from the wild S. incanum into the genetic background of S. melongena (incanum programme). In the caseof the hybrids programme we used as sources of variation a number of commercially successful hybrids of theblack-type which presented a broad genetic diversity, as assessed with AFLP and SSR markers. These hybridshave been selfed for up to 5 generations and have been subjected to phenotypic selection for the traits of interest(yield, regular fruit set, intense black colour, prickles, and shape). The lines obtained have a high degree of intralineuniformity and we are obtaining experimental hybrids using as parents lines showing a good performance anda high genetic divergence. These hybrids are expected to have a higher degree of heterozygosis than mostcurrent cultivars and, therefore, to present a high heterosis for yield traits. The Almagro programme is aimed atreducing the calyx prickliness of the original landrace. A backcross breeding programme using as donor parents apickling eggplant with low prickliness and prickle-free fresh market eggplants has been initiated, in which selectionusing a participatory approach has been done for low prickliness and Almagro eggplant morphotype. At present,backcross materials up to the BC3 generation have been obtained and are being tested in commercial fields offarmers. Molecular fingerprinting is being used to assist selection in the process of recovering the geneticbackground of Almagro eggplant. Finally, the incanum programme is aimed at developing a set of introgressionlines of S. incanum in the genetic background of S. melongena by means of backcrossing and marker assistedselection. In this case, a genetic map has been obtained and selection is done so that the whole genome of S.incanum is represented in overlapping segments present in the materials used in the successive backcrossgenerations. At present the BC3 generation is being selected for further backcrossing. These three programmesare aimed at different objectives and are a typical example of different approaches, conventional and moderntools, for exploiting the diversity present in the primary genepool for the genetic improvement of a vegetable crop.239

Oral Presentations of Topic 4Genetic stability in mint (Mentha xpiperita) cryopreserved apices:can the cryopreservation technique, regeneration mediumcomposition and genotype affect the final result?KREMER, Carolina; MARTIN, Carmen *; GONZALEZ, Ivan; GONZALEZ-BENITO, M. ElenaDepartamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain* mariacarmen.martin@upm.esAromatic plants have experimented in the last years an increase attention and importance as crops due to theirdemand by consumers for culinary, medicinal and other applications. In this context, search of wild genotypes,breeding programmes and genotype conservation are some of the tasks involved in the development of theproduction of these species.One of the most reliable methods for long-term conservation is cryopreservation, mainly due to its capability toguarantee the genetic stability of the preserved material during the process. However, the stresses suffered dueto the treatments applied together with in vitro culture required for the regeneration of the plant material mayresult in some degree of genetic instability (Harding, 2004; Martín and González-Benito, 2005; Martín et al.,2011a).Mint (Mentha ×piperita) is an unfertile hybrid with clonal propagation, this makes cryopreservation a very usefulconservation technique, avoiding the risks of field collections and time consuming and labour costs of in vitroconservation. However, cryopreservation conditions must be controlled to guarantee an adequate regenerationrate together with a high genetic stability.Two cryopreservation techniques (droplet-vitrification vs. encapsulation dehydration) were compared with the mintgenotype MEN 186. The genetic analysis, using RAPD markers, revealed a higher variation in the regeneratedplants from the encapsulation-dehydration protocol (Martín et al. 2011b). In this work the genetic and epigeneticstability analyses of mint apices from a different genotype, MEN 198, cryopreserved under the same techniquesand regenerated using three different media composition were carried out. Comparisons of the differenttreatments on the two mint genotypes are evaluated in order to obtain a protocol of cryopreservation techniqueand regeneration medium that could optimized the quality of the regenerated plants.References:Benson EE, Bremner DH, 2004. In: Fuller BJ, Lane N, Benson EE, editors. Life in the frozen state. CRC Press.Harding K, 2004. CryoLetters 25: 3−22.Martín C, González-Benito ME, 2005; Cryobiology 51: 281−289.Martín C, Cervera MT, González-Benito ME, 2011a. J. of Plant Physiology 168, 158-166.Martín C, Kremer C, González I, González-Benito ME, 2011b. 7Th International Symposium on in Vitro cultureand Horticultural Breeding. Gante, Bélgica.Acknowledgment: This research was supported by the Spanish Government project AGL2010-21989-C02-01.Keywords: cryopreservation, genetic stability, mint.240

Oral Presentations of Topic 4Strategies for the conservation of Lamiaceae medicinal andaromatic species diversity through conventional andunconventional horticultural methodsDANILA, Doina (1) ; STEFANACHE, Camelia Paula(1)NIRDBS Bucharest / “Stejarul” Biological Research Centre, Alexandru cel Bun 6, 610004 PiatraNeamt, Romania.(2) Faculty of Biology, “Al. I. Cuza” University, Carol I 20 A, 700505, Iasi, Romania.* damad74@yahoo.com(1) (2)The interest on the capitalization of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) remained high worldwide, botheconomically and scientifically. This led to conservation issues due to direct effects of economic activities (overcollecting),habitat loss, and substitution of the native species by invasive ones.Besides the importance of natural populations as a source of raw material, they can serve to genetic enrichmentof cultivated varieties - maintenance/growth of heterosis, conservation and perpetuation of rare alleles, obtainingof cultivars adapted to the pedoclimatic conditions in a given region.This paper summarizes the studies on the conservation strategies for MAP species in Lamiaceae family, throughconventional and unconventional horticultural methods. Lamiaceae species, as a distinct group of medicinal andaromatic plants, are used in a wide range of fields: pharmacy, cosmetics (perfumes), agriculture (biopesticides)due to their phytocomplex, especially volatile oil content. They present reproductive features leading to issues inperpetuation through traditional methods, but they also present peculiarities related to their capitalization - a widerange of chemotypes/chemovarieties.For the development of conservation strategies viable on long-term, interdisciplinary studies are imperative, andconservation methods need to be complex, with an integrated approach. Thus, conventional horticultural methodsmust include ecology, physiology, molecular biology, biotechnology, phytochemistry studies.In accordance with the final aim, have been developed a number of classical conservation methods: in situ -development of in situ collections, nature reserves (promotes evolutionary processes; used mainly forconservation of species and varieties ecologically valuable) and ex situ - development of collections in botanicalgardens, gene banks, onfarm collections (with applicability especially for species/varieties economically valuable),respectively unconventional methods: tissue culture, artificial seeds, cryopreservation. Among these, botanicalgardens contribute both to the preservation and perpetuation of wild genes, respectively of improved genotypes.Optimization of cultivation and perpetuation of varieties with a high content of active ingredients have impact onthe entire capitalization chain by reducing raw material needs, and therefore reducing the pressure on naturalpopulations.Keywords: Lamiaceae, medicinal and aromatic plants, biodiversity, horticulture.241

Oral Presentations of Topic 4A digital image analysis system for resistance evaluation inRhododendronPLASCHIL, Sylvia * & KRÄMER, ReinerInstitute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit CropsJulius Kühn-Institut – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated PlantsQuedlinburg, Germany* sylvia.plaschil@jki.bund.deCylindrocladium scoparium is one of the most important fungal pathogens of Rhododendron simsii. Successfulcontrol by breeding for resistance to this pathogen requires sensitive, practicable and reproducible screeningmethods. A research project aimed at developing effective screening methods for evaluation of plant resourcesfor Cylindrocladium resistance in Rhododendron simsii will be presented. Bioassays with detached leaves andshoots were established. The responses of the genotypes to C. scoparium were estimated by symptom scoringwith a digital image analysis system. Tests of young plants in the greenhouse were used to verify the results ofthe bioassays. All three screening methods were reproducible. Nevertheless, there only existed a correlationbetween the bioassays but not between the bioassays and the test of young plants. Tolerant genotypes (R60,R114 and R120) could be distinguished from highly susceptible genotypes within all tests. However, resistanceagainst C. scoparium did not exist within the screened gene pool. The combination of the bioassay of shoots andthe digital image analysis could be used as a well adapted and non-destructive evaluation method of the host–pathogen–system Rhododendron-Cylindrocladium. Results of the bioassay of shoots should be verified by testingwhole plants like rooted cuttings.Keywords: bioassay, Cylindrocladium, pot azalea, susceptibility.242

TOPIC 4HORTICULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY: CONTRIBUTIONS TOITS LOSS, CONSERVATION OR INCREASE?POSTER PRESENTATIONS

Posters of Topic 4A saturated SSR-DArT linkage map of apple (Malus × domesticaBorkh.)(1)MOHAMED, Ranya R. (1) ; DUNEMANN, F. (2) ; PEIL, A. (3) ; LANKES, C. (4) ; NOGA, G. (4) ;LÉON, J. (1) *INRES – Plant Breeding Department, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, D-53115 Bonn,Germany.(2)Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for BreedingResearch on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany.(3)Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, PillnitzerPlatz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany.(4) INRES – Horticultural Science, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.*Corresponding author, e-mail: j.leon@uni-bonn.de, Tel: (+49)228-732877, Fax: (+49)228-732045A genetic parental linkage map integrating 473 DArTs and 91 SSRs was established on the basis of asegregating F1 population (615 individuals) produced from cross between ‘Rafzubin’ and ‘Dalinco’. A total of 564molecular markers were mapped distributively over the 17 parental linkage groups using JoinMap version 4.0 andspanning 1,103.2 and 1,113.8 cM (5.0 and 6.1 cM/marker on average) in ‘Rafzubin’ and ‘Dalinco’, respectively.The DArT markers were positioned in respect to the anchor SSR markers.The markers were not uniformly distributed over the two maps, and independent clustering of markers wasobserved along the linkage groups either between SSRs or between SSRs and DArT markers. Results illustratedthat the current DArT study provided moderate genome coverage. These SSR-DArT linkage maps provide aframework to evaluate important flowering and fruiting traits in this cross and will be the central for furthermorphological analysis and QTLs detection. This genetic linkage map of Malus domestica Borkh. is the secondmap combining DArT with SSR markers, however, it is the first map discussing the efficiency of using DArTtechnique for sufficient apple genome coverage.Keywords: Malus × domestica Borkh · Linkage map · LGs · double pseudo-testcross · SSR · DarT.Evaluation the genetic variation of Mangifera indica genotypes inIranSHAMILI, Mansoore *; FATAHI, RezaHormozgan University, Iran* shamili1358@yahoo.comThe relationship among 48 quantitative and qualitative traits of leaf, flower, fruit, seed and internal components of48 Mango genotypes evaluated. Analysis of variance showed that these genotypes have significant difference inmost of the investigated traits. Significant positive and negative correlations among some important traits werefound. The effective characters are divided in 16 groups that covered 83.7% of total variances. Cluster analysisusing Ward Method based on Euclidean distance divided genotypes in to 2 main this clustering pattern separatedgenotypes from each other. Group 1 Pakistan genotypes and group 2 Indian genotypesKeywords: Cluster analysis, Mango, morphological marker.244

Posters of Topic 4Evaluation of genetic relationship between Iranian candidgenotypes and rootstocks cultivars using microsatellite markers(1)HADADINEJAD, M. (1) *; EBADI, A. (1) ; FATAHI, M.R. (1) & NEJATIAN, Mohamad Ali (2)PhD student, Professor, Associated professor of Horticulture science department of universitycollege of Agriculture and natural resources of University of Tehran, Iran(2) Research Assistant Professor of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Qazvin, Iran* hadadynejad@ut.ac.irWith using molecular markers the speed and accuracy of breeding programs increased. Molecular markers areused to comparing varieties seedlings and parental determination of rootstock genotypes. The new breedingprogram of rootstocks is undergoing in Iran now. Presented research performed to prepare optimize managementcondition for breeding program and evaluation of relationship between selected rootstock candid genotypes andsome drought tolerance rootstock cultivars. 47 grapevine rootstock genotypes included 3 drought tolerancerootstocks and 44 candid genotypes sampled and evaluated with 11 microsatellite markers. Results showed thereis 21% similarity between Iranian genotypes and Riparia, 1103P and 140Ru as grapevine rootstocks. StudiedIranian genotypes divided to 3 main groups. The third group with 39 genotypes included three unknowngenotypes of the North East region of Iran, two early ripen genotypes Yaquti and khalili with 55% similarity andsome other Iranian varieties. Likelihood based Assignment approached used and determined parents of unknowngenotypes. Results showed specific hetero and homozygote alleles for early ripen cultivars in 3 microsatellitemarkers included VVMD14, VVS2 and VMC4A1. Finally, two main center of variation included northeast(Khorasan) and South (Fars) of Iran, were separated. It appeared that allelic diversity of Khorasan is endogenousbut allelic diversity of Fars is endo and exogenous. Results showed visible effect of habitat region on geneticstructure of genotypes. With using these results, the accuracy of selecting drought-tolerant rootstocks could beincreased, it is recommendedKey words: SSRs primer, drought tolerance, similarity coefficient, cluster analysis, assignment approachedCytoplasm types and their relatedness in the domesticated apple:Analysis of the mitochondrial cox1 and atp9MIKAMI, T. *; KITAZAKI, K. & KISHIMA, Y.Faculty of AgricultureHokkaido UniversitySapporo, Japan* mikami@abs.agr.hokudai.ac.jpIn the domesticated apple (Malus x domestica), organelle DNA has been used to characterize the cytoplasmicdiversity of a range of cultivars and landraces. The distribution of mitochondrial DNA polymorphism patternsallowed the classification of the apple genotypes into four distinct cytoplasmic groups: ‘Golden Delicious’ type,‘Delicious’ type, ‘McIntosh’ type, and ‘Dolgo Crab’ type (Kato et al., 1993). The aim of this study is to understandthe molecular basis of mitochondrial genome variation giving rise to these cytoplasm types. Here, we present theanalysis of the mitochondrial DNA rearrangements involving the cox1 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) and atp9(ATP synthase F1 subunit 9) loci. The results (Wakatsuki et al., 2011) showed that the two cultivars ‘GoldenDelicious’ and ‘Delicious’ contain an intact cox1 copy (termed G-cox1 and D-cox1) and a truncated copy (Gφcox1and D-φcox1), and that the two intact cox1 and two pseudocopies share a common 1115 bp segmentflanked by four combinations of two different 5’- and 3’- sequences. It is also suggested that recombination eventsmay have occurred within the 1115 bp repeats to create the two distinct mitochondrial genome organizationscharacteristic of the ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Delicious’ cytotypes. PCR experiments revealed that theconfigurations bearing G-cox1 and G-φcox1 exist in substoichiometric amounts within the mitochondrial genomesof ‘Delicious’ cytotype cultivars whereas substoichiometric molecules carrying D-φcox1 are present in themitochondrial genomes of ‘Golden Delicious’ cytotype cultivars. Moreover, the atp9 gene sequence of ‘Golden245

Posters of Topic 4Delicious’ was found to exist in one intact version and two truncated versions (φatp9-1 and φatp9-2) (Kato et al.,2012). Interestingly, the φatp9-1 sequence occurs at high copy number in ‘Golden Delicious’ cytotype cultivars butis present substoichiometrically in ‘Delicious’ cytotype cultivars. Our data also indicate that φatp9-1 originated in ahomologous recombination event mediated by the short repeat in a common ancestral mitochondrial genome of‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Delicious’, and was preferentially amplified in an evolutionary lineage that led to the‘Golden Delicious’ type genome. On the other hand, φatp9-2 was revealed to be present in high abundanceirrespective of the cytotype. The analysis of cox1 and atp9 loci is now expanded to include ‘McIntosh’ and ‘DolgoCrab’ cytotype cultivars.Literature CitedKato, S., Ishikawa, S., Imakawa, S., Komori, S., Mikami, T. and Shimamoto, Y. 1993. Cytoplasmic relatednessof apple landraces and cultivars : a molecular analysis. Euphytica 66:99-102.Wakatsuki, A., Kitazaki, K., Kato, S., Kishima, Y. and Mikami, T. 2011. An intact mitochondrial cox1 gene and apseudogene with different genomic configurations are present in apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Delicious’:Evolutionary aspects. Sci. Hortic. 130: 49-53.Kato, S., Kitazaki, K., Wakatsuki, A., Kishima, Y., Mikami ,T., 2012. An apple atp9 pseudogene is maintained athigh copy number in ‘Golden Delicious’ -type mitochondria but is present substoichiometrically in ‘Delicious’-typemitochondria. Sci. Hortic. 134:237-240.Keywords: apple, cytoplasmic diversity, mitochondrial gene.Collection, conservation and use of Phaseolus genetic resourcesBREZEANU, Creola (1) *; BREZEANU, Petre Marian (1) ; AMBARUS, Silvica (1) ; CALIN, Maria(1) ; CRISTEA, Tina Oana (1)Vegetable Research and Development, Station Bacau,Calea Barladului, no. 220, Bacau, Romania* creola.brezeanu@yahoo.comOur study starts from the most urgent problem all over recognized in our society, - continuing loss of biodiversity.In Romania alarming losses were recorded absolutely to all plant species, including Phaseolus genus. The largestand the most representative collection of Phaseolus genotypes is maintained in Romania by the Gene BankSuceava (more than 3000 accessions) and large collection is also held in Vegetable Research and DevelopmentStation, Bacau. The main objective of this study was (1) to save precious resources that are endangered, bycollecting local native populations, old, primitive varieties, which are under risk in order to reduce genetic erosionand save entire material obtained by breeding, (2) to realize a collection suitable to ecological culture system. Thestudy offer information on collection site and record number of Phaseolus resources of north east Moldova regionof Romania. Our main interest was in genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolusaureus species. The experimental culture was placed under organic farming condition. Working method wasrepeated and simple individual selection. It was intended separation of all genotypes (phenotypes), by repeatedindividual selection, by the main qualitative characteristics: leaf and stem color, flower color, pod color, color,shape and grain size, presence or absence of thread, resistance to pathogens attack and pests. The selectionwas made throughout all growing season:(the stage seedlings, the mass flowering phase, linking pods, maturitypods, grain physiological maturity). Phenological observations and biometric measurements included data onfolowing characteristics: earliness, resistance or tolerance to pests and diseases, production quality and quantity.Characteristics on the occurrence of the first flower and first pod could provide clues on earliness, but this was notrelevant considerations of ecological plasticity. Productivity was assessed by the number of pods / plant, numberof seeds in pods, weight of 1000 grains (MMB) To determine the attack of pathogens, we used a conventionalscale, giving the notes to the degree of attack. Phenotypes that have shown interest for our research in terms ofagroproductivity were introduced in a selection field, where we pursued: uniformity of character of each line andeventual separation segregated. The large number of observations and measurements have allowed theaccumulation of sufficient data to provide a general characterization of valuable progenies. Following studies inaccordance with objectives to achieve, were considered as valuable a total of 16 genotypes - new lines and localpopulations garden bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), 20 genotypes of Phaseolus coccineus, and 4 cultivars ofPhaseolus aureus. These lines are uniform and showed no segregated.The research at VRDS Bacau aimed toenrich the species germplasm material for future breeding, as well as creating new varieties, competitive withthose in global range.This work was cofinanced from the European Social Fund through Sectorial OperationalProgramme Human Resources Development 2007-20013 project number POSDRU/I.89/1.5/S62371“Postdoctoral School in Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Area”.246

Posters of Topic 4Keywords: evaluation, biodiversity, Leguminosae, local population.Transcript levels a LOX gene and volatile compounds content inolive (Olea europaea L.) pericarps and olive oils: a comparativestudy on twenty-five olive cultivars harvested at two ripeningstagesCHIAPPETTA, Adriana (1) & MUZZALUPO, Innocenzo (2) *(1)University of Calabria (UNICAL), Dep. of Ecology 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy(2)Agricultural Research Council - Olive growing and oil industry research centre (CRA-OLI) 87036Rende (CS), Italy,* phone +3909844052208, e-mail: innocenzo.muzzalupo@entecra.itIn olive (Olea europaea L.) fruit, the LOX pathway is responsible for the production of desirable organolepticproperties that differentiate virgin olive oil from other vegetable oils. The hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal; (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate are five biomarkers, produced as a consequence of lipid degradationfollowing tissue disruption. Also they are the most important volatile compounds in olive oil aroma. Considering theimportance that LOX displays in influencing the organoleptic features of olive oil, we carried out a study tocharacterize an olive LOX at the gene expression level and chemical analysis. In this contest, the aim of thepresent work was to elucidate the contribute of the LOX gene considered in elaborating the olive oil aroma duringfruit development, in samples collected from two different farms, located in a Southern Italian region.The considered plants belongs to the olive genome collection of the CRA-OLI (Centro di ricerca per l’olivicoltura el’industria olearia), located in Mirto-Crosia (Ionian coasts, Calabria, Italy). Fruits were sampled from 25 Italianolive cultivars (Bosana, Carolea, Carpellese, Cassanese, Ciciariello, Coratina, Cuoricino, Dolce di Rossano,Fasolina, Filare, Frangivento, Frantoio, Gentile di Chieti, Lastrino, Leccino, Mignolo Cerretano, Ornellaia,Racemo, Rossellino, Rossina, Rotondella di Sansa, Ruveia, Selvatico, Sinopolese, Sivigliana da olio) during twodevelopmental stages: i- reddish-brown and ii- black with >50% purple flesh. For each sample 5 Kg of olives waspicked from three trees, which were homogeneous for cultivar and health, and then milled in a laboratory scalehammer mill. After 30 min of malaxation at room temperature, the oil was separated by centrifugation. Levels ofLOX gene expression were determined by quantitative qRT-PCR in fruit tissues. The analyses of the volatilecomponents were performed in olive oil after 30 min of malaxation by a SPME-GC/Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry.Our data suggest that in black olives the expression of the LOX gene considered is associated with the ripeningand senescence processes.Acknowledgments. This research was supported by OLIOPIU’, ALISAL and CERTOLIO Projects.Keywords: aroma, gene expression, genetic diversity, m-RNA level, ripening.Phenolic compounds, chlorophylls and sugars in the mesocarp ofthe olive (Olea europaea L): a comparison between differentvarietiesPATARINO, Alba; BENINCASA, Cinzia; RUSSO, Anna; GRECO, Federica & MUZZALUPO,Innocenzo *Agricultural Research Council - Olive growing and oil industry research centre (CRA-OLI) 87036Rende (CS), Italy* phone +3909844052208, innocenzo.muzzalupo@entecra.it247

Posters of Topic 4The chemical composition of olive flesh (mesocarp) is complex: it contains water, antioxidant compounds such asminerals and vitamins, carbohydrates, protein, fibre, pigments, a rich amount of oil and a low content of solublesugars.Structurally, the raw olive flesh is made up of large irregular cells and fibrous materials. The mesocarp cellschange in size and form during maturation. The water-soluble components of the cells are vacuolised, whereasthe oil is complexed in the cytoplasm. Early in olive development the oil accumulates as droplets that coalesceagainst the vacuole when the olive matures.The mesocarp has relatively large parenchymatous cells surrounded by a rigid cell wall. A large water filledvacuole, in the center of the cell contains dissolved sugars, weak acids, tannins, water-soluble pigments andminerals. The dissolved material and the structural components of the cell contribute to the texture and firmnessof the olive. Changes in the cell wall during ripening determine a softening of olive fruit.In all olive varieties the mesocarp cells contain chlorophyll that converts the sunlight into sugars and that isgradually lost during maturation. The main soluble sugars in olive flesh are glucose, fructose, sucrose andmannitol which decrease as the olive fruit develops and oil synthesis begins.Moreover, a characteristic of olive fruits is its high content of phenolic compounds, secondary metabolites presentin all plant tissues that are involved in protective mechanisms against external stresses. They have antioxidantactivity, so when consumed in the diet they have beneficial effects on health. The main phenol compounds inolives include oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol.In this work, the content of phenols, the amount of chlorophylls and soluble sugars have been monitored andevaluated in the mesocarp of olive fruits in order to compare 60 different varieties of Olea europaea L.Additionally, in order to focus mostly on the genotypic differences among variety rather than other environmentalfactors, the drupes analyzed have been harvested from plants that belong to the genome collection of the CRAolivegrowing and oil industry research centre in Rende (CRA-OLI, Calabria, Italy) and growing under bioagronomicfield conditions.Acknowledgments. This research was supported by OLIOPIU’, RGV-FAO and CERTOLIO Projects.Characterization, selection and conservation of local fig accessionscultivated inTunisiaALJANE, F. * & FERCHICHI, A.Laboratoire d'Aridoculture et Cultures Oasiennes, Institut des Régions Arides,4119 Médenine - Tunisie. Tél. / Fax: 00 216 75 844 219/ GSM: 00 216 98 965 598* E-mail: fateh_aljane @yahoo.frFig (Ficus carica L.) is traditional fruit trees in Tunisia. They are well adapted to arid and semi-arid environment.They have an important ecological and socio-economic role and can valorize marginal soils. Varieties are localand numerous but under high pressure of genetic erosion. This study was conducted on accessions originatedfrom five geographical origins of Tunisia (South-east, South-west, centre-east, north-east and North –west).Ex situ collection is already established during 2007 - 2010 at the Gordhab Agricultural Centre at Tataouine andcontains respectively, 109 and 20 accessions of female and male figs.In situ characterization concerned 75 accessions originate from the five area of Tunisia. In total, 24 morphologicalcharacters (fruit weight, width and length, fruit skin color and shape, etc.) and 14 chemical parameters (titrableacidity, soluble sugars, reducing sugars, K and Ca contents, etc.) relying to the fruits were studied on fruitcollected in situ.This study showed an important genetic variability on fig germplasm. The results revealed the presence of only 9accessions with the first crop (June) and the second crop (July-August). The other accessions are characterizedby only the second crop with a period of maturity varying according to the accessions between precocious, midseasonand backward.The variance analysis was carried out to select those traits with low intra- varietal variance. Furthermore,morphological and chemical traits relying on fruits showed an important degree of variability respectively about70.34 %, and 60.21 % for the three first principal components. Therefore, 15 traits were selected (05 quantitative,04 qualitative and 06 chemical). These 15 selected variables were analysed grouped by principal componentsanalysis and hierarchical canonical analysis to extract discriminating variables that give more information and toselect important accessions.The aim of this work was the characterization and selection of local fig accessions in order to start a program ofconservation of fig germplasm to protect this species from genetic erosion.248

Posters of Topic 4Keywords: Fig, Tunisia, Conservation, Characterization, Selection, Morphological, Accessions.Basic screening of 800 grapevine genotypes based onmorphological traits related to drought tolerance for selectingrootstockHADADINEJAD, Mehdi (1) ; EBADI, Ali (1) ; FATAHI, M.R. (1) ; NEJATIAN, Mohamad Ali (2) ;MOSAYYEBI, Samaneh (3)(1)PhD student, Professor, Associated professor of Horticulture science department of universitycollege of Agriculture and natural resources of University of Tehran(2) Research Assistant Professor of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Qazvin.(3) Former MSc student of French language education of Tarbiat Modaress university.Grapevine rootstocks able to increase adapt to different climates, soil types and a variety of unfavorableconditions. Considering the rich grapevine germplasm of cultivars and genotypes in Iran, it is possible to use themas rootstock for superior cultivars due to their good genetic potential as the rootstock. In this study, 800 Fruitfulgenotypes in the collections of the National Iranian grapes Research Station in Takestan based on the charactersin the grapes Descriptor with emphasis on growth-related traits were studied and some of potent genotypes wereevaluated in two stages. After the first stage of evaluation, that included that included leaf and branches hairtraits,150 genotypes chooses and they were reevaluated for trunk diameter and shoot lengths in three replication.17 morphological traits associated with drought tolerance were studied on screened genotypes in a field conditionat the national collection of grape varieties of Iran, after initial selections. The final number of genotypesdecreased to 44 within medium screening, after consideration to others recognized drought tolerant genotypes.Results showed there is not any correlation between trunk diameter and shoot length and due to it the shootlength could not considered as an index to study growth vigor and its related drought tolerance. There weresignificant positive and negative correlations between studied traits, except for shoot length. Kaj Angur of Bojnurd,Siyah mamuli from Zarghan, Ghalati of Shiraz, Sabz Angur and Sorkhak from Quchan included drought tolerancetraits and proposed as promising but they need further experiments.Key words: Grapevine rootstock, drought tolerance, Hair, trunk diameter, correlation.In vitro conservation of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. by encapsulationdehydration and ‘Cold storage’ techniquesRUZIC, Djurdjina (1) *; VUJOVIC, Tatjana (1) ; CEROVIC, Radosav (2)(1) Fruit Research Institute, Čačak,bKralja Petra I/9, 32000 Čačak, Republic of Serbia* djinaruzic@gmail.com(2) Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Slobodana Bajica 1, 11185 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia** radosav.cerovic@gmail.comIn order to protect from extinction autochthonous Cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) a protocols for in vitropreservation have been developed. In vitro grown shoot tips of Cherry plum were tested for regrowth afterpreservation using encapsulation dehydration (ED) and ‘Cold storage’ (CS) techniques.Apical, 2–3 mm long shoot tips, were encapsulated in alginate beads composed of 3, 5 and 10% (w/v) alginic acidsodium salt in calcium-free liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 mg l -1 benzyladenine (BA), 0.1 mgl -1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.1 mg l -1 gibberellic acid (GA 3). Polymerization was done in liquid MS medium with100 mM CaCl 2 for 30 min at room temperature. Encapsulated shoot tips were pre-treated in liquid MS medium with 0.75or 1 M sucrose for 24 h in growth room and dehydrated for 4 and 8 h (29% and 20% moisture content respectively)before rapid immersion in liquid nitrogen. Upon thawing which involved placing the cryovials in the air current of thelaminar airflow cabinet for 2 min, the beads were directly transferred to regrowth medium. Osmotic dehydration in 0.75249

Posters of Topic 4M sucrose followed by 8-hour desiccation gave the highest regrowth (60%) of explants encapsulated in 3% and 5%alginate beads. Cryopreserved shoot tips multiplied in the three subcultures had normal morphology and similarmultiplication capacity in comparison with non-cryopreserved shoots.Prior to CS the shoots were multiplied on the MS medium supplemented with BA 0.5, IBA 0.1 and GA 3 0.1 mg l -1 .During CS, in vitro shoots were maintained at +5 o C in cold chamber for 3, 6 and 9 months in total darkness.Seven days after respective period of time, viability of shoots for further propagation was determined as well asmultiplication parameters and length of axial and lateral shoots. Three months after CS, shoots of Cherry plumwere viable but etiolated showing symptoms of leaf necrosis (in more than 20%). The transfer of cultures fromcold chamber to standard conditions led to prompt development and greening of leaves which regainedmorphology and capacity for multiplication. However, after 6 and 9 months of CS shoots showed severe signs ofnecrosis.Our results have shown that in vitro propagated Cherry plum can be preserved for a longer period by EDtechnique, while only 3 months by CS.These results provide firm base for the development of standard protocols for maintenance in in vitro fruitgermplasm for formation of the national fruit gene bank.Optimization of droplet vitrification protocol for cryopreservation ofin vitro grown blackberry shoot tipsVUJOVIC, Tatjana (1) *; RUZIC, Djurdjina (1) & CEROVIC, Radosav (2)(1)Fruit Research Institute, Kralja Petra I/9, 32000 Čačak, Republic of Serbia* tatjanal@tfc.kg.ac.rs(2)Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, Slobodana Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade, Republic of SerbiaThe droplet vitrification technique was adapted to blackberry cultivar ‘Čačanska Bestrna’ (Rubus fruticosus L.) byapplying two different plant vitrification solutions as well as by optimizing the duration of vitrification treatments.Apical shoot tips were pretreated stepwise in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with progressively increasingsucrose concentration (0.3 M for 15 h, then 0.7 M for 5 h), and subsequently loaded in solution containing 1.9 Mglycerol and 0.5 M sucrose for 30 min. After loading, explants were dehydrated for 20, 30 and 40 min on ice withvitrification solution A3 (37.5% (w/v) glycerol, 15% (w/v) dimethyl sulfoxide, 15% (w/v) ethylene glycol and 22.5%(w/v) sucrose) and for 40, 50 and 60 min at room temperature with PVS 3 solution (50% (w/v) glycerol and 50%(w/v) sucrose). Explants were frozen in individual microdroplets of vitrification solution by direct immersion in liquidnitrogen. After rapid rewarming performed by direct immersion in unloading solution containing 0.8 M sucrose for30 min, explants were placed onto solid MS medium supplemented with 1 mg l -1 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mgl -1 indole-3-butyric acid, cultivated in the dark for 7 days and than transferred to standard growth conditions.Survival was evaluated 3 weeks after cryopreservation by counting the number of shoots that showed any growth,while regrowth was defined as further development of apices into shoots with developed leaves 48 weeks afterrewarming.Under the desribed experimental conditions, survival and regrowth of cryopreserved shoot tips dehydrated on icewith A3 solution ranging between 45.0090.90% and 25.0061.82% respectively. Longer exposure of explants toA3 solution brought about higher survival and regrowth rates. On the other hand, dehydration with PVS 3 resultedin considerably higher survival rates (90.0095.00%) as well as higher regrowth rates (77.2790.00%) ofcryopreserved explants. The shortest PVS 3 treatment gave the highest survival and regrowth. The resultsobtained prove the feasibility of PVS 3-based droplet vitrification technique for long-term storage of this genotype,while further research will focus on evaluation of the optimized protocol for its applicability to different genotypesof Rubus genus.250

Posters of Topic 4Genetic resources of genus Hydrangea : structuration of phenoliccompounds diversityDULAC, A. (1) *; GUILET, D. (1) ; LAMBERT, C. (2) ; RICHOMME, P. (1)(1) SONAS, IFR 149, Quasav UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et d’Ingénierie de la Santé, 16 BdDaviers, 49100 Angers, France(2)Agrocampus Ouest, centre d’Angers-Institut National d’Horticulture et de Paysage, IRHS UMR1345, IFR 149 Quasav, 2 rue Le Nôtre, 49045 Angers cedex 01, France* amelie_dulac@yahoo.frThe Hydrangea collection in the arboretum Gaston Allard of Angers contains more than 800 accessions,distributed among 13 species of the genus. The previous work of genetic characterization1,2 has been completedwith the chemical characterization. The objective of this study was to identify the inflorescence phenoliccompounds in order to evaluate the interspecific diversity and improve the management and valorization ofgenetic resources.The analysis of 12 species and 100 accessions by HPLC-UV-MS led to the identification and quantification of 60inflorescence phenolic compounds distributed in three major chemical classes: cinnamic acid derivatives,flavonoids, mostly derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol, and polyacylated amines. The content of cinnamicacid derivatives and the ratio of quercetin / kaempferol derivatives were two discriminating criteria that allowed usto split the accessions into 4 groups corresponding to the botanical classification of McClintock3. These groupspooled the accessions belonging to the same sub-section, with the exception of sub-section Americanae forewhich species H. quercifolia and H. arborescens are also separated by the phylogenetic analysis.The species H. aspera, consisting of four subspecies, showed an important variability. Two groups were obtainedwhen performing a factorial discriminant analysis, splitting the subspecies robusta and sargentiana from asperaand strigosa. These findings are consistent with those obtained by the cytogenetic analysis which describes thesetwo groups1 and also with the phylogenetic analysis work of Samain4.1 Mortreau et al. 2010 Tree Genetics & Genomes 6(1): 137-1482 Cerbah et al. 2001 Theoretical and Applied Genetics 103(1): 45-513 McClintock 1957 Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 29: 147–2554 Samain et al. 2010 Systematic Botany 35 (3) 593-600The influence of biotic interactions on the distribution andabundance of Arnica montana L. species in natural habitatsSTEFANACHE, Camelia Paula (1) (2) ; TANASE, Catalin (2)(1) National Institute of R&D for Biological Sciences, Bucharest / “Stejarul” Biological Research CentrePiatra Neamt,Alexandru cel Bun 6, 610004 Piatra Neamt, Romania.(2) Faculty of Biology, “Al. I. Cuza” University, Carol I 20 A, 700505, Iasi, Romania.Arnica montana L. is an important medicinal plant species, especially due to the antiinflammatory proprieties ofhelenaline [4]. Unsustainable exploitation and environmental changes have led to the extinction of the species inmany habitats, becoming endangered or rare in most European countries.This paper summarizes the results of researches on biotic interactions that affects the distribution and abundanceof A. montana species in natural habitats. In the last twenty years, a great interest was directed towards theimpact of phytophagus in mountain meadows – especially slug and snail[1], the influence of mycorrhizal species on bioproductivity – biomass and secondary metabolites [2], the influenceof the pollinators on reproductive succes and fitness [3].Biological and ecological features of A. montana species – fecundation autoincompatibility, germinationpeculiarities, high palatability of the plant (especially of the seedling) lead to a high influence of biotic interactions251

Posters of Topic 4on the distribution and abundance of the species. These biotic relations should not be treated apart, but throughtheir cumulative effect, and in the context of rapid environmental changes such as climate change and habitatdegradation.These aspects are of high applicability in the development of viable conservation strategies and in theoptimization of the cultivation of the species – given the interest for the raw material and the pressure on naturalpopulations.[1] Bruelheide H., Scheidel U. (1999) Slug herbivory as a limiting factor for the geographical range of Arnicamontana, Journal of Ecology, 87, 839-848.[2] Jurkiewicz A., Ryszka P., Anielska T., Waligórski P., Białońska D., Góralska K., Tsimilli-Michael M., Turnau K.(2010) Optimization of culture conditions of Arnica montana L.: effects of mycorrhizal fungi and competing plants,Mycorrhiza, 20, 293–306.[3] Vergeer P., van den Berg L.J.L., Roelofs J.G.M., Ouborg N.J. (2005) Single-family versus multi-familyintroductions, Plant Biol., 7, 509-515.[4] Verma N., Tripathi S. K., Sahu D., Das Hasi R., Das Rakha H. (2010) Evaluation of inhibitory activities of plantextracts on production of LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory mediators in J774 murine macrophages, Mol CellBiochem, 336, 127–135.Keywords: Arnica montana L., biotic interactions, natural habitat.Evaluation of frost tolerance among a large number ofbermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) ecotypes collected fromMediterranean, temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zonesZHOU, Yi JR; LAMBRIDES, Christopher JR; FUKAI, Shu JRSchool of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland,Qld 4072 AustraliaAs a warm-season grass, bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) has been widely used as turfgrass in most parts of theworld, however, frost is one of the most important factors to damage its growth and restrict its distribution. Frosttolerance of 466 bermudagrass ecotypes collected from different climatic zones of Australia was assessed in onefield experiment with Augmented Latin Square Design, and 12 of them were re-checked in the second fieldexperiment using Row-Column design with 3 replications at different locations of Southeast Queensland,Australia. Leaf death was scored after 7 day frost period. The ecotypes collected from climatic zones with 30-40and 40-50 Potential Frost Days (PFD) based on 30-year climatology had over 50% lower leaf death than the onesfrom 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 PFD. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between leaf death andplant height and leaf death and clipping yield, R2 were 0.71 and 0.93 respectively. These results were repeatablebased on the significant correlation between both experiments for leaf death. These results indicated thatecotypes from the geographic areas with longer period of PFD could have superior frost tolerance. Themechanism for frost tolerant ecotypes possibly was that they could enter winter dormancy earlier to producesmaller leaf area, fewer young leaves during the frost period.Baseline characterization of carrot genetic resources(1)BARANSKI, Rafal (1) *; ALLENDER, Charlotte (2)Dept. of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Faculty of Horticulture, University ofAgriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland* baranski@ogr.ur.krakow.pl(2)Warwick Genetic Resources Unit, The University of Warwick, Wellesbourne Campus,Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK252

Posters of Topic 4Carrot (Daucus carrota L. subsp. sativus Hoffm.) is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide with around 28mln tonnes produced globally each year. Its nutritional value is attributed mainly to pro-vitamin A carotenoids, butother compounds can be also of high importance, like lutein, lycopene or anthocyanins. The later can be found inEastern carrot type that is characterized by green-grey, pubescent leaves and storage root of yellow, red orpurple colour. This type is grown mainly in continental Asia as varieties well adopted to local climate conditions. Incontrast, modern cultivars of Western type developing orange roots and grown in Europe and America contributethe most to global carrot production.Carrot collections in US, Russian and European genebanks are extensive, numbering several thousandaccessions and provide a good representation of the genetic diversity of the carrot genepool. Unfortunately, mostof them have not yet been characterized. In recent years some attempts have been commenced to evaluate apart of the collections in frame of multilateral programs. One of them, a Polish-British cooperation has focused onevaluation of morphological traits and chemical composition of edible carrot accessions held in the biggest carrotgene bank collection at Warwick Genetic Resources Unit in UK. The evaluation was performed in field trialslocated in Poland where leaf and root morphology, yield and bolting was assessed. The content of carotenoids,sugars and phenolic compounds was determined in marketable roots. The results indicate that severalaccessions of high nutritional value may be identified [1]. However, these materials often express undesiredmorphological characters that must be improved in breeding process. Detailed description of the selectedaccessions will give the insight into the available biodiversity of the collected carrot genetic resources.[1] Baranski R., Allender Ch., Klimek-Chodacka M. 2011. Towards better tasting and more nutritious carrots:carotenoids and sugar content variation in carrot genetic resources. Food Res. Intl. DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.05.006This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (grant no. 74/HOR hn-801-22/11) and by the UK Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Grant IF0189)Evaluation of some autochthonous plum cultivars in SerbiaGLIŠIĆ, Ivana *; MILOŠEVIĆ, NebojšaFruit Research Institute Čačak, Serbia* glisiciva2004@yahoo.comGenetic resources of plum in Serbia are rich and heterogenus in terms of the main biological properties.Indigenous varieties are significantly present in orchards in Serbia. Due to well adapted to different and poor agroecologicalconditions, resistance and quality attributes autochtonous plum cultivars represent genetic basis forclonally selection and development of new plum cultivars and new rootstockes for plum, peach and apricot. FruitResearch Institute Čačak has a long tradition of collecting new as well as investigation genotypes in actual plumcollection, providing source of plum germplasm. This study was carried out to determine ex situ basicphenological and pomological traits and resistance to ecconomically important diseases of six autochthonousplum cultivars derived from Prunus domestica L. and two cultivars derived from Prunus insititia L. Observationand recording of beginning of flowering, harvest date, skin ground colour, over skin colour and eating quality wereperformed using IBPGR Descriptor List for Plum. Standard morphometrical methods were used for evaluation offruit weight, fruit height, suture diametar, cheek diametar and stone weight. Soluble solids content wasdetermined by manual refractometer. The investigation of field resistance to causal agents of red leaf spot(Polystigma rubrum Pers.), rust (Puccinia pruni spinosae Diet.), fruit rot (Monilinia laxa Aderh et. Ruhl), andSharka (Plum pox virus) were conducted according to the UPOV methodologies. Flowering of evaluatedgenotypes started between 15 (‘Belošljiva-Čokešina’ and ‘Šljiva-Štrpci’) and 24 (‘Požegača’) April and fruitsripened between 15 July (‘Petrovača’) and 4 September (‘Požegača’). Fruit weight ranged from 13.18 g(‘Petrovača’) to 22.18 g (‘Požegača’), while stone weight ranged from 0.69 g (‘Petrovača’) to 1.32 g(‘Papračanka’). Light-yellow skin ground colour was dominant, while over skin colour varied from red to dark blue.Eating quality was ranged from poor to excellent. The studied genotypes did not have typical symptoms of rustand fruit rot. Symptoms of red leaf spot were observed in five genotypes (‘Bugarka’, ‘Papračanka’, ‘Belošljiva-Čokešina’, ‘Šljiva-Štrpci’ i ‘Crvena Ranka’) and ranked from mild to very strong. The strong attack of Sharka wasobserved on leaves and fruit of three genotypes ‘Požegača’, ‘Papračanka’ and ‘Bugarka. Other genotypes had nosymptoms of this virus on leaves and fruit.253

Posters of Topic 4First evaluation of Centaurium erythraea rafn. populations asbreeding materialsSZABÓ, Krisztina *; BLASKOVICS, Bettina; RAJHÁRT, PéterDepartment of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, Corvinus University ofBudapest, H-1118 Budapest, Villányi út 29-43. Hungary* szabo.krisztina@uni-corvinus.huCentaurium erythraea is a herbaceous medicinal plant native to Europe. The aerial parts of the species (Centauriiherba) are used both in beverages and in herbal medicines. The main active principles are the secoiridoidglycosides; although xanthones, phenolic acids are also published as active constituents. The crude drugoriginates mainly from the collection in the wild. Due to the intensive collection, small centaury could become arather threatened plant species in the future. Therefore, the cultivation of a highly productive cultivar would bedesirable.Morphological characteristics, overwintering percentage, fresh and dry yields of 7 Centaurium erythraeaaccessions were evaluated. The seedlings were produced via sowing in greenhouse on 18/March/2010, prickingout on 17/May/2010. The rosettes were planted out in 17/September/2010 into open-field. Development ofaccessions was monitored during the vegetation period of 2011.There is a difference in winter tolerance among the populations. The population C/2, C/4, C/5, and M/2 have notsuffered serious damage (14-26 %) during the winter season in rosette stage. However, the population C/1, C/3and M/1 seems to be more sensitive from this point of view (40-46 % of plants died). The average height ofpopulations was between 25 and 45 cm. The variability of height among the populations was higher (s=6.77) thanamong the individuals within each population (s=3-5.3). The average numbers of stems of populations werebetween 4.3-6.9 pieces with the standard deviation between 0.97 and 2.07 representing the different homogeneitydegree of the populations from this point of view. Evaluating the variability of the populations, the data of stemsand height and their corresponding standard deviation prove, that there is a remarkable difference among andwithin the populations, which ensures a good selection base. Average fresh yield data were between 4.2-13.2g/plant. Average dry weights were between 1.4-4.5 g/plant. From this point of view promising breeding materialcould be the population C/2 among Hungarian environmental circumstances.The authors kindly appreciate the support of Bionorica and of the project: TÁMOP 4.2.1/B-09/1/KMR-2010-0005.The authors are also grateful to Dr. Carla Vender (CRA-Research Unit for Monitoring and Forest Planning,Villazzano, Italy) for sending the seeds of accessions C/1, C/2, C/3, C/4 and C/5.Anthocyanin content and total phenolics of flower and leaves in F 2generation of ornamental peppersRÊGO, Elizanilda Ramalho Do (1) *; MAPELI, Ana Maria (2) ; FERREIRA, Ana Paula Sato (2) ;OLIVEIRA, Lucilene Silva De (2) ; FINGER, Fernando Luiz (2) ; RÊGO, Mailson Monteiro (1)(1)Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal – Centro de Ciências Agrárias – Universidade Federal daParaíba, 58397-000, Areia - PB; elizanilda@cca.ufpb.br(2) Departamento de Fitotecnia-Universidade Federal de Viçosa – Viçosa-MG-BrazilThe Capsicum is a tropical genus with a large variety of flower and fruit. Several genes wich changes the greenfoliage were described. The purple and variegate foliage and flowers color are attractive to ornamental peppers.The goal of this work was to quantify the anthocyanin content and total phenolics of flowers and leaves in a F2segregate generation. For this, contrasting the basic population was separated in sub-classes: F2.1 – white flower;F2.2– white flower with purple margin; F2.3– variegate white-purple flower ;F2.4– purple flower; F2.5– deep purpleflower. Than the F2 seeds cultivar were grown in a greenhouse, and at the blooming stage, the flowers and leaveswere collected and evaluated for anthocyanin and total phenolics content. It was collected flowers and leaves infive and eight replicates, respectively. The data were submitted to F test (p ≤ 0.05) and the means wereseparated by Duncan multiple range test. There were no differences among treatments for flower anthocyanin,254

Posters of Topic 4but they showed different contents for the flower total phenolics. The F2.3 sub-class showed highest phenolicscontents. For the leaves, there were no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among the treatments for total phenolics.For anthocyanin, F2.2 was similar to F2.3. F2.4 showed highest anthocyanin levels. These results showed the greatvariability founded at basic population. This could be used in the ornamental pepper breeding programKeywords: Capsicum annuum, variability, genetic resource, selection.Researches regarding identification of new salinity tolerant tomato(Lycopersicum esculentum L.) landraces for future plant breedingprogramsŞUMĂLAN, Radu; CIOBANU (POPESCU), Ioana; SCHMIDT, Brigitta *; CAMEN, Dorin;BEINŞAN, CarmenDepartment of Plant PhysiologyBanat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of TimişoaraTimişoara, Romania* brigischmidt@yahoo.comIdentification of salt tolerant genotypes is a priority in tomato plant breeding programs worldwide, as well as inRomania, which presents large areas affected by saline soils. The objective of our researches was to identify locallandraces of tomato and assess their tolerance to saline stress, thus identifying useful genotypes for plantbreeding programs. We collected landraces from areas with saline soil from Banat region and selected 8genotypes (Cralovăţ, Lenauheim, Sîmpetru Mic, Jebel E., Jebel, Kinyo L., Parţa, Niţchidorf ) for measuring thetotal production, harvest index, leaf area, chlorophyll and proline contents, to identify the most tolerant genotypesto salinity. The local landraces were compared with a commercial type from Romanian market (ACE55VF) and 4salt-tolerant hybrids with different backgrounds (Pera, Tomataki, EdKawy, Muchamiel). Plants were cultivated inpots with soil mixture under outdoor conditions for testing the long term (21 weeks) effect of salinity and ingreenhouse conditions, to assess the short term (20 days) effect of salt stress. For the long term experiment weapplied a saline solution of 170 and 256 mM NaCl, meanwhile for the short term experiment we used 200 mM and400 mM NaCl solutions. We identified important landraces, which presented good results under salt stress, suchas Sîmpetru Mic for harvest index, Niţchidorf for total production, Cralovăţ and Jebel for leaf area, Cralovăţ, Parţa,Kinyo and Niţchidorf for chlorophyll content, Jebel, Parţa, Jebel E. and Niţchidorf for free proline content.Because the local landraces Jebel E., Niţchidorf and Parţa presents a high tolerance to salt stress and thusdrought, they can exploit well the land affected by salinity and can be used as genitors in breeding programs oftomato.Keywords: tomato, salt tolerance, local landraces.Sensorial and nutritional characterization of a collection ofCucurbita pepo accessionsMARTÍNEZ-VALDIVIESO, Damián; GÓMEZ, Pedro; BLANCO-DÍAZ, M.Teresa; FONT,Rafael; DEL RÍO-CELESTINO, MercedesIFAPA La Mojonera Center, Camino San Nicolás 1, 04745, La Mojonera, Almería, Spain.Cucurbita pepo is one of the most morphologically variable cultivated species. The Center IFAPA La Mojoneraholds a germplasm collection of this species. Sensorial and nutritional characterization is needed to facilitatebreeder use of this collection. The purpose of this study was to determine the variability of sensorial andnutritional traits in the fruit of a germplasm collection of C. pepo.255

Posters of Topic 4The vegetal material consisted of: a) 14 C. pepo accessions which included diverse morphotypes (pumpkin,vegetable marrow and zucchini), and b) 5 commercial hybrids of zucchini were used as controls. Plants weregrown in a greenhouse in the Center IFAPA La Mojonera, following standard local cultural practices. Eachaccession was represented by at least six fruits. The color of the peel and pulp of the fruit was determined using aspectrophotometer CM-700D. Texture in fruit with peel and without peel (pulp) was determined in a texturometerTA.XT.Plus with a P/4 probe with a penetration of 7 mm depth at a speed of 0.83 mm s -1 . Freeze-dried sampleswere used for the determination of dry matter in peel and pulp. Titrable acidity (TA) was quantified in a 716 DMStitrator; Metrohm, by titrating 2 ml of peel or pulp juices with NaOH 0.1N to an endpoint of pH 8.1 and expressedas % of citric acid. The pH was also measured with a 716 DMS titrator. The total soluble solids (TSS) content wasmeasured with a digital refractometer and expressed as ºBrix. The carotenoid content in peel and pulp of the fruitwas performed using an ultra violet visible spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was carried out using thestatistical package Statistix 8.0.The chromatic coordinates (L*, a*, b*) in the accessions of the germplasm collection differed significantly withrespect to the commercial hybrids. Low variability was found for the hardness of the fruit, TA, pH and TSS, but ahigher variability was observed for carotenoid content, ranging from 30 to 702 mg kg -1 (dry weight) in peel andfrom 20 to 150 mg kg -1 in pulp. This variability provides an interesting and valuable material for further breedingprograms in order to generate cultivars of interest for the agro-food industry.This work was supported by the project RTA2009-00039 (INIA, MEC) and FEDER funds.Keywords: squash, color, texture, carotenoid, total soluble solids.Radical scavenging activity (ORAC) of sweet cherry (Prunus aviumL.) fruit extracts(1)BLANDO, Federica (1) ; ALBANO, Clara (1) ; GERARDI, Carmela (1) ; LIU, Yazheng Amy (2) ;KITTS, David D. (2)Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Lecce Unit, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100Lecce, ITALY(2)Food, Nutrition and Health Department, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, 2205 East Mall,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 CANADASweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is one of the few non-surplus fruit crops in Europe. The fruits of sweet cherry arerich in phenolic compounds, namely flavonoids such as anthocyanins, flavan3-ols and flavonols; moreover somephenolic acids occur, as neochlorogenic acid and p-coumaroylquinic acid (Gonçalves et al., 2004). Phenoliccompounds have been widely recognized as responsible, at least partially for the reduced risk of major chronicdiseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (Hollman, 2001).Sweet cherries are used for fresh consumption and for processing. These fruits are highly appreciated by theconsumers due to their precocity and high organoleptic quality, as taste and appearance. Sweet cherry fruits canbe red- or yellow-fleshed, but skin is usually red, with variable level of red pigment, depending on the genotype.Apulia (South Italy), particularly Bari Province, is the first leading region in Italy for cherry crop, producing 34% ofthe national product, which is around 500M quintals from 17M hectares. Lots of international cultivars arecultivated in Apulia, including ‘Bigarreau Burlat’, ‘Lapins’ and ‘Giorgia’, but nearly 50% of the cultivars are ‘local’genotypes, such as ‘Ferrovia’, and other autochthonous varieties.In order to evaluate the biodiversity of cherry germoplasm presently in Apulia, we considered several genotypes(‘Bigarreau Burlat’, ‘Ferrovia’, ‘S. Nicola’, ‘Francia’, ‘Molfetta’, ‘Capa di Serpe’, ‘Montefurio’, ‘Pagliarsa’,‘Napoletana’), some of which are now rare, and analyzed the fruits for their chemical and biochemicalcharacteristics, namely anthocyanin and other phenolic compounds. Moreover, the radical scavenging activity ofsweet cherry fruit extracts was tested in vitro using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay.Gonçalves B., Landbo A-K, Knudsen D., Silva A.P., Moutinho-Pereira J., Rosa E. and Meyer A. S. (2004) Effectof ripeness and postharvest storage on the phenolic profiles of cherries (Prunus avium L.). J. Agric. Food Chem.,52, 523-530.Hollman P.C.H. (2001) Evidence for health benefits of plant phenols: local or systemic effects? J. Sci. FoodAgric., 81, 842-852.256

Posters of Topic 4Different Genotypes of Ptilotus exaltatus and their suitability forcultivationSCHULZ, Claudia *; GRÜNEBERG, Heiner* cla.sh@gmx.deGerman horticulture has previously evaluated the genus Ptilotus (originating from Australia) for ornamental use.However, due to poor seed quality and low germination rates, the commercial cultivation of P. exaltatus proved tobe difficult in the past. Furthermore, results of research e.g. for in vitro propagation cannot be applied to allgenotypes due to the large diversity between the individual genotypes. Also, detailed comparison in order to verifygenotypes suitable for cultivation is missing. The aim of this research project was to provide an overview ofseveral genotypes of P. exaltatus to determine the most suitable genotype for cultivation. The research focused inparticular on in vitro propagation, root formation and greenhouse acclimatization. Various concentrations of BAPand IBA were tested to define an optimal medium of culture for propagation and root formation respectively, butalso to evaluate their later influence in the greenhouse. During acclimatization, a standard substrate mixed upwith perlite (ratio: 2 parts substrate : 1 part perlite) was used, proving cultivation was possible using standardmethods of production. IBA was used to initiate root formation, but also influenced plant diameter and leafquantity in vivo, even at the beginning of acclimatization. During the later greenhouse cultivation this effect wascompensated for. IBA influenced dichotomy positively. Culture medium treated with1mg/l IBA in vitro couldreduplicate dichotomy in vivo. These results depended on outer conditions. Although P. exaltatus can probably becultivated year-round in its natural habitat Australia, the cultivation under Central European conditions is effectivefrom April until September only. Furthermore, chances of survival and growth rates of rootless young plants weretested. Although culture medium containing the phytohormone BAP resulted in the best propagating levels(highest rate: 18), plants produced were short and “sensitive” under greenhouse conditions. In conclusion, thecomparison of the three genotypes of Ptilotus investigated were grown well using standard growing practices andsubmitting them to typical greenhouse conditions. Phytohormone IBA improved dichotomy distinctively.Furthermore, a genotype could be determined which produces the best results in plant growth. Further study ofproducing cloned `mother plants´ in-vitro is highly recommended.Evaluation of fruit quality in tomato landraces under organicgreenhouse conditions(1)NAVARRO, Pedro (1) ; MANZANO, Susana (1) ; MEGÍAS, Zoraida (1) ; MARTÍNEZ, Cecilia (1) ;REBOLLOSO, María Del MAR (2) ; JAMILENA, Manuel (1)Department of Applied Biology, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, University of Almería, Spain.mjamille@ual.es(2) Departament of Hydrogeology and Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universityof Almería, Spain.Given the importance of plant biodiversity in agro-ecological systems, we evaluated the potential use of 39 tomatolandraces for greenhouse farming in the province of Almeria, Spain. The varieties were selected from a collectionof Andalusia vegetables, preserved in the Seed Bank at the University of Almeria (BSUAL). Besides a phenotypiccharacterisation of each variety, we performed a comparative study of vegetative, floral and fruit development, aswell as a detailed analysis of fruit quality under organic farming conditions. The agronomic assessment wascompleted with an evaluation of the organoleptic and external fruit quality based on the consumer preferencesachieved from a tasting attended by 80 people from different sectors, ages and gender. We have detected a widediversity in growth pattern, leaf morphology, flowering time, and particularly in fruit size, shape and colour, amongthe 39 tomato landraces analysed, influencing the better adaptation of some varieties over others within organicgreenhouse conditions. Parthenocarpy was detected in some varieties, whose fruits were able to grow untilmaturity in absence of pollination. Differences in the postharvest quality of fruits during their cold storage for 14days were also observed among the different landraces. All of these attributes, including data from the tasting,257

Posters of Topic 4have been used not only to select varieties and most important characters for organic farming in greenhouses, buthave also been summarized in an informative tab of each variety.Keywords: tomato landraces, organic horticulture, fruit quality, fruit taste.Characterization of the grapevine genetic resources in the climaticconditions of vineyards Dealu BujoruluiDONICI, Alina; SIMION, Cristinadonicialina@yahoo.comCharacterization of grapevine genetic resources can be done by morphological characters. Research hasparticularity targeted on existing local varieties of SCDVV Bujoru ampelography collection. Cluster analysisacknowledges the existence of similar groups, but not all characterization allows the division between varietiesaccording to the existing degree of dissimilarity or similarity. In this case, groups are formed according to thelinked affinity (kinship), and congestion or placing in the group was hierarchical. Distance (dissimilarity) andsimilarity complement each other, maximum similarity corresponds to short and vice versa and for every individualbelonging to the group to the specified distance from its neighbors in the same group of neighbors to thesuperiors of the group.Mycorrhizal dependency of different pepper genotypesPINAR, Hasan (1) *; ORTAS, Ibrahim (2) ; KELES, Davut (1)(1)Alata Horticultural Research Institute-33740 Erdemli-Mersin-Turkey(2) Cukurova University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Soil Science-01330 Adana-Turkey*Corresponding author, e mail: iortas@cu.edu.tr fax: +90 324 518 00 80Understanding mycorrhizal dependency (MD) of pepper (Capsicum annum L.) genotypes is important forsustainable pepper production in the coastal region of Mediterranean. This study was conducted to unravel MD ofselected pepper genotypes and its effects on pepper yield components and shoot P status.Twenty pepper genotypes were screened to determine the MD under greenhouse conditions at two periods oftimes. Plants were grown either with or without mycorrhizal inoculation (G. etunicatum) for 6 weeks. At harvest,shoot and root dry weight (g), root colonization (%) and shoot P content were determined.The MD showed significant variation among pepper genotypes. It ranged from 39% to 84% during the first periodof the study and from 21% to 57% during the second period of growth. The pepper genotypes A300 and A287exhibited the highest dependency. The average root mycorhizal infection was 48%. The rate of P concentrationranged from 0.24 to 0.42 and with an average of 0.34 %. Results indicated that there is an important variation forMD among pepper genotypes. The genotypes showing high mycorrhizal dependency could be a potential geneticmaterial for pepper cultivar improvement.Key Words: Pepper Genotypes, Mycorrhizal Dependency.258

Posters of Topic 4New South African Oxalis for the assortment of floweringornamentalsGRÜNEBERG, Heiner (1) *; ALBRECHT, Normen (1) ; PASCHKE, Christiane (1) ; EHRICH,Luise (2) **(1)Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Research Group HorticulturalPlant Systems, Lentzeallee 75, D-14195 Berlin, Germany* hgrueneberg@agrar.hu-berlin.de(2)New Plant Nursery, PO Box 4183, George East 6539, South Africa,** luise@newplant.co.zaThe genus Oxalis is commonly available as an ornamental pot plant, but is limited to a few species such as Oxalisdeppei and Oxalis triangularis. Of the remaining 487 species in this genus, many are highly ornamental and couldaugment the assortment of flowering ornamentals in Germany. The investigated cormous Oxalis glabra (twovarieties) as well as Oxalis purpurea (three varieties) are particularly attractive and flower naturally during winterand spring in South Africa. Both originate from the region between Southern Namaqualand and the Eastern Cape.There are large flowering varieties of Oxalis purpurea available in pink and white. The purpose of theinvestigations was to establish whether these specific Oxalis can be efficiently cultivated in the NorthernHemisphere (Germany) in greenhouses after the import of dormant corms from South Africa. To investigatewhether after cultivation in greenhouses the plants could be successfully used as bedding plants during thesummer outdoors in a variety of containers, the corms were planted at three different points in March and April inpots. The various variants were cultivated at differing light and temperature conditions. Data was collected for thefollowing characteristics: leaf, bud and flower count, length of flowering as well as the fresh and dry mass ofcorms and plants. Eight weeks after planting, the first variants were saleable (beginning of May). Conclusionsregarding the two species’ growth rhythm, drought induced dormancy and multiplication rates are drawn. Forinstance, continuously dry conditions proved to hamper growth. Flowering results in window boxes outdoors arepresented, for which Oxalis glabra proved to have a long flowering period.Promising pear genotypes from North Anatolia, TurkeyOZTURK, Ahmet; DEMIRSOY, Leyla; DEMIRSOY, HüsnüOndokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture,55139 Atakum, Samsun, TurkeyThis study was carried out in Sinop province, North Anatolia, Turkey during 2008-2010 years. The aim of thisstudy was to describe pomological and phenological characteristics of the pear genotypes in Sinop where has richpear population.In the research, pomological characteristics such as fruit weight (g), flesh firmness (kg), fruit shape, ground colorof skin, soluble solid content (%), titratable acid content (%), eating quality and phenological traits such as firstflowering, full flowering, days from full flowering to maturity and harvest date were examined.The promising pear genotypes were determined by “Weight-Ranked Method”. According to weighted-rankedmethod done based on fruit weight, eating quality, appearance, rustiness, alternate bearing and earliness, 40pear genotypes were selected superior genotypes among 98 local pear genotypes in 2008; 14 pear genotypeswere selected promising genotype from 40 pear genotypes. ‘Dalkıran Armudu’, ‘Yaz Ziraati’ and ‘Kara Armut’genotypes had the highest score among the 14 pear genotypes examined.259

Posters of Topic 4Polyphenol metabolism in different cultivars and developmentalstages of strawberry (Fragaria) fruitsMIOSIC, Silvija (1) ; POBER, Sabrina (1) ; THILL, Jana (1) ; GOTAME, Tek (1) ; SLATNAR, Ana (2) ;VEBERIC, Robert (2) ; HALBWIRTH, Heidi (1) ; STICH, Karl (1) *(1)Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria, 0043-(0)1-58801173-20, * kstich@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at(2)University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Chair for Fruit Growing,Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaStrawberry (Fragaria) is one of the most important nonclimacteric soft fruits grown around the globe. Besides theiraroma and flavour, the colour of ripe strawberries is a buyer’s eye attracting quality trait. The red colour is causedby the anthocyanidins pelargonidin and cyanidin (1). Furthermore, strawberries contain high amounts of flavonolssuch as quercetin and kaempferol derivatives, as well as flavan 3-ols such as catechin and hydroxycinamic acids(2, 3). Whereas flavan 3-ols and hydroxycinnamic acids are predominant in early fruit stages, anthocyanins andflavonols are the major flavonoids present in ripe fruits (2). The biochemical changes during strawberry ripeningsignificantly influence fruit quality and the phytochemical composition.The polyphenol metabolism in fruit of various strawberry cultivars, including cultivars of Fragaria x ananassa(garden strawberry) and Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) as well as different developmental stages was studied.The concentration of flavonoids was measured and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalconesynthase/-isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, flavonol synthase, flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase, and anthocyanidin reductase was determined. Furthermore we determined the expression of 13genes, which are related to the polyphenol metabolism for an investigation of the correlation between geneexpression and enzyme activity and metabolite concentrations. In addition, the expression of various transcriptionfactors was determined. It is shown that enzyme activity as well as gene expression show two activity peaksduring fruit development. Additionally, the expression of strawberry allergens in different cultivars was evaluated.References1. Bakker, J., P. Bridle and S.J. Bellworthy. 1994. Strawberry juice colour: a study of thequantitative and qualitative pigment composition of juice from 39 genotypes. J.Sci. Food. Agric. 64:31-37.2. Two-phase flavonoid formation in developing strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa) fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54.Pp 1479-1485.3. Griesser, M., T. Hoffmann, M. L. Bellido, C. Rosati, B. Fink, R. Kurtzer, A. Aharoni, J. Munoz-Blancoand W. Schwab. 2008. Redirection of flavonoid biosynthesisthrough the down regulation of an anthocyanidin glucosyltransferase in ripeningstrawberry fruit. Plant Physiology. 146. Pp 1528-1539.Keywords: strawberry, fragaria, flavonoids, anthocyanins, fruit stages, enzyme activity, gene expression,transcription factors, allergens.Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) of diverse colours grown inAtlantic CanadaZVALO, V. (1) *; KALT, W. (2) ; SHI, J. (3) ; FILLMORE, S.A.E. (2) ; OWEN, J. (4)(1) AgraPoint International Ltd., Kentville Nova Scotia(2) Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville NovaScotia(3) Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Ontario(4) Senator Hervé J. Michaud Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Bouctouche, NewBrunswick* v.zvalo@agrapoint.ca260

Posters of Topic 4Sweet potato consumption is on the rise in Canada, with more than 6500 tons of sweet potatoes consumedannually in Atlantic Canada alone, nearly all of which is imported from the United States. Atlantic Canada-grownsweet potato would represent a high value, diversification crop for farmers.This study evaluated yield and potential health quality of 15 lines of sweet potato produced at three sites for twoseasons. Each site comprised a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Transplants wereestablished in the field in May or June. Roots were harvested in September and October, cured, graded andweighed. Of the 15 lines, six cultivars which represented the range of skin and flesh colours were tested andanalysed for total concentration of polyphenols, and beta-carotene, as well as hydrophilic oxygen radicalabsorption capacity (ORAC). Average yields of marketable roots were highest for Arapey, a purple-skinnedcream-fleshed cultivar, with nearly 26 t ha-1. The US industry standard Beauregard, yielded significantly less (P≤0.001) at roughly 20 t ha-1.Total polyphenol concentration was highest in the Hayman White, a white-skinned white-fleshed cultivar, and inthe red-skinned orange-fleshed variety Carolina Ruby, both with 1.74 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1 DW.The white-skinned white-fleshed Yan Shu had a lower concentration (0.80 mg GAE g-1DW) of total polyphenols(P ≤0.001) than all other cultivars ORAC values ranged from 0.22 to 0.64 μmol Trolox equivalents g-1 DW. Betacarotenewas absent in white-and cream-fleshed cultivars, and varied among orange-fleshed cultivars.Beauregard had the lowest concentration of beta-carotene (19.9 mg 100g-1 DW) and Hayman had the highest(71.7 mg 100g-1).The results indicate that sweet potatoes of various flesh and skin colours and phytochemical profiles can beproduced in the Atlantic Canada, despite a challengingly short climate.Genetic variability and traits importance in four families of chilipeppersDOS SANTOS, Rusthon Magno Cortez, (1) *; RÊGO, Elizanilda Ramalho (2) ; NASCIMENTO,Naysa Ferreira, (1) ; NASCIMENTO, Mayana Ferreira (1) ; BORÉM, Aluízio (1) ; RÊGO, MailsonMonteiro (2) & FINGER, Fernando Luiz (1)(1)UFV/Departamento de Fitotecnia, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.(2)UFPB/ Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal,58397-000 , Areia, PB, Brazil.* rusthoncortez@hotmail.comThe objective of this work was to study the genetic variability in four families of chili peppers. For this, fifteenquantitative morphological descriptors proposed by International Plant Genetic Resources Institute were used.The plants were grown in a greenhouse in completely random design with three replicates and sixty-threetreatments: two parents, F 1 generation and sixty F 2 generation genotypes. The analyzed traits were: leaf length,petiole length, leaf width, flower width, petal length, pedicel length, fruit length, major fruit width, minor fruit width,fruit wall thickness, fruit weight, pericarp fresh weight, pericarp dry weight, pericarp dry matter content andnumber of seeds per fruit. Significant differences among genotypes were detected by F test (p ≤ 0.01) for all theevaluated traits, except for leaf width and pericarp dry matter. The traits that had most of the groups were the leaflength, fruit length, major fruit width, fruit weight, pedicel length, number of seeds per fruit pericarp fresh weightand pericarp dry weight analyzed by the Scott-Knott’s test. The Tocher’s method separated the genotypes in fourgroups. The first group was formed by sixty genotypes these being the generation F 1 and 59 F 2 segregatinggeneration. The second group was formed only by the genotype seventeen of the F 2 generation. The parentswere grouped individually in groups three and four, respectively. The variable that showed more contribution tothe divergence was fruit weight with 28.8%. Four variables contributed less than 2% for variability: leaf width,number of seeds per fruit, fruit wall thickness and petal length. Thus it can be concluded that phenotypicdivergence exists among the sixty-three genotypes studied, demonstrating the potential that they have to be usedin breeding programs.Keywords: Capsicum, breeding, genetic resources.261

Posters of Topic 4Virus eradication and micro-propagation in preservation of highquality genetic resources of garlic in FinlandLAAMANEN, Jaana *; NUKARI, Anna; TOIVONEN, Hanna; KIVIVUORI, Elina;UOSUKAINEN, MArjatta* jaana.laamanen@mtt.fiConservation of the Finnish plant genetic resources is coordinated by the national programme, headed by MTTAgrifood Research Finland. Long-term preservation of the Finnish vegetatively propagated onions can be carriedout by field collections, cryopreservation, and by in vitro preservation at cold condition in high sucrose media.Diversity of the Finnish garlic (Allium sativum L.) clones is not examined thoroughly yet, but differences in yield,color of peel and growth cycle are observed. At present, the national collection includes only four Finnish garlicclones (‘Savo’, ‘Forsberg’, ‘Piikkiö’ and ‘Simo’), which are placed at two field collections. For minimizing the risk oflosing material, these collections are located at distinct parts of Finland, southwestern Finland and Lapland.Valuable garlic clones will be added to the basic collection in the near future.A case study about virus indexing, virus eradication and micro-propagation was carried out with a garlic clonereceived from a Finnish farmer. Commercial production of this clone was impossible, because the total yield andthe bulb division were both decreased, assumingly due to virus infections. The presence of viruses OYDV, LYSV,SLV, SYSV, GarCLV, GarV-A, GarV-B, GarV-C and GarV-D was screened by direct or indirect ELISA methods.Also traditional sap inoculation tests were utilized. It came clear, that the clone was heavily infected by virusesOYDV, LYSV and SLV. As a result of the thermotherapy enhanced by meristem cultures, 5 of 30 propagationlines were found free of the viruses by ELISA tests. In addition, some preliminary tests of stem-disc culture as amore effective propagation method for garlic, were performed. More efficient bulb production was achieved,compared with the preceding micro-propagation methods.This was the first virus indexing and virus eradication work with garlic done in terms of the national preservationwork. It was shown, that the traditional virus eradication methods by thermotherapy and meristem culture can beused successfully as therapy methods for garlic. Virus detection by ELISA is usable for rough virus indexing ofgarlic viruses and definitely positive virus infections are observed. Since virus infection decreases the viability ofgarlic clones, executing virus eradication for selected clones is justified. The improved modified in vitropropagation methods can be used for production of adequate amount of virus free bulbs for long-termpreservation. In addition to garlic, applied methods are suitable for preservation work of wide collection of theFinnish multiplier onions (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group).Auxiliary entomofauna associated with the olive tree in southernPortugalGONÇALVES, Maria Albertina *; ANDRADE, LauraDCBB,Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve,8005-139 Faro, Portugal* magoncal@ualg.ptBetween 2004 and 2011 several studies have been carried out in order to identify the main auxiliary insects thatusually inhabiting the olive ecosystem in southern Portugal (Algarve region). The field trials have taken place intwo olive groves, one situated in Olhão and the other one in Loulé, both in Algarve region and also underIntegrated Pest Management (IPM). Three sampling techniques were used according to their purpose (stickytraps, pitfall traps and collected samples of material vegetal). The results obtained in these studies show thatauxiliary insects that were found in ours olives groves belong to the following orders and families: Diptera(Syrphidae), Coleoptera (Carabidae, Coccinelidae and Staphylinidae); Hemiptera (Anthocoridae and Miridae);Neuroptera (Chrysopidae) and Hymenoptera (Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Formicidae andTrichogrammatidae).Keywords: auxiliary insects, integrated pest management.262

Posters of Topic 4Preliminary studies for the biological control of Fusarium specieswith a french isolate of the mycoparasitic fungus SepedoniumchrysospermumBARBIER, François * & GODET, Stephanie **AgroCampus-Ouest, centre d’Angers, 2, rue Le Nôtre, 49045 Angers Cedex, France,* francois.barbier@agrocampus-ouest.fr ** stephanie.godet@agrocampus-ouest.frThe authors contributed equally to this work.The biological control of plant diseases represents a potential alternative to the use of chemical treatments knownfor their negative effect on health and environment. Mycoparasitic fungi constitute an interesting source ofbiological antagonists due to their ability to produce various toxins and lytic enzymes. This study reports theisolation of a strain of Sepedonium chrysospermum from the sporophore of a basidiomycete Boletaceae collectedin the wooded area of Saint Nicolas in Angers, France. The fungus was identified by microscopic observation ofthe typical shape of the chlamydospores. Sepedonium chrysospermum is a mycophilic fungus which infects andparasitizes exclusively fruiting bodies of Boletaceae species. Fungicolous Sepedonium species are known todisplay glycolytic activities and to synthesize bioactive compounds with antifungal and antimicrobial activities suchas sepedonin, skyrin, peptaibols, chrysosporide and chrysodin.The french isolate of the mycoparasitic fungus Sepedonium chrysospermum was screened in laboratory againstfive phytopathogenic fungi (two Fusarium sp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea and Pythium ultimum).Cultivation and in vitro inhibition tests of fungi were carried on solid Malt-Agar medium at 23°C under anillumination of 50 µmol m −2 s −1 provided by standard cool white fluorescent tubes in a 16/8 h light/dark cycle. Forinhibition essays, 0.5 cm diameter mycelial discs of both antagonist and pathogen were placed in Malt-Agarplates. Each confrontation plus control were replicated using three plates for each fungus. Each day, the fungalcolonies were photographed and the diameters were measured.The french isolate of Sepedonium chrysospermum showed a powerful antagonistic activity on Malt-Agar againstfungi by strongly inhibiting their radial growth and sclerotia formation. The antagonism is reflected by an inhibitionzone of several mm for each confrontation. Curiously, in front of each pathogen, colonies of SepedoniumChrysospermum adopt conformations, developments and diverse pigmentations suggesting that differentmechanisms and compounds could be implicated in the antagonistic activities. These results agree with thedevelopment alteration of Sclerotinia, Botrytis and Pythium observed with others geographic isolates on differentmedium. The French fungal isolate also reduced the expansion of two Fusarium species.Currently, in planta experiments are realised in the laboratory to test the antagonistic activity of the Sepedoniumculture filtrate against powdery mildew on apple seedlings and rosa plants.Keywords: Sepedonium chrysospermum, Fusarium sp., biological control, mycoparasitic fungi.Elisa detection of Grapevine Fanleaf Virus (GFLV) in ampelographiccollection belonging to Agricultural Sciences and VeterinaryMedicine University from Iaşi, RomaniaLIPSA, Florin Daniel *; IRIMIA, Nicoleta & ULEA, EugenUniversity of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iași, Romania* flipsa@uaiasi.roIntroductionGrapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is one of the most severe virus diseases in vineyards worldwide and istransmitted specifically from grapevine to grapevine by the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index. It causesextensive leaf yellowing, stem and leaf deformation, reduced fruit quality, substantial crop loss and shortenedlongevity of vineyards.263

Posters of Topic 4Material and methodsDuring 2009 and 2011 a sanitary survey was conducted in ampelographic collection belonging to USAMV Iaşi on170 genotypes belonging to Vitis spp. Leaf samples were taken during spring season from 47 vines exhibitingvirus-like symptoms or general vine decline and used for detection of GFLV by a double-antibody sandwich ELISA(DAS ELISA). Totally, 586 samples of symptomatic leaves from surveyed varieties were analysed. DAS ELISAresults were taken as mean absorbance value of three replicates per sample. Each value was considered GFLVpositivewhen the average value was at least three times greater than the mean of healthy control.Results and discussionResults of DAS-ELISA tests confirm that virus was present in 39 grapevine cultivars (22.9% of total) from theampelographic collection. These results show that not all cultivars with virus-like symptoms are caused by GFLV.Leaf yellowing, stem and leaf deformation could also be caused by physical injury or some other disorder(fungicide, herbicide, insecticide). Infected foreign cultivars with the highest OD (optical density) values measuredat 405 nm were Blauerzweigelt, Merlot, Newburger, Chasselas Doré, Pinot Gris, Aligoté and Traminer roz.Infection with high OD was also confirmed in some indigenous cultivars as Gordan, Cioinic, Galbenă de Odobeşti,Fetească regală, Răzăchie, Regina viilor and Mustoasă de Măderat.Differences in sensitivity to GFLV are known among cultivars of V. vinifera; some are resistant to infection andothers recover one year after the appearance of symptoms. A fundamental importance in the development of thedisease is played by environment and growing area, because the number of infected grapevines in vineplantations will increase dramatically in the presence of infected vineyards.Infected grapevine plants will be removed and replaced after reducing of vector populations. Also, the usage ofclean planting material and surveying the neighboring viticulture areas are measures that should be implementedto maintain the disease under control. The results obtained in this work could be used to eliminate the risk of longdistance spreading during international exchange of plant material.AcknowledgmentsThis work was cofinanced from the European Social Fund through Sectoral Operational Programme HumanResources Development 2007-2013, project number POSDRU/I.89/1.5/S62371 ,,Postdoctoral Schole inAgriculture and Veterinary Medicine area”.Keywords: Vitis spp., GFLV, ELISA, Romania.Differential gene expression in leaves of a scab susceptible and aresistant apple cultivar upon Venturia inaequalis inoculationHOLZAPFEL, Christine; MEISEL, Barabara; THÜMMLER, Fritz; LESER, Christoph;TREUTTER, Dieter *Unit of Fruit Science, Centre of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische UniversitätMünchen,Dürnast 2, 85354 Freising, Germany*dieter.treutter@wzw.tum.deApple scab, one of the most damaging diseases in apple worldwide is caused by the fungal pathogen Venturiainaequalis. Pathogen-induced gene expression was analyzed in leaves of greenhouse- and field-grown trees ofthe scab susceptible cultivar Golden Delicious and the resistant cultivar Rewena using the macroarray-technique.The results show that the defence of the Vf resistant cultivar Rewena is based on different echanisms than thebasal defence response of the susceptible Golden Delicious: Whereas lignification seems to play an essential rolein scab defence of Rewena, a thaumatin-like as well as a flavonoid gene are assumed to be involved in the mostlyinsufficient defensive response of Golden Delicious. Furthermore, a method was developed for quantification ofthe V. inaequalis in infected leaves using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR264

Posters of Topic 4Display of phytoplasma ESFY in some genetic resources of apricotNEČAS, T. *; MAŠKOVÁ, B.; KRŠKA, B.Faculty of Horticulture - Mendel University in BrnoValtická 337, Lednice 69144, Czech Republic* necast@zf.mendelu.czOver time of evaluation phytoplasma ESFY presence in gene resources of apricot were recorded symptoms andinfluence of this disease on phenology stage. Detection of phytoplasma ESFY was confirmed by nested PCR withspecific primers in all evaluation process. During the eight years of trees evaluation were described differencesbetween periods of blooming and maturing among healthy and infected trees. Most frequently symptoms werechlorotic leaf roll and leaves yellowing with 45.0 %, early premature 31.8 % of individuals, leaf roll 22.7 % and etc.Significant reduce of time for founding of resistant sources against this disease can be get just evaluation ofpresence phytoplasma ESFY in this wide gene pool collection.Key words: phytoplasma, apricot, genetic resources, detection, symptoms.Virus-resistant pepper cultivars and the incidence of virus diseasesin Andalusia (Spain)SIMÓN MARTÍNEZ, Almudena *; GARCÍA GARCÍA, Mª DEL Carmen; PASCUAL ASSO,Fernando; JANSSEN, Dirk; CUADRADO GÓMEZ, Isabel MªIFAPA, Centro La MojoneraConsejería de Agricultura, Pesca y Medio Ambiente, Junta de AndalucíaLa Mojonera, Almeria, Spain* almudena.simon.ext@juntadeandalucia.esIn the Andalusia region of Spain over 10 000 has are dedicated to the production of pepper (Capsicum annuumL.). Most of these crops are cultivated in greenhouses located along the coast of the province of Almeria. Still, inthe remaining provinces, about 3 400 has of pepper are produced outdoor.We compared the incidence of the major diseases caused by viruses in pepper, in the different geographicregions, and different agronomic systems within Andalusia. A total of 297 samples were collected from 2.71% ofthe entire surface dedicated to pepper production and were analyzed for the presence of Tomato spotted wiltvirus (TSWV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV),Potato virus Y (PVY) using ELISA, and of Parietaria mottle virus (PMoV), using RT-PCR.About 71% of the collected samples were obtained from cultivars that were resistant to one or several of theviruses studied, and that were almost all collected from greenhouses along the coast of Almeria. Inland ofAndalusia, most pepper crops are produced outdoor, mostly as cultivars without resistances to viruses, and fromseeds that are selected and retained by the proper farmer from previous crops. TSWV was the predominant virusfound in samples from the provinces of Almeria, Granada and Cadiz, whereas CMV was predominant in Seville,Cordoba and Jaen. Both viruses have similar incidences in Malaga, and were absent in samples from theprovince of Huelva. ToMV was found only in Malaga, and PVY and PMMoV only in Seville. The incidence ofPMoV was relevant in Almeria and in Granada.Despite the general use of virus resistant cultivars in the southeast of Andalusia, plastic-covered greenhousesprovide excellent conditions for the occurrence of pest-transmitted virus diseases, especially for the pepper- F.occidentalis thrips-TWSV pathosystem.Key words: Capsicum annuum, greenhouse, pest.265

Posters of Topic 4Interaction of methyl jasmonate with ethylene in gum formation inwounded bulbs of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis L.)SANIEWSKI, Marian (1) ; JARECKA BONCELA, Anna (1) ; MIYAMOTO, Kensuke (2) ; UEDA,Junichi (3)(1)Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland(2)Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan(3)Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai,Osaka 599-8531, Japanelzbieta.wegrzynowicz@inhort.plHyacinth bulbs are affected by several bacterial and fungal diseases. Some of these pathogens induce gummosisin hyacinth. It is well known that gum formation in hyacinth bulbs can be caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora (renamed as Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. carotovorum) and Erwinia chrysanthemi (renamed asDickeya spp.). Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. carotovorum produces ethylene when present in the hosttissue. It is also known that ethylene administrated to hyacinth bulbs can cause gummosis. Recently, ourobservations of hyacinth plantations indicated that some plants showed the symptoms of gummosis. Thepathogen which caused gummosis was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. Infections with Fusarium oxysporumon hyacinth bulbs probably begin in the field, and the symptoms are observed on the roots, scales, or basal plate.Fusarium oxysporum causes typical basal rot of Hyacinthus. Hyacinth bulbs infected with Fusarium oxysporumshow grey-brown lesions scattered over the bulb scales. We found that in the wounded hyacinth bulbs it was notonly ethylene (ethephon) but also exogenous methyl jasmonate that induced gum formation in healthy bulbs. It isimportant that simultaneous application of methyl jasmonate with ethephon (ethylene) greatly stimulated gumproduction in comparison with the treatments with ethephon or methyl jasmonate alone. Preliminary analysis ofhyacinth gum showed that at least 50% of their weight comes from sugars (natural sugars and uronic acids).Interaction studies of Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV)-encodedproteins involved in intercellular movement in host plantsDIERKER, Luise *; VON BARGEN, Susanne; BÜTTNER, CarmenHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Department of Crop- andAnimal Sciences, Division Phytomedicine,Lentzeallee 55/57, D-14195 Berlin, Germany* luise.dierker@hu-berlin.deCherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) is a worldwide distributed Nepovirus (family Secoviridae) that infects a wide range ofherbaceous and woody plants. Hosts of horticultural importance include several ornamental plants, e.g.delphinium (Delphinium x), dogwood (Cornus spp.) or lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.). With regard to appearance,symptom severity and crop failure an infection with CLRV has a higher economic relevance in fruit trees as cherry(Prunus spp.), English walnut (Juglans regia L.) or elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) as well as blackberry andraspberry (Rubus spp.).The virus is transmitted by seed and pollen. Systemic infection of a host plant including reproductive organs bythe virus is achieved by cell to cell movement via plasmodesmata and long-distance transport through thevascular system. Members of the family Secoviridae are transported as virions, thus requiring the coat protein(CP). Further, the viral movement protein (MP) inducing tubular structures by multimerization withinplasmodesmata is necessary for passage of virus particles to adjacent cells. In case of CLRV, virus-like particles(VLPs) have been observed within tubules in anther cells and in pollen grains of virus-infected birch and walnut(Massalski and Cooper, 1984). However, the underlying interactions of CLRV-CP and MP involved in cell to cellmovement and gametophyte infection are not understood at the molecular level.266

Posters of Topic 4The yeast two-hybrid system (YTHS) was applied to investigate dimerization of the CLRV-movement protein (385aa, 42 kDa) and its interaction with the viral coat protein (512 aa, 54 kDa). Additionally, the YTHS was used toexamine specific binding of the CLRV-encoded proteins to a plant protein (At-4/1) facilitating intra- andintercellular trafficking (Paape, et al., 2006), which has been shown to interact with the tubuli-forming MP (NSm)of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV).Massalski, PR, Cooper, JI, 1984: The location of virus-like particles in the male gametophyte of birch, walnut andcherry naturally infected with cherry leaf roll virus and its relevance to vertical transmission of the virus. PlantPathology 33, 255-262Paape, M, Solovyev, AG, Erokhina, TN, Minina, EA, Schepetilnikov, AV, Lesemann, D-E, Schiemann, J, Morozov,SY, Kellmann, J-W, 2006: At-4/1, an Interactor of the Tomato spotted wilt virus Movement Protein, Belongs to aNew Family of Plant Proteins Cabable of Directed Intra- and Intercellular Trafficking. Molecular Plant-MicrobeInteractions 19, 874-883Examinations for the purpose of identify the present races ofVenturia inaequalis Cke./Wint. in HungaryPAPP, D. (1) *; TÓTH, M. (1) ; KOVÁCS, SZ. (1) ; ROZSNYAY, ZS. (2)(1)Corvinus University of Budapest, Faculty of Horticulture, Department of pomology(2)GyDKFIV Rt.* david.papp@uni-corvinus.huThe genetic basis of apple scab resistance is based on both quantitative trait loci, responsible for partialresistance, and on the resistance genes (major gene) of the host and the avirulent genes of the phatogen calledrace-specific resistance. The susceptibility/resistance of a variety may vary from one region to another or evenwithin different sides of one region, wich can be explained with the different ecological parameters or with thepresence of different races of the pathogene. So to know the occurance of the different races in the proper regionis needed for the particular evaluation of the field resistance of the varieties – in the case of import foreignresistant varieties as well as producing new inland varieties.Research was carreid out in 1996, 1997,2001 and 2005 under controlled conditions (fitotron and in 2001greenhouse) to identify the presence of the different apple scab races in Hungary. The potted apple plants wereinfected two times in every year. With similar aim field observations were also carried out from 1997 to 2001 inSzigetcsép and from 2008 to 2011 in Soroksár. For the purpose of race identification varieties with different majorresistance genes and strength of resistance were choosen. For the evaluation of the indoor observations we usedthe method of Chevalier (1991), but in the end in both cases we presented our results in a four grade system (1resistant, 2 weak resistance, 3 weak susceptibility, 4 susceptible).Varieties susceptible according to the literature (Golden delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’ etc.) were heavily infected in allcases wich proves that the 1. race is present in HungaryThe variety ’Reka’ containing the Rvi2 (part of the historical Vr) resistance gene showed symptomes undercontrolled conditions wich would mean that the 2. race is also present in Hungary. From 1997 to 2001 the fieldobservations did not confirm the presence of the 2. race, but the Vr (Rvi2 or Rvi4) resistant ’Early Smith’ showedsusceptibility wich may means that the 4. race occured.The outdoor susceptibility of the ’Geneva’ in 2010 and 2011 (weak susceptibility) suggests that the 3. race mayoccured recently.The scab indicator OR45132 variety was succesfully infected in the fitotron (3a). Though the syptomes are weak itis possible that the 5. race is present in our country.The ’Reglindis’ showed different results from the other polygenic varieties wich confirmes the recent studies thatthe resistance of ’Reglindis’ is not poligenic but Vf. Though in the last years in Soroksár none of the Vf resistantvarieties showed scab symptomes, in the previously years in Szigetcsép they showed only weak resistance. Alsounder controlled conditions in some years they were infected suggesting that at least the 6. race is present inHungary but its presence is upon the region and may vary year to year.Further results are needed to confirm the presence of the different scab races, theese conclusions are primarilyfor informative purpose.267

Posters of Topic 4Improved technique for chromosomes counting in Persian walnutVAHDATI, Kourosh (1) *; SADAT HOSSEINI GROUH, Mohammad (2) ; LOTFI, Mahmoud (1)(1) Department of Horticulture, College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.* kvahdati@ut.ac.ir(2) Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, IranVisualization of chromosomes for counting and structural evaluation can be essential for some types of geneticand breeding analysis. There are few reports of these techniques being applied to walnut (Juglans regia L.). Inthis study several methods for slide preparation and staining of walnut chromosomes from in-vitro grown walnutroot tips were evaluated and are described. Root samples were pre-treated with 0.002 M hydroxyquinoline for 8h,kept for 4 h at room temperature, and then transferred to a refrigerator (4 ° C). Samples were then fixed for 24 h in3:1 ethanol: acetic acid and stored in 70% ethanol at 4 ° C until use. Prior to viewing, fixed root tips were stained inAcet-Iron-Hematoxylin for 17 h at room temperature, hydrolyzed in 1N HCl for 12 min at 60 ° C, and thensquashed in a drop of 45% (v/v) acetic acid. An improved technique for counting chromosomes of walnut root tipswas developed that is suitable for further use in cytogenetic studies.Genetic transformation of cauliflower with Ascorbate Peroxidase(APX) geneAL-SWEDI, Fadil *; RIHAN, Hail; AL-SHAMARI, Magda; LANE, Stuart & FULLER, MichaelPaulSchool of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science &Technology, Plymouth University,PL4 8AA, UK* fadilsat64@yahoo.comThe Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) stress gene was introduced into cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.)using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method. The procedure utilized polymerase chainreaction (PCR) amplification of insert DNA directly after isolation of individual colonies without the necessity ofseparate procedures for DNA isolation and purification. Preliminary selection of transgenic plants was performedwith different combinations of kanamycin, gentamycin and tetracycline containing media. Integration of theintroduced stress gene APX in the cauliflower explant was confirmed using β-glucuronidase gene (GUS) as agene fusion marker. The stable APX at 478 bp was detected using PCR of the putative transgenic plants. Futurework will involve introducing the abiotic transcription factor CBF into Cauliflower and will analyse APX geneexpression under salt and drought treatments.Key words: Cauliflower, antibiotics, Agrobacterium tumefaciens.268

Posters of Topic 4Analysis of genetic relationship among Cymbidium goeringii andstudies on rhizome propagationKIM, Tae Bok JR; LEE, Jin Jae JR; SONG, Young Ju JR; CHOI, Chang Hak JR; CHEONG,Dong Chun JR; YU, Young Jin JRJeollabuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Iksan 570-704, Koreabiok@korea.krMorphological characters and genetic similarities of 20 Cymbidium goeringii cultivars were investigated. The 20Cymbidium goeringii cultivars were categorized into 2 groups. Seven cultivars were clustered into group I, andthirteen cultivars were included in group II. Group I cultivars have no leaf pattern. Group II cultivars have leafpatterns. The genetic similarities among the 20 Cymbidium goeringii cultivars were analyzed through RAPD withten 10-mers random primer. Eighty-nine bands were generated by RAPD. Among them, three bands weremonomorphic and eight-six bands were polymorphic. The degree of similarity ranged from 0.521 to 0.862. Basedon the result of RAPD analysis, 20 cultivars were classified into 2 groups—sixteen cultivars for Group X and fourcultivars for Group Y. Overall, the morphological approach and RAPD analysis led to a little different classification.A similar result was the fact that Group Y cultivars identified from RAPD analysis were all included in Group II,which have leaf patterns.Impact of medium components was investigated on the growth of Duhwa rhizomes. The group without NAA wasobserved only growth of rhizome. After adding BA, rhizome growth slowed down. In the other group with NAA 2and 5mg․L -1 , sprouts shot up. Adding NAA 5mg․L -1 and BA 2mg․L -1 was the most effective on rhizomepropagation. Standard concentration of MS and Hyponex is generally effective and charcoal prevented frombrowning of medium but ineffective in growing sprouts and rhizomes. Adding of 50g․L -1 sucrose was efficient forimproving the survival rate. Nitrozyme was helpful to rhizome when added more than 0.5g․L -1 . When coconutwater was added by more than 15%, rhizome weight was increased by 67%.Keywords: RAPD, similarity, crossbreeding, polymorphic, growth regulator.Resistance and protection of apples from storage disordersAHMADI-AFZADI, Masoud (1) *; TAHIR, Ibrahim (2) , DEY, Estera (3) ; NYBOM, Hilde (1)(1) Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,Balsgard, Sweden.(2) Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,Alnarp, Sweden.(3) Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.* masoud.ahmadi.afzadi@slu.sePostharvest decay caused by fungal diseases is one of the main factors limiting the shelf life of apples, even moreproblematic in the organic apple production where no application of fungicides is allowed. The damage is causedmainly by three fungi, i.e. Penicillium expansum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Neofabraea alba (N.malicorticis) known as blue mould, bitter rot and bull’s eye rot, respectively. In organic production, cultivation ofdisease-resistant cultivars can simplify disease control and therefore meet consumer demands concerning theavoidance of pesticide residues in the fruits. At Balsgård-SLU, a project was started with the screening of a largeapple collection in 2010, and continued with the analysis of protective effect of alkylresorcinol (ARs) productobtained from rye bran on fruit resistance. Storage disease tolerance of these apple cultivars was quantified byperforming inoculation tests with fungal spores on harvested fruits. Possible associations with factors that may beconnected to the level of fungal disease resistance were also investigated. A significant, negative correlation wasfound between the amount of blue mould infection and initial fruit firmness as well as fruit softening (loss offirmness during storage). The obtained data also indicated a negative association between harvesting date andamount of blue mould infection (Pearson correlation=-0.631 and -0.455 for early and late ripening cultivars,269

Posters of Topic 4respectively, P-value < 0.001). Additional analyses will be carried out in 2012 within a Swedish/Norwegian/Finnishproject ‘Prebreeding for future challenges in Nordic apples’. Finally, we also found the considerable protectiveeffect of spraying inoculated fruits with alkylresorcinol (ARs). Preliminary results obtained with fruit of ‘IngridMarie’, ‘Gloster’ and ‘Frida’ look very promising, and could be used for developing a plant-strengthening ARsbasedproduct.Keywords: Apple, Penicillium expansum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Neofabraea alba, storage diseases.Comparison of methods for assessment of partial resistance to fruittree canker in apple(1)GHASEMKHANI, Marjan (1) *; GARKAVA-GUSTAVSSON, Larisa (2) ; NYBOM, Hilde (1)Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,Balsgård, Sweden.(2)Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,Alnarp, Sweden.* marjan.ghasemkhani@gmail.comFruit tree canker in apple is caused by the fungus Nectria galligena. This disease is common in many countries,especially in northwestern Europe, and is considered as a serious economic problem in apple orchards. Thefungus produces cankers in the wood of branches and trunks, and severe attacks can result in the loss of limbs orwhole trees. The fungus produces conidia and ascospores, both of which are dispersed and cause infectionduring prolonged periods of rainy weather. Apple cultivars show variable levels of partial resistance to the fungusbut complete resistance to N. galligena has not yet been reported. This partial resistance may be under thecontrol of a limited number of major QTL. Apple genotypes with high levels of genetically determined resistancewould of course be very valuable for successful breeding of resistant cultivars. The aim of this study is thereforeto apply different methods of inoculation in order to determine how efficiently these methods reflect geneticdifferences in levels of partial resistance. Ten apple cultivars were evaluated for resistance to N. galligena. Weapplied three methods of artificial inoculation using macroconidia of N. galligena to quantify resistance to applecanker: inoculation of leaf scars on trees, wound inoculations on cut shoots and wound inoculations on one-yearoldtrees. Then we compared the data in order to find a fast and reliable test to assess resistance to N. galligenain apple.Keywords: Fruit tree canker, Nectria galligena, apple, partial resistance.Gene-specific length polymorphism – a simple tool for routineanalysis of homogeneity of carrot (Daucus carota L.) breedingstocksGRZEBELUS, Dariusz *; GLADYSZ, Miroslawa; BARANSKI, RafalDepartment of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland* dgrzebel@ogr.ar.krakow.plControl of homogeneity of breeding materials and seed purity of F1 hybrid cultivars is an important task. It can befacilitated by the use of simple identification of a set of diagnostic DNA polymorphisms. We developed a threelocusassay for identification of carrot parental lines used to produce seed of and F1 hybrid, based on intronlength polymorphisms of isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (ipi), carotenoid isomerase (crtiso) and chalconesynthase (chs2). We were able to identify three length variants in each of these loci following PCR amplification270

Posters of Topic 4with primers anchored in exons and flanking introns of variable length, and separation of the amplificationproducts in agarose. We used the assay to select plants from parental stocks of an F1 hybrid that carriedhomozygous variants of ipi, crtiso and chs2, in such way that the CMS and the maintainer differed from thepollinator in terms of their allele composition. This, in turn, allowed for routine low cost homogeneity evaluation ofthe parental stocks – only homozygous individuals were expected, as well as hybrid seed purity testing based onthe presence of different alleles originating from the female and the male parent.Keywords: carrot, fingerprinting, intron length polymorphism, hybrid seed purity.Effect of the main cytokinins on androgenesis of white cabbage(Brassica oleracea l. Var. Capitata) anthers cultivated “in vitro”CRISTEA, Tina Oana (1) *; LEONTE, Constantin (2) ; PRISECARU, Maria (3) ; BREZEANU,Creola (1) ; BREZEANU, Petre Marian (1) ; AVASILOAIEI, Dan (1)(1)Vegetable Research and Developments Station Bacau, Romania, Calea Barladului, no. 220, Bacau(2) U.S.A.M.V. Iasi, Faculty of Agriculture, Aleea Mihail Sadoveanu nr. 3, Iasi, Romania(3) University “Vasile Alecsandri” Bacău, Faculty of Biology, Calea Marasesti, no. 36 Bacau, Romania* tinaoana@yahoo.comIncluded as a priority in Millennium Goals, plant biotechnology has been used for decades as a tool toimprove the plant breeding programs. Among the many techniques employed, anther culture is designed forgenerating haploid plants which through different diploididization methods can be transformed in homozygousdihaploids, utilizable as parental lines for F1 hybrids. If traditionally, plant breeders usually achieve homozygosityof the cross products through self-fertilization - which usually needs 8-10 year, by anther culture, homozygousplant can be produced within a year.There are many factors that influence the morphogenetic reaction of anthers cultivated on solid media invitro. Among them, the most important are: the plant growth regulator added in culture media, genotypephysiological status of donor plant, anther wall factor, stage of microspore development, and effect of temperatureand light. All these inner and outer factors basically influence the future evolution in vitro of anthers either towardcallus induction or plant regeneration directly from immature anther. The importance of plant growth regulatorsadded to the in vitro culture medium for callus induction, organ formation and embryogenesis, has beendemonstrated for a large number of plant species. Among the protocols in which cytokinins were used as PGR forinduction of regeneration, the literature shows that N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was the most frequentlyemployed (57%), followed by kinetin (37%), zeatin (3%) and thidiazuron (3%).Thus, for the determination of the influence of plant growth regulators formula over the callus inductionand plant regeneration from anthers cultivated in vitro in the present study the authors undergo a screening of thethree most frequently utilized cytokinins (BAP, kinetin and zeatin) in different concentration and combination withthe auxin NAA. The results obtained, indicated that the best morphogenetic reaction is obtained on variant withBAP as the main growth regulator.Keywords: benzylaminopurine, kinetin, zeatin, haploid, morphogenesis.‘Evmolpia’ – a new Bulgarian peach cultivar resistant to leafcurl diseaseZHIVONDOV, Argir *; DABOV, Stoyan & BOZHIKOVA, YuliaFruit-Growing InstitutePlovdiv 4004, 12 Ostromila Str. Bulgaria* a.zhivondov@abv.bg271

Posters of Topic 4An organized programme on peach breeding in Bulgaria was officially launched in 1989 at the Fruit-GrowingInstitute in Plovdiv. One of the breeding aims in the programme was the development of cultivars resistant to thecausative agent of peach leaf curl disease (Taphrina deformans (Fuskel) Tulasne) and having a very goodsensory profile of the fruits. The first Bulgarian successes in creating disease resistant peach cultivars had beenachieved at earlier stages by the breeder Stoyan Dabov who established the dessert cultivars ‘Pomoriiska zora’,‘Aheloy’ and ‘Remil’, as well as the canning ones ‘Stoyka’ and ‘Malo Konare’ with the participation of the speciesPrunus ferganensis (Kost. & Rjab.) Kov. & Kost., carrying the gene for resistance to the causative agent ofpowdery mildew disease (Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.: Fr.) Lev.). Later, the peach species Prunus davidiana(Carr.) Franch., carrying the gene for resistance to the fungal pathogen Taphrina deformans (Fuskel) Tulasne,was also included in the hybridization programme. That was the way leading to the establishment of the nextproduct of the breeding programme, i.e. the new cultivar ‘Evmolpia’. It was officially recognized in Bulgaria in2010. The present pomological studies were carried out in the period 2007-2011.‘Evmolpia’ was developed by interspecific hybridization of the parents ‘Fantasia’ x (‘J. H. Hale’ x Prunusdavidiana).Fruits of ‘Evmolpia’ cultivar ripen about 15-20 September. They are very large, spherical in shape, slightlyasymmetric, their mean weight being 225 g and their size – 74 х 77 х 74 mm. Up to 50 % of the fruit skin isvarying in colour from light to dark red. The fruit is slightly fuzzy. Fruit flesh is yellow with red blush around thestone. Its texture is gentle and homogeneous, it is juicy with sour-sweet taste and pronounced aroma. The stoneis free. It is small, its relative share being 4,09%.The new cultivar ‘Evmolpia’ shows pronounced resistance to the agent of Taphrina deformans disease and highresistance to the agent causing Sphaerotheca pannosa disease.Key words: Prunus persica, peach, breeding, new cultivar.Peach breeding programme for new varieties and for different traits- Pomological and phenological data analysis with a rankingmethodCIPRIANI, Guido *; TERLIZZI, Massimo; DI CINTIO, Angelo; BEVILACQUA, Daniele;ROSATO, Teresa; SARTORI, Alisea **CRA-FRU Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, via di Fioranello 52 – 00134 Roma* guido.cipriani@entecra.it ** alisea.sartori@entecra.itThe main purposes of the peach breeding programme developed at CRA-FRU are presented. These include theselections of new varieties competitive with the best cultivars present in the market and new types of peaches andnectarines with a flat shape and a completely deanthocyanic flesh and skin.All the descriptive (pomological, phenological and agronomical) data were collected during a period of about 20years. Data of the 535 single advanced selections (365 peaches and 170 nectarines) and of 121 cultivars (55peaches, 51 nectarines, 11 with flat shape and 4 deanthocyanic) were elaborated with a ranking method. A firstevaluation was made considering the following characteristics: weight, shape and over-colour extension, taste,firmness, fruit symmetry, yield and ripening period. All the 302 peaches, 42 flat and 21 deanthocyanic selectionsand all the 161 nectarines, 8 flat and 1 deanthocyanic selections obtained a score that was compared with thoseof the 70 referring peach cultivars and 51 nectarines.In order to select the most promising accessions for the two fruit types, another specific multi-criteria rankingmethod was adopted and a second score analysis was done. For the flat form fruit type, the absence of crackingand other damages, for the deanthocyanic flesh fruit type, the white-cream skin, the flesh coloration and theperception of low acid taste were respectively considered.The last step was to exclude the lowest total score selections, the contemporaneous very similar selections, fromwhich only one was maintained, and those that ripen at the same time of the licensed and commercial cultivarsbut with no superior traits. It was possible to discard about 90% of the total selections.The pomological and phenological characteristics of the top peach selections (11 peaches, 8 nectarines, 8 flatpeach and 4 deanthocyanic peaches and 1 nectarine) are presented.272

Posters of Topic 4Characteristics of vineyard peach hybrids obtained by selfpollinationRAKONJAC, Vera (1) *; NIKOLIĆ, Dragan (1) ; FOTIRIĆ AKŠIĆ, Milica (1) & RADOVIĆ,Aleksandar (2)(1) University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia(2) INI PKB Agroekonomik, Belgrade, Serbia* verak@agrif.bg.ac.rsDespite the large number of newly selected rootstocks, vineyard peach seedlings are still used as rootstock forpeach and almond in many countries. Vineyard peach is a diploid (2n = 16) self-compatible autogamous specie,therefore it is considered to inbred naturally. Beside that, the main problem in rootstocks production is theabsence of seedlings uniformity, which reflects in grafted cultivars. To overcome this problem, at the Faculty ofAgriculture, University of Belgrade, vineyard peach types, selected from natural populations which have goodpotential for generative rootstocks production, were self-pollinated. In this paper vigor, productivity and somepomological properties in S 1 hybrids obtained by self-pollination of vineyard type XIX/29 are presented. Those S 1hybrids showed tendency to form homogeneous population without rapid decrease in vigor and productivity.Inbred depression was expressed at only 10% of plants. In comparison to the parent plant, hybrids had muchlower fruit and stone weight. High level of S 1 hybrids uniformity was confirmed by cluster analysis where allhybrids were classified in one cluster at distance d = 12.2, wile the distance of the entire hybrid group and theparent was d = 28.8. Based on the obtained results we expect to get morphologically homogeneous progeny withdifferent growth vigor and good productivity in the later inbred generations.Key words: Prunus persica (L.) Batsch., inbreeding, vigor, productivity, pomological properties.Limits to clonal selection in Danish sour cherryCLAUSEN, Sabine; GROUT, Brian; TOLDAM-ANDERSEN, TorbenDepartment of Agriculture and Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Allé 13, DK-2630Taastrup, Denmarkbwg@life.ku.dkSour cherry is a commercially significant crop in Denmark, grown on more than 1400 ha with the harvested arearealising some 13000 tonnes in a typical season. The clone ’Stevnsbær’ is the preferred type (largely because ofthe high soluble solids and colour of its juice) contributing more than 80% to the annual harvest. In 1976, the 6predominant clones of Danish sour cherry were aggregated together as ‘Stevnsbær’ for there were nomorphological differences to separate them reliably, and this assembly represents the current situation. In anattempt to exploit diversity within this clonal grouping, selections were made in the 1980’s of which the widelygrown ‘Birgitte’ (P.cerasus ‘Stevnsbær’ cl. Birgitte) and ‘Viki’ (P.cerasus ‘Stevnsbær’ cl. Viki) are well established.There are few unequivocal morphological characters that separate these two, but cl. Viki exhibits a significantlyhigher density of flower buds and an improved ability to avoid winter bud-freezing when compared to cl. Birgitte.These characteristics undoubtedly underpin the yield advantage shown by cl. Viki over cl. Birgitte in commercialevaluations from 2006-2011. Previous DNA fingerprinting study, based on 17 established SSR markers for sourcherry, provides no meaningful separation of the two clones, indicating that any genetic difference is very limitedor that the stable differences in clonal performance may have an epigenetic basis. Consequently, DNAmethylation studies, together with flow cytometry, are in progress. In 2002 further selections from plantings of cl.Birgitte and cl. Viki were made in orchards in Denmark and southern Sweden and, recently, we have begun toevaluate these. Our analyses indicate that these new clones provided no yield advantage over cl. Birgitte or cl.Viki aggregated over 2006-2011 and that no benefit with respect to flower density or freeze-avoidance of budswas evident. This, together with the earlier evidence for the very limited genetic diversity between cl. Birgitte andcl. Viki, strongly suggests that little further variation exists within the narrow genetic base spanning the two clones.There would appear to be little value in continuing to pursue an improvement strategy for sour cherry based on273

Posters of Topic 4non-mutant selection within the commercial clones of ‘Stevnsbær’. Collection of wild and relict material may helpto expand the genetic base but more conventional breeding approaches, perhaps based on recent advances inseed technology, may prove more productive.Properties of promising grapevine hybrids obtained from differentcrossing combinations of Začinak cultivarNIKOLIĆ, Dragan *; MILUTINOVIĆ, Momčilo; RAKONJAC, Vera; RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, Zorica;FOTIRIĆ AKŠIĆ, MilicaUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia* nikolicd@agrif.bg.ac.rsIn the paper, 4 intervarietal hybrids, designed for the production of red wines, were investigated. The 8533 hybridis created by crossing Začinak x Muscat Ottonel, the 13283 hybrid by crossing Začinak x Prokupac, and the 7763hybrid by crossing Začinak x Pinot Noir. The 7912 hybrid is developed by self-pollination of Začinak cultivar. Themore important morphological, agrobiological and technological properties of the aforementioned hybrids werecompared with standard, autochthonous cultivar of Prokupac. As regards morphological properties, theinvestigated hybrids in large measure resembled the standard cultivar of Prokupac. All four hybrids were of around shape, dark blue skin colour of the berry and of neutral taste, as well as a standard cultivar. Regarding theripening time, the hybrids matured earlier or at the level of a standard cultivar. Significant differences among theexamined hybrids and standard cultivar were determined for bunch length, length, width and weight of the berry,sugar content and total acid content in the must. The yield per vine varied from 3.7 kg (13283 hybrid) to 5.7 kg(7763 hybrid). Except for the 13283 hybrid, other hybrids achieved a higher yield than the standard cultivar ofProkupac (3.9 kg/vine). All investigated hybrids had a higher sugar content and total acid content in the must thanthe standard cultivar. As regards the properties of the bunch (length and width) in comparison with other hybridsand standard cultivar, the 7763 hybrid was distinguished. This hybrid was also characterised by the greatestbunch weight (236.75 g), berry length (17.06 mm), berry width (16.40 mm) and berry weight (2.95 g). The 7763hybrid, because of a number of positive properties compared with other investigated hybrids and standard cultivarof Prokupac, can be recommended to the Commission for the recognition of new grapevine cultivars.Key words: Vitis vinifera, crossing, hybrid, selection.Introduction to protoplast culture of Allium genusPOLZEROVÁ, Hana; GREPLOVÁ, Marie; DOMKÁŘOVÁ, JaroslavaPotato Research Institute,Ltd., Dobrovského 2366, 580 01 Havlíčkův Brod, Czech Republich.polzerova@bubhb.cz; greplova@vubhb.cz; domkarova@vubhb.czThe aim of this study was to establish the protoplast culture of Allium genus and verify the influence of electricfield on regeneration ability of isolated protoplasts. Another goal was tested the possibilities of somatichybridization in this genus. The somatic hybridization increases genetic variability and extended breedingapproaches to obtain new breeding materials. Mesophyll protoplasts were isolated from in vitro cultured plants ofAllium flavum, A. fistulosum, A. schoenoprasum and A. ursinum. The protoplasts were isolated and fused usingestablished protocol for Solanum genus: http://www.vubhb.cz/_te.asp?f=institute/06dogr-protocols-mfpep.htm withprolonged time of enzyme action. The induction of regeneration ability was tested using five parameters of electricfield: AC = 30 V per 8 s, DC = 0 V; AC = 30 V per 16 s, DC = 0 V; AC = 0 V, DC = 60 V one pulse per 80 µs; AC= 0 V, DC = 60 V two pulses per 80 µs; AC = 30 V per 8 s, DC = 60 V one pulse per 80 µs. the regenerationability of affected protoplasts and fused protoplasts (A. flavum + A. ursinum; A. fistulosum + A. ursinum; A.274

Posters of Topic 4fistulosum + A. schoenoprasum) was compared with non-affected control. All cultivated protoplasts maintainedviability. The cell wall regeneration and cell division were observed in different time and intensity. Thesepreliminary results are promising and the work continues.Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the project LF 11012 EUREKA by Ministry of Education, Youthand Sports of the Czech Republic.Estimation of genetic diversity in some Iranian almond genotypesusing morphological and molecular markersSALIMPOUR, Allahdad (1) ; EBADI, Ali (2) ; REZA FATAHI, Mohammad (2) & HADADINEJAD,Mehdi (3) *(1) Department of Horticultural Sciences, High educational campus of Jehade Daneshgahi, Kashmarbranch, Iran.(2)Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran.(3) Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.* hadadynejad@ut.ac.irIn this study, genetic diversity of 56 genotypes of almond (Prunus dulcis), collected from different regions of Iran,were evaluated using morphological and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data. In morphologicalstudy, 9 characters were evaluated. Cluster analysis in distance of 9 divided the genotypes into four groups.There were 13 genotypes in the first group, 10 in the second group, five in the third group and finally another 28genotypes were located in the fourth group. The first group included most east and west Azerbaijan genotypesplus two genotypes from Karaj horticultural research station and Estahban. In second group, all genotypesbelonged to Azerbaijan except two which belonged to Kashmar and Estahban. Third group included threegenotypes from research station and two genotypes from Azerbaijan. There were genotypes from different area infourth group. In RAPD study, With 16 RAPD primers, 171 DNA bands produced that 168 of them werepolymorphic. The samples in cluster analysis in 44% similarity, from different regions divided take in 2 main subgroups based on different genetic origins with use of Jaccard similarity coefficient and UPGMA method. The mostsimilarity was observed between AV228 and AV164 samples (72%) from Horticulture Department researchstation, while, the lowest similarity was observed between AV123 genotypes from HDRS and DS genotype fromAzarshahr (29%). The most rate of total heterozigosity (Ht) related to BA6, BA17 and BD10 primers with 39%value, in zone analysis, and the lowest of them related to BA14 primes in 27% rate. The most genetic similarity insimilarity matrix was between GS (Gazireh Eslami) and S (Serj) zones, both of them from Azerbayjan province.These samples in zones cluster analysis also showed the lowest distance (5%) The most distance was betweenAV (from HDRS) and MAH (from Maharlu zone) with 60% rate. High molecular and morphological variabilityindicated that this collection includes rich and valuable plant materials for future almond rootstock breedingprograms.Keywords: Morphological variation, RAPD markers, Almond, Breeding programs, Rootstock.Study of new apple selections in LithuaniaSASNAUSKAS, Audrius (1) *; GELVONAUSKIENĖ, Dalia (1) ; VIŠKELIS, Pranas (1) ;SAKALAUSKAITĖ, Jurga (1) ; GELVONAUSKIS, Bronislovas (2) **; BOBINAS, Česlovas (1)(1) Institute of Horticulture, LRCAF, Babtai, Kaunas district, Lithuania* a.sasnauskas@lsdi.lt(2) Plant Gene Bank, Akademija, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania,** b.gelvonauskis@agb.lt275

Posters of Topic 4Advanced summer apple selections Nr. 24053, Nr. 24060, Nr. 24074, Nr. 24084, Nr. 24087, Nr. 24089, Nr. 5131with standard cultivars ‘Orlovim’ (Russia) and ‘Popierinis’ (Lithuania) were tested at Institute of Horticulture,Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in 2004-2010. Two-year-old apple trees on rootstock B.396 were planted in an orchard in 2004. Trees were placed at 4x1.5 m. The trial was established in fivereplications, 1 tree per replication. Apple tree phenology, tree growth, photosynthetic pigments content, resistanceto fungal diseases, yield, fruit size, picking time, fruit quality, chemical content and colour coordinates wereinvestigated.Data showed that cultivar ‘Orlovim’ blossomed early, while selections Nr. 5131 and Nr. 24087 – late. The mostabundantly blossomed apple trees of Nr. 24053. The weakest growth distinguished trees of selection Nr. 24087,Nr. 24084 and cv. ‘Popierinis’. More photosynthetic pigments accumulated in the leaves of apple trees Nr. 24074.Complex resistance to scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint.) and apple blotch (Phyllosticta mali Pr. at Del.) hadNr. 24053, Nr. 24060, Nr. 24084, Nr. 24089 and Nr. 5131. Apple trees of Nr. 24084, Nr. 24060, Nr. 24087 and Nr.24089 produced the highest cumulative apple yield. The fruits of selections Nr. 24053, Nr. 24087 and cv. ‘Orlovim’were the largest. The fruits of Nr. 24053, Nr. 24087 and cv. ‘Orlovim’ had better fruit quality and biochemicalcharacteristic in comparison with other apple selections.According with the results two new advanced selections Nr. 24053 and Nr. 24087 are most valuable among thetested.Keywords: Malus domestica Borkh., phenology, photosynthetic pigments, tree growth, chemical content, fruitquality, productivity.Polyphenol metabolism provides a screening tool for beneficialeffects of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia)THILL, Jana (1) *; REGOS, Ionela (2) ; AHMAD, Asma (1) ; HALBWIRTH, Heidi (1) ; TREUTTER,Dieter (2) **; STICH, Karl (1) ***(1)Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria* jthill@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at*** 0043-(0)1-58801173-20, kstich@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at(2)Technical University Munich, Institute of Fruit Science, Dürnast 2, 85354 Freising, Germany** Tel: 0043 (0) 8161-71-3753, dieter.treutter@wzw.tum.deWhile most of the commonly used fodder legumes, such as alfalfa, lupin and a number of clover species causebloat, which is a cause of considerable economic risk in ruminant farming (1), only few non-bloating legumesexist, including the traditional fodder legume sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia). Feeding of sainfoin increases theabsorption of amino acids and reduces urinal N-excretion, resulting in reduced nitrogen emission (2). In addition,methane emission is reduced. Sainfoin’s benefits can mainly be ascribed to its polyphenols, which act antiparasiticand especially anthelminthic against nematodes (3). The predominant polyphenols in sainfoin areflavonols (4), which have been shown to inhibit the larval migration of nematodes (3). In addition,proanthocyanidins, are found in sainfoin, which are absent in many other common fodder legumes (5).Proanthocyanidins prevent bloat by the complexation of proteins in the animal rumen (6). Few breedingprogrammes have been undertaken for sainfoin to date and the existing sainfoin germplasm is highly diverse. Theidentification of suitable germplasm resources with a known polyphenol spectrum is a promising approach forfuture breeding of sainfoin varieties with improved agronomic performance whilst maintaining the beneficialeffects.Therefore we screened 37 plants regarding the polyphenol metabolism in terms of polyphenol content andcomposition, enzyme activity, antioxidative activity and expression of the polyphenol genes to identify possiblegermplasm screening tools. A huge variability between individual plants was shown. However, a strong andstatistically significant correlation between the ratio of the enzyme activity of flavonol synthase(FLS):dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and the respective metabolites flavonols:flavan 3-ols was determined.Thus a decrease in FLS activity and an increase in DFR activity will result in increased flavanol formation at theexpense of flavonol formation and vice versa. Thereby the determination of DFR and FLS activity could allow asystematic selection of plants showing favoured flavanol formation for further breeding. Furthermore it is shownthat the antioxidant activitiy of the samples correlates with their ability to inhibit larval migration and couldtherefore be used for the rating of the anthelmintic properties.References1. Majak, W.; Hall, J.; McCaughey, W., Pasture management strategies for reducing the risk of legume bloat incattle. Journal of Animal Science 1995, 73, 1493.276

Posters of Topic 42. Scharenberg, A.; Arrigo, Y.; Gutzwiller, A.; DOHME, F., Palatability in sheep and in vitro nutritional value ofdried and ensiled sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), and chicory (Cichoriumintybus). Archives of Animal Nutrition 2007, 61, 481-496.3. Hoste, H.; Gaillard, L.; Le Frileux, Y., Consequences of the regular distribution of sainfoin hay ongastrointestinal parasitism with nematodes and milk production in dairy goats. Small Ruminant Research 2005,59, 265-2714. Regos, I.; Urbanella, A.; Treutter, D., Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds from the foragelegume sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia ). J Agric Food Chem 2009, 57, 5843-52.5. Li, Y. G.; Tanner, G.; Larkin, P., The DMACA–HCl protocol and the threshold proanthocyanidin content forbloat safety in forage legumes. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1996, 70, 89-101.6. Jones, W.; Lyttleton, J., Bloat in cattle. New Zealand journal of agricultural research 1971, 14,101-7Keywords: Onobrychis viciifolia, sainfoin, polyphenols, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, enzyme activity,gene expression, antioxidative activity.Determination of self compatibility and appropriate pollinators ofClementine mandarin types derived from selectionSEDAY, Ubeyituseday@gmail.comClementine mandarins widely grow and consume in a mid-season variety in the world. Generally, it is selfincompatibleand there are differences between the responses among clones and pollinator varieties. Aim of thisstudy to determine suitable pollinator varieties for types of Clementine's mandarins which obtained via selection. Itwas applied self-pollination, reciprocal-pollination (among Clementine mandarins) and cross-pollination todetermine of effect to some fruit quality characteristics. Valencia orange varieties had negative effect to fruit size.The number of seeds in the fruit was high on the reciprocal pollination and free-pollination, but it was lowest atcross-pollination with Valencia orange. It was obtained seedless fruit from self-pollination. Fruit juice quantity wasfound high application of cross-pollination and self-pollination but found lower from free-pollination and crosspollinationwith Clementine Nour. Ratio of TSS/acid was higher on the cross-pollination with Clementine Nour.Also, this application provides earliness. Clementine Nour mandarin and Kutdiken Lemon provided best result aspollinator with regard to fruit set and quality for selected Clementine mandarin types.Determination of relationship between culture media, genotype andseason in pepper (Capsicum annuum l.) anther cultureATA, Atillaatillaata@hotmail.comAnther culture in pepper widely has been used for purification of breeding lines and creation of mappingpopulations. However, the success of anther culture is not always possible and depending on some factors suchas genotype, media, and seasonal effects. Aim is in this study to determine to relationship among genotypes,medias and seasons. 4 genotypes(two of them are tolerant to high temperature and others are tolerant low totemperature) , 2 different media (auxin/cytokinin levels (40/1 and 8/1)) tested during twelve months for this aim.As this study results, there were relationship between seasons and media. There is no difference between media;however, genotype/media, genotype/month, media/month, and genotype/media/month interaction were importantas statically. The highest embryo formation obtained from high-temperature tolerant genotype which İnan 3363with a rate of 66.36% in August. 8/1 ratio of auxin/cytokinin levels were more successful in the summer. Theresulting embryo's conversion to plants was highest in April all genotypes. Results show that there is relationshipbetween the formation of embryos and different genotypes with regard to seasonal changes.277

Posters of Topic 4Key words: Pepper, anther culture, seasonal effect.Quality-improvement and adaptation of breeding-methodology ofDahlia variabilisBALAS, Johannes (1) *; SCHINAGL, Gerald (1) ; VOLLMANN, Johann (1) ; YILDIZ, Ziya (1) ;WIRTH, Gerhard (1) ; HALBWIRTH, Heidrun (2)(1) Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor MendelStrasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria, EU(2)Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna,Austria, EU* johannes.balas@boku.ac.atSelected Dahlia variabilis cultivars were propagated from cuttings, planted on-field, used for growth analysis,quality evaluation, elucidating flower color biosynthesis and crop quality assessment with the aim of improvingpresent cultivars.INTRODUCTIONDahlia variabilis (Willd.) Desf. (Asteraceae) originates from central America. Around 200 years ago tubers andseeds found their way to Europe. Modern garden dahlia-hybrids are summarized as Dahlia variabilis showing arich diversity; they are divided into 10 classes. Dahlias have been used manifold over many decades: as gardenplant,florist art, cut flower production and tuber and cuttings production. (Yildiz Z. 2006).MATERIAL AND METHODSTrials were established in Vienna (Jedlersdorf; avg. 9,8°C, 500-600 mm annual precipitation). A number ofcultivars (http://www.dahlienwirth.at/) was tested on management of cut-flower-quality and postharvest use(Schinagl 1998), growth-patterns, cross-breeding methodology, seed-collecting and evaluation progenies. Flowercolor biosynthesis was elucidated (Halbwirth 2008). The breeding purposes were defined: a) ornamental value(shape, size, colors-patterns) and b) cold and disease resistance and cutting productivity.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONWe gained a good understanding of color biosynthesis useful for partner-selection, growth descriptors, crossingtechniques and progenies evaluation.Literature citedYildiz, Z. 2006. Zuchtmethodische Grundlageninformation zur Züchtung von Dahlien und Bestimmung derphänotypischen Diversität. Diploma thesis. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna.Halbwirth, H., G. Muster, K. Stich 2008: Unraveling the biochemical basis of Dahlia flower coloration. Nat. Prod.Comm. 3, 1259-1266Schinagl, G. 1998. Einsatz elektrochemischer Messverfahren zur Prognostik der Vasenhaltbarkeit vonSchnittblumen aus Freilandmischkultur. Diploma thesis University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaKeywords: cut-flower, flower color-biosynthesis, ornamental value.Development of a rose genetic map into the “Rosa fortissima”project: a Rose project to control the diseasesMICLOT, Anne-Sophie (1) ; ROMAN, Hanaé (1) ; GIRONDE, Sophie (2) ; PORCHER, Laetitia (2) ;THOUROUDE, Tatiana (1) ; CHASTELLIER, Annie (1) ; MASSOT, Mathilde (2) ; FOUCHER,Fabrice (1) & HIBRAND-SAINT OYANT, Laurence (1) *(1)INRA, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Universitéd’Angers), SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France* saint@angers.inra.fr278

Posters of Topic 4(2)VEGEPOLYS INNOVATION, Centre d’Innovation et de Transfert du Végétal Spécialisé, 7 rueDixméras 49044 Angers Cedex 01, FranceGarden roses (Rosa sp.) are among the most popular flowering shrubs in the world. The diversity within the Rosagenus for traits such as form, colour, fragrance, inflorescence, size, contribute to their widespread distribution. Animportant issue for rose production (garden and cut roses) is to reduce use of pesticide to respond to consumerdemands and legislation obligation. Introduction of natural resistance against leaf desease into new varieties is aninteresting alternative.The ROSA FORTISSIMA project was constructed between private and public sectors. The private companies arerepresented by the FNPHP (Fédération Nationale des Producteurs en Horticulture et Pépiniéristes) andVégépolys Innovation ( a French competitive cluster) () and the public partners are INRA-RIHS (Researchinstitute of Horticulture and Seeds) and Astredhor (a technical institute). The aims of this project were:1/ to characterize the resistance of a panel of varieties to pathogens (ou to fungal diseases)2/ to localize QTLs or major.Since five years, important progresses were realised to develop various genetic maps in rose and recently anintegrate consensus map was constructed by Spiller et al. (2011). The interspecific F1 population used in thisstudy, has already been used to construct a genetic map (Hibrand-Saint Oyant et al., 2008) and this work proposeto extend the progeny from 91 to 200 hybrids. The mapped molecular markers are SSR from Rose EST, genomicDNA or from others Rosaceae. These molecular markers were analysed by multiplex, using capillary sequencer.The new developed genetic map will be presented and few QTLs and/or major genes of flowering traits (numberof petals and date of flowering) will be discussed.Economic efficiency of 15-year growing of grafted and own-rootedsour cherry cultivarsRADOMIRSKA, Iliyana & SOTIROV, DimitarInstitute of Agriculture – KyustendilBulgariaradomirska@abv.bgDuring the period 1996-2010 a study was carried out at the Institute of Agriculture, Kyustendil (Bulgaria) with aview to establishing the balance value, the productive abilities and the economic efficiency of the sour cherrycultivars Heimanns rubinweichsel, M-15 and Nefris. The trees were grown on their own roots (obtained through invitro propagation) and grafted on seedling rootstock IK-M9 as a control variant. It was established that thebalance value per one hectare of the own-root grown cultivars is higher that of the tree grafted on IK-M9. Thegross production from the trees of M-15 on IK-M9 was 60,8% higher compared to that obtained from the ownrootedtrees. The difference was 98,9% for Nefris and 86,5% - for Heimanns rubinweichsel. From an economicpoint of view, the most suitable for sour cherry plantation creation and growing are the combinations M-15 andNefris grafted on IK-M9.Keywords: sour cherry, own rooted, gross production, net income, rate of profitability.279

Posters of Topic 4Performance of the sweet cherry cultivars ‘Van’ and ‘Kozerska’ onclonal rootstocksSOTIROV, DimitarInstitute of Agriculture – Kyustendil, Bulgariadksotirov@yahoo.comA trial with ‘Van’ and ‘Kozerska’ sweet cherry cultivars, grafted on vegetative rootstocks Gisela 3, Gisela 5, Gisela6 and Weiroot 10, was established in the spring of 2006 at the Institute of Agriculture – Kyustendil, Bulgaria. Thetrees were planted at distances of 4.0 х 2.5 m, shaped in freely growing crown and grown on chromic luvisols soilwith gravity irrigation. Six years after planting the largest trunk cross-sectional area had the trees grafted onWeiroot 10. Trunk thickness was reduced significantly by the rest rootstocks, especially by Gisela 3. The trees onthis rootstock had a smaller stem thickening – 1,4 to 5,9 times with ‘Van’ and 1,7 to 6,1 times with ‘Kozerska’,compared to the other rootstocks. Weiroot 10 induced the strongest crown growth and Gisela 3 - the smallest.Compared to Weiroot 10, the rootstocks Gisela 3, Gisela 5 and Gisela 6 reduced the tree crowns volume of ‘Van’by 90.74, 84.03 и 31.76%, and of ‘Kozerskа’ by 87.27, 67.02 и 29.45%, respectively. The highest 3-yearaccumulated yield per tree of the both cultivars was harvested from trees on Weiroot 10 and was the lowest onGisela 3. With the ‘Van’ higher yield efficiencies were calculated for Weiroot 10 and Gisela 5. In the case of the‘Kozerska’ the highest yield efficiency (kg/cm2 of TCSA) was on Gisela 5 and the lowest - on Weiroot 10. Nosignificant differences between the tested rootstocks were found in the mean fruit weight. The rootstocksproduced no suckers in the tested cultivar-rootstock combinations. The highest mortality rate with ‘Van’ and‘Kozerska’ was observed on G 3 and Weiroot 10.Keywords: sweet cherry, Gisela, Weiroot, growth, yield.Watermelon graft combinations tested in HungaryKAPPEL, Noémi (1) *; BALÁZS, Gábor (1) ; FEKETE, Dávid (1) ; BŐHM, Viktória (1) ; LEDÓNÉ,Hajnalka (2)(1)Corvinus University of Budapest, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Department of Vegetable andMushroom Growing(2)TÉSZ-ÉSZ Nonprofit Kft. Budapest, Hungary* noemi.kappel@uni-corvinus.huIn the last 5 years the use of grafted seedlings in watermelon production has increased dramatically in Hungary,as they are now grown on 1000-1500 hectare instead of 200-300. There is an interest in exploring the use ofgrafted watermelon plants for commercial production. Growers are concerned about replacing proven practiceswith new and costly technology, but seed companies are currently experimenting with grafted plants underHungarian conditions.The experiment was set up in 2010 and 2011, with 40 combinations in each year. In the first year the examinedwatermelon varieties were: Lonci, Crimstar, Sprinter, Early Beauty, Susy, Tiger Baby, Nun 00009, ZKI 10-55; inthe second year: Lonci, SSX8493, Sprinter, Early Beauty, Susy, Esmeralda, Nun 00009, WDL 9707. Squashrootstocks of 2 different variety groups (Lagenaria and interspecific squash hybrid) were tested. The interspecificsquash rootstock was represented by the varieties Nimbus, Carnivor and Titán, while the Bottle gourd (Lagenaria)variety type was represented by the varieties Argentario and Macis (in 2011 instead Macis: Nun 3001).Non-grafted and grafted plants, in accordance with the commonly used method of production, were planted out atdifferent plant density in 4 repeats. The bedding-out was carried out at the end of April, using an intensivetechnology (plastic soil mulch, drip irrigation, plastic low tunnel covering).In the phase of intensive development, growth vigour was recorded. Using the results obtained, average yield perm 2 , as well as average fruit weight and yield per plant were determined.The study of the growth vigour of grafted plants revealed that the variety Argentario belonging to the Lagenariatype was the best in most of the cases.280

Posters of Topic 4In accordance with the descriptions in the literature, grafting was characterized by higher yields – in case ofalmost each combination – than the non-grafted variants. Higher yields are an opportunity for a greater income togrowers, though the distribution of the yield over the picking season should be considered.As a result of the rainy and cool weather non-grafted plants showed a greater loss of foliage than the graftedones. Descriptions in the literature also mention the fact that grafted plants can be characterized by a higher levelof resistance, which was confirmed as well by our trial.Based on the aspects studied the following tested rootstock varieties are recommended for the containervarieties.Keywords: grafted watermelon, scion-rootstock combinations.Fruit quality, biochemical composition and yield of blackcurrantcultivars and hybrids in LatviaKAMPUSS, Kaspars (1) *; STRAUTINA, Sarmite (2) ; KRASNOVA, Inta (2)(1)Latvia University of Agriculture, Liela street 2, Jelgava, LV-3001, LATVIA(2)Latvia Institute of Fruit Growing, Graudu street 1, Dobele, LV-3701, LATVIA* kaspars.kampuss@llu.lvPurpose of the study, presented here, was to evaluate chemical composition of the recently selected breedinglines from the local breeding program, recently introduced foreign cultivars, and to compare it with several wellknowncultivars. Over 100 blackcurrant accessions of the genetic resources collection of the Latvia Institute ofFruit Growing were included in this test. The contents of total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and total anthocyaninsin 2008 were included. The berry size, flavor, and plant productivity was also recorded, using visual evaluation inscores 1 – 10 in 2008 and 2009. For cultivar classification, hierarchical cluster analysis was used. Introducedcultivars ‘Navla’, ‘Rosenthals Langtraubige’ and Latvian breeding lines 8704-1, I a 58, 8709-42, and E170 had thehigh contents of total anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and soluble solids and can be recommended for furtherbreeding rather than commercial production. Berries of the introduced cultivars ‘Ben Alder’, Keep 39, ‘CherniiKentavr’, ‘Iyunskaya’, ‘Black Dawn’, ‘Ceres’, Ben More’, ‘Laimiai’ and Latvian breeding lines II b 14, I a 47, II a 62,No. 4 contained high contents of ascorbic acid and anthocyanins. ‘Ben Alder’ and ‘Black Dawn’ can berecommended for berry production for processing, where sweet taste and berry size is not too important.Keywords: Ribes nigrum, ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, breeding, yield, fruit size.Field evaluation of scab (Venturia pirina Aderh.) severity on fruitsdepending on pear cultivarsLĀCIS, Gunārs; LĀCE, Baiba; BLUKMANIS, MārisLatvia State Institute of Fruit-GrowingGraudu Street 1, Dobele, LV-3701, Latvia* gunars.lacis@lvai.lvPear (Pyrus communis L.) is the second most common pome fruit crop in Latvia. The yield of pears directly orindirectly can be influenced by different diseases, which damage leaves, branches as well as fruits. So far, pearscab is considered as one of the most important fungal diseases in Latvia. Pear scab is caused by Venturia pirina(Aderh.), which causes scab of shoots, leaves, fruits and buds and can significantly decrease the yield and fruitquality. Currently grown pear cultivars have variable susceptibility to the disease and completely resistantcommercial cultivars are not available. Although recently few scab resistant pear cultivars have been released,but they are not suitable for Latvia growing conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the281

Posters of Topic 4differences of pear scab severity on fruits among pear cultivars. The study was performed at the Latvia StateInstitute of Fruit-Growing on 37 pear cultivars. The severity of pear scab was assessed in natural conditions ofinfection, with the same fungicide treatment as in commercial orchards, uniformly applied to all the cultivars. Theseverity of pear scab on fruits among cultivars was evaluated for six years in points (0–5) during the harvesting.Pear scab severity results showed significant differences among cultivars as well as years of evaluation. Theseverity of disease increased during more humid growth periods with moderate temperature. There were nocompletely resistant cultivars among the tested ones, only variability of susceptibility there was observed. Thehighest resistance was stated for cultivar ‘Shchedraya’, high resistance was also for cultivars ‘Conference’,‘Concorde’, ‘Eckehad’, ‘Osennyaya Grusha’, ‘Tayushchaya’, ‘Talgarskaya Krasavitsa’, ‘Vizhnitsa’, whereas thehighest susceptibility was found for cultivars ‘Beta’, ‘Fritjof’, ‘Jubileen Dar’, and ‘Rescue’. Other tested cultivarsshowed moderate susceptibility of pear scab on fruits.Keywords: Pyrus communis, varieties, disease severity, susceptibility, resistance.Evaluation of pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars grown in Latviafor fresh market and processingLĀCE, Baiba; LĀCIS, GunārsLatvia State Institute of Fruit-GrowingGraudu Street 1, Dobele, LV-3701, Latvia* baiba.lace@lvai.lvPear (Pyrus communis L.) is the second most common pome fruit crop in Latvia. Successful and profitable peargrowing in Latvia is dependent on choice of cultivars with high fruit quality, resistance to diseases as welladaptability to local growing conditions. Therefore the aim of study was the selection of the most suitable pearcultivars for growing in Latvia. The trial was carried out at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing. Eighteenpear cultivars of different origin selected as promising in previous studies were evaluated. Data obtained duringyears 2006 – 2011 have been analyzed. The beginning of flowering, harvest date, average fruit weight as well aschemical composition (total soluble solids (TSS), Brix %, flesh firmness, kg 0.5 cm-2, and titratable acidity (TA)was measured to compare and evaluate cultivars. Sensory evaluation was performed to test fruit flavour. Severityof European pear rust and sooty mold as well as damages caused by pearleaf blister mite was evaluated.Flowering intensity showed a significant differences between years (the highest was in 2009 and 2011 – 3.9points), but there were not found differences among cultivars (the highest average flowering intensity was forcultivar ‘Talgarskaya Krasavitsa’ – 4.4). Number of days from flowering until harvest for late-ripening cultivars wasapproximately 130 – 152, and for early-ripening pear cultivars: 94 – 109. There were significant differences foraverage fruit weight among cultivars. The highest fruit weight was detected for cultivar ‘Tavricheskaya’ – 292 g,whereas the highest stability of average fruit weight was found for cultivar ‘Elektra’ (199 g in average). Theeffective temperature sum (ETS) (above +5°C) during the growing season until the harvest for late-ripening pearcultivars was: 1613° to 1757° degree days, for early-ripening pear cultivars it was 1248° to 1426° degree days.TSS varied among the years of study and ranged between 10.4% (‘Shchedraya’) and 14.5% (‘Nojabrskaya’). Thehighest fruit flesh firmness was found for cultivar ‘Isolda’ (11.1 kg 0.5cm-2). The highest TA was found in fruits ofcultivar ‘Lyubimitsa Osennyaya’ (0.4), the lowest - ‘Moldavskaya Rannaya’. Average severity of sooty mould was2.2 points, European pear rust - 3.3 points. Cultivars ‘Nojabrskaya’, ‘Moldavskaya Rannaya’, AMD 42-5-28 wereslightly susceptible to European pear rust (2 - 2.5 points), whereas cultivar ‘Talgarskaya Krasavitsa’ was resistantof sooty mould. Degree of damages caused by pearleaf blister mite was low (0.8 points in average); it infected alltested cultivars except ‘Smuglyanka’.Key words: pear cultivars, European pear rust, sooty mould, pearleaf blister mite, harvest dates, fruit quality.282

Posters of Topic 4Comparison of field performance and fruit quality of Two dayneutralstrawberry varieties ‘Diamante’ and ‘Elsinore’MILIVOJEVIC, Jasminka *; RADIVOJEVIC, Dragan; POLEDICA, MilenaUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of AgricultureNemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia* jasminka@agrif.bg.ac.rsThis study illustrates the differences in productivity and fruit quality attributes of two day-neutral strawberryvarieties (‘Diamante’ and ‘Elsinore’) throughout the growing season. Both varieties were evaluated for theirflowering and ripening time, yield components, as well as biometrical fruit characteristics (fruit weight, index offruit shape, and stalk length) and nutritional value (soluble solids content, titratable acidity and vitamin C content).These varieties have the unique ability to flower and fruit from spring to autumn with several peaks throughout theseason. In our study, ‘Diamante’ began to flower earlier than ‘Elsinore’ (April 14 and April 16, respectively),whereas ‘Elsinore’ had earlier ripening time (May 13). ‘Elsinore’ also expressed significantly higher values of allyield components, including the highest average yields per plant and square meter (504 g and 3.02 kg,respectively). The mean fruit size is ranged from 19.7 g (‘Elsinore’) to 22.5 g (‘Diamante’) showing decreasingtrend from first to fourth harvest in both varieties evaluated. ‘Diamante’ contained abundant quantities of solublesolids, titratable acids and vitamin C as an important attributes of nutritional fruit quality (8.6%, 0.87% and 60.1m/100 g FW, respectively). In general, fruiting period/harvest time had a significant effect on yield components,physical and chemical fruit properties where increases in obtained values for productivity, fruit weight and stalklength were apparently in the first two harvests, whereas elevated concentrations of soluble solids and titratableacids were observed during mid summer and early fall. Vitamin C content was unaffected by harvest time.Key words: strawberry, variety, harvest time, yield, fruit weight, nutritional value.Investigation of quantitative and qualitative traits on mungbeancultivars, in ecological culture systemBREZEANU, Creola (1) *; BREZEANU, Petre Marian (1) ; AMBARUS, Silvica (1) ;ROBU, Teodor (2)(1) Vegetable Research and Development Station Bacau,– Calea Barladului, no. 220, Romania(2) University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Iasi* creola.brezeanu@yahoo.comThis study was conducted in North East part of Romania at Vegetable Research and Development Station Bacau.Inputs in culture mungo beans are low, making it extremely valuable in the current economic crisis. Mungbeansareas require a very weak infrastructure can be easily cultivated on relatively light soils; one of the best run forwinter cereals, like all legumes species, Phaseolus aureus improves soil quality. Culture of Phaseolus aureusspecies may contribute to the development and diversification of agricultural production, the range of food andgenerally sustainable agriculture. The biological material was represented by a small collection of five genotypesof Phaseolus aureus (PA1, PA2, PA3, PA4 and PA5). The weight of 1000 seeds varied from 23.80 g to 55.5 g.Also the color, shape and aspects of seeds ranged from dark green, green, yellow – green, to mustard yellow;round to oval, dull to shiny. The experience was placed in open field in organic farming condition. We organizedour experimental field using three different densities and three different periods for sowing the seeds. Weregistered differences like number of pods per plant, number of seeds in pods and MMB. Density influenced: plantheights, number of branches of plant, port plant, the percentage of binding mode and productivity. Age influencedthe duration to plant emergence, plant heights, number of branches to plant, port plant, precocity and productivity.Variety influenced springing duration, plant heights, number of branches to plant, port plant, precocity andproductivity. The average pod yield per hectare was 5.78 tons and the average seed yield per hectare was 1.62tons. The results of our experiments allowed us to make recommendations regarding the best technology forcultivation in order to obtain the proper yield and high level of seeds quality. The obtained yield results reported at283

Posters of Topic 4inputs of culture demonstrates the suitability of species for cultivation in organic system. The paper presents alsoaspects regarding the protein, fats, water content of mungo seeds. Protein intake of Phaseolus aureus species issupported by higher protein content, 27.5% versus 21.3% for Phaseolus vulgaris (used as control variant). Lipidswere present in rate of 1.3% - 1.6% in Phaseolus aureus. Starch content which ranged from 54.35% to 55.85% inmungbean seeds depending on cultivar. Water content varied inversely with total dry matter and minerals contentof seeds. The recorded values of water content of mungbean seeds varied from 8.24% to 9.75%. Phaseolusaureus culture can play an important role in crop rotation, having a key role in organic farming system.This work was cofinanced from the European Social Fund through Sectorial Operational Programme HumanResources Development 2007-20013 project number POSDRU/I.89/1.5/S62371 “Postdoctoral School inAgriculture and Veterinary Medicine Area”.Keywords: Phaseolus aureus, technology, yield.Expression level of Vitis CBF1 and CBF3 in three Iranian grapecultivars as well as V. ripariaKARIMI, Maryam *; EBADI, Ali; MOUSAVI, Amir; SALAMI, Alireza* mkarimia61@gmail.comVitis vinifera which is the only cultivated grapevine species in Iran, is susceptible to the winter frost injuries.Physiological and chemical conditions of grapes can make them more tolerant to environmental stresses. A groupof transcription factors namely C-repeat binding transcription factors (CBFs) which express in the stressconditions, are responsible for frost tolerance in some of the plants including grapevine. The present study wascarried out on some of the Iranian grape cultivars, which survived in the severe frost (-23°C) in year 2007. For thisreason three potentially tolerant Iranian cultivars, namely 'Atabaki', 'Khalili' and 'Bidaneh-Sefid' as well as Vitisriparia , were exposed tor 4°C and their leaves were sampled at different intervals periods. After RNA extractionand cDNA synthesis, their transcripts were analyzed with two CBF1 and CBF3 gene specific primers. Also EF1was used as the reference gene because of its constant expression in different cultivars. Results showed thatexpression level of CBF1 was increased a few minutes after chilling treatment. The highest level of CBF1expression was recorded at 30 minutes after treatment and this trend was the same in all four cultivars. Amongstudied cultivars, 'Atabaki' showed the highest expression level of CBF1. As expected, expression level of CBF3was increased after 24 hours and then decreased to the lowest degree at the end of first day. Expression levels ofCBF1 and CBF3 did not showed high level of variation in the studied Iranian cultivars and V. riparia. Theseobservations doesn't mean that studied cultivars and species have the same frost tolerance ability, but might beindicating that CBF products of riparia and vinifera may act differently at the post transcriptional level, which isnecessary for binding to the CRT elements.Keywords: Vitis vinifera, V. riparia, transcript, expression level, CBFs.Evaluation of Canadian apricot cultivars in SerbiaMILATOVIĆ, Dragan; ĐUROVIĆ, Dejan; NIKOLIĆ, Dragan & ZEC, GordanUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6,11080 Belgrade – Zemun, Serbia* dejan.djurovic@agrif.bg.ac.rsEvaluation of 11 introduced Canadian apricot cultivars were conducted in the region of Belgrade during a threeyearperiod (2009-2011). Control cultivar for comparison was ‘Hungarian Best’ (‘Magyar Kajszi’), which is themost grown apricot cultivar in Serbia. Studies have included time of flowering and maturing, yield, and fruit quality.In addition, self-(in)compatibility trait was studied by means of fluorescence microscopy. Canadian cultivars beganto flower one to three days before the ‘Hungarian Best’, while harvest date was earlier in four cultivars, and laterin seven cultivars. Compared with the control cultivar, significantly higher productivity was achieved in cultivars284

Posters of Topic 4‘Sundrop’, ‘Harogem’, ‘Veecot’, ‘Harojoy’, and ‘Harostar’. Larger fruit size was achieved in cultivars: ‘Velvaglo’,‘Hargrand’, and ‘Laycot’, while smaller size was found in cultivars ‘Harglow’, ‘Harlayne’, and ‘Sundrop’. Most of theintroduced cultivars have better fruit appearance, while fruit quality was lower or at the same level as in controlcultivar. Nine of studied cultivars were self-incompatible, while only two were self-compatible (‘Halayne’ and‘Harogem’).Key words: Prunus armeniaca, fruit, yield, self-incompatibility, fluorescence microscopy.Influence of salinity on biomass of six native Mediterranean plants(1)PLAZA, Blanca María (1) ; JIMÉNEZ-BECKER, Silvia (1) ; GARCÍA-CAPARRÓS, Pedro (1) ;CHAVEZ, Luz Ángela (1) ; GÓNZALEZ, Alicia María (2) ; LAO, Maria Teresa (1)Department of Vegetal Production, Engineering Higher School, University of Almería, Ctra.Sacramento s/n. 04120 Almería. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3). Spain.sbecker@ual.es(2) Experimental center of Cajamar Fundation. Paraje Las Palmerillas, nº 25, 04710, Santa María delÁguila, El Ejido, Almería SpainHigh salinity can reduce plant growth and leaf area, which prejudices quality, especially in ornamental crops. Thestudy of the behavior of ornamental plants that are tolerant to saline waters can be an advantage in areas withpoor quality waters. The aim of this work is to study the influence of the fertigation water salinity on vegetativegrowth of six Mediterranean plants. The species studied were Asteriscus maritimus, Crithmum maritimum,Sarcocornia fruticosa, Halimione portulacoides, Lavandula multifida and Limonium cossonianum. Plants wereconducted during 60 days in pots with peat:perlite (80:20 v/v) substrate in a polyethylene greenhouse. Threenutrient solutions with different salt concentration were applied: T1 (100 mM), T2 (200 mM) and T3 (300 mM),obtained with the application of different amounts of sodium chloride (NaCl) to the fertigation water. C. maritimum,S. fructicosa and H. portulacoides respond well with the increasing salinity levels. However, significant reductionin leaf and total fresh and dry weight were detected due to the increasing salinity levels in A. maritimus and L.multifida crop. The 200 and 300 mM NaCl treatments resulted in more than 20 % and 29 % reduction in growth ofA. maritimus and 31% and 52 % of L. multifida respectively. Although, foliar injuries have been observed in L.multifida and L. cossonianum in treatments with higher salt concentration.Keywords: NaCl, tolerance, biomass.Horticultural and biochemical properties of red currant (Ribesrubrum L.) cultivarsDJORDJEVIĆ, Boban (1) *; VULIĆ, Todor; DJUROVIĆ, Dejan; DJUROVIĆ, Snežana;OPARNICA, Cedo; MILATOVIĆ, Dragan; ZEC, Gordan(1) University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Serbia* b.djordjevic@agrif.bg.ac.rsRed currant, whose fruits have been used as food and drug for centuries, represents very important speciesamong small fruits, thanks to excellent biochemical composition of its fruits. Red currant berries are rich source offlavonoides, especially anthocyanins (cyanidine, pelargonine, malvidine and delfinidine derivatives) and flavonols(myrcetine, quercetine, ruthine and astragaline). Thanks to them, fruits show outstanding antioxidant,antiinflamatory antimicrobial and anticancer activity.Experimental orchard, where we investigated 11 red currant cultivars, was planted in spring 2006. in nursery„Omega“, Mislodjin. Testing of phenological, vegetative, generative and biochemical properties of red currantcultivars was done during 2007-2010. period.285

Posters of Topic 4The beginning of vegetative period, determined as the date of bud opening, was the earliest at Junifer cultivar(March 8 th ), and the latest at Rovada cultivar (March 25 th ). The highest density had cultivar Rondom. Yield perhectare was from 7,30 t/ha (Rovada) to 22,65 t/ha (Junifer).The content of vitamine C was between 45,80 mg/100g (Rolan) and 67,20 mg/100g (Junifer). Total phenolsvarried from 78,40 mg GAE/100g fresh fruit mass (Slovakia) to 172,30 mg GAE/100 g fresh fruit mass (Redpool).Because of later beggining of vegetation and late flowering, red currant cultivars Rolan and Redpool had betterphenological properties. Regard to biochemical composition, the most valuable fruits and juices had cultivarsRondom, Redpool and Mirana.Key words: red currant, cultivars, yield, total phenol.Evaluation of resistance to the pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep.:Gelechiidae) in Spanish tomato landracesNAVARRO, Pedro (1) ; MANZANO, Susana (1) ; JAMILENA, Manuel (1) *; FERNÁNDEZ-MALDONADO, Francisco Javier (2) ; GALLEGO, Juan Ramón (2) ; CABELLO, Tomás (2) **(1) Research Group: Genetics of Vegetable crops, Department of Applied Biology, Escuela Superior deIngeniería, University of Almería, Spain. * mjamille@ual.es(2)Research Group: Plant Protection in Greenhouse Crops, Center for Agricultural and FoodBiotechnology. University of Almería, Spain. * tcabello@ual.esThe South American tomato pinkworm –Tuta absoluta– was accidentally introduced to Spain from its area oforigin in 2006. Later, it was expanded to other European countries and the Mediterranean basin, causing aserious problem in tomato crops outdoors and in greenhouses. Several methods with varying success have beendeveloped for its control, including insecticides, native natural enemies, agronomic methods, pheromone traps,etc. Nevertheless, there is little information regarding sources of resistance to this pest in tomato, especiallyamong traditional varieties.In the present paper we have evaluated the resistance to Tuta absoluta in Spanish landraces of tomato by usingtwo different approaches. Firstly, 39 tomato landraces were cultured in the experimental station of the Universityof Almería during spring 2011, and their resistance evaluated under natural infestation, according to a subjectivescale of damages. On the base of damage levels, 4 varieties were selected for further analysis in the laboratory,determining the attraction for oviposition of adult females (antixenosis), as well as the larval mortality on leaves(antibiosis).Significant differences for oviposition preferences of adult females (F=3.645, d.f. = 3, P

Posters of Topic 4lenticels can be considered as cultivar characteristics in the given environmental and production conditions. Theemphasis is placed on the evaluation of presence of lenticels on the fruits, bearing in mind the complexity of thefruit storage in cold chambers. As the accompanying aspect of this research was performed evaluation of lenticelsas the pomological description component and aesthetic value of apple and pear fruits.The study of morphological parameters and presence of the lenticels on the surface of the fruit epidermis wasperformed on 14 commercial and 11 autochthonous apple cultivars, as well as on 14 commercial and 5autochthonous pear cultivars.The average presence of the lenticels on fruits in the observed apple cultivars was 7,11 lenticels per 1 cm2 of fruitepidermis. The lowest average number of lenticels per 1 cm2 of epidermis was found for the cultivar Pinova (4,3),while the highest number was found for Granny Smith (12,6). The interval of the variation of the number oflenticels per 1cm2 of fruit epidermis in the cultivars that had a coefficient of variation below 30% was 3 - 10lenticels per 1 cm2, while for the cultivars that had a coefficient of variation over 30%, the interval of variationranged from 3-23 lenticels per 1 cm2 of fruit epidermis.The average presence of the lenticels on fruits in the observed pear cultivars was 24,15 lenticels per 1 cm2 of fruitepidermis, with significant variations between cultivars but also between the fruits of the same cultivar. The lowestaverage number of lenticels per 1 cm2 of epidermis was found for the cultivar Allexandre Lucas (11, 70), while thehighest number was found for cultivar Williams (37,50). The interval of the variation of the number of lenticels per1cm2 of fruit epidermis in the cultivars that had a coefficient of variation below 30% was 7 – 44 lenticels per 1cm2, while for the cultivars that had a coefficient of variation over 30%, the interval of variation ranged from 6 - 66lenticels per 1 cm2 of fruit epidermis.The evaluation of the lenticels as the aesthetic component of fruit is a distinct cultivar characteristic. Theresearches suggest possible correlation in the distribution and the structure of the lenticels with a predisposition tothe length of storage.Key words: fruit description; commercial and autochthonous cultivars, aesthetic value.Diallelic analysis on in vitro seed germination in chili pepperornamental(1)RÊGO, Mailson M. (1) *; BARROSO, P. A. (1) ; RÊGO, Elizanilda R. (1) ; SANTOS, W. S. (1) ;NASCIMENTO, K. S. (1) ; OTONI, W. C. (2)Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de CiênciasBiológicas. BR 079, Km 12, SN, Campus II, 58.397-000 – Areia – PB, Brasil.* mm.rego@hotmail.com(2) Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, SN, Campus Universitário 36570.000 – Viçosa –MG, Brasil.This work aimed to estimate genetic parameters in a diallel on in vitro seed germination in chilli pepperornamental, according to the Haymans method (1954). The experimental design used was an enterelyrandomized design, with five replications. Each replicate consisted of ten seeds/Petri dish containing 30 mL ofMurashige & Skoog (1962)(MS) medium. Four parents and their F1 hybrids were evaluated. There are significantdifferences between genotypes at 5% of probability by F test. The results showed seed germination aredetermined by dominance effects. The D-H1 showed the overdominance relationship between the alleles. Theestimates of genotypic determination coefficient in the broad sense was 0.75 and the heritability in the restrictsense was 0.21. These data corroborates the hypothesis of prevalence of dominance effects. The selection ofgenotypes in segregating generations, with the greatest percentage of seed germination is difficult to obtain,because the genotypic determination coefficient is high but the main gene effect is dominant.Keywords: Chilli pepper, tissue culture, genetic parameters, breeding methods.287

Posters of Topic 4Biological value and antioxidant activity of different types of leafchicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum (Hegi.) Bisch.)BIESIADA, Anita *; TOMCZAK, Anna; KRĘŻEL, JanDepartment of Horticulture,Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences,Grunwaldzki sq. 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland* anita.biesiada@up.wroc.plChicory of radicchio type characterizes high content of vitamins, macro – and microelements, as well as thevaluable source of pigments, including relatively seldom occurring carotenoids and anthocyanins, the compoundsfeaturing strong antioxidant properties. Field experiment conducted in 2009–2011 in order to estimate of biologicalvalue of different types and cultivars of radicchio grown in climatic conditions of Lower Silesia. There were testedtypes and breeding cultivars with red leaves: ‘Palla Rossa 3’, ‘Orchidea Rossa’, ‘Rosso di Verona’, ‘Indigo’ and‘Fidelio’, green – leaf types ‘Grumolo bionda’, ‘Capotta di mantovana’, ’Pan di Zucchero’, types with purplediscoloration of leaves- ‘Rosso di Treviso 2’, ‘Rosso di Chioggia’ and with red –spotted leaves ‘Variegato diCastelfranco’. In radicchio leaves, collected during the harvest, there were determined: dry matter, vitamin C,reducing and total sugars, polyphenols, chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyanins. Antioxidant activity wasestimated according to ABTS and FRAP tests. The amount of chlorophyll a+b ranged from 45.44 (‘Pan diZucchero’) to 130.77 mg·100g–1 f.m. (‘Rosso di Treviso’), carotenoids from 0.15 (‘Pan di Zucchero’) to 0.40mg·100g–1 f.m. (‘Rosso di Treviso’), while anthocyanins from 0.68 (‘Pan di Zucchero’) to 81.28 mg·100g–1 f. m.(‘Indigo’). Mean value of reducing sugars equaled 1.11 %, and total sugars amounted 1.39 %. Vitamin C contentranged from 3.64 mg·100g–1 to 38.62 mg·100g–1, the lowest was recorded in chicory types featuring intensivered pigment in leaves. The highest contents of polyphenols were observed in ‘Capotta di mantovana’ and‘Variegato di Castelfranco’ respectively 219.96 and 219.99 mg·100g-1, the lowest in ‘Pan di Zucchero’ (153.64mg·100g-1). The highest antioxidant activity have ‘Capotta di mantovana’ and ‘Variegato di Castelfranco’,respectively 14.39 and 14.23 µmol Trolox ·g-1 according to FRAP test and 9.57 and 9.05 µmol Trolox·g-1 inABTS test.Key words: radicchio types, vitamin C, pigments, antioxidant activity.Nutraceutic characterisation of Italian cherry cultivarsCECCARELLI, D.; NOTA, P.; TALENTO, C.; SCOSSA, F.; SIMEONE, A. M., FIDEGHELLI,C. & CABONI, E. *CRA-Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, Rome, Italy* emilia.caboni@entecra.itContent of phenolic compounds was characterised in 9 sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) ancient Italian cultivars(Bertiello, Bella Italia mutazione Susà, Duroncino di Costasavina, Ferrovia, Galuciu, Giapponese, Maggese,Pagliaccio and Ravenna) present in the in vivo national collection of fruit tree germplasm of the CRA-Fruit TreeResearch Centre of Rome. Content determination of total phenolic compounds (TPC) was performedspectrophotometrically applying the Folin-Ciocalteau assay and measuring the absorbance at λ=760 nm. The totalcontent of anthocyanins (ANT) was determined by spectrophotometrical method according to Mondello et al.(2000). Main phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using a High-Performance LiquidChromatography (Agilent 1100 series) with a UV-Vis detector (G1315B DAD, Agilent 1100 series) and byconsidering retention time and comparison with authentic standards. Different cultivars showed significantdifferences of TPC and ANT levels: TPC ranged from 306.42 mg/100 g f.w. of cv Duroncino di Costasavina to152.68 mg/100 g f.w. of cv Bella Italia mutazione Susà; ANT ranged from 29.43 mg/100 g f.w. of cv Bella Italiamutazione Susà to 8.27 mg/100 g f.w. of cv Ravenna. The main anthocyanins were found to be cyanidin-3-Oglucosideand cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside. Among phenolic acids, hydroxycinnamates (neochlorogenic acid and p-coumaroylquinic acid) were the most abundant.288

Posters of Topic 4Keywords: anthocyanins, HPLC, phenolic compounds, Prunus avium L., spectrophotometric assay.Establishment of germplasm for the onion (Allium cepa L.) breedingin Turkey: observation of some bulb and pollen featuresCEBECI, Esra (1) *; HANCI, Fatih (1)1 Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute, Yalova, Turkey* esrac3@hotmail.comOnion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the main vegatable crop in the world with a global production about 77 millionstonnes in 6.1 millions ha. Maintaining viable germplasm collection is essential to world food security but it is highlypriced. In Turkey, despite its economic significance, the knowledge of genetic diversity and resource is limited.Among the nearly 100 accesions of local onion genotypes have been started to collect from different regions ofTurkey in 2010. Germplasm establishment project includes several subprojects: these are collection, conservationand characterization (morphological and molecular). This study was conducted to observe the several bulb andpollen characters of these genotypes. For bulbs, general shape, maximum diameter, shape of top, shape of basei.e. and for pollens size, vigor were measured in this study.Key words: onion, Allium cepa L., genebank, bulb, pollenEffect of oxidative stress on cryopreserved mint apices: the role ofantioxidantsKREMER, C.; GONZALEZ-BENITO, M. E. * & MARTIN, C.Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.* me.gonzalezbenito@upm.esCryopreservation protocols impose oxidative stresses to tissues that may affect plant regeneration and also thegenetic stability of cultures. The use of antioxidants at different steps of a cryopreservation protocol may reducethose negative effects. We have studied the use of antioxidants in an encapsulation-dehydration protocol withshoot apices of two different mint (Mentha ×piperita) genotypes (MEN 186 and MEN 198). The antioxidants wereadded in a 1-day preculture step, in which 0.3 M sucrose was also employed: 0.28 or 0.43 mM ascorbic acid, 0.16or 0.24 mM glutathione (both supplemented to the preculture medium), or α-tocopherol (spread on filter paper andplaced on the medium). This treatment was applied to the apices previous to the encapsulation step of thecryopreservation protocol. After an 8-week recovery period, the regeneration response (organized growth) ofapices not treated with antioxidants differed between genotypes: 37% in MEN 198 vs 13% in MEN 186. The useof α-tocopherol increased the regeneration percentage in MEN 198 to 52%, although that increase was not sosignificant in MEN 186 (20%). The response of these two genotypes to the other antioxidant treatments wasvariable. The genetic stability of the recovered cultures was studied by RAPDs markers.Acknowledgments: This research was supported by the Spanish Government project AGL2010-21989-C02-01.C.K. is supported by a grant from Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.289

PLENARY SESSIONTOPIC 5FROM MOLECULAR PROCESSES TO PLANT POPULATIONFUNCTIONING: TOWARDS INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY INHORTICULTURE

Plenary SessionFrom molecular processes to plant population functioning: towardsintegrative biology in horticultureBUCK-SORLIN, GerhardUMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS),AGROCAMPUS OUEST Centre d’Angers, Institut National d’Horticulture et de Paysage,2 rue André le Nôtre, 49045 Angers Cedex 01, FranceA horticultural production system can be described as consisting of “layers of perception”, in which each layer canbe approached using a discipline and a dedicated set of data and processes. While a physicist could be contentto investigate the air movement within a greenhouse or the tensile stress in bent shoots, a molecular biologist willperhaps strive to understand bud break in rose as a function of the metabolic regulatory network of sugarsignalling;a physiologist might be interested in the relations between source and sink organs, by characterizingphotosynthesis and growth processes at the organ and plant level. In all these endeavours the individualsinvolved largely remain within their disciplines and schools of thought, for practical or historical reasons or simplyout of comfort. This means that a more or less conscious choice is made to perceive the system investigatedthrough the filter of a discipline, one or two scales, and an appropriate “tool of the trade”, measuring a restrictedset of output variables while neglecting most others.The advent of new regulations in horticulture (e.g. the Ecophyto 2018 round table of the French government,which is foreseeing a considerable reduction of pesticides) entails new challenges for all members of theproduction chain, including researchers. Sustainable horticulture is to become the standard, and this will requirean integrated, “systems biology” perception of horticulture: integrative biology. What do we mean by this? First ofall, integrative biology in horticulture constitutes the insight that we are dealing with multi-scaled, modular, andcomplex systems, which can not be satisfactorily described, explained, or optimized while remaining within asingle discipline. It implies thus the willingness to be radically multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary:Multidisciplinarity means that existing heterogeneous knowledge and information sources need to be linked andintegrated with the help of suitable interfaces, while interdisciplinarity would go a step further by entering into thefeedback loop (known from “classical” systems biology) of “experiment model improved experimental design experiment …”, ultimately creating a new paradigm that could be termed “horticultural systems biology”.Having already been applied to model the structural and physiological dynamics of a diverse range of agriculturaland horticultural crop plants, functional-structural plant modelling (FSPM) is a paradigm which lends itself as asuitable tool in the quest towards horticultural systems biology.In this presentation we will introduce FSPM and show, using the apple orchard and the cut-rose productionsystems as examples, how an integrated, multiscale, perception of a horticultural system and its implementationas a spatially and functionally explicit computer model can help in decision support and as a tool for advancingfundamental physiological knowledge, leading to improved decision-support in horticulture.292

TOPIC 5FROM MOLECULAR PROCESSES TO PLANT POPULATIONFUNCTIONING: TOWARDS INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY INHORTICULTUREORAL PRESENTATIONS

Oral Presentations of Topic 5A multi-level Omic approach of tomato fruit qualityXU, Jiaxin (1) (2) ; PASCUAL, Laura (2) ; DESPLAT, Nelly (2) ; FAUROBERT, Mireille (1) ; GIBON,Yves (3) ; MOING, Annick (3) ; MAUCOURT, Marise (4) ; BALLIAS, P. (3) ; DEBORDE, Cécile (3) ;LIANG, Yan (2) ; BOUCHET, Jean-Paul (2) ; BRUNEL, Dominique (5) ; LEPASLIER, Marie-Christine (5) ; CAUSSE, Mathilde (2)(1) Northwest A&F University, College of Horticulture, Yang Ling, Shaanxin, 712100, P.R.China(2) INRA, UR1052, GAFL, BP94,F-84143 Montfavet, France (mathilde.causse@avignon.inra.fr)(3) INRA, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, BP 81, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon,France(4) Université de Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, BP 81, F-33140Villenave d'Ornon, France(5) INRA, UR1279, Unité Etude du Polymorphisme des Génomes Végétaux, CEA-Institut deGénomique-CNG, Evry, 91057, FranceTomato fruit quality is an important trait for tomato consumers, but complex to improve due to the number ofcomponents involved and by their polygenic nature. In order to decipher the genetic diversity and the inheritanceof fruit quality components at a global level, we conducted a large multi-level omic experiment. A set of 8contrasted lines and 4 of their F1 hybrids were phenotyped for fruit development traits. Fruits were harvested andpericarp samples analysed at 2 stages (cell expansion and orange) and different scales: (1) primary andsecondary metabolome profiles, (2) activities of 28 enzymes involved in primary metabolism, (3) proteome profilesrevealed by 2D-PAGE and sequencing of 470 spots showing quantitative variations and (4) gene expressionanalysis by Digital Gene Expression. In parallel, the 8 lines were resequenced and more than 3 millions SNPsidentified when aligned on the reference tomato genome.This experiment allowed us to address several questions: the range of variability for the metabolic traits andexpression data. Correlation networks can be constructed within and between levels of analysis to identifyregulatory networks. Diversity of chosen candidate genes can be analysed, relating the polymorphisms at thesequence levels with their expression. Some examples will be presented.Keywords: tomato, systems biology, proteome, transcriptome, metabolome, fruit quality.294

Oral Presentations of Topic 5Comparative transcriptome analysis of two olive cultivars inresponse to NaCl-stressKALAITZIS, Panagiotis *; BAZAKOS, Christos; MANIOUDAKI, MariaDepartment of Horticultural Genetics & Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania(MAICh), 73100 Chania, Greece* panagiot@maich.grA comparative transcriptomics approach was used as a tool to unravel gene regulatory networks underlyingsalinity response in olive trees by simulating as much as possible olive growing conditions in the field. Specifically,we investigated the genotype-dependent differences in the transcriptome response of two olive cultivars, a salttolerant and a salt sensitive. A 135 day long salinity experiment was conducted using one year old trees exposedto NaCl stress for 90 days followed by 45 days of post-stress period during the summer. Moreover, a cDNA librarymade of olive seedlings mRNAs was sequenced and an olive microarray was constructed. In addition, total RNAwas extracted from root samples after 15, 45 and 90 days of NaCl-treatment as well as after 15 and 45 days ofpost-treatment period and used for microarray hybridizations. A two- class unpaired SAM analysis between theNaCl-stress and the post-stress time course resulted in the identification of 209 and 36 differentially expressedtranscripts in the salt-tolerant and –sensitive cultivar, respectively. Hierarchical clustering revealed two major,distinct clusters for each cultivar. Despite the limited number of probe set, transcriptional regulatory networkswere constructed for both cultivars while several hierarchically-clustered interacting transcription factor regulatorssuch as JERF and bZIP homologues were identified. The comparison of the interactions among transcriptionfactors in olive with those reported for Arabidopsis might indicate similarities in the response of a tree species withArabidopsis at the transcriptional level under salinity stress.295

Oral Presentations of Topic 5Modeling changes in pH and titratable acidity during the maturationof dessert bananaETIENNE, Audrey (1) *; GENARD, Michel (2) ; BUGAUD, Christophe (1)(1) Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD),UMR QUALISUD, pôle de recherche agronomique de Martinique, BP 214, 97 285 Lamentin Cedex 2,France(2) INRA, UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Cultures Horticoles, F-84914 Avignon, France* etienne.audrey187@gmail.comTitratable acidity and pH are important chemical traits for organoleptic quality of banana since they are related tofirmness and sourness. Banana fruit has the particularity being ripened out of the tree, and during post-harvestmaturation titratable acidity and pH of the pulp continue to change until the eating stage. A modeling approachwas used to understand the mechanisms involved in changes in titratable acidity and pH of the pulp duringmaturation. Changes in pH were modeled by solving a set of equations representing acid/base reactions.Changes in titratable acidity were modeled by taking organic acid content (citric acid and malic acid) and mineralcontent into account. The two models were built using data from three dessert banana cultivars with contrastingacidity harvested at two different stages. For each model, calculated values were compared to observed values.Sensitivity analysis was used to study the influence of the model parameters on the mean and standard deviationof pH and titratable acidity.The use of such models to design banana ideotypes adapted to consumer taste is discussed.Key words: Musa; post harvest; organic acids; mineral elements; cultivars; harvest stage.296

Oral Presentations of Topic 5Phenotyping the response of an apple tree hybrid population to soilwater constraint under field conditions: new insights brought byhigh resolution imagingVIRLET, N. (1) ; LEBOURGEOIS, V. (2) ; MARTINEZ, S. (1) ; LABBE, S. (3) ; COSTES, E. (1) ;REGNARD, J.L. (1) *(1) UMR AGAP 1334, CIRAD, TA-A-108/03, Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier Cedex 5, F-34398 France(2) CIRAD - UMR TETIS, Station Ligne-Paradis, 7 chemin de l'IRAT, Saint-Pierre, F-97410 France(3) IRSTEA – UMR TETIS, Remote Sensing Center, 500 rue J.F. Breton, Montpellier Cedex 5, F-34093France* regnard@supagro.inra.frIn the future, climate change will lead to longer periods of heat, scarce precipitation and high air vapor pressuredeficits. This will hamper temperate fruit production, in particular where irrigation becomes limiting. Adapting fruittrees to abiotic stresses such as water stress is thus a new challenging issue for fruit crops, whose water-useneeds to be deeply re-considered. This study addresses the question of apple tree responses to drought, andwater use efficiency, and contributes to phenotyping methodologies under field conditions using remote sensingtechniques. It is performed on ‘Starkrimson’ x ‘Granny Smith’ apple progeny (SxG, 122 hybrids). Phenotypicresponses of apple hybrids to soil drought are considered through their leaf functions as scion varieties, each treebeing grafted onto the same root genotype. Our previous results on this material at young stage have shown agenotypic variability of responses to water stress in controlled conditions, stomatal conductance andphotosynthesis rate revealing to be heritable and quantitative traits loci being detected for these traits. Stability ofleaf traits needs to be assessed at adult stage, however phenotyping of tree hybrid populations in the fieldremains challenging since most ecophysiological measurements are low-throughput. As high-throughputphenotyping constitutes a bottleneck for screening genetic material tolerant to abiotic stress, we explored hereremote sensing imaging as a possible approach to evaluate the behavior of the SxG adult apple population grownin orchard conditions. The experiment was located on Diaphen platform (INRA Montpellier, France), where treescan be submitted to different irrigation regimes. Emphasis was put on the leaf transpiration status which wasapproached by measuring foliage temperature in thermal infrared (TIR) and calculation of the Water Deficit Index(WDI). WDI was proposed to overcome limitations of TIR interpretation for non covering vegetation by taking intoaccount the crop cover fraction through the calculation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).Airborne remote sensing images were acquired at field scale in visible, near infrared and thermal infraredwavebands. WDI was calculated at tree scale and compared to field chamber pressure measurements of stemwater potential. The relevancy and sensitivity of this methodological approach for disentangling genotypic andenvironmental effects is discussed, taking into account some limitations inherent to thermal imaging.Characterization of the onset and progression of water stress within the apple tree population is also considered,as allowing analysis of genotype * environment interactions.Keywords: Malus x domestica, water use efficiency, image analysis, abiotic stress, remote sensing, thermalinfrared.297

Oral Presentations of Topic 5Fruit set manipulation in apple and mangoWÜNSCHE, J.N. *; WINTERHAGEN, P.; HAGEMANN, M.H.; HEGELE, M.University of Hohenheim, Institute of Crop Science, Crop Physiology of Specialty Crops (340 f), Emil-Wolff-Str. 25, 70599 Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany* jnwuensche@uni-hohenheim.deApple trees normally bear an abundance of flowers and intentionally induced flower or early fruit abscission,known as thinning, is necessary to maximize crop value and tree performance. The tendency of fruit trees to overcropis well recognized and there is need for effective methods of decreasing fruit numbers, thereby increasingmean fruit weight and acceptable market quality, and overcoming inhibition of flower bud induction, henceachieving improved return bloom and consistent annual yields. Most apple producers endeavor to reduce thenumber of fruit on a tree using either a range of exogenously applied compounds, including hormone-type plantgrowth regulators at bloom and/or fruitlet stage, or a combination of both chemical and hand-thinning methods.However, there are only few thinning agents currently registered for apple and additional methods or compoundsare increasingly searched for. Results from three years of experiments indicate, that the use of water soluble foodcolorants might be an interesting option. Physiological response of the plant to these and other thinning chemicalswill be presented.In contrast, the natural fruitlet abscission of mango is often extremely high, even without the influence ofenvironmental stresses such as excessive air temperature, low relative humidity, strong prevailing winds and littleprecipitation. Exogenously applied plant growth regulators are mainly aiming for alleviating excessive fruitabscission. Field experiments indicate that a single spray application of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea(CPPU) and 1-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA) improved fruit retention most effectively. For a better understanding ofthe underlying physiological mechanisms of fruit drop, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethephon), a fruit dropinducer, was compared to the fruit drop inhibitor CPPU. Specifically, deficient carbohydrates availability for fruitgrowth, reduced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) export out of the fruit and increased transcript levels of the ethylenereceptors MiETR-1 and MiERS-1 are likely key physiological and molecular responses during the abscissionprocess.298

Oral Presentations of Topic 5Chilling challenges in a warming worldLUEDELING, Eike (1) ; BLANKE, Michael (2) & GEBAUER, Jens (3)(1) World Agroforestry Centre, PO Box 30677-00100 Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya (e.luedeling@cgiar.org)(2)INRES-Horticulture- University of Bonn, Germany (mmblanke@uni-bonn.de)(3)Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems withSpecial Focus on Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Landwehr 4, 47533 Kleve, Germany(jens.gebauer@hochschule-rhein-waal.de)Global warming affects perennial horticultural crops in many ways, including potentially by reducing availablewinter chill. For many fruit and nut species of the temperate and subtropical climates, such as apple, walnut,peach and cherry, fulfillment of cultivar-specific chilling requirements is a prerequisite for breaking dormancy,blooming regularly and ultimately for producing economically satisfactory yields. Global warming may jeopardizethe trees’ ability to accumulate sufficient winter chill and become fully receptive to spring forcing. In ourpresentation, we review recent evaluations of past and projected future changes in winter chill and discussimplications for the production of temperate fruits and nuts across Europe. Great differences both in historictrends and in future projections were identified when quantifying winter chill with different models. The commonlyused Chilling Hours Model is highly sensitive to change due to hard temperature thresholds that are unlikely to beof biological significance. To a slightly lesser degree, this also applies for the Utah Model. Among the evaluatedmodels, only the Dynamic Model instills confidence in its ability to reliably describe the response of winter chill totemperature, but even this model requires more validation. According to the Dynamic Model, changes in winterchill vary across climatic zones, with cold climates (e.g. in Scandinavia) experiencing an increase in winter chill,temperate climates (e.g. Central Europe) seeing stagnation and warm growing regions (e.g. Southern Europe)facing declining winter chill. In Europe, the warmest growing regions around the Mediterranean Sea are mostthreatened by reductions in winter chill. Besides highlighting the need to consider projected future climateconditions when selecting tree cultivars, our study stresses the need to improve our understanding of thedormancy-breaking process and to produce and validate quantitatively reliable models for projecting fruit and nutproduction in a warming world.Keywords: temperate fruit and nut trees, winter chill, dormancy, climate change, Dynamic Model, Chilling HoursModel, Utah Model.299

Oral Presentations of Topic 5Dynamic modelling of water stress for Lactuca sativa L. var.capitataDUNCKER, Charlotte *; HOFFMANN, Holger & RATH, ThomasInstitute for Biological Production Systems, Biosystems and Horticultural EngineeringSection, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str.2, 30419 Hannover, Germany* charlotte.duncker@gmx.deChanges in precipitation patterns and water availability are expected to continuously increase the importance ofefficient and reliable irrigation management in intensive plant production. Therefore accurate prediction of plantgrowth for deficient soil moisture conditions is essential. A dynamic model was developed in order to investigatethe impact of different water regimes on the growth of lettuce. For this Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata was grown ina semi-open greenhouse at four irrigation levels (20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of potential evapotranspiration) andgrowth parameters were derived by relating fresh matter to soil and climatic conditions. The developed model isbuilt modularly and growth under optimal conditions is simulated by a two-dimensional model based on soiltemperature and global radiation. Water deficiency – in turn affecting growth – is taken into account bysubsequent computing of soil water status as influenced by growth and evapotranspiration. In addition to theoptimization of irrigation strategies the model is further designed to be employed in climatic impact projections.Keywords: growth model, drought stress, irrigation, evapotranspiration, lettuce.300

Oral Presentations of Topic 5Net ecosystem carbon exchange, primary productivity and drymatter partitioning of apple treesZANOTELLI, Damiano (1) ; MONTAGNANI, Leonardo (1) ; SCANDELLARI, Francesca (1) ;CECCON, Christian (1) ; MELO, Wellington (2) ; CASSOL, Paulo Cesar (3) ; TAGLIAVINI,Massimo (1) *(1) Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano/Bozen, Piazza Università 5, 39100Bolzano, Italy, * massimo.tagliavini@unibz.it(2) Embrapa Uva e Vinho, C. P. 130, Livramento 515, Bento Gonc¸alves, RS 95700-000, Brazil(3) Univ. Estado Santa Catarina UDESC, Dept Solos, Lages, SC, BrazilThe rising interest for carbon (C) budget at the global scale depends on the effects of increasing carbon dioxideconcentration in the atmosphere on global temperature. By sequestering significant amounts of atmospheric C,terrestrial ecosystems like forests and grasslands likely offer a strategy to mitigate global warming. In contrast,agricultural systems are often regarded as potential source for atmospheric carbon. However, apple orchards’intrinsic features could contribute to maintain a long-term storage of carbon in the soil and a short-term storage inthe wood. These features include early bud burst in spring and late leaf senescence, a relatively limited treeframework due to the widely used dwarfing rootstocks, and the herbaceous species growing in the orchard alleys.We combined largely employed methods like eddy covariance (3D sonic anemometer, Gill R3-50, Gill-Instruments, located 8 m above ground and 4 m above the canopy; close path CO 2/H 2O infrared gas analyzer,IRGA, LI-7000, Li-Cor Biosciences), soil respiration (LI-8100 + LI-8150 with 8 chambers type LI-8100-104; Li-CorBiogeosciences), and biometric measurements (including destructive sampling of above- and below-groundorgans, and assessment of fine root growth by minirhizotrons and root scanner) to assess net ecosystem carbonexchange (NEE), gross (GPP) and net primary production (NPP), and allocation patterns in different organs ofapple trees. The study was performed in a 9-year-old apple orchard (Fuji on M9), located in an area of the Adigeriver valley (Italy, 46°21’ N, 11°16’ E; 240 m a.s.l.), where apple cultivation represents the prevalent form of landuse. Eddy covariance data, recorded from March 2009 to present, indicated NEE values ranging from 290 to 430g C m -2 y -1 . In 2010, gross primary production (GPP) averaged 1263 ± 189 (s.e.) g C m -2 y -1 , while NPP obtainedby biometric measurements averaged 960 ± 70 g C m -2 y -1 , comparable with that obtained by combining NEE anddata of heterotrophic soil respiration. Fruits accounted for 52% of NPP, while abscised leaves and fine rootproduction represented 11% and 14% of NPP, respectively. Results indicate that the magnitude of mainecosystem carbon fluxes of the apple orchard are comparable with average values of deciduous forest growingunder similar climatic conditions. The observed high values of carbon use efficiency (NPP/GPP = 0.68 ± 0.10)could depend on relatively low respiration costs of non-photosynthetic organs like fruits and roots.301

TOPIC 5FROM MOLECULAR PROCESSES TO PLANT POPULATIONFUNCTIONING: TOWARDS INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY INHORTICULTUREPOSTER PRESENTATIONS

Posters of Topic 5Genetic investigation of seed formation during berry developmentusing RNA-Seq reveals transcriptional changes in grapevine (Vitisvinifera L.)NWAFOR, Charles (1) (3) *; COSTANTINI, Laura (1) ; GRIBAUDO, Ivana (2) ; SCHNEIDER, Anna(2) ; WEHRENS, Ron (1) ; GRANDO, M.Stella (1)(1) IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1 – 38010 SanMichele all’Adige (Trento) Italy.(2) CNR Istituto di Virologia Vegetale Unità Grugliasco, Via Leonardo Da Vinci 44-10095 Grugliasco(Torino), Italy.(3) Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Agroalimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, ViaLeonardo Da Vinci, 44 -10095 Grugliasco, (Torino) Italy.* nwaforcharles@live.comWith the recent advances in the next generation sequencing technology, RNA-Seq has become a popular andmore comprehensive approach towards quantification of the transcriptome, detection of novel splice variants,SNPs and discovery of unknown exons or genes by direct ultra-high-throughput sequencing of cDNAs. Similarlythe successful sequencing and release of Vitis vinifera genomic data has contributed to characterize biologicalfunction of genes involved in important agronomic traits in grapevine. Nowadays, quantitative traits such asdisease resistance, larger fruit size and higher fruit number per plant, better flavour, taste, nutritional quality,reduced seed number and size are targets for manipulation in grape genetic improvement programmes.Considering table-grapes, seedlessness is one of the most appreciated quality traits, as breeding focus shiftstowards combining seedlessness with other quality traits such as larger berry size, Muscat flavour or crispiness;we shed light on the transcriptional responses that are related to seed development in V. vinifera. Illumina mRNA-Seq technology was used to sequence six cDNA libraries prepared from total RNA collected at three keydevelopmental stages, Pre-flowering, Full flowering and Full ripening, in a seeded widespread wine cultivar (wildtype)and a spontaneous seedless somatic variant (mutant). Over 100 million reads, between 17 and 225 bp inlength from each library, were mapped to 12x Grape Genome assembly and V1_mRNA annotations to definegene structure and quantify transcript abundance. Genic distribution of uniquely mapped reads shows 76 percentcoverage of V1_mRNA (annotated exons). We found 28,060 genes to be expressed during seed developmentalprocess, 11,076 of which were expressed in a stage specific manner. To estimate variability in our data, uniquelymapped read counts were subjected to differential expression analysis using the software DESeq in Rprogramme. The sets of differentially expressed genes during seed development were compared between thewild-type and the mutant. To reveal functionally related genes, an in-house R script was written to group geneswith similar expression pattern based on the P-adjusted values. Functional annotation and pathway analysis werealso performed. Finally we validated the expression of selected putative candidate genes using qRT-PCR.Salicylic acid and salinity effects on growth and some biochemicalparameters of tomato plantsMIMOUNI, Hajer; WASTI, Salma; SMITI, Samira; ZID, Ezzeddine; BEN AHMED, Hela *Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Plant Nutrition.University Tunis El Manar. Faculty of sciences ofTunis.Department of Biology.University Campus.Tunis 1060.Tunisia.* benahmed_hela@yahoo.frSalicylic acid (SA) is an important signal molecule modulating plant responses to stress. It is recently reported toinduce multiple stress tolerance in plants including salinity. An experiment was, therefore, conducted to ascertainthe effect of SA (0.01 mM) on the growth and biochemical characteristics of tomato plant under salt stress (0, 100and 200 mM).304

Posters of Topic 5Shoot, root and total plant dry weights were reduced with the increase in salinity level; however, growth inhibitionwas significantly reduced by application of SA. On the other hand, soluble sugars and proline content wereincreased in the two plant organs with increasing of NaCl level, but salicylic acid decrease it. On the contrary,soluble proteins content was reduced under salt stress. The treatment with SA ameliorates the content of totalsoluble protein in tomato plant leaves under salt stress.These results suggest that SA could be used as a potential growth regulator to improve plant salinity stressresistanceKeywords: Salinity, stress, salicylic acid, tomato, proline, protein and sugar.Investigation of the most important secondary metabolites ofSt.John's (Hypericum perforatum L.) In Caspian climateDANESHIAN, Jahanfar (1) ; MAJIDI HERAVAN, Eslam (2) ; VALADABADI, Syed Alireza (3) ;GOLEIN, Behrooz (4) ; RAHNAVARD, Aptin (5) *(1) Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), P. O. Box: 4119, Mardabad Road, Karaj 31585, Iran.(2) Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) P.O. Box 31535- 1897, Karaj, Iran.(3) Associate Professor, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Tehran, Iran.(4) Citrus Research Institute of Ramsar, Mazandaran, Iran.(5) PhD student in Agronomy (Physiology), Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, TakestanBranch, Takestan, Iran.* rahnavard_aptin@yahoo.comHypericum perforatum L. is one of the important medicinal plants in worldwide, growing wild in Iran in variousareas and altitudes, particularly Caspian climate. In order to define its best vegetated area, the most importantbiochemical components: Hypericin, total phenol, Flavonoid, Carotenoid and Chlorophyll were sampled andanalyzed. The five regions of Caspian climate ecotypes were studied in three heights. The samples wererecorded geographically, and then analyzed. Results showed that there is a positive correlation between theamount of Hypericin and total phenol in the ecotypes. In the middle of height of Kelardasht area (700-1200 m) thehighest concentration of Hypericin and total phenol were measured. Nevertheless, due to the significantinteraction between the factors mentioned, Hypericum perforatum grown in the high altitude of Kelardasht, hadthe highest Hypericin and total phenol. These results of Flavonoid were similar to the results of Hypericin and totalphenol. However, due to the significant interaction effects, Flavonoid had greatest concentration at the lowaltitudeecotypes of Kelardasht. The highest amount Chlorophyll a and b was measured at the middle-altitude ofJavaherdeh region. There was no significant interaction between height and vegetated area. The evaluating ofchanges for some soil elements in the soil samples revealed that highest accumulation was at the height of 1186m in Kelardasht with potassium (0.46%), magnesium (0.14%) and cadmium (1 ppm). the greatest Hypericin wasin this height, too. The highest phosphorus concentrations were measured in the Harris area (in the height of 341m).Keyword: Hypericum perforatum L. Secondary Metabolites, Caspian climate, Soil Nutrition.The investigation on the effect of gamma radiation on microbialload and essential oil compounds of Indian valerian roots (Valerianawallichii)AZIZI, Majid; VALIASIL, Razieh; BAHREINI, Masoumeh; OROOJALIAN, Fatemehazizi@um.ac.ir305

Posters of Topic 5The gamma irradiation can be used to increase post harvest life of medicinal plant by decrease the microbial loadand contamination. Microbiological changes associated with food irradiation include the reduction or elimination ofspoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, insect disinfestations and parasite disinfection. In this study, the effectsof gamma irradiation on decreasing the microbial load and essential oil of Indian valerian (Valeriana wallichii)roots were investigated. Indian valerian roots were irradiated at dosages 5, 10, 15 and 25 KGy by a Co60 source,and then total count, total coliform, mold and yeast were evaluated. The essential oils of the treated samples wereextracted by water distillation using Clevenger type apparatus. The essential oil compounds of the samplesdetermined by GC and GC-MS before and after radiation for comparison. The result showed that gammairradiation decrease microbial load of Indian valerian roots as the highest decrease in microbial load detected at25 KGy radiations. Results of the essential oil analysis showed that gamma radiation causes a changed in thequalitative and quantitative compounds of the essential oil of Indian valerian specially decreased Valeranone from8 % in control to near 3.5 % in samples treated with 10 and 15 KGy but increased the Thymol and Carvacrol from8 and 19.9 % in control to 11 and 38 % in samples irradiated with 10KGy respectively.Keyword: Gama Radiation, Valerian root, Microbial load, essential oils.Is the reduction in leaf photosynthetic assimilation in Laurus nobilisL. in response to water stress due to stomatal closure?MAATALLAH, Samira (1) (2) (3) (4) *; ALBOUCHI, Ali (3) ; LUTTS, Stanley (2) ; SMITIA, Samira(1) Unit of Ecophysiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty 'of Science of Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 1060Tunis, Tunisia(2) Research Group in Plant Physiology, University 'catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte 13) Place Croix duSud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium(3)Agroforestry Unit, National Institute for Research in Agricultural, Engineering and Forestry, RueHedi Elkarray, Elmenzah IV, Tunis, Tunisia.(4) Regional Agricultural Research Centre, PO Box 357, 9100 Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia.* samira_maatallah@hotmail.frThe Mediterranean basin has been known since antiquity as a succession of several civilizations that have lefttheir mark on its landscapes and natural areas. This has led to the overexploitation of natural resources and moreparticular to a considerable expansion of cultivated land and the removal of woody and herbaceous plants whosemain role is to protect the soil against wind and water erosion. Laurus nobilis L. (Laurel) forms part of the naturaltree stratum in the Mediterranean region. In Tunisia this specie has often been over-exploited; resulting in alimited number of relics in the oak forests of Kroumirie. As young plants, with shallow root systems, are morevulnerable to drought than adults, knowledge of the tolerance of L. nobilis in the early stages of its developmentand analysis of the responsible mechanisms of adaptation can highly contribute to the choice of planting sites andprovide rational criteria for its selection. Seedlings of two ecotypes of L. nobilis (Tunisia ‘Annaba’- semi-arid andAlgeria ‘Bardo’- wet) were exposed to two regimes of chronic stress (60% (S1) and 20% (S2) of field capacity)and two levels of cyclic stress (S11 and S22, the soil is irrigated to field capacity when it drops to 60% and 20%,respectively). Indicator plants were kept at field capacity (-0.4 ± 0.3 MPa). Three months later, both ecotypesshowed stomatal function acting as a feedback mechanism. The results showed a significant decrease instomatal conductance (gs) as a function of water potential base (Ψb) especially in the ecotype ‘Annaba’. Thelatter showed a close and meaningful relationship (gs = f (Ψb)) that was more pronounced than that observed inthe ecotype ‘Bardo’. A strong correlation was reported between the net assimilation of CO2 (A) and gs (R2 = 0.66and 0.61 for ‘Annaba’ and ‘Bardo’, respectively). The severe stress S2 was responsible for a dramatic decline ofthe net assimilation of CO2 in both ecotypes ‘Annaba’ and ‘Bardo’. The reduction in relative water content (RWC)resulted in a simultaneous decrease in both A and gs. Nevertheless, at low RWC values, gs reached a minimum,while A continued to decrease. However, the significant correlation between (A) and intercellular concentration ofCO2 (Ci), (R2 = 0.63 and 0.6 ‘Annaba’ and ‘Bardo’, respectively) can indicate the presence of stomatal limitations.Keywords: Laurel, water stress, water potential basic, net assimilation of CO2, stomatal conductance, intercellularconcentration of CO2.306

Posters of Topic 5Influence of five rootstock on growth and photosyntheticparameters of pear treesBANINASAB, Bahram; IRVANI, Fatemeh; GHOBADI, Cyrus; ETEMADI, Nemat-Allah;GHASEMI, AiobaliDepartment of Horticulture, College of AgricultureIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan 84156-83111, Iran* bbanin@cc.iut.ac.irGrowth, leaf chlorophyll content and photosyntheteic parameters of two cultivars pear (Shavmiveh and Natanzi)trees on three clonal rootstocks (Quince A, Quince C and BA 29) and two seedlings rootstocks (Kownjony andpear) under field conditions were studied in 2009 and 2010. The results indicated that rootstocks significantlyaffected the most vegetative parameters measured in two cultivars. Pear trees grafted on seedling rootstocksproduced larger trees than clonal rootstocks. Among the clonal and seedling rootstocks, the most trunk diameter(20 cm above the graft union) was observed in pear trees on BA29 and Khonjony. The largest and the leastcurrent’s shoot growth was observed in trees on pear seedling rootstock. Rootstock also significantly affected theleaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic parameters. Pear trees grafted on seedling rootstocks especiallyKownjony showed greater leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance compared withclonal rootstocks. Less growth of pear trees on clonal rootstocks, especially Quince C, enables growers to plant ahigher number of these trees per hectare, resulting in earlier production and higher yield efficiency.Keywords: pear, rootstocks, growth.Induction of salt tolerance by ascorbic acid in seedlings ofpistachioBANINASAB, B. *; BASTAM, N. & GHOBADI, C.Department of Horticulture, College of AgricultureIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahan 84156-83111, Iran* bbanin@cc.iut.ac.irAlthough ascorbic acid (ASA) is one of the most important and abundantly occurring water soluble antioxidants inplants, relatively little is known about its role in counteracting the adverse effects of salt stress on plant growth. Anexperiment was therefore conducted to test whether the application of ASA at various concentrations (0, 0.01,0.50, or 1.00 mM) as a foliar spray would protect pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedlings subjected to salt stress (0,30, 60, or 90 mM NaCl). ASA improved growth rate of pistachio seedlings under salt stress and increased relativeleaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence ratio as compared with the control at the end of salt stress.ASA ameliorated the salt stress injuries by inhibiting increases in proline content and leaf electrolyte leakage,which suggests the amelioration effects of ASA on the negative effects of salt stresses. It appeared the bestameliorative remedies of ASA obtained when pistachio seedlings were sprayed at 0.50 and 1.00 mM. As ASA isreadily available, it could be used to prevent growth losses due to salt stress and may have significant practicalapplication.Keywords: ascorbic acid, salinity, pistachio, physiological parameters.307

Posters of Topic 5How fruit traits influence cracking of pomegranateSAEI AHAGH, Hassan (1) ; SHARIFANI, Mehdi * (2) ; SEIFI, Esmail (2) ; MOHSENI, Ali (3) ;AKBARPOUR, Vahid (4)Horticultre Department, Gorgan University Of Agricultural Science And Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran(3) Jahad Ministry, Head Of Tropical Fruit Sector, Tehran, Iran(4)Horticulture Department, Mazandaran university of Agricultural Sciences* mmsharif2@gmail.comPomegranate fruit cracking is a physiological disorder and causes many losses every year. It has been reportedthat fruit cracking in agricultural crops is related to water balance in fruits. Many morphological charactersincluding, epidermal layer thickness, fruit volume, fruit shape and etc., can influence on fruit sensitivity to cracking.These factors not only are important to determine fruit cracking mechanism but also are crucial to apply those forbest management practices in orchards. Further application of these elements would be in breeding programsand packing and sorting methods. In this study it has been investigated the effect of some of thses factor such asfruit skin thickness, fruit volume, fruit shape, total arils weight on fruit cracking. To this aim, Malas-e-Saveh assensitive Cv and Yousef khani Cv as resistance cultivar to cracking were selected in a commercial orchard inSaveh region south west of Tehran province. Sampling was achieved using both cracked and healthy fruits foreach cultivar at harvesting time and after fruit cracking occurrence. To show fruit cracking position, cracked fruitswere scored as 1 and for healthy fruit as 0. All of the mentioned factors were measured in laboratory. Data wereanalyzed via a SAS software program, primarily in CRBD and then Logistic regression was applied to determinecoefficient effect of these factors on cracking. Results showed that fruit skin thickness is different significantlybetween two cultivars. However the recent factor had no effect on fruit resistance to cracking. This result showedthat physiological characters of fruit skin such as Ca ion and pectin's content had more effect on skin elasticitythan skin thickness. Fruit volume was not significantly different between two cultivars but with increasing trends offruit volume fruit cracking rate increased. Fruit shape in Malas-e-Saveh was oblate while Yosef khani Cv wasmore spheroids. According to previous study this deviate from complete spheroid increased pressure to skin andcaused more cracking rate. Total arils weight per fruit was significantly different and had positive effect on fruitcracking. The recent result indicated, arils are main sources of pressure to fruit skin. In this respect withincreasing trend of arils weight in number or volume pressure to skin had increased impressively andsubsequently fruit cracking merged. in addition to aril volume or number the internal part of fruit includingyellowish part of skin are pressure source of fruit cracking.Keywords: Pomegranate physiology, Craking pomgranate, Arils.The effects of Trichoderma harzianum on germination of onion(Allium cepa L.) seeds under abiotic stress conditionsHANCI, Fatih; CEBECI, EsraAtatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute, Yalova, Turkey* tanerfatih@gmail.com.trThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of T. Harzianum T22 Rifai KRL-AG2 (1.15%) on germinationof onion seeds under different temperatures and salinity conditions. The seeds of ‘Kantartopu-3’ cultivar weretreated at 0 (control), 7.5, 15, 30 and 60 gr/kg T. harzianum strain T22 concentrations. Seeds of onion weretested at germination temperatures of 10°, 20˚ and 30°C and salinity of 0, 2.4, 4.8 and 9.8 dSm-1 in darkness.Germination percentage (%), mean germination time (days), shoot length (mm) and seedling fresh weight (mg)were measured at 12 days after sowing. Treatments of T. Harzianum strain T22 showed different responses tomeasured parameters under abiotic stress conditions.Keywords: Onion, germination, Trichoderma harzianum, abiotic stress.308

Posters of Topic 5Use electrical conductivity as a tool for determining winterhardiness of some Mango cultivarsISMAIL, Omayma M.Horticultural Crop Technology, National Research Center (NRC), Egypt.omaymaismail@yahoo.comThis search was carried out on four Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars“ Ewais, Sidik, Fajri kalan and Zebda,” tostudy the electrical conductivity as a tool for determining winter hardiness of mango cultivars and their relationshipwith the index of injury (Id), the relative water content (RWC), soluble solid content (SSC) and total phenols.Ewais cv. had the highest tolerant of cold hardiness whereas Fajri cv. had the lowest tolerant of cold hardiness.EC and Id values were the highest at -4°C and there are direct proportional among cold injury, exposure time andthe decreasing of the temperature. The cold temperature increased of accumulation of SSC by the time. Totalphenols of Ewias and Fajri were lower than Zebda and Sidik . The relationship between the RWC and the Id wasnot cleared in this experiment.Keywords: Mango, Electrical Conductivity, winter hardiness, Injury index and Relative Water Content.The effect of drought stress on secondary and health-promotingplant compounds in lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.)TICHY, M.; EICHHOLZ, I.; ULRICHS, CH. *; HUYSKENS-KEIL, S.Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology,Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany* christian.ulrichs@agrar.hu-berlin.deClimate change implies in many regions in the world that water deficiency becomes a problem in plant production.The objective of this study was to elaborate the influence of drought stress on characteristic health-promotingcompounds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.). Lettuce is a popular leafy vegetable in Europe, which isconsumed fresh or as convenience-product.Two lettuce cultivars were used in the present study: ‘Teodore’ with red-coloured leaves and ‘Wiske’ with greenleaves. Seeds were supplied from the company Ryk Zwaan in the Netherlands. The plants were grown in theexperimental greenhouse of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany in Berlin-Dahlem. They were subjectedto three different water regimes, i.e. 25% water field capacity (water-deficit), 45% (well watered), 65% (waterlogged).After plants were harvested, fresh weight (yield), marketable yield and dry matter were determined.Furthermore, total phenolic content and dietary fiber (lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose) were analyzed.The results of the study showed that total yield and marketable yield of ‘Wiske’ was higher than that of ‘Teodore’.Both exposed an increased yield under well-watered conditions and the lowest under drought stress conditions.The dry matter content of ‘Teodore’ was higher in comparison to ‘Wiske’ in every water regime. In ‘Teodore’, thedry matter content increased with declining water supply. Results revealed different total phenol contents of thetwo cultivars. The total phenol content of ‘Teodore’ was almost three times higher than the one of ‘Wiske’. Thedifferent water regimes had no influence on the total phenol content. Moreover, in none of the treatments analteration in the content of structural carbohydrates lignin and hemicellulose was found. Neither a differencebetween the cultivars occurred. However, the content of cellulose was significant higher in ‘Wiske’ than in‘Teodore’, where the highest content was found in ‘Wiske’ plants grown under well-watered conditions and thelowest under water-logged conditions. Cellulose content of ‘Teodore’ was not affected by the different waterregime. Drought stress mediated morphological and biochemical changes in lettuce will be further discussed indetail.309

Posters of Topic 5Assessment of susceptibility and prevention of cracking of sweetcherry cv. ‘Skeena’HOPPE, F. (1) (2) ; HUYSKENS-KEIL, S. (1) ; ULRICHS, CH. (1) ; HANRAHAN, I. (2)(1) Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, D- 14195Berlin, Germany(2)Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, 104 N 1 st St., Suite 204, Yakima, WA, 98901, USA* christian.ulrichs@agrar.hu-berlin.deCherry cracking is an important problem in all cherry growing areas. Recent findings revealed that the way ofwater uptake occurred mainly via the pedicel/fruit juncture and that the initial turgor of the fruit at the time of therain event plays an important role in the fruits ability to withstand external water. However, cherry cracking is acomplex phenomenon, with a dynamic interplay of factors such as physiology, morphology, and geneticpredisposition. The cherry variety ‘Skeena’ was bred in British Columbia, Canada and was initially known to havea good tolerance to cracking.Two trials were carried out on sweet cherry cv. ‘Skeena’. A benchtop test to investigate the development ofcracking susceptibility was utilized and samples taken frequently, starting three and four weeks before anticipatedharvest. Fruit was harvested in the morning, submerged for up to five hours in distilled water at room temperatureand checked hourly for newly developed cracks. A cracking index was calculated as the sum of weightedaverages of hourly cracked fruit and expressed as percentage. The cracking susceptibility increased withincreasing fruit weight. Cracks were found most often in the suture. The cracking index could become animportant tool for the determination if a cracking protectant should be applied during a phase of high susceptibility.It accurately accounts for block-by-block and year-to-year variations.The second goal was to study the effect of mixing a rain-repellent coating (RainGard) and gibberellic acid (GA 3).Trials were carried out in two locations. The materials were sprayed with a back-pack sprayer alone or incombination starting approximately three weeks before harvest. The lone significant finding for both sites was adecrease in the number of pitted fruit after 2 weeks in cold storage at 1°C. The reductions in pitting ranged from3% to 16%. Generally, GA 3 treatments alone or in combination with RainGard had the tendency to delay colordevelopment, improve fruit firmness, reduced the acidity, and increase the total soluble solids content and thestem pull force. In conclusion, tank mixing of RainGard and GA 3 did not interfere with GA 3 efficacy.Integrative approach using multiblock analysis to explain acomplex trait of tomato fruit quality: textureAURAND, Rémy (1) (2) *; FAUROBERT, Mireille (2) ; HANAFI, Mohamed (3) ; MAZEROLLES,Gérard (4) ; TISIOT, Raphaël (5) ; ROSSO, Laurent (5) ; NAVEZ, Brigitte (6) ; BERTIN, Nadia (2)(1) INRA - Unité Plantes et Systèmes de cultures Horticoles, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France(2) INRA - Unité de Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, 84143 Montfavet BP94, France,(3) Unité de Statistique Appliquée, ENITIAA/INRA, B.P. 82225, 44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France(4) INRA-SPO, 2 place Viala 34060 Montpellier, France(5) CTIFL - Centre de Balandran, BP 32 30127 Bellegarde, France(6) CTIFL - Centre de Saint-Rémy de Provence, 13210 Saint Rémy de Provence, France* Contact : Rémy AURAND (remy.aurand@avignon.inra.fr)Tomato fruit texture is one of the most critical quality traits for both the consumer (purchase) and the productionchain (transport, handling, storage). It is also involved in sensory perception. Texture is a complex trait for whichseveral QTL and genes were found. However, interactions between the molecular, histological, physical andbiochemical components of fruit texture have been rarely investigated. In this work an integrative approach basedon multiblock analysis was applied to point out links among the different levels: from protein to fruit, then toidentify main physiological mechanisms involved in fruit texture.310

Posters of Topic 5Three contrasted parental lines (Cervil, Levovil, VilB) and three derived QTL-NILs harbouring texture QTL onchromosome 4 and 9 were analyzed. Measurements were performed at cell expansion stage, at harvest and after7-days storage at 20°C. To increase texture variability, water deficit was induced by decreasing water supply by40% from flowering of the third truss.To understand the influence of the fruit properties observed at the different levels (molecular, cellular, and tissue)and their interactions on fruit texture, a multiple co-inertia analysis (MCOA) was applied. For that purpose, threedata tables were processed: one table included the quantities of 400 proteins (identified by 2D-MS), another onecontained biochemical data (vitamin C, soluble sugars, alcohol insoluble solid and dry matter contents), and thelast one included mechanical measurements of fruit texture, such as strength and stiffness obtained bycompression and puncture tests.At all levels, multiblock analysis outlined a strong genotype discrimination, indicating that the genetic factor wasthe main factor of variability, in contrast with water deficit. Results confirmed previous separated studies. Forinstance Cervil, a cherry tomato, significantly differed from all other genotypes at each level. The links observedbetween proteins and other fruit variables allowed us to put forward some hypotheses on the physiologicalmechanisms involved in fruit texture at the three developmental stages.Thus, multiblock analysis provides an interesting tool to characterize complex trait such as fleshy fruit texture byintegrating several levels of studies and by pointing at the influence of each table on global effects. Thisintegrative approach paves the way for a better understanding of the mechanism involved in fruit texture.Keywords: multiple co-inertia analysis, texture, fleshy fruit, tomato, QTL, water deficit.Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid, benzyladenine andgibberelic acid on flowering, yield and fruit quality of `Egaji Shami‘olive trees (Olea europaea L.)ABD EL-RAZEK, E. (1) *; HASSAN, H.S.A. (1) & GAMAL EL DIN, KARIMA M. (2)Departments of Pomology (1) and Botany (2) , National Research Center,El-Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.Corresponding Author *: E. Abd El-Razek emad71_9@yahoo.comOlive trees (Olea europaea L.) were sprayed with salicilic acid (20 and 40µ/L), Benzyladenine (20 and 30 mg/L)and gibberelic acid (50 and 100 ml/L) before flowering stage (mid February) to study their effect on floweringbehavior, yield and fruit quality compared with control (spraying with water only). All treatments had higherflowering percentage than the control. As a result, treatments produced high yield compared with control.Regarding to fruit quality, fruit length, width, weight, volume and dry weight as well as oil percentage improved byall treatments compared with the control.A novel plant growth regulator that inhibits brassinosteroiddependentsterol biosynthesisROZHON, Wilfried & POPPENBERGER, Brigitte *Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich,D-85354 Freising, Germany* brigitte.poppenberger@wzw.tum.deBrassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones with structural similarity to mammalian sex steroids andecdysteroids from insects. The BRs are synthesized from sterols and coordinate essential developmental311

Posters of Topic 5programs by regulating cell division, cell elongation and cell differentiation events. In this work we show that atriazole used as an antifungal therapeutic drug in human and veterinary medicine, severely impairs plant growthby interfering with BR action. The plant growth regulatory properties of this triazole were identified in a screen forcompounds with the ability to alter BR homeostasis. The compound suppressed growth of the model plantArabidopsis thaliana and of a wide range of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. We uncover thattoxicity in plants is due to a deficiency in BRs that stems from an inhibition of obtusifoliol-14-demethylation, a stepin BR-dependent sterol biosynthesis. We show that specific members of the Rosaceae are naturally resistantagainst the growth inhibitor and present evidence for the molecular control of this insensitivity. The potential of thenewly identified plant growth regulator as a tool in plant research is discussed.Leaf micro-environment influences the altered foliar phenotype ofcolumnar apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) treesTALWARA, Susheela; GROUT, Brian; TOLDAM-ANDERSEN, TorbenDepartment of Agriculture and Ecology, University of Copenhagen,Højbakkegård Allé 13, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmarkbwg@life.ku.dkColumnar apple trees (CATs) have radically-altered architecture (significantly shorter internodes and lateralbranches) when compared to standard apple trees, and this modified phenotype is attributed to a mutation of theapple Co gene, with other genes implicated in a modifying role. Recent transgenic studies have shown thattransfer of the LFY gene from Arabidopsis (a regulator of inflorescence development) into Malus can alterarchitecture in a similar way. In addition to this altered architectural phenotype we have documented further,significant changes in the phenotype of leaf clusters that subtend the fruits of CATs, compared to their standardcounterparts. Columnar and standard trees of differing genetic relatedness, grown under irrigated, commercialconditions, were selected for study including the standard ‘McIntosh and the Co bud mutant ‘Wijick’ (a columnartree) derived directly from it. Significant alterations were recorded in leaf size, epicuticular wax quantity, leaf hairdensity, leaf rolling, stomatal size and density, chlorophyll content, competitive shading and the number ofpalisade mesophyll layers. As modification of such foliar characteristics is typically viewed as adaptation to thelocal environment, particularly water stress and light conditions, aspects of the micro-environment of leaf clusterswere measured for both columnar and standard trees. Significant differences in humidity, temperature,evaporation rate and light interception within and around the leaf clusters were recorded. These environmentaldifferences, brought about to a greater or lesser extent by the modified architecture of the CATs, are likely to havea significant impact on the growth and development of the leaves in the clusters. We propose that this altered,micro-environment interacts with the modified genetic condition of columnar trees to produce the modified, foliarphenotype characteristic of CATs.Complex effect of tropospheric ozone and substrate moisture onPisum sativum physiological indicesSAKALAUSKIENĖ, Sandra; SAKALAUSKAITĖ, Jurga *; BRAZAITYTĖ, Aušra;SAMUOLIENĖ, Giedrė; ZUZAVIČIŪTĖ, Aistė; DUCHOVSKIS, PavelasInstitute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry,Kauno street 30, LT-54333, Babtai, Kaunas distr., Lithuania* j.sakalauskaite@lsdi.lt312

Posters of Topic 5The aim of the study was to investgate the complex effect of tropospheric ozone and substare moisture on thephysiological indices of the pea plant (Pisum sativum L.). Pea (Pisum sativum) cv. ‘Cud Kelvedonu’ was theobject o this study. Experiments were examined in growth chamber of controlled environment at the Institute ofHorticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. The plants were grown under diferenttropospheric ozone (0 ppb, 20 ppb, 40 ppb) and substrate humidity (~40 %,< 10 %). Analyses were made after 5-days exposure. Different combinations of tropospheric ozone and substrate humidity had a significant influenceon plant physiological changes. The moisture deficit and intensified tropospheric ozone concentration significantlyincreased photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids) accumulation in leaves of Pisum sativum.The moisture deficiency and the most intensive ozone concentration reduced fresh and dry biomass andassimilation area of Pisum sativum. Substrate moisture deficit and the most intensive tropospheric ozoneconcentration significantly increased the content of carbohydrates in Pisum sativum leaves.Acknowledgement: The work was carried out within the framework of the program “Horticulture: agro-biologicalbasics and technologies”.Keywords: pea, biometric indices, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates.Assessing the impact of environmental factors on plantarchitecture through an integrative approachLEDUC, N. (1) *; THELIER, L. (2) ; GALOPIN, G. (3) ; TRAVIER-PELLESCHI, S. (1) ; MOREL P.(2) ; BOUMAZA, R. (3) ; GENTILHOMME, J. (1) ; DEMOTES-MAINARD, S. (2) ; CRESPEL, L. (3) ;LOTHIER, J. (1) ; BERTHELOOT, J. (2) ; RABOT, A. (3) ; ABIDI, F. (1) (2) ; BARBIER, F. (3) ; FURET,PM. (1) ; PERON, T. (1) (3) ; LAFFAIRE, M. (3) ; SIGOGNE, M. (2) ; LEBREC, A. (1) ; SINTES, G. (2) ;BROUARD, N. (1) ; DOUILLET, O. (2) ; CARADEUC, M. (2) ; DUBUC, B. (1) ; AUTRET, H. (2) ;RELION, D. (2) ; PEREZ GARCIA, M.D. (3) ; GUERIN, V. (2) ; VIAN, A. (1) ; SAKR, S. (3)(1) Université d’Angers, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest,Université d’Angers), UMR1345 A, SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France(2)INRA, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Universitéd’Angers), UMR1345 A, SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France(3) Agrocampus-Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest,Université d’Angers), UMR1345 A, SFR 149 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France* nathalie.leduc@univ-angers.frPlant architecture determines yield, vigour, pathogen resistance of a crop as well as shape and visual quality ofplants. Controlling the establishment of plant architecture is therefore a key concern for plant breeders andhorticultural growers of field and greenhouse crops. Environmental factors have a strong impact on plantarchitecture. Better understanding and controlling these factors should allow better mastering cultural practicesand increase yield but also reduce the use of chemicals (pesticide and growth retardants). In the case ofornamental crops, this may contribute to better master plant shape and offer the way to create new products.However, the understanding of how the environment modulates plant architecture is still poor and further researchis needed. To address this question, ARCH-E (Architecture and Environment) team of the Research Institute onHorticulture and Seeds (IRHS, Angers, France) is developing an integrative research program wherebyenvironmental effects on the establishment of plant architecture are examined from the molecular to the all plantlevels. Rosebush is the model plant studied in this program. Architectural analysis is used to describe andobjectively discriminate plant shapes (Morel et al., 2009, Chéné et al; 2012) and the impact of environmentalfactors, such as quantity and quality of light, nitrogen or water restriction or mechanical stimulation on thearchitectural components is studied (Thélier et al., 2011, Abidi et al; 2012, Morel et al., 2012). Beside, tools toassess plant shape through sensory analysis are developed and used to train panels of assessors to characterizethe rosebush visual quality (Boumaza et al; 2010). The more in-depth study of the effect of light on rosearchitecture is carried on and has revealed that light was essential to bud outgrowth in rose, and that blue or redlights could, each individually, trigger bud burst (Girault et al; 2008). Light was shown to be required to stimulatesugar transport (Henry et al; 2011) and metabolism (Girault et al, 2010) as well as the synthesis of the planthormone gibberellic acid (Choubane et al ; submitted). On the basis of these researches, functional and structuralmodeling is undergone to integrate these results and simulate branching in response to the light environment(Bertheloot et al.).313

Posters of Topic 5Keywords: plant architecture, light, sensorial analysis, functional-structural plant modeling, sugar transport andmetabolism, cell expansion.Mechanisms for wear tolerance among bermudagrass (Cynodonspp.) genotypes: cell wall components and leaf anatomyZHOU, Yi JR (1) *; VAN, Thinh Tran JR (1) ; PEARCE, William JR (1) ; WILLIAMS, Sharon JR (1) ;ROCHE, Matt JR (2) ; LOCH, Don JR (1) ; FUKAI, Shu JR (1) ; LAMBRIDES, Christopher JR (1)(1) School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Qld 4072 Australia.(2) Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Qld4163 Australia.* yi.zhou@uqconnect.edu.auWear damage is one of the biggest problems associated with continuous use on sports and recreational turfgrassfields. Wear tolerance of 4 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) genotypes including 3 ecotypes collected from regionalAustralia (Ecotype1, Ecotype2 and Ecotype3) and one commercial cultivar (Wintergreen) were evaluated in thefield. Green cover at 2 weeks after wear treatment of Ecotype1 and Ecotype2 was over 20% and 50% higher thanWintergreen and Ecotype3, respectively. The wear tolerant genotypes also had significantly higher acid detergentfiber content, cellulose, lignin and total cell wall content than wear susceptible genotypes. Optical and scanningelectron microscopies were used to study stolon and leaf transverse sections and leaf surface characteristics,respectively. Transverse sections of stolons and leaves, suggested that the fibre area surrounding vascularbundles of the wear tolerant genotypes was about 50% higher than the wear susceptible ones. Scanning electronmicrographs of the leaf surface, suggested that the arrangement of epidermal cells formed a ridged pattern. Thegaps between the ridges of wear tolerant were smaller than wear susceptible genotypes. There was no significantdifference of epidermal cells size, stomata size, and wax density among all the genotypes on leaf surface. Theseresults suggested that the mechanisms of wear tolerance were possibly due to high fibre content in stolons andleaves. In addition, we suggest that the wear tolerant genotypes have a denser ridge pattern of epidermal cellsgiving the leaves greater tensile strength.Keywords: wear, Cynodon, fibre, scanning electron microscopy, ridges.Fruit quality prediction on cider apple: effect of annual fruit load,soil and climateGUILLERMIN, Pascale (1) *; PIFFARD, Blandine (2) ; PRIMAULT, Jo (2) ; DUPONT, Nathalie (2) ;GILLES, Yann (2)(1) Agrocampus-ouest - Department of Horticultural Crops Sciences,Joint Research Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences UMR1345 (INRA / Agrocampusouest/ University of Angers ). Centre Angers-Nantes/ INRA-IRHS batiment B, 42 rue Georges Morel –BP 60057 49071 Beaucouzé cedex – France(2) Institut Français des Productions Cidricoles. Station Cidricole. 61500 Sées – France* pascale.guillermin@agrocampus-ouest.frOn cider apples as for other fruit crops, three groups of factors lead to high variability of fruit at harvest: geneticfactors, environmental and cultural practices. Monitoring during 10 years, a network of about a dozen plots incommercial orchards was used to analyse the respective influence of soil, climate and trees load, on fruit qualityat harvest. A total of 112 samples of two varieties (DouceMoen and DouceCoetLigné), each corresponding to acouple plot-years, were analysed. Each sample is characterized by its fruit load (3 levels) and its climate and soilgroup (4 levels per group). These groups were defined by a non supervised segmentation method respectively314

Posters of Topic 5applied to 8 soil variables or to climatic series. Each series described the annual climate, from the pre-floweringperiod to harvest, by combinations of temperature, precipitation and radiation, summed over periods of threeweeks with partial temporal overlap. For six of the seven quality variables, the genetic factor explained thegreatest part of variability. The respective influence of the three other factors was more variable according to thequality criteria considered, but the fruit load effect was often predominant and interacted with the soil or climatefactors. The results allowed to identify the most favorable environmental conditions, especially climatic conditions,to the quality, and the conditions which have generated the least variability at harvest.In a second step, differents models (PLS methods with cross-validation) have been developed to predict fruitquality at harvest according to soil properties of the plot, annual fruits load and characteristics of climate duringmore or less long growing periods (from bud break to fruit ripening). Promising results were obtained for fourquality variables (fruit weight, IR, acidity and tannins) especially for the variety Douce Moen (r2 = 0,54 to 0,72 andRMSEV = 13 to 17%). Such results could lead to develop, on the production area concerned, a predictive tool thatallowed the industrial cider professionals to anticipate each year, during summer, on the quality of the differentbatches of fruits delivered for processing to the station.Keywords: Malus domestica Borkh., agrometeorological model, cider apple quality.Influence of gums formed in stone-fruit trees on the growth,development and ethylene production by Verticillium albo-atrumand V. dahliae cultures in vitroWĘGRZYNOWICZ-LESIAK, Elżbieta (1) *; JARECKA BONCELA, Anna (1) ; GÓRAJ,Justyna (1) ; URBANEK, Henryk (2) ; SANIEWSKI, Marian (1)(1)Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland(2)Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237Łódź* elzbieta.wegrzynowicz@inhort.plGums are complexes of different substances, but the most important constituents are polysaccharideswith a highly individual structure. Polysaccharides of stone fruit trees consist of galactose, arabinose, mannose,xylose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid. It is well known that different kinds of oligo- and polysaccharides can act inplants as molecular signals (elicitors) that regulate growth, development and survival in the environment throughelicitation of various physiological and biochemical processes. It is also documented that fungal and plant cellfragments (oligosaccharides) have been shown to induce ethylene synthesis in higher plants.The aim of the present work was to study the effect of peach, cherry, apricot and plum gums on the invitro growth and development of Verticillium albo-atrum and Verticillium dahliae, and ethylene production by thesepathogens.It was found that gums formed in stone-fruit trees added to CzDA medium stimulated mycelium linear growth ofthese pathogens. V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae growing on CzDA medium supplemented with all the gums wasmore abounding; great felt aerial mycelium growth as compared to the control. Addition of the gums to themedium greatly stimulated sporulation of the investigated pathogens.V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae growing on CzDA media produced ethylene; the highest level of ethylene evolutionwas observed after 11 days of incubation. Addition of the gums formed in stone-fruit trees to CzDA mediuminhibited ethylene production by V. albo-atrum. However, the gums of peach and cherry added to CzDA mediumstimulated ethylene production, but apricot and plum gums did not affect ethylene production by V. dahliae.The role of polysaccharide gums on the growth and development of V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum and ethyleneproduction by these pathogens is discussed.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis work was supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Grant No. N N310 0782 39315

Posters of Topic 5Influence of cultivar and industrial pollution on the content ofessential and toxic elements in hazelnuts and walnuts fromBulgariaARPADJAN, Sonja (1) ; MOMCHILOVA, Svetlana (2) ; KIROVA, Deniza (1) ; BLAGOEVA,Eliza (3) ; NIKOLOVA, Magdalena (3)(1) University of Sofia, Faculty of Chemistry, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria(2) Institute of Organic Chemistry, BAS, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria(3) Agricultural Experiment Station, 6600 Kardzhali, Bulgaria* sganeva@chem.uni-sofia.bgMicronutrient (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) and toxic element (Cd, Pb) contents of various cultivars of walnut and hazelnutcultivated in an industrially polluted area (lead/zinc smelter), Bulgaria, were determined. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) showed that statistically differences existed for Cd, Cu and Pb in relation to the harvesting year ofsamples. Significant differences were also found for Mn, Cd and Pb in relation to the variety of samples. Nosignificant differences were found between cultivars for Fe and Zn. To explain the observed effects the followingstudies were additionally performed: i) analysis of soils for total content of analytes and for their distribution in soilfractions; ii) analysis of fruit parts - shells, leaves, involucres for total content of Cd and Pb. The results reveal thatthe main source for accumulation of Pb in the kernels was the air pollution as long as for Cd – the soil pollution.Cadmium and lead exposure through the hazelnuts grown in industrially polluted area in Bulgaria appear to be ofhealth concern.Key words: Hazelnuts, walnuts, micronutrients, toxic elements, nut quality, health risk.Sap flow of sweet cherry trees depending on meteorologicalconditionsJUHÁSZ, Á. (1) *; HROTKÓ, K. (2) ; SEPSI P. (1) ; TŐKEI L. (1)(1)Corvinus University of Budapest, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, Department of Soil Science andWater Management, H-1118, Budapest, Villányi u. 29-43.(2)Corvinus University of Budapest, Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, Department of Horticulture andDendrology, H-1118, Budapest, Villányi u. 29-43.* agota.juhasz@uni-corvinus.huSap flow measurement was made on sweet cherry trees grown in intensive orchard in Soroksár, at the Station ofExperimental Farm of Corvinus University of Budapest (Hungary) between 2008 and 2011 during the vegetationperiods. The cultivar used, ’Rita’, is ripening early, usually between May 22–28. The experimental orchard wasplanted to 4,0x2,0 m spacing with 1250 trees·ha -1 density in the spring of 2004. The connection between the sapflow and the meteorological parameters (temperature, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit and wind speed) wasanalyzed at different phases of the day.The strongest correlation was found between the sap flow and vapor pressure deficit. On certain days – whenglobal radiation exceeded 200 W·m -2 – the global radiation is the major factor which determine the sap flow.Taking a day as a whole (24 hours), there is positive linear correlation between sap flow and the above mentionedinvestigated parameters. In the morning there is linear correlation, while in the afternoon exponential correlationbetween sap flow and vapor pressure deficit. Sap flow and global radiation shows cubic relation between 14:00-22:00. We found exponential relation between the VPD and sap flow rate at night.Keywords: intensive orchard, Prunus avium, sap flow, weather.316

Posters of Topic 5Factors affecting nutrient balance of high density sweet cherryorchardHROTKÓ, Károly *; MAGYAR, Lajos & GYEVIKI, MártaCorvinus University of Budapest, Faculty of Horticultural Science1118 Budapest Villányi Str. 35-43.* karoly.hrotko@uni-corvinus.huRootstocks influenced the nutrient concentration in sweet cherry leaves. GiSelA 6 root based on leaf and shootnutrient levels of trees proved to be efficient supplier of N, P, K, Zn, B, Mn, but the trees tend to develop low Ca,Mg and Cu content. Vigorous Prunus mahaleb roots are efficient in supply of leaves and shots by N, P, K, Ca,Mg, Fe, Cu but this root tends to low supply in Zn, B and Mn. The rootstock vigor in intensive sweet cherryorchard impacts the nutrient use of biomass production. In high density orchards due to the summer pruningconsiderable part of leaf and shoot mass is removed from the orchard on vigorous rootstocks, which influence thenutrient balance. Trees on GiSelA 6 are more efficient considering the nutrient use for production of fruit massunit. We calculated the nutrient balance of high density sweet cherry orchard planted on different rootstocks usingdata of leaf, shoot and fruit nutrient content analysis.Keywords: GiSelA 6, Prunus mahaleb, leaf and shoot nutrient content, rootstock efficiency.Fruit growth of Hylocereus undatus planted at 800 meters from sealevel and effect of number of fruit on branch to fruit quality(1)ISARANGKOOL NA AYUTTHAYA, Supat (1) *; PHONRUENG, Samruay (2) ; SONGSRI,Patcharin (1) ; POLTHANEE, Anan (2)Horticultural Section, Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty ofAgriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand* Corresponding author (isupat@kku.ac.th)(2) Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, ThailandNowadays, dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) is one important plant in Thailand which can export and sale indomestic. The plantations of dragon fruit are extended to the highland areas which have low temperature.Therefore, this work was to study the fruit growth characteristics of dragon fruit which planted at 800 meters fromsea level (Experimental and Training Station in Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Chulabhorn Dam, Chaiyaphumprovince). The experiment was done during July – September 2011 (rainy season) with 2 sets of flowering. Thetemperature in experimental period ranged from 17.1-37.4 o C and the average temperature was 23.5 o C. Theresult showed that the pattern of fruit growth was simple sigmoid curve and the optimum harvest period was 34-36 days after bloom. The early period of fruit growth (0-25 days), the peel weight was higher than pulp weight,and then the pulp weight increased and was higher than peel weight at the end period. The firmness declinedaccording to age of fruit, while the total soluble solid content (TSS) increased according to age of fruit and stabledat 34-36 days after bloom (11.02 o Brix). The titratable acidity (TA) exhibited the peak at 30 days after bloom. Theratio TSS/TA was 29.13 at harvesting stage. The effect of number of fruit on branch to fruit quality showed thatthe fruit from 2 fruits branch had lower in fruit weight than the fruit from 1 fruit branch. Additionally, the fruit from 2fruits branch had higher in TA than fruit from 1 fruit branch.Keywords: dragon fruit, Hylocereus undatus, fruit growth, number of fruit, fruit qualities.317

Posters of Topic 5Yield of Hevea brasiliensis could not be the indicator for soildrought(1)ISARANGKOOL NA AYUTTHAYA, Supat (1) *; DO, Frederic C. (2)Horticultural Section, Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty ofAgriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand* Corresponding author (isupat@kku.ac.th)(2) IRD, UMR Eco&Sols, SupAgro-INRA, Montpellier F-34060, FranceGenerally, physiological parameters that can indicate soil drought of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) are leafwater potential, tree transpiration or sap flux density and whole tree hydraulic conductance. Another parameteralso should be the indicator for soil drought is yield. Therefore, the aim of this study was evaluating the potentialof yield for soil drought indicator. The experiment was done during intermittent drought in the rainy season atrubber plantation located at Khu-Muang district, Buriram province, northeast Thailand. The result showed that thenumber of sheets per hectare per tapping decreased in severe-drought period (Relative extractable soil water;REW0.5).Whereas, other yield per tapping such as latex per tree, dry rubber per tree and dry rubber per hectare were nosignificantly differed between severe-drought and well water period. Additionally, the dry rubber content (DRC)also had no differed, but it exhibited increasing tendency of DRC when the soil drought occurred. Thus, the yieldby tapping could not indicate the soil drought.Keywords: rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, yield, soil drought, indicator.The effects of different hormones on in vitro callus induction inseed explants of Golden Berry (Physalis peruviana L.)HANCI, Fatih *; CEBECI, EsraAtatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute, Yalova, Turkey* tanerfatih@gmail.com.trIn this study, the effects of different concentrations of 2,4-D, Kinetin and BAP on Golden Berry (PhysalisPeruviana L.) seeds culture were investigated. After disinfection, seeds were placed in petri dishes containingMurashige and Skoog culture medium supplemented with 2,4‐D and, Kin and BAP concentrations and differentcombinations. All the callus inducing medias were fortified with 30 gl−1 sucrose, 7 gl−1 agar. Petri dishes wereplaced in a growth culture room under a photoperiod of 16 h light/8 h darkness, at 25°C temperature. Thefrequency of callus induction varied depending on the different concentrations of hormones. Among them callusinduction media containing 2.0 mg/l 2, 4‐D and 1 mg/l BAP was found best for callusing .Keywords: Golden berry, Physalis peruviana L., callus, in vitro.Thigmomorphogenesis: the use of mechanical stress for heightcontrol in (organic) plant productionRUTTENSPERGER, Ute; KOCH, Rainer; SAUER, Heike; KOCH, Robertute.ruttensperger@lvg.bwl.de318

Posters of Topic 5Height control is one of the most challenging areas of pot plant production. Greenhouse environment, culturalpractices and cultivar vigor influences stem elongation. Several techniques are available for controlling plantheight, including plant growth regulators, climate control strategies and crop scheduling. However growthregulators have not been authorized for use in organic production and herb production. At the State HorticulturalCollege and Research Institute Heidelberg the effect of a mechanical stimulation treatment on the growth ofpotted plants was analyzed.In the years 2000 – 2011 various ornamental plants, vegetables and herbs were treated with mechanicalstimulation. For applying mechanical stress an irrigation boom was modified and fitted with tissue. Frequency andapplication time of the treatment was altered. Compared to untreated plants treated young plants of Tracheliumcaeruleum showed a reduction of stem elongation up to 40 %. The treatment was divided in three periods, in eachperiod the plants were touched 36 times. All in all the plants were treated 108 times in the early morning using fivefabric panels at once. Fewer panels led to less growth reduction.Mechanical stress was very effective at controlling stem elongation in potted tomatoes and parsley.Three times a day an appliance at 6:00, 12:00 and 4:00, 24 times per section, resulted in compact grown plants.At the time of sale stem elongation was reduced up to 30 %. The effect lasted up to 10 days after stopping thetreatment. Equally a large assortment of organically produced potted herbs showed a tendency or significantlyreduced growth by obtaining mechanical stress treatment. Because of more stability the quality was visiblyimproved.Ornamental plants such as Petunia, Calibrachoa, Lobelia, Zinnia and Viola also reacted well on a mechanicalstress treatment. Viola ‘Cool Wave Yellow’, a spreading variety, stretched less and developed a nicely roundshaped crop when brushed. But mechanical stimulation on ornamentals has to be reduced when first flowersappear. Otherwise damage of flowers is highly probable.The physiological effect has not yet been clarified. Explaining growth reduction with a lower transpiration rate byapplying mechanical stress didn’t prove right. Maybe bending the top of the shoot influences the ratio betweenphytohormones.Studies on the adaptation, multiplication and cultivation inRomania of two new fruit-growing species, Actinidia deliciosa andActinidia argutaPETICILA, Adrian (1) ; MADJAR, Roxana (2) ; STANICA, Florin (1) ; VENAT-DUMITRIU, Oana (1)(1)University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Horticulture,Horticulture Bioengineering Resources Department, 59 Marasti Blvd., 011464 Bucharest, Romania;apeticila@yahoo.com;(2) University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Agriculture,Soil Sciences Department, 59 Marasti Blvd., 011464 Bucharest, Romania; rmadjar@yahoo.com;Due to its many benefits, Actinidia succeeded in getting a ‘competitive edge’ over other exotic fruits and inconquering new lands, regions and fans. Fruits can be eaten fresh or stored up to 6 months or used by the foodindustry for the preparation of marmalades, sauces, jams and syrups. All these beneficial features of the fruit callfor the extension of Actinidia –growing areas in our country. Due to the quite large area occupied by this planttype and to the various geographical and weather conditions in the areas of origin, these plants have a goodcapacity to adapt. Actinidia has often been compared to the peach in terms of growing area and soil requirementssince it is more demanding than the grape vine. Its growing area is limited to a land strip with the latitudecoordinates 34° to 46° north and 30° to 42° south. Romania is located on the northern boundary of the Actinidiagrowing area and offers the proper climate for the cultivation of this variety.There are regions in Romania which favour the cultivation of Actinidia, for instance the mild micro-climates wherethe peach, the apricot and the almond trees grow, e.g. the first terraces of the Danube Meadow (‘Lunca Dunării’).Actinidia arguta, which proved to be more resistant at low temperatures, may be cultivated by farmers in almostall the regions of Romania, with outstanding crop figures in the first years due to the minimum protection requiredby the plant during winter.These studies focus on the introduction of Actinidia arguta and Actinidia deliciosa on the list of species cultivatedin Romania and rely on complex scientific methods and in-depth study of the plant’s reaction to environmentalconditions, of propagation techniques and improvement of technologies to obtain young and healthy plants. Theresearch on the multiplication of kiwi varieties and hybrids is conducted by the Micropropagation Laboratory withinthe Horticulture Bioengineering Resources Department of the University of Agronomical Sciences and VeterinaryMedicine of Bucharest. This work was co-financed from the European Social Fund under the Sectoral Operational319

Posters of Topic 5Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013, project number POSDRU/89/1.5/S/63258 ”Postdoctoralschool for zootechnical biodiversity and food biotehnology based on the eco-economy and the bio-economyrequired by eco-san-genesys”. Biological material used during observations was represented by 2 (two) varieties:Hayward, Tomuri from Actinidia deliciosa and other 2 (two) hybrids from Actinidia arguta which are direct descentfrom cultivars and hybrids from Faculty of Horticulture kiwi plants collection.The in vitro culture was ensured in a hormone-free MS environment in three variants: classic MS, MS with 2xNH4NO3 and MS with 3x NH4NO3. Ethyl alcohol, 70%, was used for disinfection purposes for 5 seconds, as wellas sodium hypochlorite, 10% for 2 minutes, followed by 3 flushing cycles with sterile distilled water. The cultureinitiation had a 95% success rate and is currently in the multiplication stage.Key words: Actinidia arguta, Actinidia deliciosa, kiwi plant, micropropagation, European funds.Apple ovule settingMIĆIĆ, Nikola (1) (2) ; ĐURIĆ, Gordana (1) (2 *; PAŠALIĆ, Boris (1)(1) Faculty of Agriculture, University of Banjaluka(2) Genetic Resources Institute, University of Banjaluka* gordanadju@gmail.comFruit development in apple and fruit viability on the tree is in the function of embryo development. Control of embryodevelopment is an important element of the yield capacity control, especially the yielding capacity in intensive orchardmanagement systems.The study of the correlation between the number of the set ovules and fruit viability untill the physiological maturityphase was carried out on the following cultivars: Royal Gala, Idared, Jonagold, Golden Delicious and GrannySmith, in eight years old intensive orchard system on the rootstock M9. Yield in the orchard is 22-28 kg/tree. Theexperimental trees were not treated with the fruit thinning agro-chemicals.The research was carried out in the way that during the fruit dropping in June, newly dropped fruits were pickedfrom under five trees (20 fruits per tree) of each cultivar and in those fruits analyzed was the degree of embryodevelopment by classification in two groups: 1) the seeds with normally developed embryos, as those embryos inthe fruits which remained on the trees, and 2) non-viable seeds with the seed coats without developed embryos(the embryos were aborted soon after the setting or in the early stages of development). From each of thosetrees there were taken 20 fruits that are physiologically mature and the analysis of normally developed seeds andnon-viable seeds was conducted.Analysis indicate that during the June fruit dropping from the trees of the studied cultivars, dropped were thosefruits which in average contained less than 30% of the ovules with normally developed embryos. Furthermore,among all the cultivars observed, physiologically mature fruits approximately have more than 70% of the setovules that produced normally developed and physiologically mature embryos, and in addion to that amongdiploid cultivars the number was above 75%, while among triploid cultivars it was above 55%.Genotype differences in the structure of the developed embryos in both the dropped and in the physiologicallymature fruits have been discussed in this paper as the control factor of apple tree yield capacity in intensiveorchard management systems.Keywords: female gametophyte, non-viable seeds, fruit dropping, physiologically mature fruit.Tomato and toxic metals: new approaches in plant physiology,biochemistry and genetics320

Posters of Topic 5AZEVEDO, Ricardo A *; PIOTTO, Fernando; GRATAO, Priscila L.Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ. Departamento de Genética,13400-970, Piracicaba-BRAZIL* raazeved@esalq.usp.brTomato is an important horticultural crop which can be affected by the harmful effects of toxic metals. Cadmium(Cd) and Aluminum (Al) can negatively interfere with important plant processes which are dependent upon metalconcentration, plant species, organ/tissue and duration of exposure. Cd and Al can induce excessive productionof reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may lead to serious damage to the cellular metabolism, resulting ingrowth inhibition and even cell death. Our studies have helped to improve a better understand about thephysiological, biochemical and genetic alterations of tomato plants exposed to these metals, using the cultivarMicro-Tom (MT) as a model, and several other cultivars and wild species related to tomato. We identifieddifferences in activity and isoforms for antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase(CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR), changes in the non antioxidant enzymaticsystem, represented by alterations in the production of glutathione and phytochelatins, as well as the use of twodimensionalgel analysis protein expression profile to find out candidate proteins involved in the defenseresponses to toxic metals. We have also established a new experimental approach using the grafting techniquefor the MT variety to study heavy metals stress signalling and specific responses among plant organs duringstress. We verified that the interplay between signaling and antioxidant system extends to mechanismsdependent upon cell compartmentalization. Our studies revealed that Cd and Al translocation between plantorgans was influenced by the plants used as rootstocks. Besides, we are inducing genetic alterations among MTplants through the use of chemical and physical mutagenesis in order to obtain mutant plants which may help toelucidate the main genetic and biochemistry mechanisms involved in tolerance to toxic metals. We hope topresent some of the data on these distinct aspects to the researchers working in horticulture field and show thatsuch new approaches and ideas can provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of detoxification, helpingour understanding about the different molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cell stress responses. Thedata may also be useful in breeding programs or biotechnological alternatives to produce and/or select tolerantplants that may be used in phytoremediation in order to reduce the amount of heavy metals in contaminatedareas. (Financial support by FAPESP and CNPq).In vitro research of the fungicide effect on pollen germinability andtubes growth of species of genera Prunus and PyrusNIKOLIĆ, Dragan *; STEVANOVIĆ, Ninoslav; RADOVIĆ, Aleksandar; MILATOVIĆ, Dragan& RAKONJAC, VeraUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture,Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia* nikolicd@agrif.bg.ac.rsIn the species of Prunus genus (plum, peach, apricot, sweet cherry and sour cherry) the most important diseasesare blossom blight, twig blight and fruit rot caused by Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena, whereas in thespecies of Pyrus genus (pear), the most significant disease is black spot and pear scab, caused by Venturiapirina. Therefore, in the aforementioned species, fungicide spraying during the flowering time is necessary toprotect the fruit trees from mentioned pathogens and thus prevent losses which they can cause. In this paper, weinvestigated the effect of the fungicide (mankogal) on pollen germinability and tube growth of plum, peach, sweetcherry, sour cherry and pear. Three different concentrations of the chemical (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) were used incomparison with the control variant (without fungicide). The pollen germinability (%) and tube growth (µm) weredetermined on the nutrient medium with 15% of sucrose with the addition of 0.7% of agar-agar. Both propertieswere determined on the light microscope fitted with the Leica DC 300 digital camera, during the two-year period ofresearch. In all investigated species, a considerable decrease in pollen germinability and tube length in all threeconcentrations of chemical was determined compared with the control variant (without fungicide). Regarding thecontrol variant, a particularly high impact of fungicide is displayed on the decrease in pollen tube length. Pollengerminability and tube length except for differentiation in species differed in respect of applied chemical321

Posters of Topic 5concentrations as well. When increasing chemical concentrations from 0.1% to 0.3%, the decrease in pollengerminability and tube length was determined in almost all fruit species.Key words: Monilinia spp., Venturia pirina, mankogal, pollen germinability, tube growth.Effect of phytosulfokine on plating efficiency in mesophyllprotoplast culture of Daucus speciesGRZEBELUS, Ewa *; MAĆKOWSKA, KatarzynaDepartment of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Agricultural University of Krakow, Al. 29-Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland* e.grzebelus@ogr.ur.krakow.plPhytosulphokine (PSK) is a peptidyl plant growth factor known as a promoter of mitotic activity. Beside the widelyused auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins it can be an alternative supplement for plant in vitro cultures, especially inthe case of recalcitrant species. To date, stimulatory effect of PSK on cell division was observed in rice and sugarbeet protoplast cultures (Grzebelus et al. 2012a). The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence ofPSK on protoplast plating efficiency for some Daucus species to facilitate their subsequent use in somatichybridization with cultivated carrot.Protoplasts were isolated from established seed-derived shoot cultures of four Daucus accessions, i.e. D. aureus,D. pusillus, D. montevidensis and D. carota subsp. maritimus. Tissue digestion and protoplast cultures wereperformed as described by Grzebelus et al. (2012b) with two modifications: for protoplast immobilization filter- andautoclave-sterilized sodium alginate were used and culture medium was supplemented with 100 nM of PSK.Plating efficiency expressed as a percent of cell colonies formation was estimated in twenty-day-old cultures.Plating efficiency was genotype-dependent and varied from 12 % for D. montevidensis to 40 % for D. carotasubsp. maritimus. Addition of phytosulphokine to the protoplast culture medium stimulated cell divisions. Thenumber of microcolonies was doubled in comparison to the control (27 % vs. 14 %). Similarly, higher level ofplating efficiency was observed in filter-sterilized alginate layers.This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grant no. N N310 440 238).REFERENCES:GRZEBELUS E, SZKLARCZYK M, GREŃ J, ŚNIEGOWSKA K, JOPEK M, KACIŃSKA I, MROŻEK K. 2012a. Phytosulfokinestimulates cell divisions in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) mesophyll protoplast cultures. Plant Growth Regulation,DOI 10.1007/s10725-011-9654-2GRZEBELUS E, SZKLARCZYK M, BARANSKI R. 2012b. An improved protocol for plant regeneration from leaf- andhypocotyl-derived protoplasts of carrot. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 109: 101–109Preliminary hyperspectral and biochemical data of tomato canopyin response to salinity stressKALAITZIS, Panagiotis (1) *; ALTARTOURI, Bara (1) ; KALAITZIDIS, Chariton (2) ; MANAKOS,Ioannis (2) ; SPANO, Theodore (1) ; FRAGOSTEFANAKIS, Sotirios (1)(1) Department of Horticultural Genetics & Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania(MAICh), Chania, Greece(2) Department of Geoinformation in Environmental Management, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute ofChania (MAICh), Chania, Greece* panagiot@maich.gr322

Posters of Topic 5Salinity stress induces biological as well as physiological changes, which might be detected through analysis ofreflectance spectra. Therefore, changes in reflectance spectra might be used as an indicator of salinity stress.The objective of this work was to determine the spectral and biochemical profile of Solanum xlycopersicum'Elpida' canopy under salinity stress before visible as well as physiological symptoms appear. Young tomatoplants were planted in perlite and exposed to medium-high salinity (5.2 ds/m) for 30 days under controlledenvironment conditions. Fertigation was ensured through a hydroponic system. FieldSpec 3 Hi-Res PortableSpectroradiometer device with a plant probe was used to monitor the hyperspectral images of tomato leavesunder salinity stress throughout the 30 day-salinity experiment. Statistically significant changes were detected inthe visible as well as the shortwave infrared spectral range in leaf #5 after 12 days of salinity treatment which wasaccompanied by changes in chlorophyll and water absorption features. While in leaf #6, significant changes wereobserved in chlorophyll absorption features after 4 & 5 days of salinity. These results suggest that alterations inthe chlorophyll and water absorption features occurred in response to salinity in tomato canopy. In addition, thechlorophyll content was determined in order to correlate biochemical and spectral data.Keywords: Solanum xlycopersicum 'Elpida', canopy, hyperspectral image, salt stress, spectroradiometer.The Effect of thawing temperature and duration of roots of witloofchicory before forcing on chicon yield and quality in republic ofKoreaSEO, Hyuntaek (1) ; WON, Jae Hee (1) ; CHOI, Jae Keun (1) ; AHN, Soo Yong (1) ; KANG, HoMin (2) *(1) Gangwon Provincial ARES, Chuncheon 200-150, Korea(2) Kangwon National Univ., Dept. of Horticultural Sci., Chuncheon 200-701, Korea* gusxor0000@korea.krThe chicon is the second growth of the bud at the top of a chicory (cicherium intybus L. var. foliosum) root. Thechicon (Belgium endive) is use to have salad and soup from all over the world.The influence of the thawing temperature and thawing period of chicory root on the yield and quality of chicon wasinvestigated in this study during 2010 and 2011.The cultivated region of chicory(cultivar is Vintor) is Injae(highland region) in the Republic of Korea. Injae is 660meters above the sea level. Sowing was on the 20th of June, the harvest was on 20 October. Following harvest,the roots was placed into cold storage at -1°C and 95% relative humidity in 90 days. The thawing temperature ofroot was treated with -1°C, 2°C, 5°C. And The thawing period was treated with 1-14 weeks each. After treatment,chicon was producted in the forcing stage(at 15 to 17°C and 98 to 100% relative humidity in dark condition) during20 days. With the passage of thawing period in 2°C and 5°C increased the number of leaves and fresh weight ofchicon. The other hand, -1°C was no changes. Also index of chicon head formation showed the same trend. Thechicon head formation was 2.0(good) when thawing over 3 weeks at 2°C and even better was over a week at 5°C.Also the bolting length of chicon showed the same pattern. Fungi was occurred when thawing over 3 weeks at5°C and 2°C. while, -1°C did not occur. The chicon yield was increased when thawing over 3 weeks at 2°C, 4weeks had the highest yield.Nutritional disorders in Phalaenopsis - Symptoms and plantanalysis323

Posters of Topic 5AMBERGER-OCHSENBAUER, Susannesusanne.amberger@hswt.deThere are only few pictures available concerning nutritional disorders in Phalaenopsis and correspondingreference values for optimal, suboptimal and toxic concentrations of special elements in the plants are even morescarce. Furthermore, only little or nothing is known about the amount and duration of the nutritional supplypreceeding the onset of symptoms.The influence of suboptimal or excess supply of main and trace elements on growth, flowering and quality ofPhalaenopsis 'Snowflake' and RC_02 was tested during a three year experiment. The different treatments wererealized by specific amounts of nutrients in the growing media and fertilizer solutions used during the cultivationperiod. Samples of growing media and plant material were analyzed at several times during the experiment.The first symptoms occurred three months after potting in the treatments with nitrogen deficiency, nitrogen excessand copper deficiency. Concerning these elements, the symptoms were similar to those known from other plantspecies. For all other tested elements at least seven months of cultivation under the specific nutritional conditionswere necessary to obtain symptoms other than general growth reduction. Many of the symptoms in Phalaenopsisdid not or only partly correspond to the reaction known from other plant species and several treatments showedunspecific reactions. Characteristic symptoms occurred with phosphate, magnesium and calcium deficiency. Themost pronounced effects were observed with nitrogen deficiency, nitrogen excess, phosphate deficiency, calciumdeficiency (partly), copper deficiency (partly) and chloride excess. In the treatments with nitrogen excess, calciumdeficiency, copper deficiency and chloride excess die back of whole plants appeared. Some treatments resultedin clear differences between the two cultivars or between individual plants within one treatment.Mycorrhiza-mediated salt stress tolerance in sweet cornSCHAARSCHMIDT, Sara *; ADLER, Elisabeth; ALYOUNESS, Wedad; EICHEL, Peter &ULRICHS, ChristianDivision Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Agriculture and HorticultureHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinGermany* sara.schaarschmidt@agrar.hu-berlin.deSalinity of soil or water represents an increasing threat to horticulture. High sodium chloride (NaCl) levels caninduce physiological drought by reducing the osmotic potential of the soil solution, they can cause nutrientimbalances in the plant, and they can act toxic on the plant cells. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are wellknown to enhance the overall stress tolerance of plants – including the salt stress tolerance. The AM-mediatedimprovement of plant tolerance comprises diverse mechanisms including enhanced supply with nutrients andwater as well as changes on biochemical, molecular, physiological, and structural level. Here, two AM fungalspecies, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae, were compared for their beneficial effect on sweet corn (Zeamays) 'Golden Bantam' grown under salt stress. In un-inoculated plants, weekly watering with 100 mM NaClsolution over seven weeks resulted in severe growth reduction compared to control plants. The total plant height,the height of the stem and the number of leaves were reduced to the half at least. In addition, chlorophyllfluorescence was lowered to approximately 53% compared to un-stressed plants. In our study, G. intraradices didnot provide a significant protection of sweet corn plants towards salt stress, whereas inoculation with G. mosseaesignificantly counteracted these negative effects of NaCl. In un-stressed plants, none of the two Glomus specieshad an effect on the analyzed parameters. The content of the osmolyte proline, determined in the shoots,revealed that plants colonized with G. mosseae accumulated less proline upon salt stress compared to uninoculatedplants. This indicates that in G. mosseae-colonized plants less effort was required to maintain theosmotic potential of the cell. To get a first insight why both Glomus species differentially affected the salt stresstolerance of sweet corn, transcript levels of the sodium antiporter genes ZmNHX1-6 and of two Z. mays genesinvolved in stress signaling (ZmSIK1, ZmMKK4) were analyzed.Keywords: Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, proline, salt-stress induced gene expression, sodium chloride(NaCl), Zea mays 'Golden Bantam'.324

Posters of Topic 5Transcriptomic analysis of leaves of transgenic apple silenced forsorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase geneSUZUKI, Yasuo (1) & DANDEKAR, Abhaya (2)(1)Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan(2)Plant Sciences Department, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA* ysuzuki@kobe-u.ac.jpPlants in the Rosaceae synthesize both sorbitol and sucrose as major end-products of photosynthesis. Sorbitolplays roles in determination of fruit quality, occurrence of watercore, boron transport, and vegetative growth ofthem. In this study, in order to clarify the mechanism how sorbitol is related with them as a signal molecule, weconducted comprehensive analyses of genes regulated by sorbitol using mature leaves of transgenic applesilenced for sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH) gene. Microarray was designed using 23731 appleunigenes opened by NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Trees of two clones (GSS78 and GSA04) were selectedfor analysis and levels of S6PDH transcript were reduced in sense clone GSS78 and antisense clone GSA04compared to control. One hundred thirty eight down-regulated genes (< 0.5-fold) and 121 up-regulated genes (>2-fold) were identified in GSA04. In GSS78, 2687 down-regulated genes (< 0.5-fold) were identified and 100 ofthem were also identified as a down-regulated genes in GSA04. In GSS78, 2718 up-regulated genes (> 2-fold)were identified and 70 of them were also identified as a up-regulated genes in GSA04. It is suggested that theexpression of these genes are directly or indirectly regulated by sorbitol. The analysis of GO terms revealed that,in down-regulated genes in GSA04, concerning “Biological process”, the representative categories were “cellularprocess”, “metabolic process”, “response to stimulus”, “biological regulation”, “developmental process”,“multicellular organism process”, and “signaling” and, as regards drastically up-regulated genes, the function ofmany of them was unknown except for sorbitol metabolism.Keywords: apple, gene expression, microarray, sorbitol.Modeling the growth of ‘Braeburn’ apple fruitsGARRIZ, Patricia I.; COLAVITA, Graciela M.; VITA, Laura I.; ALVAREZ, Hugo L.& BLACKHALL, ValeriaFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad Nacional del Comahuec.c. 85, 8303 Cinco Saltos, R.N.,Argentina* pigarriz@gmail.com‘Braeburn’ apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh) are grown throughout the warm regions of the world. They are bicolored,crisp and very juicy; they store well and withstand the handling demands of international supplychains. The objective of this work was to develop a model to predict the seasonal growth for ‘Braeburn’ apples,expressed in terms of fruit diameter as a function of time from full bloom. Fruit growth was followed at theExperimental Farm of the Universidad Nacional del Comahue, High Valley region, Río Negro, Argentina (38°56´S, 67° 59´W), located in an arid region with average annual rainfall of 250 mm, on a sandy loam soil. Anautomated meteorological station, situated close to the experimental orchard, continuously monitored maximum,mean and minimum air temperature during the growth period. The study was conducted on ‘Braeburn’ apple treeson M IV rootstock, planted in 1993 and trained to palmette leaders. The trees were spaced 4.0 2.3 m and roworientation was north-south. The orchard was kept weed-free, fertilized and sprayed for pest and disease controlaccording to the local standard program. Trees were surface irrigated at weekly intervals to match the cropevapotranspiration requirements throughout the season. Five trees were selected at random and four fruits weresampled every two weeks till commercial harvest, during the 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2010-11growing seasons. Fruit diameter (FD) measurements were carried out with a Vernier caliper. The range of325

Posters of Topic 5sampling dates was 24 and 167 days after full bloom (DFB). Equations were developed with SYSTAT procedure.The R 2 values and residual mean squares were used to evaluate the goodness-to-fit of the models. Resultsshowed that the following logistic model provided the most satisfactory fit to the pooled data (n = 1088), ascompared to the power and linear equations: FD (mm) = 78.00/(1 + e 1.5355-0.0258 DFB ), R 2 = 0.90, P < 0.001. Thismodel describes the fruit diameter obtainable in the specific orchard conditions for ‘Braeburn’ apple growth. Fruitmaximal absolute growth rate derived from the selected function was 0.50 mm·day -1 . A prediction chart wasbased on the development of the equation and showed ‘Braeburn’ apple sizes at various times after 167 DFB,with practical application to aid crop marketing.326

TOPIC 6LANDSCAPING AND URBAN HORTICULTUREORAL PRESENTATIONS

Oral Presentations of Topic 6Improving the performances of modular living walls systems: amultidisciplinary research experienceLARCHER, Federica (1) *; MONTACCHINI, Elena; GIORDANO, Roberto(1) Dept. Agronomy, Forest and Land management, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 4410095 GRUGLIASCO (TO), Italy*corresponding author: federica.larcher@unito.itThe building vertical greening is an ancient practice historically used to shade the façades or for ornamentalpurposes. Research is now interested in studying the many ecological benefits that living walls can provideespecially in the urban environment. We focused on the modular living wall systems (LWS) as the systemsinvolve planter boxes or other structures to anchor plants developed into modular systems attached to walls tofacilitate plant growth without relying on rooting space at ground level. Modular LWS give many advantages interms of time and money saving and can be a good opportunity for a wider use of this technology in the cities.The paper is a step forward the development of a new sustainable and performing modular LWS, starting from areview, with a focus on Italy, of the available systems and the analysis of their characteristics. During the lastyears several patents have been developed in Europe but much more for improving their performances can bedone. Both the technological and the cultivation aspects such as the structure, the materials, the fertirrigationsystem, the choice of species, and the cultivation media, can be refined. We found a way to classify availablepatents and we pointed out critical and potential elements of each, then we worked on one of them and wedeveloped an upgrading protocol.Keywords: vertical greening, urban environment, innovation, ornamentals, technology.328

Oral Presentations of Topic 6Extensive vegetation systems versus air pollutionSCHREITER, Hendrikje (1) ; GORBACHEVSKAYA, Olga (1) ; GRÜNEBERG, Heiner (2)(1)Institute of Agricultural and Urban Ecological Projects affiliated to Humboldt University Berlin (IASP),Philippstraße 13 Haus 16, 10115 Berlin, Germanyhendrikje.schreiter@agrar.hu-berlin.de, olga.gorbachevskaya@agrar.hu-berlin.de(2) Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Research Group HorticultureSystems, Germanyhgrueneberg@agrar.hu-berlin.deExtensive roof or tram track greening can mitigate air pollution through adsorption and absorption of fine dustcomponents.Typical plants and substrates were investigated regarding deposition and retention of selected fine dustcomponents in Berlin. Moreover, improving the binding potential of roof greening substrates was purposed byintegration of materials with high ion exchange capacity.One and multilayered green roof systems with conventional substrates and additives like clay minerals, recycleddiatomaceous earth, activated carbon and zeolite were simulated on a roof top. Additionally their componentswere tested in a green house. Furthermore Sedum was sampled from a tram track.As fine dust tracer heavy metals and PAH were measured in substrates, Sedum and eluate. In the green house,air pollution was simulated by solutions containing heavy metals, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates and ammonia.Heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-AES or AAS, PAH by HPLC, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates and ammoniain eluates by photometer. Sedum surfaces were examined concerning fine dust binding and dust layercharacteristics by SEM/EDX.In the track particulate matter accumulated on Sedum album and Sedum spurium. Up to almost 100 % of theplant surface was covered by dust after the vegetation period, tolerated by the plants. The dust mostly belongedto the size fractions PM 2.5 and PM 10, often in clusters of smaller particles. Fe, Si, Al and Mg dominated. Cu, Crand Mn occurred less. These elements are typical rather for trams than for cars. Due to micro roughness on theflower petal surfaces of Sedum album no dust accumulated there.One layered green roof systems showed large deviation in heavy metal and PAH retention (e.g. lead 10-71 %,mean 53 %), compared to multilayered systems (70-86 %). Adding 5 vol% of clay mineral Friedländer Ton ordiatomaceous earth reduced deviation and improved retention by 20 %. Granulating the additives avoided the riseof clay particles in the substrates. However, first results revealed a reduced heavy metal uptake and leaching oflead, nitrate and phosphate during the first three months. Thereafter zinc and ammonia was withheld. This isconsonant with results of other working groups that reported leaching during the first months and years aftergreening. Future investigations comprise yearly retention and leaching of fine dust components.Sedum species accumulated heavy metals differently in their biomass. Biodiversity increase of vegetation interms of species and forms seems suitable to improve fine dust mitigation of vegetation systems.Keywords: fine dust, PM10, heavy metals, sedum, ion exchange, technical greening systems, air improvement.329

Oral Presentations of Topic 6Touristic green spaces sustainability in the Adriatic cost: analysisand critical points in Emilia Romagna waterfrontCEVENINI, Laura; MINELLI, Alberto *; ZUFFA, DanieleDepartment of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of BolognaViale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy* alberto.minelli@unibo.itFrom the 70s to nowadays Adriatic Coast waterfront use and aspect is deeply changed. Urbanization has upsetthe metabolism of the city and has changed the patches relationships of the coastal environment.Nowadays the necessity is to recreate a new balance between man's structure and environment, aware thaturban spaces can be sustainable only thanks to natural and rural areas.By the way green areas are an important indicator of cities sustainability and they are also fundamental asregards touristic attraction of Adriatic Cost cities themselves.With regard to these considerations, it is significant the introduction of green buffer areas of connection betweenthe limit of the built urban environment and the natural sea-beach.The aim of this work is to analyse critical aspects of landscape design of these areas, comparing two differentsolutions adopted in the Adriatic waterfront: the “promenade” in Riccione and the "pathway"in Cesenatico.The article also evaluates the costs of the future maintenance and the economic impact of both projects. Thepathway will be considered more sustainable than the promenade, thanks to lower costs regarding design andmaintenance; using native species and less architectural elements it is possible a more sustainable and flexiblesystem.Keywords: landscape design, maintenance, promenade, pathway, urban limits.330

Oral Presentations of Topic 6Application of microclimatic landscape design in schoolyards inGreece(1)TSIROGIANNIS, Ioannis L. (1) *; ANTONIADIS, Dimitrios (2) ; KATSOULAS, Nicolaos (2) ;CHRISTIDOU, Vasilia (3) ; KITTA, E. (3) ; KITTAS, Constantinos (2)Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agricultural Technology,Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece(2) Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences,University of Thessaly, GR-38446, N. Ionia-Volos, Magnesia, Greece(3) Department of Preschool Education, University of Thessaly, GR-38446, Volos, Magnesia, Greece* agroworks@yahoo.grIn Greece schoolyards are usually sited in highly populated urban areas and they are covered mainly byimpervious materials (i.e. cement, asphalt etc.). Green spaces and trees are rare and they are limited in boundaryareas, while sport elements (i.e. goalposts and basket or volley ball structures) are placed in such way thatprevent other activities. In the present paper, in a typical conventional schoolyard of the city of Nea_Ionia, Volos,spatial variation of thermal comfort was mapped using on-site measured microclimatic variables (air temperature,wind speed, air humidity, radiative fluxes) for the calculation of the thermophysiological index PET (PhysiologicalEquivalent Temperature), and shaded or exposed to sun surface material temperatures where monitored usinginfrared reflection. Additionally children’s behavior in the schoolyard was mapped using photographic and videotechniques. Using GIS, the resulted microclimatic and behavioral maps were combined and alternative solutionsof landscape design of the site were created in order to improve the outdoor thermal conditions based onresearch results. These proposals were also characterized by the objectives to incorporate the school’scommunity opinions regarding the characteristics of the schoolyard and to combine maximum positive effectsfrom vegetation with minimum required cost. The proposals where presented to the school community whichexpressed it’s opinion, and through this participatory process the final design was selected. After application ofthe recommendations, the schoolyard will be evaluated through new measurements of microclimate variables andpupils use.Keywords: GIS, PET, infrared temperature monitoring, schoolyard design.331

Oral Presentations of Topic 6Favour street tree root development with high additions of organicmatter induces changes in urban soil properties(1)VIDAL-BEAUDET, Laure (1) ; FORGET-CAUBEL, Virginie (1) ; GROSBELLET, Claire (2)Unité de Recherche EPHor, AGROCAMPUS OUEST Centre d’Angers, 2, rue Le Nôtre, 49045Angers Cedex, FranceE-mail : laure.beaudet@agrocampus-ouest.fr, virginie.caubel@agrocampus-ouest.fr(2) Délégation Générale de l'UNEP, 10, rue Saint-Marc, 75002 Paris, FranceE-mail : cgrosbellet@unep-fr.orgPhysical properties of urban soils often limit tree development. Urban soils are compacted resulting in reducedwater infiltration and air. The available soil volume for root colonisation is usually limited by the undergroundinfrastructures. Exogenous organic matter has been shown to have a positive impact on the physical properties ofagricultural soils. In some urban situations, the wide availability of organic matter and the necessity of highlyrestructured the soils, lead to the addition of very large quantities of organic matter. Our objectives were tomeasure in soil reconstituted with high levels of organic matter: (1) the effects of organic matter decomposition onthe evolution of physical properties, and on street tree root development; (2) the changes of tree rootdevelopment on the physical properties of bulk soil. Up to now, such tree root interactions have been poorlystudied in the literature.We monitored throughout a 5-yr experimental study, physical properties - dry bulk density, structural stability andpermeability - of urban soils placed in 600 L containers. The top layer was a sandy loam amended with 40% byvolume of organic compost – a sewage sludge and wood chip compost or a green waste compost – laying on alayer of sandy loam. The control container was composed of two layers of sandy loam. Bare root, Ostryacarpinifolia Scop were planted into half of the containers and we monitored root biomass and distribution and,shoot development.Organic matter had significant effects on the soil physical properties compared to the control with a significantdecrease of the soil bulk density and a significant increase of the structural stability and the infiltration rate. Rootsystem significantly responded to the organic matter content which increased the root length density and the totalroot dry mass. Root system development followed the vertical gradient of soil bulk density and, the underlyinglayer presented a small root number and was unsuitable for root growth. Similarly to the roots, the shootextension was favoured by organic matter compared to the control.After 2 years, the root development in the containers was assessed but did not affect the bulk soil physicalproperties which were similar for all treatments. After 5 years, statistical analysis showed that tree root densityhad significant effects on bulk density, structural stability and infiltration rates comparing containers with andwithout tree.Great level of compost in a constructed soil increased physical properties and tree above and below grounddevelopment. We assessed that, five years after planting, the tree root system improved urban soil structure.Keywords: organic matter, tree root development, urban soil, physical properties.332

Oral Presentations of Topic 6Urban agriculture: an opportunity for farmers? A Swiss casestudy(1)CROLE-REES, Anna (1) ; HEITKÄMPER, Katja (1) *; BERTSCHINGER, Lukas (1) ; HALLER,Therese (2) ; DUMONDEL, Michel (3) ; VERZONE, Craig (4)Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil Research Station, Schloss, P.O. Box 185, 8820 Wädenswil,Switzerland(2) Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences Route deFlendruz 20, Länggasse 85, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland(3) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Agri-Food and Agri-Environmental Economics Group,Sonneggstrasse 33, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland(4) VWA Verzone Woods Architects, Route de Flendruz 20, La Cure, 1659 Rougemont, Switzerland* katja.heitkaemper@art.admin.chInterest in urban agriculture (UA) has considerably increased during the last decade. Research has shown thatUA can have several positive impacts on the social and environmental health of a city. Increasingly, the questionof the role of professional farmers is raised. The Food Urbanism Initiative (FUI; seewww.foodurbanism.org/lausanne) explicitly looks at this via its use of Lausanne, Switzerland as a case studysite. In the first phase, the research team assessed the population’s attitude towards UA by means of a publicsurvey. It concludes that although UA is not the most important publicly perceived urban issue, it is wellsupported. Presently, the case study work includes the assessment of the existing physical opportunities and thepossible various typologies of urban farming that could apply to the site. Current research is investigating thepotential of urban farming for professional farmers. Additionally, the success of a series of city initiated pilotprojects (micro community plots/plantages, traditional family gardens, sheep keeping and the pedagogic farm ofRovéréaz Domain) reinforces the importance of UA and its implementation via diverse methods. However, theFUI Lausanne urban analysis so far indicates that although there are many potential sites for UA, many of themare small, privately-owned, and disconnected parcels. There are serious constraints for traditional professionalfarming in urban areas as far as economic and agronomic aspects are concerned, leaving agricultural productionin urban areas to be tended by urban “gardeners” or quasi-professionals. Principal issues concern both the legallimits to professional farming and restrictions related to the scale of a successful agricultural operation. Urban andperi-urban farmers may have increased opportunities for commercialisation and partnerships with urbanpopulation. Consequently, the FUI challenge is to find the most applicable array of realistic UA project typologieswhile at the same time doing so with an expanded notion regarding the future role of professional, semiprofessionaland “hobby” farmers.Keywords: urban agriculture, urban farming typologies, Lausanne.333

Oral Presentations of Topic 6The role and meaning of trees for suburban children(1)LAAKSOHARJU, Taina (1) *; KAIVOLA, Taina (2) ; LINDÉN, Leena (1) ; RAPPE, Erja (1)Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki,Finland(2) Development and Research Unit for Science Education, University of Helsinki, Finland* taina.laaksoharju@helsinki.fiThe scope of this study was to find out, what is the role and meaning of trees for seven to ten year-old children intheir free time and more precisely, in a garden summer camp context. In order to achieve a profoundunderstanding about the phenomena, we have applied a longitudinal ethnographic approach. During the researchyears 2008-2011 the prime researcher collected a large-scale data observing, photographing and interacting withthe subjects in Helsinki, Finland. The findings point out the children's creative use of trees in their play world aswell as the meaning of trees in relaxation, achieving competence among peers, imagination and affection.Keywords: urban green, children's garden, nature play.334

Oral Presentations of Topic 6How to improve landscape and environment in Czech Republic withassistance of participatory planningVÍTOVSKÁ, DanielaDepartment of Landscape PlanningFaculty of Horticulture in LedniceMendel University in Brnovitovska.d@centrum.cz'Improving landscape' or 'care for the environment' is very broad concept – of course in the connection with grantprograms. This paper (in connection with gardening) deals with regeneration of green that can be addressed inthe open countryside and also in urban spaces.The national and European possibilities of financing improving landscape in Czech Republic can be used forexample by municipalities, cities, regions, non-profit organizations, schools, individuals. Klápšťová, Svobodová (inMeier 2012) write that scope, content and volume of grant programs are changing in a relatively short time period.Examples of actual grant programs in the field of improving landscape in the case of local action group MAS ViaRustica - concrete example of the microregion Stražiště area – are The Operational Programme Environment,Regional Operational Programme NUTS II South-East, The Vysočina Fund, Program of care for landscape,Program for Rural Development, Support of Rural Rehabilitation and Development and the foundations´ grantsupport. Currently it is being completed the preparation for the programming period after 2013.At this time is evident the development of so called participatory (community) planning in the Czech Republic.Currently the calls for grants accent public participation as a condition for support and the applicants(municipalities, non-profit organizations, schools, private entrepreneur) begin to trust the system. This is mainlythe foundations and their grant support that wants to improve relations in community and then people'srelationship to the environment. This article attempts in an example of case studies to confirm the hypothesis thatparticipation of public (in any form) is positively reflected on the quality of public spaces and any other improvingof landscape.Author of this paper describes own experience of landscape design and with public participation in the process ofimproving the environment. Results are based not only on the basis of education in the field of landscapearchitecture, but also in sociology and psychology.Description of examples (case projects in the field of improving landscape) – 3 different approaches (financialsupport, cooperation with public)Enhancing of green in Housing estate in Pacov was founded in 2008 by own resources of municipality and oneyear after the planting woody plants were in poor condition. The project was drafted by 'stranger' (the designer)without consultation with local people and realization was made by 'strange' company. The local people didn´tperceive the change for their own and several plants were stolen. After three years of careful maintenance are thespaces relatively stabilized.Housing estate in Pacov (2008) was founded from The Operational Programme Environment. The town managerhas requested a meeting of designers and the public. There were held two joint meetings - one during the time ofdesigning, the second after the granting of financial support. The biggest problem occurred at a time when thetrees were cut down and new trees and bushes were planted by specialist company (in 2010). Many people havecomplained to the office of town manager and it was necessary to make changes in the project. At the end theresults are much better than in the first case of expert approach: people set new bushes in the ground but do notdestroy the project. It is connected with a sense of their satisfaction – local people 'have drafted' and so they needto plant.Project of alley in Pacov (2011) was supported by foundation Nadace Partnerství. It was based on cooperation ofexperts, local people from the village and donators of a plot of land. In this case it was advantageous that expertwas known by local people and so trustworthy. Designer devised the project, asked for a financial support andorganized the planting realization with the participation of the public. Local residents 'only' came and planted 33trees and 15 shrubs. Project has had a positive effect on cooperation and communication of local community,people like the alley – it is 'their' alley.Case studies show that the greater public involvement in landscape improvement leads to more care about theenvironment. This stems from a sense of ownership and responsibility, which are created in people duringparticipation in the process. Success of common planning or realization depends on lot aspects, for exampleorganization, financial page, local public´s mentality, habits and relationships.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMany thanks to Bc. Lukáš Vlček, DiS. (town manager, chairman of the Association MAS Via Rustica) and Bc. JiříHodinka (coordinator of the Association MAS Via Rustica) for the information about financial support in the caseof microregion Stražiště.335

Oral Presentations of Topic 6Citations and Literature CitedKlápšťová, E., Svobodová, K. 2012.Dotační programy pro péči o krajinu. p. 142-143. In: Maier, K. Udržitelnýrozvoj území. 1. vyd. Praha: Grada, 2012. ISBN 978-80-247-4198-7.Keywords: landscape, grant programs, participatory planning, community.336

TOPIC 6LANDSCAPING AND URBAN HORTICULTUREPOSTER PRESENTATIONS

Posters of Topic 6Urban areas and the risk of biological invasions: the case of analien insect pest of peper tree, Calophya schini(1)ZINA, Vera (1) *; LIMA, Arlindo (2) ; CAETANO, Filomena (2) ; SILVA, Elsa BORGES DA (1) ;RAMOS, Ana Paula (2) ; FRANCO, José Carlos (1)Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa,Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal(2)Centro de Engenharia dos Biossistemas, Instituto Superior Agronomia, Universidade Técnica deLisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal* verazina@isa.utl.ptInvasive alien species are considered one of the most important threats to biodiversity and originate economiccosts on human activities, including agriculture, and forestry. Urban landscape plays a significant role inpromoting biological invasions namely because it includes heterogeneous, highly disturbed habitats providingecological niches for alien species. Urban areas offer alien species different types of entering gateways such asairports, harbours, train stations, markets, gardens and urban parks, and can become propagule sources forspread to natural and agricultural areas (Wang et al. 2011). Therefore, the planning and management of urbanlandscape and green areas should consider the risk of biological invasions. Here, we analyse, as a case study,the recent establishment in Portugal of the alien psyllid Calophya schini Tuthill (Hemiptera, Calophyidae), aninsect pest of the Peruvian pepper tree, Schinus molle L (Zina et al. 2011). Native to Peru and Bolivia, C. schiniwas detected for the first time in July 2011 in a locality near Lisbon. Its presence has been recorded in gardens,urban parks, street trees, and road trees, and is apparently restricted to an area along the north river bank ofTagus, between Lisbon and Cascais. The fact that C. schini was detected neither in the south of Portugal(Algarve), nor in the region of Azambuja (about 50 km north of Lisbon), suggests that Lisbon was most probablythe area of introduction. This was the first time this jumping plantlouse was recorded in Europe and thePalaearctic region.Wang HF, López-Pujol J, Meyerson L, Qiu JX, Wang XK & Ouyang ZY (2011) Biological invasions in rapidlyurbanizing areas: a case study of Beijing, China. Biodiversity and Conservation 20: 2483-2509.Zina V, Lima A, Caetano F, Silva EB, Ramos AP & Franco JC (2012) First record of the pepper tree psyllid,Calophya schini Tuthill (Hemiptera, Calophyidae), in the Palaearctic region. Phytoparasitica 40: 127–130.Keywords biological invasions, urban areas, Portugal, Psylloids.Using environmental noise barriers and urban forests in urbanplanning for noise reductionROUHI, Vahid (1) ; MANIEI, Hesamodin (2)(1) Assistant Professor, Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University. Iran.V.Rouhi@gmail.com(2) M.Sc. Student, Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University. Iran.hessamlepoint@yahoo.comNoise pollution is the third biggest pollution in most cities. In addition, Urban morphology is going to be destroyedwithout urban forests in developing cities. These recreational parks must have unique function like noiseabatement, in addition they bond and join urban system to residential areas and make people's mind relief, whichhas a psychological effect on perceiving noise. On the other hand, the space for creating this kind of parks is littleso some planners recommend using wall noise barriers, but they are in large scale, which makes themaesthetically unacceptable. A research conducted in urban parks and forest band of Isfahan, Iran. The combinedanalyze plot selected with 12 sites. In this order, two sites groups selected with trees cover (one) and concrete(two) noise barrier. Treatments in group one included 8 sites and five distances levels (10, 25, 50, 75, 100 m) withfour replications in noise measurement for each point. And in group two four sites and four distances levels (2, 10,338

Posters of Topic 625 and 50 m) selected as treatment with four replications. Noise at the different sites measured using twoHD9019 sound level meters. The attenuation noise (dB) between these sites (treatment site) on the proposeddistance point and an open space nearby these sites are used for statistical computing. In this research, theresult identified a negative correlation between distances with noise attenuation in sites, including concrete wall(the most efficient distance is 2 m). In addition, distance had a positive correlation with noise attenuation in sitesincludes trees(the most efficient distance is 50 m). The study proposes that an effective environmental noisebarrier depend on the distance which is expected to protect from noise. For small space in urban directions, atransparent noise barrier with 2/5 height and 2 m far from terrific lane border can protect people 10 m behindit(however it is also depending on terrific lane width). And for wide space, there is a need for developing urbanforests in a sound scape style, for 50 m near the road, it should be planted by the most efficient trees in noisereduction and for next 50 m far from the road, some attractive trees should be replaced.Key words: Barrier, distance, Noise and sound pollution.Comparison between broad leaves and conifers needle's behaviorsin incidence to sonic waves and it's effect on efficient function fornoise reduction in desired distanceROUHI, Vahid (1) ; MANIEI, Hesamodin (2)(1) Assistant Professor, Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University. Iran.V.Rouhi@gmail.com(2) M.Sc. Student, Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University. Iran.hessamlepoint@yahoo.comUndoubtedly, one of the biggest urban problem in big cites after air pollution is sound pollution. Unlike the airpollution which accounted as a visible pollution, noise pollution is called invisible pollution. The unwanted soundnamed "noise".This research has been done in 12 urban parks and forest band of Isfahan. the combinedanalyze plot Selected for statistical works. in this order, we had sites and distances in 8 and 5 levels(10m, 25m,50m, 75m, 100m) respectively as treatments with 4 repeats in noise measurement for each point. Noisemeasurements at the different sites were made using two HD9019 sound level meters: one device remained atthe boundary between the roadway and the stand of trees, other device was used at distances of 10, 25, 50,75and 100 m from the boundary. Two measurements, each lasting 15 minutes, were taken at each of the 5locations for a total of 10 measurements at each site. The difference between 2 measurements(at the boundarybetween the roadway and the stand of trees and distance from road side) registered. Then these measurementswere done in an open area next to the tested site. The attenuation noise (dB) between these 2 sites is used forstatistical measurement. Data display significant difference for effect of tree species on distance corrected roadnoise attenuation at the 0.05 level (P

Posters of Topic 6Antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and prolinecontent of Agropyron desertorum in response to drought stressTATARI, Maryam (1) *; FOTOUHI GHAZVINI, Reza (2) ; ETAMEDI, Nematollah (3) ; AHADI,Alimohammad (4) ; MOUSAVI, Asghar (5)(1) Ph.D. Student, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University ofGuilan, Rasht, Iran(2) Prof., Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan(3)Assistant Prof., Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, EsfahanUniversity of Technology, Iran(4) Assistant Prof., Department of Genetic, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Iran(5) Assistant Prof., Department of Horticultural Sciences, Agricultural and Natural Resources ResearchCenter, Shahrekord, Iran* Corresponding address: M. Tatari, E mail: mtatari1@yahoo.comWater stress is one of the main environmental factors that adversely affect plant growth, productivity and survival.This stress usually induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative damage toplants. Agropyron desertorum Fischer is one of the most important drought-tolerant grasses. This grass has beenrecently proposed as turf in areas without cover, surrounding roads and regions with soil erosion. The objective ofthis investigation was evaluation of morphological and physiological responses of A. desertorum subjected todrought stress conditions in semiarid regions of Iran. A. desertorum was grown in six replicates and exposed tooutdoors by withholding irrigation for 20d until leaf wilting of most plants reach 90% then rewatered for 8d. Duringthe stress period, all traits such as relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL), leaf wilting (LW), grassquality (GQ), chlorophyll content (Chl), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD),ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline were measured5d intervals in this experiment. The first sampling was carried out one day before stress treatment. The resultsshowed that drought stress declined grass quality and chlorophyll content, while electrolyte leakage and leafwilting increased with prolonged stress treatment. Leaf wilting decreased during rewatering and it was similar tocontrol plants at 8d. Drought stress had no effect on RWC, whereas induced oxidative injury due to increase inlipid peroxidation. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) initially increased and then decreased at 20d,while ascorbate peroxidase (APX) remained unchanged for 10 days and then increased. The higher activities ofperoxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and proline content were observed during exposure to droughtstress in comparison with control plants. A continuous increase in peroxidase (POD) activity occurred after 5d ofstress. Activity of POD at 20d of stress was 6.2-fold than control plants. Increase in GPX activity up to 1.93-fold at20d of stress was found, as compared with one day before treatment. Physiological indicators under droughtstress were significantly correlated each other except CAT and SOD. These results suggested that droughttolerance could be related to increase in antioxidant activities and proline content. However, prolonged droughtstress suppressed SOD and CAT activities and induced lipid peroxidation. These physiological parameters couldbe used to select A. desertorum for the improvement of drought stress survival. This grass is recommended foruse as cover ground in semi arid areas without cover.Key words: wheat grass, enzyme assay, physiological index, turf, arid areas.Scabiosa atropurpurea and Silene colorata to be used in wildflowermeadows - connecting urban and rural landscapesPONTE-E-SOUSA, Clara *; CASTRO, Maria Conceição; CARVALHO, Mário José* clara_ponte_e_sousa@sapo.ptNowadays, more than ever, green spaces must be ecologically and economically sustainable. In Europe in thelast years the conscience that we can not build gardens like Versalles everywhere has arise. Green spaces mustplay a role in the urban environment in order to contribute to the sustainability of the system. They can not begreat energy consumers or biologically monotonous or desert. Sustainability must come from the biodiversity and340

Posters of Topic 6from the local resources. In the rural landscape we can find many plants that are beautiful and very interestingfrom the ornamental point of view. Wildflower meadows are composed by a mixture of wildflowers plants that canbe used in urban areas in places were we have a contemplative recreation or framing areas. In the south Europethese areas are many times fulfilled by lawns, which are biologically monotonous and energy consumers. Otheralternatives to lawns could be used in the referred areas but wildflower meadows are able to establish aconnection between the rural and the urban landscapes. However, sometimes wildflowers can be seen hasunkempt or abandoned and the general public has some difficulties in accepting them as an ornamentalinteresting solution. The maintenance techniques must be studied in order to achieve a solution that permits thesecovers have a good look all the year for the satisfaction of the public. In these work we studied two wildflowers:Scabiosa atropurpurea and Silene colorata. Our main objective is to study maintenance techniques that allow usto use these two plants in a meadow, to be used in urban green spaces, as a way to be attractive to generalpublic. These two plants were studied during a year in a field essay. The main results show us the maindifferences between the mowing and irrigation maintenance techniques used. With this work we hope tocontribute to find a more sustainable soil cover solution than lawns to use in urban green spaces, and that canhelp us to have a better connection between urban and rural landscapes.The role of extensive green roof media in the minimization of heavymetal loadings in roof runoffYOUSSEF, L. (1) ; OSCHMANN, C. (2) ; GRÜNEBERG, H. (1)(1)Humboldt University Berlin, Department for Horticultural Plant Systems, Lentzeallee 75 14195 Berlin(2)Humboldt University Berlin, Division Urban Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57 14195 BerlinLina5580@hotmail.com, c.oschmann@agrar.hu-berlin.de, hgrueneberg@agrar.hu-berlin.deOne of the most desirable benefits which the green roofs offer is its use in stormwater management. Stormwaterpollution is not only a factor of water quantity but also a factor of water quality. The Optimum media of theextensive green roof must meet the following properties: lightweight, high capability of supporting plants, and highability to retain pollutants.The aim of this study is to investigate different green roof media concerning to their pollutant removal, permanentretention and plant growth.This aim will be achieved by estimating the heavy metals in the filtrate water through different green roof mediaafter irrigation with water mixed with predefined heavy metal concentration.Two types of roof greening substrates were used, Bloated slate (B) and Bloated slate + 10 % humus (BH), bothmixed with variety of sorbents: Bentonite, Zeolite, Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) granules and SAPLuqafleece®. The samples have been analyzed for the heavy metals Cu, Pb, Zn, pH and conductivity.The green roofs plants species were used are Sedum album, Sedum floriferum, Echium russicum and Dianthuscarthusianorum.In terms of plant growth, the Bloated slate with 10 % humus (BH) variants were better than the Bloated slate (B)without humus.The addition of various sorbents did not motivate the developing of the plants in bloated slate variants.Simultaneously, this addition, especially with Super Absorbent Polymer, gave an advantage when it was mixedwith Bloated Slate +10% humus.The results revealed that metal load (Cu, Pb and Zn) in the filtrate water in media which contain Bentonite andZeolite was lowered than in the control substrate (B and BH). However, the metal load is the least in thesubstrate mixed with Zeolite. The load was significantly higher in Variants mixed with SAP granules and SAPLuquafleece® respectively.Also it was noticed that the presence of the heavy metals at detected concentrations did not affect the growth ofthe plants.341

Posters of Topic 6Predicting constructed urban soil sustainability: impact of wasteorganic matter on soil physical propertiesCANNAVO, Patrice (1) *; VIDAL-BEAUDET, Laure (1) ; GROSBELLET, Claire (2) ; FORGET-CAUBEL, Virginie (1)(1)Agrocampus Ouest, Centre d’Angers, 2 rue Le Nôtre, 4945 Angers, France(2)Florentaise, Le grand Pâtis, 44850 Saint mars du Désert, France* patrice.cannavo@agrocampus-ouest.frThe physical properties of urban soils often limit tree development. Urban soils are compacted; as a result, waterand air infiltration are reduced. The available soil volume for root colonisation is usually limited by theunderground infrastructure. Exogenous organic matter has been shown to have a positive impact on the physicalproperties of agricultural soils. In some urban situations, the wide-scale availability of organic matter and the needfor important soil restructuring have led to the application of large quantities of organic matter. We studied soilsreconstituted with high levels of organic matter, with the following aims: (1) measuring the effects of organicmatter decomposition on the evolution of soil physical properties, and (2) assessing the sustainability of the soilsystem by modelling water balance on a long-term period (i.e 20 years after the treatment was applied).Throughout a 5-year long experimental study (i.e: from 2005 to 2010), we monitored the physical properties - drybulk density, soil water retention and permeability - of urban soils placed in 600-L containers. In addition, the soilvolumetric water content was continuously measured with TDR probes. The top layer was a sandy loam amendedwith 40% v/v of organic compost – sewage sludge wood chip compost (SW) or green waste compost (GW) – lyingon a layer of sandy loam. The control container was composed of two layers of sandy loam. Organic matter hadsignificant effects on the soil physical properties compared to the control, with a bulk density in amended soils.Within five years, bulk density in the top layer increased from 0.88 to 1.51 g cm -3 in SW, from 0.89 to 1.57 in GWwhereas it increased from 1.25 to 1.55 to g cm -3 in the control soil. In the same top layer, measured hydraulicproperties, yielded a significant negative correlation between the hydraulic conductivity at saturation (Ks) andtime. In the second soil layer, no significant change in the soil hydrodynamic properties was observed. This 5-yearlong experiment made it possible to model the soil volumetric water content satisfactorily over time by usingHYDRUS 1D model. Using the correlation equations described above, it was possible to extrapolate and estimatethe soils’ hydraulic properties 20 years later. Then, we simulated the water-filled pore space (WFPS) in the threetreatments, with the 2008-2009 climate database (reference). The control and SW treatments displayed very lowdifferences between the reference and 20 years later. The control treatment presented higher WFPS values, withan important risk of transient anoxia. Sewage sludge can therefore maintain soil hydraulic properties over longperiods of time. The GW treatment displayed the highest changes in WFPS – an average 10% during dry periods– induced by the decrease in total porosity from 47 % to 42% and in Ks from 3.4 10 -6 to 0.92 10 -6 m s -1 . Thus, thestability of soil mixed with green waste can be questioned.Keywords: compost, soil bulk density, soil water retention, hydraulic conductivity, water balance modelling.No soil no tomato? Examples of urban soilless vegetable croppingPOURIAS, Jeanne (1) ; GARIN, Marie (2) ; AUBRY, Christine (2)(1) INRA SAD-APT, Paris - Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)(2) INRA SAD-APT, Parisjeanne.pourias@gmail.comCities have become major zones of habitation for populations worldwide. According to UN projections, they arethe spots where virtually the whole of the world’s population growth over the next 30 years will be concentrated.Facing this rapid growth of urban populations, ensuring sustainable food security for cities turns out to be a realchallenge: solving the issue of food justice appears just as urgent as choosing sustainable farming systems.To address these issues, the growing of food in or nearby cities, for commercial purpose or for homeconsumption, is now increasingly drawing the attention of developers and researchers.342

Posters of Topic 6Among the various forms of urban agriculture, one can find collective gardens. In their diversity, these gardensarouse a growing interest, especially in the cities of Western Europe and North America, where requests foraccess to spaces for gardening has soared in recent years, with a demand more and more oriented towards thegrowing of fruits and vegetables for household food supply.Meanwhile, projects for commercial agricultural production in the heart of cities are also starting to be developed.In Montreal and New York, fruits and vegetables "fresh, local and responsible" are grown in greenhouses set upon rooftops and sold to restaurants or individuals in baskets (www.lufafarm.com). In 2011, the first project ofagricultural production for commercial purpose was created in Paris (U-Farm www.ufarm.com).However, a strong limit to the development of these gardens and urban farms is the access to the first productiveresource: soil. At the heart of dense urban areas, the development of urban agriculture faces both the issue of"quantitative" access (conflict of use of square meters) and "qualitative" access (urban soils are often highlycontaminated and therefore not suitable to the production of healthy food without beforehand taking sanitarymeasures).The lack of space led to attempts to "conquer" terraces or roofs to set up crop productions.Despite the growing interest for this “rooftop farming”, very few studies have investigated the technical aspects toensure the feasibility and the development of this particular type of soilless cropping systems.This poster presents an experiment launched in 2012 on the rooftop of AgroParisTech, which aims at testing arange of locally-available raw materials that may be useable to create light, contaminant-free and productivesubstrate for rooftop production.We proceeded in four steps. First of all, we brought together a group of experts in various fields of study. Thanksto this group of experts, we then identified raw materials likely to be used to create a substrate and selected someof them according to a range of criteria. We then set up partnerships with local enterprises to ensure the supply inmaterials. We then built the experimental device in itself, by manufacturing appropriate containers meeting rooftopfarming requirements, choosing crops with different biological requirements, different capacity to use substrates(need for minerals, roots exploration) and different exposition to pollution risk.The result is an experimental device that tests five combinations of raw materials, planted with tomatoes andlettuces.A range of measures will be taken all along the growing season, aiming at monitoring the evolution of substrates,the yields of crops and the potential presence of pollutants, due to initial raw material pollution or to air pollution.With this experiment, we hope to contribute to fill the gap in technical knowledge for sustainable and viablecropping systems on rooftops.Evaluation of growth and coverage of native species of sedum foruse in extensive green roofs in Galicia (northwest of Spain)IGLESIAS-DÍAZ, M. Isabel *; LAMOSA-QUINTEIRO, Santiago; MARTÍNEZ-DIZ, M. PilarEscuela Politécnica Superior, Department of Vegetal ProductionUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaCampus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain* mariaisabel.iglesias.diaz@usc.esIn this study we investigate the growth rate and the coverage of six native Sedum species of Galicia of interest foruse in extensive green roofs. The species evaluated were: S. acre, S. album, S. anglicum, S. alpestre, S.brevifolium and S. hirsutum. The wild populations of these species were located in the coast or the inner ofGalicia, except S. alpestre, which was located in Le n. Individual plants were recollected from wild populations andcultivated in a growth chamber during spring 2011, to produce mother plants. The species were compared ingrowth trials carried out in a growth chamber, with a commercial species, S. rupestre (S. reflexum), which wasavailable in the nurseries. In two species we used populations of the inner and the coast (S. hirsutum and S.anglicum), for the rest of species the localities were in the inner of Galicia. In all species, we used well-rootedcuttings obtained from herbaceous shoots recollected in the mother plants at early June 2011, and propagated intrays of 84 cells. The rooted cuttings of 4 months of age were planting in modules of 54 x 39 x 7 cm filled withsubstrate consisting of 30% Sphagnum peat moss, 30% vermiculite and 40% pine bark compost (v/v/v); a dose of1,5 gL-1 of controlled- release N-P-K fertilizer was added to the substrate. For each plant species each of fourmodules was planted with four rooted cuttings on 4 October 2011. The measurements of growth were taken onfive dates (at 4-weeks intervals) for each plant. The variables analysed were: index of growth (IC) (Monterusso etal., 2005) and coverage of plant (cm2); this last estimated using two methods, the manual method from twomeasures of width (C2D), and the method of analysis of digital image (DIA) according with Bousselot et al.(2010). The results showed significant difference between species and localities in growth and coverage in each343

Posters of Topic 6date. The last date, four months after planting, species S. hirsutum (inner), S. anglicum (coast and inner) and S.album showed significantly highest coverage while S. brevifolium, S. acre and the commercial species, S.rupestre showed the lowest. The quantification of the coverage by the two methods showed that thevalues in cm2obtained with the C2D method were always higher than those obtained with DIA method in all species. However,high levels of correlation were found between the DIA and C2D data sets (r = 0.83) average of the seven specieson 5 data collection dates. S. hirsutum had the highest average correlation (r= 0.91) and the more upright S.rupestre the lowest (r = 0.57). Furthermore, the correlation coefficient increased for all species with increasingcoverage, so the last date, the correlation was very high in all species with values between 0.86 and 0.99. Ingeneral, both methods were useful to measure coverage in most species studied, although the DIA method wasmore accurate, but also needed more time. Using the DIA method obtained 3 groups of species with differentcoverage while the C2D method distinguished 2 groups.Keywords: Sedum acre; Sedum album, Sedum alpestre; Sedum anglicum; S. hirsutum; S. brevifolium; S.rupestre; plant cover; digital image analysis; converted-two dimensionalPropagation of native species of the genus sedum for use onextensive green roofs in Galicia (northwest of Spain)IGLESIAS-DÍAZ, M. Isabel *; LAMOSA-QUINTEIRO, Santiago; MARTÍNEZ-DIZ, M. PilarEscuela Politécnica Superior, Department of Vegetal ProductionUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaCampus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain* mariaisabel.iglesias.diaz@usc.esWe investigate the potential for propagation by herbaceous cuttings of native species of the genus Sedum for usein extensive green roofs in Galicia (NW Spain). Species evaluated were: S. album, S. alpestre, S. anglicum, S.brevifolium, S. hirsutum and S. acre. As a control to compare with native species we use S. amplexicaule, anavailable species in the nurseries. The trial was established in June 7, 2011, in a greenhouse equipped withenvironmental control, fog-system and bottom heat. The cuttings were collected from mother plants taken of wildpopulations situated in the coast or the inner of Galicia to exception of S. alpestre located out of Galicia (in León).The mother plants were cultivated during 4 months before taken the cuttings. The herbaceous cuttings weredirectly placed in trays of 84 cells with no prior hormonal treatment. A mixture of pine bark, Sphagnum peat andvermiculite was used as rooting media. Rooting was evaluated at 15 and 30 days from the date of cutting. Wealso determined the number of main roots, the total number of tips and total length using the image analysissystem Delta-T Scan. The dry weight of the stems was determined on two dates: at 30 and 90 days of cutting. Itwas considered an experimental design in split-plot with species and the origin as main plot and date as subplot.All species rooted in percentages above 50% so that the cutting propagation is economically viable. We obtainedsignificant differences in rooting percentages between species and origins. The lowest percentage of rooting wasobtained with the coastal origin of Sedum hirsutum (68.1%). The species with percentages of rooting significantlyhigher were: S. anglicum, S. alpestre, S. acre, S. album and S. amplexiacule with values between 98.5% and100%. There were significant differences between species and origins in relation with the development of roots. Ingeneral, the species that developed a greater root system were S. anglicum (inner), S. album (inner), and S.amplexicaule. Species Sedum hirsutum (coast and inner), S. brevifolium (inner) and S. alpestre developedsmaller root systems. The results showed the interest of native species of the genus Sedum in Galicia that theycan be propagated by cutting to commercial scale for their use in extensive green roofs. The production time isshort and can vary from 1 month to 2-3 months depending of the species.Keywords: herbaceous cutting; Sedum acre, S. album; S. alpestre; S. anglicum; S. brevifolium; S. hirsutum.344

Posters of Topic 6Uban horticulture production in urban areasSIRLEAF, Sensee LunerHuman Development Foundation First Floor, Maxim Building Benson & Gurley Streets IntercessionP.O.Box 1362, Monrovia 10-1000E-mail: human1954@yahoo.com Mobile: +231-886533788The fact that over half of post-conflict Liberia’s population today is living in urban areas as a result of theprotracted civil war is producing effects on its food security. Since 2008, the global rise of food prices impactsstrongly on the poor urban population. More than 80% of the consumed rice, which is the country’s main staplefood, besides cassava, is imported. Vegetables, fruits and animal products are scarce, and so combatingmalnourishment that affects a large segment of the population is a major challenge. Four years after the civil war,The UPA pilot project funded by EU was developed based on consultancies with stakeholders such as local urbanand peri- urban farmers and producers, FAO, MOA, HDF, WHH, and CARE. A rapid appraisal on UPA activities inthe capital and elsewhere was carried out from Nov. 05 – 15, 2008. Two years later, the project began and wasstructured in five distinct results: R1 Relevant Ministries and municipal authorities accept the importance of UPAand actively support farmers. R2 the formalization and organization of UPA farmer groups is strengthened. R3Agricultural production nutrition and diet are enhanced and diversified. R4 Processing and value adding activitiesfor agricultural produce are implemented and income generation activities improved. R5 Processing and valueadding activities for agricultural produce are implemented and income generation activities improved. R5Processing and value adding activities for agricultural produce are implemented and income generation activitiesimproved. These UPA results are intended to ensure that the relative lack of farmers’ access to extensionservices on crop improvement, soil and water management, diversification, and access to labor-saving and valueaddingequipment are improved, similar to the processing of agricultural products, access to markets, increasingfarmers’ purchasing power and access to primary inputs, and improving fertility of sandy soils in Monrovia.Key words: Enhancing food security for the urban poor thru Aquaculture, fishery, mini-livestock, ornamentalplants, and fruit trees cultivation.Comparative study of seed germination in field environments toappraise potential species' establishment in urban greenspaceDUNSIGER, Zoe; HITCHMOUGH, Jameszoedunsiger@hotmail.comThe use of seed sowing in situ is developing from a background of research into the establishment of mixedperennial plant species in urban landscape schemes. It uses the technique to create the style of naturalisticmeadow communities, in a manner consistent with an increasing requirement for sustainable, low resource urbanlandscaping. Planting with plugs or potted plants has been a traditional method for establishment of mixedspecies schemes, due to its relative reliability in survival. Seed sowing of meadows has received mixedacceptance, due to unreliability and poor seed germination or survival. However increasing confidence in a seedsownmethod in terms of survival, establishment and growth until flowering is now possible. It can be consideredsuitable for an urban and large-scale environment. The benefits of a seed-sown method include economy, greaterplant density and complexity, and thus potential visual impact and diversity.While numerous studies examine the germination properties of species from various habitats, this is not oftenapplied to a field situation to achieve specified vegetative communities. A trial was set up to examine the variablegermination of a range of herbaceous perennial species, which might be considered test species for fieldestablishment, and which could be used in naturalistic vegetation schemes. A method was devised to test thesuitability of semi-controlled pot studies for use in the wider testing of species' germination in the field. The studyaccommodated variable germination in autumn and spring sowing, and differing habitat provenance of the seed,factors which influence the eventual germination response.Germination in a range of mineral and organic growing media was examined under a gradient of water availability.Comparative studies were made on two sites, both subject to a maritime, temperate climate, but varying in rainfall345

Posters of Topic 6distribution, and in the properties of the growing media. This provided assurance in the validity of the method for awide range of possible applications in sown vegetation schemes.Analysis of the data which is presented here, focused on modeling the relationship in germination in the potenvironment relative to an equivalent open field bed environment. Germination in a fully controlled laboratoryenvironment in Petri dishes was shown to be consistently higher than that in the field, up to twice the field value.This provides practitioners with information on the necessary increase in seeding rate required to achieve givengerminated seedling numbers with known supplier germination rates. When pot and field bed rates werecompared for almost 100 perennial species, most evident was the variability in response. However a pattern wasseen in that pot germination was up to 20% higher on both sites. The greatest variability in response was seen inthose in pots in on the site, where rainfall events were more extreme. It was possible to group species accordingto their overall germination total, and their range in response, or variability in the field. Examples are given ofthose with low and high total germination and ranges. These may then be related to physical attributes, such asseed size, and ecophysiological parameters, such as habitat of origin.Our results promote the further application of seed sowing as a technique in urban greening and provide amethod for expansion of the species used in artificially created communities, with consequent benefits inbiodiversity.URBAN VITICULTURE: the case study of the peri-urban area ofRomeBIASI, Rita * & BRUNORI, ElenaDepartment of Science and Technologies for Agriculture, Forests, Nature and Energy (DAFNE),University of Tuscia– I- 01100 Viterbo* biasi@unitus.itUrban farmland is gaining importance both in terms of occupaied surfaces and for multifunctional significance. Itrepresents a common phenomenon in Europe in the recent decades and has been recognized as a majordevelopmental feature in the hinterland of many urban areas that have expanded toward the rural spaces. One ofthe most threatened environmental resources in the peri-urban contests is represented by the soil integrity andproductivity, being the urban sprawl responsible for land consumption, loss of soil functionality and desertification.In these sensible areas, indeed, agriculture, mainly the traditional one, could play a key role for land presidium,the preservation of environmental resources, the improvement of the life quality and the assurance of asustainable landscape.Regardless of a general trend of viticultural surface erosion, the southern peri-urban area of Rome (known as theRoman Castels area) is still rich in traditional viticulture that in the local pedoclimatic conditions has found an higlyvocated environemtal. Here vineyards represent more than 40% of the UAA, being even one of the mostconnotative trait of both the rural and urban landscape. With the grapes of vineyards sourronding or included inthe urban tissue many tipical oenological products are produced, like the Frascati or Castelli Romani wine.The aim of the research was to test through a multidisciplinary approach the environmental sustainability ofviticulture in this sensible area owing to urban proximity. Using GIS technology aerial photo-interpretation atdetail-scale has been carried out in order to measure land metric indexes for grapevine landscape structure andfunction, i.e. ecological connectivity, and their recent evolution (diachronic analysis 2000-2008). Moreover, it hasbeen calculated for this environment the vineyard average biomass production by sampling fine-root biomass andcrown biomass throughout the growing season for estimating CO2 fixation.The results proved that the vineyard agro-ecosystems of the Rome peri-urban area are highly integrated into theurban tissue and in danger because of the high fragmentation (small sized and numerous vineyard patches).Nonetheless, an high biodiversity level is maintained owing to the presence of tree alley, hedged, naturalremnants and riparian vegetation. The contribution as carbon sink proved also to be relevant. The urbanviticulture proved to play a key role for landscape and environment quality by maintaining high levels ofbiodiversity and eco-mosaic complexity.Keywords: Carbon sink, land use change, metrics indexes, multi-functionality, sustainable landscape, traditionalagriculture.346

Posters of Topic 6Design of extensive green roofs for the major school plants ofPiraeusVARRAS, Gregory (1) ; VOZIKIS, Konstantina - Theresia (1) ; MYRIOUNIS, Christos (1) ;TSIROGIANNIS, Ioannis L. (1) ; KITTA, Evangellini (2)(1) Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agricultural Technology,Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, GR-47100 , Greece(2) Department of Preschool Education, University of Thessaly, Greeceitsirog@teiep.grDespite the increase of global awareness of environment related issues and the development of relevantinternational policies and agreements such as the "European Landscape Convention” and the “Kyoto Protocol”,effective activities to conserve open space remain inconsistent in Mediterranean cities. Additionally as urbanareas continue to expand and free space at street level becomes more and more limited there is a greater needfor innovative green technologies which could contribute to the creation of sustainable urban ecosystems. Greenroofs on buildings have already proved valuable for storm water management, energy conservation, microclimatemitigation, pollution remediation and biodiversity restoration, but their spreading in Mediterranean cities is still verylimited. The shallow-substrate extensive type of green roofs is of great interest for massive application whichwould lead to great scale positive effects in urban ecosystems. In Greece a relevant initiative called “Green roofsin public buildings and bioclimatic upgrade of public open spaces” is co-funded by European Union and managedby the Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES). In this framework pilot extensive green roofsfor four major school plants of the city of Piraeus were designed. These green roofs which have a total area ofabout 1 ha are located in highly populated disticts with negligible green spaces area. The presentation is focusingon the decision making processes during the garden design and the selection of the soil substrates and theplanting material. The methods and the parameters followed in the relevant infrastructure, bioclimatic,hydrological, irrigation and drainage studies are also presented. It is expected that the construction of these greenroofs will improve the life quality of the school communities and more generally the citizens of Piraeus.Keywords: bioclimatic, plants, hydrologic, irrigation, drainage.Tell me what you grow, I'll tell you who you are. About the relevanceof considering crop biodiversity in Paris shared gardens(1) doctorante INRA SAD-APT – UQAM(2) Remy, IR sociologue INRA SAD-APT(3) Aubry, IR HDR Agronome INRA SAD-APT* jeanne.pourias@gmail.comPOURIAS, J. (1) *; REMY, E. (2) ; AUBRY, C. (3)In Paris, as in other major cities in developed countries (New York, Montreal), the phenomenon of communitygardens has been growing considerably over the past decade (in 2011, there were more than 70 associativegardens within Paris against less than 5 in 2003), and requests for space to grow in the city have increasedsignificantly.Approved in June 2003, the program “Main Verte” of the City of Paris was launched in order to give a frame tocitizen associations who wished to set up shared gardens in Paris. Seen as places of conviviality and socialinteractions making street life more lively, shared gardens as thought in this program seem to fulfill multiple rolesexcept the one of vegetable-growing.Vegetable gardening is in fact hardly mentioned and the opportunity of producing food is entirely left aside.Asked the question "What do we really grow in shared gardens?”, some answer that one primarily grows socialties.347

Posters of Topic 6We sought to test this assertion by interviewing gardeners in three shared gardens in Paris, asking them themotivations that prompted them to gardening and following their practices in the garden: we observed both eatingand cropping practices (choice of species and varieties, spatial and temporal organization of crops etc.).This study showed that regardless of the functions that gardeners attributed to their garden, crops grown there,and their fruits, were a key element.Crop diversity within gardens reflects the various origins and motivations of gardeners, and their choices in favorof a given crop are not anecdotal. By observing the species and varieties grown and the uses associated, we areable to understand the multifunctionality of the gardens as expressed by gardeners.Various functions of the gardens as described by the gardeners are exposed and illustrated with examples ofcrops "supporting" these functions.The idea of a garden connecting people as it is commonly presented in official views is a reality; however, theseconnexions take many forms, sometimes directed towards the public sphere, sometimes towards the associativesphere, and sometimes towards the private sphere.The food function of the garden, quantitative as well as qualitative, its complexity and its importance in the beingof social interactions is also discussed.The presentation will conclude on the necessity of closely associating close sociological surveys with the on-fieldobservation of practices.Urban gardening in a Family club outlineLAAKSOHARJU, TainaDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of Helsinki,Finlandtaina.laaksoharju@helsinki.fiThis qualitative study examines the meanings of a garden club to its attendants. The study was conducted in aFamily garden club in the urban garden of Kumpula in 2010 – 2011, in the city of Helsinki, Finland. This qualitativeresearch is based on a text-based content analysis of the club leader's weekly reports, observational notes, andphotos from two years of field work. The garden fostered social interactions by offering an informal space forsocializing while gardening. The multiple affordances for a variety of actions in a garden made it basically afamily-friendly environment. Similar initiatives are worth consideration to add children's connection to nature andfor boosting sustainable lifestyle in cities. Family club outline is provided for future development and distribution.Anthropogenically-disturbed landscape as a potential forrecreational useMATĚJKA, Daniel; MICKOVÁ, Želmíra; VÍTOVSKÁ, Daniela *Department of Landscape PlanningFaculty of Horticulture in LedniceMendel University in Brno* vitovska.d@centrum.czThe expression „anthropogenically-disturbed landscape“ includes many types of landscape as people perceivethis name in different ways.The article will discuss the characteristic of anthropic-disturbed landscape, its attributes, indicators and it will try todefine the clearly visible border between anthropic-disturbed landscape and harmonious cultural landscape.348

Posters of Topic 6Generally, landscape perception depends on many aspects, such as social background, education, occupation,place of living (countryside or city), etc. The perception of (anthropogenically-disturbed) landscape influences itsrecreational possibilities for use.The recreation is a process when people restore their power in their leisure time (excluding the time of earningmoney). Recently there is a vivid tendency in developing the recreational potential in so called anthropogenicallydisturbedlandscape.There are three different approaches of how to attain the development of new recreational areas in some of thetypes of anthropogenically-disturbed landscape.The first approach is spontaneous. In the first moment a small group of people finds a particular place withdifferent atmosphere which they like. People are using this place for former type of recreation or they can invent anew use. After longer time, as society starts to like it, the combination of special space and simple recreationaluse becomes temporary and modern. This is a positive model of new trend development. There are also negativeaspects of this model when smaller marginalized groups of people bother other recreants. The second approachis expert-design. The restoration and the process are fully planned by the experts. Last but not least there is athird way how to restore an anthropogenically-disturbed landscape to create new recreational area. It can becreated by the collaboration of experts with the public called participatory or collaborative planning.This article deals in detail with three above-mentioned approaches aiming to improve recreational possibilities foruse and evaluate its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The application of the approaches wasillustrated in the case of three different model areas (Ratibořské Hory – countryside was influenced by historicalsilver mining; Ostrava – industrial city; Poustka Pozořice - significant landscape element devalued by wrongmanagement. In conclusion there is recommended a strategy for development of tourism in model areas.Keywords: Anthropogenically-disturbed landscape, recreational use, recreation, potential.349

AUTHORSAAalifar, M.................................................. 60, 61Abate Kassa, G ........................................... 101Abayomi, L ................................................... 133Abd El-Razek, E. ......................................... 311Abdollahi, H ................................................. 170Abidi, F......................................................... 313Aboltins, A.................................................... 121Acosta, J ...................................................... 208Adamczewska-Sowińska, K .................. 78, 180Adégbidi, A .................................................. 226Adler, E ........................................................ 324Affi, N. ............................................................ 87Ahadi, A ....................................................... 340Ahmad, A ..................................................... 276Ahmadi-Afzadi, M ........................................ 269Ahn, S Y....................................................... 323Ahrné, S ....................................................... 195Akbarpour, V ................................................ 308Akbudak, B ................................. 128, 129, 137Akbudak, N ............................................ 83, 168Akodogbo, J ................................................. 226Alam, M........................................................ 195Alarcón, J J .......................................... 166, 208Albano, C ..................................................... 256Albouchi, A .................................................. 306Albrecht, N ................................................... 259Alcobendas, R ............................................. 166Aliev, T ......................................................... 163Alimam, N .................................................... 196Aljane, F....................................................... 248Allegra, M..................................................... 198Allender, C ................................................... 252Almansa, E M ................................................ 77Almeida, D. .................................................... 79Alonso-Moraga, A ........................................ 238Alsanius, B W ...................................... 114, 195Al-Shamari, M ................................52, 179, 268Al-Swedi, F ....................................52, 179, 268Altartouri, B .................................................. 322Altioglu, I ...................................................... 128Altmann, M. ................................................. 142Alvarez, H .................................................... 325Álvarez, S .................................................... 208Alyouness, W ............................................... 324Amano, H ..................................................... 150Ambarus, S ................................. 165, 246, 283Amberger-Ochsenbauer, S.......................... 324Anamaria, P ................................................. 125Ançay, A ...................................................... 124Andrade, L ................................................... 262Andrianjaka-Camps, Zo-N ........................... 124Antoniadis, D ............................................... 331Aprile, A ....................................................... 110Arpadjan, S ................................................. 316Artem, V ...................................................... 125Arvanitakis, L .............................................. 153Ashtiani Araghi, A ......................................... 49Ata, A .......................................................... 277Atanacković, Z .............................. 63, 184, 198Aubry, C .............................................. 342, 347Audergon, J.M. ............................................ 230Aurand, R .................................................... 310Autret, H ...................................................... 313Avasiloaiei, D .............................................. 271Ayub, R A ............................................ 131, 136Azevedo, R A .............................................. 321Azizi, M ....................................................... 305BBahreini, M .................................................. 305Balas, J ....................................................... 278Balázs, G .................................................... 280Balci, G ....................................................... 168Baldazzi, V .................................................. 131Ballias, P ..................................................... 294Balliu, A ....................................................... 186Baninasab, B ............................................... 307Bankina, B ................................................... 172Bañón, S ..................................................... 208Baranski, R ......................................... 252, 270Barbier, F ............................................ 263, 313Barbosa, José G ......................................... 120Barison, A ................................................... 136Barroso, P. A ............................................... 287Basay, S ................................................ 83, 168Bastam, N. .................................................. 307Baty-Julien, C ................................................ 94Baumgartner, D ........................................... 183Baur, R ........................................................ 224Bavay, C ..................................................... 106Bazakos, C .................................................. 295Beinşan, C .................................................. 255Bellon, S ...................................................... 164Ben Ahmed, H ............................................. 304Benincasa, C ....................................... 107, 247Benismail, M C. ............................................. 87Benuzzi, M .................................................. 138Bertheloot, J .......................................... 92, 313Bertin, N .............................................. 131, 310Bertschinger, L .................................... 103, 333Bešlić, Z ................................................ 62, 112Bettin, A ........................................................ 76Bevilacqua, D .............................................. 272Beys, F .......................................................... 54Biais, B ........................................................ 131Białkowski, P ................................................. 67Bianchi, G ................................................... 173Biasi, R ........................................................ 346351

Biesiada, A .......................................... 113, 288Billen, N ....................................................... 182Bimsteine, G ................................................ 172Bitsch, V............................................... 215, 216Blackhall, V .................................................. 325Blagoeva, E ......................................... 125, 316Blagojevic, I ................................................. 141Blanco-Díaz, M.T ........................ 126, 127, 255Blando, F ..................................................... 256Blanke, M .................................... 118, 163, 299Blaskovics, B ............................................... 254Bleyaert, P ............................................. 43, 149Blukmanis, M ............................................... 281Blum, H ........................................................ 174Blunschi, M .................................................. 221Bobinas, Č ................................................... 275Boeri, G........................................................ 138Bogaert, A .................................................... 149Bőhm, V ....................................................... 280Boix, A ......................................................... 211Bokelmann, W ............................ 156, 162, 213Bolling, J ................................................ 54, 135Bolsinger, M ................................................. 171Bordat, D.............................................. 153, 236Borém, A ...................................................... 261Boros, B ....................................................... 237Boross, F ..................................................... 197Both, V ......................................................... 123Bouchet, J-P ................................................ 294Boumaza, R ........................................... 92, 313Bouzas-Cid, Y .............................................. 204Bozhikova, Y ................................................ 271Brackmann, A ...................................... 123, 124Bratco, D ...................................................... 206Bravin, E ..................................... 157, 221, 222Brazaitytė, A ........................... 46, 72, 114, 312Brdar-Jokanovic, M ........................................ 86Brezeanu, C ........................ 165, 246, 271, 283Brezeanu, P M .................... 165, 246, 271, 283Briard, M ...................................................... 234Brouard, N ................................................... 313Bruneau, M .................................................. 107Brunel, B ...................................................... 131Brunel, D ...................................................... 294Brunori, E ..................................................... 346Brzozowski, P ...................................... 222, 224Buck-Sorlin, G ............................................. 292Budde, C ...................................................... 117Bugaud, C .................................................... 296Buraczyńska, A ............................................ 134Burchett, S ............................................. 52, 203Burducea, M ................................................ 202Burger, A...................................................... 226Burleigh, S ................................................... 195Busuioc, V.................................................... 206Büttner, C..................................................... 266CCabello, T .................................................... 286Caboni, E ............................................. 118, 288Caetano, ..................................................... 338Calatayud, Á ....................................... 210, 211Calin, M ............................................... 165, 246Camacho, F ........................................ 210, 211Camen, D .................................................... 255Campen, J.B. ................................................ 40Camps, C ............................................ 160, 163Cangelosi, B ........................................ 138, 173Cannavo, P ........................................... 83, 342Caradeuc, M ............................................... 313Cardoso, D .................................................. 135Carint, D ...................................................... 157Carlen, C ............................................... 67, 124Carretero, F. .................................................. 86Carvalho, L .......................................... 178, 225Carvalho, M J .............................................. 340Carvalho, S.M.P. ........................................... 79Cassol, P ..................................................... 301Castillo, M ................................................... 208Castro, M C ................................................. 340Causse, M ................................................... 294Cebeci, E .................................... 289, 308, 318Ceccarelli, D ........................................ 118, 288Ceccon, C ................................................... 301Celano, G ............................................ 169, 185Cerovic, R ..................................... 61, 249, 250Cevenini, L .................................................. 330Chapin, E .................................................... 176Charles, M ............................................. 93, 142Chassériaux, G ............................................. 66Chastellier, A ............................................... 278Chavez, L Á ................................................ 285Cheong, D C ............................................... 269Chiappetta, A .............................................. 247Chica, R M .................................................... 77Chikh-Mhamed, S ....................................... 212Choi, C H .................................................... 269Choi, J K ..................................................... 323Choinka, G .................................................... 98Christidou, V ............................................... 331Christofol, H ................................................ 141Ciobanu, I .................................................... 255Cipriani, G ................................................... 272Claeys, D .................................................... 158Claupein, W .......................... 56, 182, 183, 192Clausen, S .................................................. 273Clematis, F .................................................. 173Clement, A .................................................. 176Clotault, J .................................................... 234Cobb, A ....................................................... 128Colavita, G .................................................. 325Čolić, S .......................................................... 84Coll, P.......................................................... 185Conesa, E ..................................................... 51Contreras, J I ................................ 76, 161, 206Coomans, M .................................................. 74Cordeiro, T .................................................. 225Corelli-Grappadelli, L .................................. 103Costa, J.M. .................................................... 79Costantini, L ................................................ 304Costa-Rodrigues, C .................................... 178352

Costes, E ..................................................... 297Costinel D .................................................... 116Crespel, L .................................................... 313Crespo, P ..................................................... 124Cristea, T O ......................................... 246, 271Crole-Rees, A ...................................... 224, 333Cuadrado Gómez, I ..................................... 265Cukanovic, J ................................................ 141Curir, P ................................................. 138, 173DDabov, S ...................................................... 271Dalla Costa, L .............................................. 190Dambrauskienė, E ....................................... 114D'Amico, M .................................................. 169Dandekar, A ................................................. 325Daneshian, J ................................................ 305Danila, D ...................................................... 241Dannehl, D ...................... 47, 55, 60, 65, 68, 73Dapena, E .................................................... 164Darnis, M. ...................................................... 84Dassonville, N ...................................... 151, 177Davarynejad, G ............................................ 119David, T ....................................................... 206Dawson, M ..................................................... 98De Bellis, L .......................................... 110, 111De Bon, H .................................................... 236De Swaef, T. .................................................. 43Deborde, C .................................................. 294Del Río-Celestino, M .................. 126, 238, 255Demeyer, R ................................................. 158Demirsoy, H ......................................... 168, 259Demirsoy, L ......................................... 168, 259Demopoulos, V ............................................ 112Demotes-Mainard, S .............................. 92, 313Desmedt, J..................................................... 74Desplat, N .................................................... 294Dey, E .......................................................... 269Di Cintio, A ................................................... 272Diánez, F. ...................................................... 86Diarra, K............................................... 153, 236Dias, A ......................................................... 161Díaz-Losada, E ............................................ 204Diehl, K ........................................................ 213Dierker, L ..................................................... 266Dimitrova, R ................................................. 125Dirksmeyer, W ............................ 217, 219, 220Djordjević, B ................................................ 285Djordjevic, M ............................................ 61, 86Djordjevic, N ................................................ 121Djurović, D ................................................... 285Djurović, S ................................................... 285Do, F ............................................................ 318Domínguez, I. ...................................... 126, 127Domkářová, J .............................................. 274Doñas, F ...................................................... 211Donici, A ...................................................... 258Đorđević, A .................................................... 63Đorđević, B .................................................. 202Dörnyei, Á .................................................... 237Dos Santos, R M C ..................................... 261Douillet, O ................................................... 313Druege, U ...................................................... 58Duarte, E ............................................. 178, 225Dubuc, B ..................................................... 313Duchovskis, P ......................... 46, 72, 114, 312Dulac, A ...................................................... 251Dumondel, M ............................................... 333Duncker, C .................................................. 300Dunemann, F .............................................. 244Dunsiger, Z ................................................. 345Dupont, N ............................................ 171, 314Đurić, G ............................................... 286, 320Đurović, D ........................................... 202, 284Đurović, S ................................................... 202Dziugieł, T ................................................... 199EEbadi, A .......... 60, 61, 170, 245, 249, 275, 284Ebrahim-Zadeh, A ....................................... 137Egea-Gilabert, C ........................................... 51Ehrich, L ...................................................... 259Eichel, P ...................................................... 324Eichholz, I ........................................... 109, 309Eidam, T ...................................................... 131Ekelund, L ..................................................... 90El Mastor, A. ................................................. 87El-fadl, A. ...................................................... 87El-Otmani, M. ................................................ 87Engel, P ...................................................... 233Ercisli, S ...................................................... 235Erfani, J ....................................................... 170Ergül, R ....................................................... 193Ershadi, A ................................................... 197Ertan, Y ....................................................... 154Etamedi, N .................................................. 340Etemadi, N .................................................. 307Etienne, A ................................................... 296Ewald, D ...................................................... 188Eyahanyo, F .................................................. 74FFadhel, F ..................................................... 203Fascella, S .................................................. 138Fatahi, M.R ......................................... 245, 249Fatahi, R ..................................... 170, 193, 244Fatih, A ........................................................ 154Fatiha, F ........................................................ 48Fattahi Moghaddam, M. R. ..................... 60, 61Faucon, P. ..................................................... 84Faurobert, M ....................................... 294, 310Favia, M.F ................................................... 169Fayos, A. ............................................. 126, 127Fekete, D .................................................... 280Felinger, A ................................................... 237Felszner, Z .................................................... 80Ferchichi, A ................................................. 248Fereres, E ........................................... 148, 209Fernández, J ................................................. 51Fernández-Maldonado, Francisco J ........... 286353

Ferreira, A ......................................72, 135, 254Ferreira, M.E. ................................................. 79Fideghelli, C ................................ 118, 233, 288Fillmore, S.................................................... 260Finger, F ....................... 72, 120, 135, 254, 261Fischer, T ....................................................... 63Fita, A .................................................. 210, 211Fluck, K ........................................................ 220Fluck, K. ....................................................... 142Fonseca, F ................................................... 136Font, R ................................ 126, 127, 238, 255Fontana, E ..................................................... 51Forget-Caubel, V ................................. 332, 342Fotirić Akšić, M ..............................84, 273, 274Fotouhi Ghazvini, R ..................................... 340Foucher, F ................................................... 278Fragner, L .................................................... 188Fragostefanakis, S ....................................... 322Franco, José C ............................................ 338Fukai, S................................................ 252, 314Fuller, M ................................ 52, 179, 203, 268Furet, PM ..................................................... 313GGabriel, A ..................................................... 139Gacic, A ....................................................... 141Gaczkowska, O ........................................... 134Gailite, I........................................................ 121Gajc-Wolska, J ...................................... 78, 106Gajewski, M ......................................... 127, 134Gallego, J R ................................................. 286Galopin, G.................................................... 313Gamal El Din, K M. ...................................... 311García Azcárate, T ........................................ 36García García, M ......................................... 265García-Caparrós, P ..................................... 285García-Lopez, A .......................................... 211García-Martínez, M D .................................. 210Garin, M ....................................................... 342Garkava-Gustavsson, L ............................... 270Garmakhany, A ............................................ 129Garriz, P....................................................... 325Gautier, H .............................................. 48, 131Gea, FJ. ......................................................... 86Geana, E-I ................................................... 116Gebauer, J ................................................... 299Gelvonauskienė, D ...................................... 275Gelvonauskis, B ........................................... 275Genard, M ............................................ 131, 296Gentilhomme, J ........................................... 313Geoffriau, E ................................................. 234Gerardi, C .................................................... 256Geyer, M ................................................ 96, 135Ghasemi, A .................................................. 307Ghasemkhani, M ......................................... 270Ghazy, N ...................................................... 150Ghobadi, C .................................................. 307Gibon, Y ............................................... 131, 294Gilles, Y ............................................... 171, 314Gilli, C ............................................................ 67Giordano, R ................................................. 328Giovino, A ................................................... 187Giráldez, I .................................................... 202Girek, Z ......................................................... 86Gironde, S ................................................... 278Gladysz, M .................................................. 270Glišić, I ........................................................ 253Glowacz, M ................................................. 128Godet, S ...................................................... 263Goen, K ......................................................... 74Golein, B ..................................................... 305Gölles, M ..................................................... 183Gómez, P .................................................... 255Gómez-Bellot, M J ...................................... 208Gómez-Sanmartín, J ................................... 204Gonçalves, M A ........................................... 262Gónzalez, A M ............................................ 285Gonzalez, I .................................................. 240Gonzalez-Benito, M. E ........................ 240, 289Gonzalez-Dugo, V ....................................... 209Góraj, J ....................................................... 315Gorbachevskaya, O .................................... 329Gorbe, E ........................................................ 71Gosset, V ............................................ 151, 177Gotame, T ................................................... 260Gotea, I ............................................... 190, 191Gotea, R .............................................. 190, 191Goulas, V. ............................................. 95, 115Grade, S ........................................................ 74Graeff, S ................................................ 56, 192Graf, B ......................................................... 177Graf, W .......................................................... 98Gramazio, P ................................................ 239Grando, M.S ................................................ 304Gratao, P ..................................................... 321Grechi, I .............................................. 175, 236Greco, F .............................................. 107, 247Greplová, M ................................................ 274Gribaudo, I .................................................. 304Grongnet, J-F ................................................ 94Grosbellet, C ....................................... 332, 342Große Lengerich, T ..................................... 208Grout, B ............................................... 273, 312Gruda, N ............................................. 122, 160Grudén, M ................................................... 114Grund, F ...................................................... 132Grüneberg, H ...................... 257, 259, 329, 341Grzebelus, D ............................................... 270Grzebelus, E ............................................... 322Guerin, A ..................................................... 171Guerin, V ............................................... 92, 313Gugliuzza, G ............................................... 187Guilet, D ...................................................... 251Guillermin, P ............................................... 314Gutleben, C ................................................. 176Guzman Pfeiffer, L ........................................ 85Gyeviki, M ................................................... 317HHaas, Hans-P ................................................ 69354

Hadadinejad, M .......................... 245, 249, 275Hadavi, F ..................................................... 197Hadersdorfer, J .............................................. 63Haferkamp, H ................................................ 62Hagemann, M.H .......................................... 298Halász, J ...................................................... 235Halbwirth, H ................................ 260, 276, 278Haller, T ....................................................... 333Hanafi, M ..................................................... 310Hanak, A M .................................................. 188Hanci, F ...................................... 289, 308, 318Hanhart, J ............................................ 157, 222Hanrahan, I .......................................... 180, 310Hanssens, J ................................................... 74Hassan, H.S.A. ............................................ 311Hassenberg, K ............................................. 120Hauser, B ....................................................... 69Hecker, C ..................................................... 176Hegedűs, A .................................................. 235Hegele, M .................................................... 298Heitkämper, K .............................................. 333Helyes, L ...................................................... 197Henkelüdeke, L ............................................ 109Hennig, R ..................................................... 212Hermann, W ................................................ 182Herppich, W ............................ 54, 98, 120, 135Hertel, M ...................................................... 219Heuvelink, E .................................................. 71Hibrand-Saint Oyant, L ................................ 278Hilger, A ......................................................... 98Hinder, S ........................................................ 64Hirrle,T ......................................................... 222Hitchmough, J .............................................. 345Hoffmann, A M. .............................................. 57Hoffmann, H ................................................ 300Höfte, M ....................................................... 149Höhn, H........................................................ 177Hołownicki, R ................................................. 69Holzapfel, C ................................................. 264Honfi, P .......................................................... 80Höpli, H ........................................................ 177Hoppe, F. ..................................................... 310Horváth, G ................................................... 237Hrotkó, K .............................................. 316, 317Huang, L-C .................................................. 140Huché-Thélier, L ............................................ 92Hummel, G..................................................... 59Hunsche, M .....................................44, 57, 205Hurtado, M ................................................... 239Hustedt, M ..................................................... 62Huyskens-Keil, S .. 47, 109, 120, 132, 309, 310IIglesias-Díaz, M. I ................................ 343, 344Iivonen, S ..................................................... 155Iliescu, M...................................................... 116Inglese, P ..................................................... 169Inkham, C .................................................... 200Intrigliolo, F .................................................. 198Ionete Roxana-E .......................................... 116Iordache Andreea-M ................................... 116Irimia, N ....................................................... 263Irvani, F ....................................................... 307Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, S .............. 317, 318Ismail, O ...................................................... 309Iwai, C. B. .................................................... 167JJabrucka-Pióro, E ......................................... 78Jacob, S ........................................................ 97Jalink, H ........................................................ 71Jaloux, B ..................................................... 176Jamar, L ...................................................... 164Jamilena, M ......................................... 257, 286Jankauskienė, J ............................................ 72Janssen, D .................................................. 265Janssen, E .................................................... 79Jarecka Boncela, A ............................. 266, 315Javanshah, A .............................................. 197Jedermann, R ............................................... 96Jellings, A .................................................... 203Jensén, P .................................................... 195Jiménez-Becker, S ................ 76, 137, 206, 285Jourdan, M .................................................. 234Jozwiak, Z ..................................................... 45Juhász, Á. ................................................... 316KKabakeris, T ................................................ 135Kaewsuksaeng, ............................................. 71Kaierle, S ...................................................... 62Kaim, E. ...................................................... 142Kaivola, T .................................................... 334Kalaitzidis, C ............................................... 322Kalaitzis, P .......................................... 295, 322Kalt, W ........................................................ 260Kampe, E ...................................................... 58Kampuss, K ................................................. 281Kandić, M .................................................... 109Kang, Ho M ................................................. 323Kappel, N .................................................... 280Karimi, M ..................................................... 284Karkoula, E ................................................. 112Karlidag, H .................................................. 191Katsoulas, N ................................................ 331Kautz, B. ....................................................... 44Kaveh, H ..................................................... 119Kazuhiko, S ................................................. 209Keles, D ...................................................... 258Khezri, M ............................. 181, 192, 196, 197Kiewning, D ......................................... 116, 117Kim, J ............................................................ 49Kim, T B ...................................................... 269Kirova, D ..................................................... 316Kishima, Y ................................................... 245Kitazaki, K ................................................... 245Kitta, E ................................................ 331, 347Kittas, C ...................................................... 331Kittemann, D ............................................... 123Kitts, D ........................................................ 256355

Kivivuori, E ................................................... 262Klad, A ......................................................... 163Knösel, K ....................................................... 64Köbli, V .......................................................... 80Koch, R ................................................ 174, 319Koczka, N .................................................... 108Kohlrausch, F ................................................ 69Koivisto, A .................................................... 218Kölbel, C ...................................................... 214Kołota, E ...................................................... 180Komlan, F.A ................................................. 226König, B ...................................... 156, 162, 213Konopacki, P ........................................... 67, 69Kopp, B ................................................ 188, 189Kopta, T ....................................................... 168Kotsiras, A ................................................... 112Kourdoulas, P. ............................................. 115Kovács, Sz ................................................... 267Kowalczyk, K ......................................... 78, 106Krämer, R .................................................... 242Krasnova, I .......................................... 121, 281Kremer, C ............................................ 240, 289Kreuzpaintner, A .................................... 75, 194Krężel, J ............................................... 113, 288Krška, B ....................................................... 265Kruczynska, D ............................................... 45Krygier, M ...................................................... 78Kuhn, R ........................................................ 171Kuntosch, A ......................................... 156, 213Kunz, A ........................................................ 163Kurpaska, S ................................................... 69Kwon, T H ...................................................... 49LL’Hotel, J C .................................................. 131Laaksoharju, T ..................................... 334, 348Laamanen, J ................................................ 262Labbe, S ...................................................... 297Lāce, B................................................. 281, 282Lācis, G................................................ 281, 282Laffaire, M .............................................. 92, 313Lakić, N .......................................................... 82Lambert, C ................................................... 251Lambrides, C ....................................... 252, 314Lamosa-Quinteiro, S ............................ 343, 344Lane, S ........................................................ 268Lankes, C............................................. 205, 244Lao, M T.................. 76, 77, 137, 161, 206, 285Larcher, F .................................................... 328Lardo, E ....................................................... 185Larsson, C ................................................... 195Latała, H ........................................................ 69Lateur, M...................................................... 164Laurens, F.................................................... 107Lauwers, L ................................................... 158Le Cadre, E ................................................. 185Le Quillec, S .................................................. 48Lebourgeois, V ............................................ 297Lebrec, A ..................................................... 313Ledóné, H .................................................... 280Leduc, N ................................................ 92, 313Lee, C ........................................................... 49Lee, J J ....................................................... 269Leenknegt, I ................................................ 149Lema-Rumińska, J ...................................... 188Lemesle, D .................................................... 66Lentz, W .............................................. 212, 214Léon, J ........................................................ 244Leonte, C .................................................... 271Lepaslier, M-C ............................................. 294Leposavić, A ............................................... 109Lepse, L ...................................................... 172Lerma, M D ......................................... 210, 211Leroy, G ........................................................ 94Lescourret, F ............................................... 166Leser, C ...................................................... 264Liang, Y ....................................................... 294Libik, A .......................................................... 88Ličina, V ................................................ 84, 198Liebig, H.P .................................. 182, 183, 192Lieth, J. H ...................................................... 75Lima, A ........................................................ 338Lindén, L ..................................................... 334Linke, M ........................................................ 96Lipsa, F ....................................................... 263Liu, Y ........................................................... 256Loch, D ........................................................ 314Lohr, D. ......................................................... 58Longuenesse, J-J .......................................... 48López-Galarza, S ................................ 210, 211Lotfi, M ........................................................ 268Lothier, J ..................................................... 313Lucido, P ..................................................... 173Ludwig-Ohm, S ........................................... 219Luedeling, E ................................................ 299Lugasi, A ..................................................... 197Lukic, M ............................................... 184, 232Lutts, S ........................................................ 306MMaatallah, S ................................................ 306Mabeau, S ..................................................... 94Maćkowska, K ............................................. 322Madjar, R .................................................... 319Magiatis, P .................................................. 112Magyar, L .................................................... 317Maitre, I ......................................... 93, 106, 142Majidi Heravan, E ........................................ 305Makris, F. .................................................... 115Malezieux, E ............................................... 175Mammano, M .............................................. 187Manakos, I .................................................. 322Manganaris, G.A. .................................. 95, 115Maniei, H ............................................. 338, 339Manioudaki, M ............................................. 295Manke, I ........................................................ 98Mansoore, S ........................................ 179, 181Manzano, S ......................................... 257, 286Mapeli, A ..................................................... 254Marcinkowska, M .................................. 78, 106356

Marekov, I .................................................... 125Marić, S........................................................ 232Marien, H ....................................................... 74Marín, F. ........................................................ 86Marković, N .......................................... 184, 198Marsal, J ...................................................... 211Martin, C .............................................. 240, 289Martin, T....................................................... 226Martínez Ruiz, F ..............................81, 82, 202Martínez, C .................................................. 257Martínez, MA ................................................. 86Martinez, S................................................... 297Martínez-Diz, M. P ............................... 343, 344Martínez-Ramírez, G B .......................... 77, 137Martínez-Valdivieso, D ........................ 238, 255Marx, C .......................................................... 62Mašková, B .................................................. 265Massot, M .................................................... 278Matějka, D.................................................... 348Matijašević, S ........................................ 82, 112Matsuoka, M ................................................ 167Matsushima, U ............................................... 98Mattheis, J ................................................... 180Matthews, M .................................................. 64Matuszczak, M ............................................. 134Maucourt, M ................................................. 294Maury-Robert, A .......................................... 176Mazerolles, G .............................................. 310McFerson, J ................................................. 180Megías, Z ..................................................... 257Mehinagic, E ..................................93, 106, 142Meinken, E ............................................... 50, 58Meisel, B ...................................................... 264Melliou, E ..................................................... 112Melo, W........................................................ 301Mempel, H ............................................. 69, 193Menrad, K .................................................... 139Meyer, J ................................................. 75, 194Miceli, A ............................................... 110, 111Michel, J C ..................................................... 83Mićić, N ................................................ 286, 320Micková, Ž ................................................... 348Miclot, A-S ................................................... 278Migeon, C ...................................................... 66Mikami, T ..................................................... 245Milatović, D ......................... 202, 284, 285, 321Miletić, N ...................................................... 109Milivojevic, J ............................... 184, 202, 283Milošević, N ................................................. 253Milutinović, M ............................................... 274Mimouni, H................................................... 304Minelli, A ...................................................... 330Miosic, S ...................................................... 260Miranda-Trujillo, L ....................... 47, 65, 68, 73Mirás-Avalos, J M ................................ 166, 204Misina, I ....................................................... 121Mitrović, O.................................................... 109Mittelberger, C ............................................. 215Miyamoto, K ................................................. 266Mladenovic, E .............................................. 141Mogren, L............................................. 128, 152Mohamed, R ............................................... 244Mohseni, A .................................................. 308Moing, A ...................................................... 294Molin, G ....................................................... 195Momchilova, S .................................... 125, 316Momirovic, I ................................................. 184Monaghan, J ....................................... 128, 152Montacchini, E ............................................ 328Montagnani, L ............................................. 301Monteiro, A .................................................. 225Morel P ........................................................ 313Moreno, E ........................................... 210, 211Morgado, C B .............................................. 131Morhard, J ................................................... 182Mosayyebi, S .............................................. 249Mosonyi, I ...................................................... 80Mouroutoglou, C ......................................... 112Mousavi, A .......................................... 284, 340Mratinić, E ................................................... 202Müller, V ...................................................... 205Muñoz-Serrano, A ....................................... 238Munteanu, N ............................................... 165Murat, S ...................................................... 137Muzzalupo, I ........................................ 107, 247Myriounis, C ................................................ 347NNaef, A ........................................................ 170Nagy, P ....................................................... 119Nahar, S ...................................................... 209Nas, M N ..................................................... 185Nascimento, K. S ........................................ 287Nascimento, M F ......................................... 261Nascimento, N F ......................................... 261Navarro, MJ. ................................................. 86Navarro, P ........................................... 257, 286Navez, B ..................................................... 310Ndiaye, O .................................................... 236Nebauer, S .......................................... 210, 211Nečas, T ...................................................... 265Negro, C .............................................. 110, 111Nejatian, M A ...................................... 245, 249Németh-Zámboriné, É................................. 201Neumaier, D .................................................. 50Neumüller, M ......................................... 63, 133Neuwald, D ......................................... 123, 124Ngouajio, M ................................................. 226Niassy, S ..................................................... 153Nicola, S ........................................................ 51Nicolás, E .................................................... 166Niemi, S ...................................................... 218Nikicevic, N ................................................. 121Nikolić, D ....................... 84, 273, 274, 284, 321Nikolić, J ........................................................ 82Nikolova, M ......................................... 125, 316Niñirola, D ..................................................... 51Noga, G ........................... 44, 57, 117, 205, 244Nota, P ................................................ 118, 288Nothnagel, T ................................................. 58Nowak, J ....................................................... 69357

Nukari, A ...................................................... 262Nwafor, C ..................................................... 304Nybom, H ............................................. 269, 270Nykänen, A .................................................. 155OOhnishi, K .................................................... 167Ohyama, K ................................................... 150Okello, RCO .................................................. 97Oliveira, J. A ....................................81, 82, 202Oliveira, L..................................................... 254Oliveira, M.................................................... 225Ombódi, A .................................................... 197Opara, U L ..................................................... 56Oparnica, C ................................ 121, 184, 285Orchard, J .................................................... 133Orlando, P.................................................... 131Oroojalian, F ................................................ 305Orriols-Fernández, I ..................................... 204Ortas, I ......................................................... 258Ortuño, M F ................................................. 208Oschmann, C ....................................... 132, 341Otoni, W. C .................................................. 287Ottosen, C-O ................................................. 70Overbeck, V ................................................. 118Owen, J........................................................ 260Ozer, H ................................................ 128, 129Ozturk, A ...................................................... 259PPajić, M .......................................................... 63Palencia, P ......................................81, 82, 202Palese, A.M ......................................... 169, 185Palha, M.G. .................................................... 79Palmisano, M ............................................... 171Panahi, B ..................................................... 192Papp, D ........................................................ 267Parrot, L ....................................................... 226Pašalić, B ............................................. 286, 320Paschke, C .................................................. 259Pascual Asso, F ........................................... 265Pascual, L .................................................... 294Pasini, C .............................................. 138, 173Passam, H ................................................... 134Passarinho, J.A. ............................................ 79Pastrana Pérez, Julio C ................................. 62Patarino, A ........................................... 107, 247Patrocínio, S ................................................ 161Pearce, W .................................................... 314Peça, J ......................................................... 161Pedrero, F .................................................... 166Peil, A .......................................................... 244Pekkeriet, E.J. ............................................... 40Pellegrino, M ................................................ 107Peltier, D ...................................................... 234Penella, C ............................................ 210, 211Penvern, S ................................................... 164Pereira, A ..................................................... 135Pereira, D....................................................... 72Pereira, S ..................................................... 161Perez Garcia, M.D ...................................... 313Pérez-Vicente, A. ................................ 126, 127Pergola, M ................................................... 169Peron, T ...................................................... 313Perović, V ...................................................... 63Perretti, B .................................................... 169Perri, E ........................................................ 107Pétersz, D ................................................... 108Peticila, A .................................................... 319Pfenning, J ............................ 56, 182, 183, 192Pflanz, M ....................................................... 56Phonrueng, S .............................................. 317Pierart, A ....................................................... 66Piffard, B ..................................................... 314Pignata, G ..................................................... 51Pinar, H ....................................................... 258Pinheiro, A .................................................. 161Piotto, F ....................................................... 321Pirelli, T ....................................................... 190Piron, M ....................................................... 176Pitrat, M ....................................................... 230Plaschil, S ................................................... 242Plaza, Blanca M .................... 76, 137, 206, 285Plazas, M .................................................... 239Plocharski, W ................................................ 45Plottu, B ...................................................... 212Pluhár, Z ..................................................... 237Pober, S ...................................................... 260Pokluda, R .................................................. 168Poledica, M ................................................. 283Polthanee, A ............................................... 317Polzerová, H ............................................... 274Pongprasert, N .............................................. 71Ponte-e-Sousa, C ....................................... 340Popović, B ................................................... 109Popp, T ....................................................... 201Poppenberger, B ......................................... 311Porcher, L ................................................... 278Pourias, J ............................................ 342, 347Pozzi, L ....................................................... 173Pradier, M ................................................... 131Praeger, U ..................................................... 96Primault, J ................................................... 314Prisecaru, M ................................................ 271Prohens, J ........................................... 210, 239Prost, C ....................................................... 142Przybył, J .................................................... 134Pudzianowska, M ................................ 127, 134Pyrotis, S ..................................................... 133RRabcewicz, J ................................................. 67Rabot, A ...................................................... 313Radivojevic, D ..................... 121, 184, 202, 283Radomirska, I .............................................. 279Radovanović, B ........................................... 112Radović, A ........................................... 273, 321Radzanowska, J .................................. 106, 127Rahnavard, A .............................................. 305Raigón, M D ........................................ 210, 211358

Rajhárt, P ............................................. 201, 254Rakonjac, V .......................... 84, 273, 274, 321Ramos, A P ................................................. 338Ranca, A .............................................. 116, 125Rankova, Z .................................................. 173Ranković-Vasić, Z ................. 63, 112, 184, 274Rappe, E ...................................................... 334Rath, T .............................................62, 64, 300Rather, K..................................... 174, 207, 208Ratnadass, A ............................................... 175Razavi, E ..................................................... 177Rea, E .......................................................... 198Reade, J .............................................. 128, 152Rebolloso, M ................................................ 257Rees, D ........................................................ 133Regnard, J.L ................................................ 297Rêgo, E R ................................... 254, 261, 287Rêgo, M M .................................. 254, 261, 287Regos, I ....................................................... 276Rehrmann, P ................................................. 76Reis, M........................................................... 79Relion, D ...................................................... 313Remy, E ....................................................... 347Rey, Jean-Y ................................................. 236Reza Fatahi, M ............................................ 275Rhee, J .......................................................... 49Rhino, B ....................................................... 175Richomme, P ............................................... 251Rihan, H .........................................52, 179, 268Rinaldi, S ..................................................... 198Rizzolo, A............................................. 130, 173Robic, R ....................................................... 107Robu, T ........................................................ 283Roccuzzo, G ................................................ 198Roche, M ..................................................... 314Rocksch, T ...................... 47, 55, 60, 65, 68, 73Rode, A .......................................................... 58Rodríguez-Burruezo, A ........................ 210, 211Roman, H..................................................... 278Romano, E ................................................... 107Römer, H-P .................................................... 76Rosato, T ..................................................... 272Rosberg, A K ............................................... 195Rosemeyer, V ...................................... 151, 177Rosso, L....................................................... 310Rouhi, V ............................................... 338, 339Rozhon, W ................................................... 311Rozsnyay, Zs ............................................... 267Ruamrungsri, S ............................................ 200Rucar, M ...................................................... 141Ruffoni, B ..................................................... 187Ruiz, C ......................................................... 211Russo, A ...................................................... 247Rutkowski, K .................................................. 45Ruttensperger, U ......................................... 319Rux, G ............................................................ 96Ruz, C .......................................................... 209Ruzic, D .........................................61, 249, 250SSabat, R ........................................................ 69Sadat Hosseini Grouh, M ............................ 268Saei Ahagh, H ............................................. 308Saia, S ........................................................ 187Sakalauskaitė, J .............. 46, 72, 114, 275, 312Sakalauskienė, S .................... 46, 72, 114, 312Sakr, S .................................................. 92, 313Salama, A-M ............................................... 133Salami, A ..................................................... 284Salazar, R ..................................................... 73Salimpour, A ............................................... 275Sallaku, G ................................................... 186Samietz, J ................................................... 177Samuolienė, G ........................ 46, 72, 114, 312San Bautista, A ................................... 210, 211Sánchez-Blanco, M J .................................. 208Saniewski, M ....................................... 266, 315Santagostini, P .............................................. 92Santos, M. ..................................................... 86Santos, W. S ............................................... 287Sarcheshmehpour, M.................................. 196Sárosi, S ..................................................... 237Sartori, A ..................................................... 272Sasnauskas, A ............................................ 275Sauer, H .............................................. 174, 319Scandellari, F .............................................. 301Schaarschmidt, S ........................................ 324Schaub, L .................................................... 177Schinagl, G ................................................. 278Schirdewahn, T. ............................................ 56Schlüpen, M .................................................. 75Schmidt, B ........................................... 166, 255Schmidt, L ..................................................... 54Schmidt, N .................................................. 203Schmidt, T ................................................... 180Schmidt, U ...................... 47, 55, 60, 65, 68, 73Schmitz-Eiberger, M ................... 116, 117, 118Schneider, A ............................................... 304Schöneberg, A ............................................ 192Schöps, J .................................................... 102Schouten, R .......................................... 97, 100Schreiter, H ................................................. 329Schuch, I ............................... 47, 55, 65, 68, 73Schulz, C ..................................................... 257Scibetta, S ................................................... 187Scossa, F ............................................ 118, 288Seday, U ..................................................... 277Segatto, F ................................................... 120Seglina, D ................................................... 121Segura, M L .................................. 76, 161, 206Seifi, E ................................................. 129, 308Seo, H ......................................................... 323Sepsi P. ....................................................... 316Sequi, P ...................................................... 198Serra, V ....................................................... 131Sestari, I ...................................................... 124Sestras, R ........................................... 190, 191Sevgin, N .................................................... 185Shah, M ....................................................... 150359

Shamili, M .................................................... 244Shamloo, M ................................................. 129Sharifani, M ......................................... 129, 308Shevchenko, Y ............................................ 122Shi, J ............................................................ 260Shigeyuki, T ................................................. 200Sierotzki, H .................................................. 171Sigg, P ...........................................67, 160, 163Sigogne, M .................................................. 313Sikka, B.K. ................................................... 218Silva, E......................................................... 338Silva, T ......................................................... 120Simeone, A. M ..................................... 118, 288Simion, C ..................................................... 258Simkó, H ...................................................... 237Simón Martínez, A ....................................... 265Simon, S .............................................. 164, 226Singh, B ....................................................... 218Singh, J ........................................................ 214Singh, S P .................................................... 218Sintes, G ...................................................... 313Sirleaf, S ...................................................... 345Sirtautas, R .............................................. 46, 72Sivčev, B ................................................ 63, 112Siwek, P ......................................................... 88Slatnar, A ..................................................... 260Smarz, M ..................................................... 127Smetanska, I. ............................................... 122Smiti, S ........................................................ 304Smitia, S ...................................................... 306Solomakhin, A ............................................. 163Song, Y J ..................................................... 269Songsri, P .................................................... 317Sotirov, D ............................................. 279, 280Soufflet-Freslon, V ....................................... 234Souza, C ................................................ 72, 135Sow, G ......................................................... 153Spano, T ...................................................... 322Spinelli, L ..................................................... 130Srilaong, V ..................................................... 71Stanghellini, C ............................................... 71Stanica, F..................................................... 319Stefanache, C P .................................. 241, 251Stefanovits-Bányai, É .................................. 108Steppe, K ...........................................42, 43, 74Stevanović, N .............................................. 321Stich, K ................................................ 260, 276Strautina, S .................................................. 281Streif, J ......................................................... 123Strelow, M .................................................... 116Strober, W.................................................... 193Sueyoshi, K ................................................. 200Şumălan, R .......................................... 166, 255Sungthongwises, K ...................................... 167Suzuki, T ...................................................... 150Suzuki, Y...................................................... 325Symoneaux, R ...................... 93, 106, 107, 142Szabó, K .............................................. 201, 254Szikriszt, B ................................................... 235TTagliavini, M ................................................ 301Tahir, I ......................................................... 269Talento, C ........................................... 118, 288Talwara, S ................................................... 312Tanaka, S .................................................... 167Tanase, C ................................................... 251Taneva, S .................................................... 125Taragola, N ................................................. 158Tatari, M ...................................................... 340Tatmala, N .................................................... 71Tello, Julio C ....................................... 210, 211Terlizzi, M .................................................... 272Tesevic, V ................................................... 121Teske, S ...................................................... 132Tezcan, H .................................................... 168Thelier, L ..................................................... 313Theodorou, M. ............................................. 115Thepsukhon, A ............................................ 200Thielemans, T ..................................... 151, 177Thill, J .................................................. 260, 276Thouroude, T .............................................. 278Thümmler, F ................................................ 264Tichy, M. ..................................................... 309Tijskens, LMM ............................................... 97Tillmann, P. ................................................... 58Tilly-Mándy, A ............................................... 80Tisiot, R ....................................................... 310Titiyanov, M ................................................. 173Tixier, P ....................................................... 175Todić, S ................................................. 62, 112Toivonen, H ................................................. 262Tőkei L. ....................................................... 316Toldam-Andersen, T ........................... 273, 312Toma, S ...................................................... 206Tomczak, A ......................................... 113, 288Tommasi, R ................................................. 190Tontti, T ....................................................... 155Torricelli, A .................................................. 130Tošić, M ........................................................ 82Tóth, M ........................................................ 267Trajković, I ................................................... 198Travers, A ..................................................... 66Travier-Pelleschi, S ..................................... 313Treutter, D ............................. 63, 133, 264, 276Trigo-Córdoba, E ........................................ 204Trinchera, A ................................................ 198Truffault , V ................................................... 48Tsamaidi, D ................................................. 134Tsirogiannis, I L ................................... 331, 347Tudorache, G .............................................. 206Turan, M ...................................................... 191ÜÜbelhör, A ................................................... 182UUeda, J ........................................................ 266Ugrinovic, M .................................................. 86360

Uklańska-Pusz, C ........................................ 180Ulea, E ......................................................... 263Ulrich, K ....................................................... 188Ulrichs, C .............. 85, 109, 132, 309, 310, 324Unuk, T .......................................................... 97Uosukainen, M ............................................. 262Urbanek, H .................................................. 315VVahdati, K ................................... 190, 191, 268Väisänen, H-M ............................................. 155Valadabadi, S A ........................................... 305ValiAsil, R .................................................... 305Valsesia, P ................................................... 166Van den Bulck, N ........................................... 74Van Droogenbroeck, B ................................ 158Van Henten, E.J. ........................................... 40Van Hese, N ................................................ 149Van Labeke, M.-C. ......................................... 43Van Lommel J. ............................................... 43Van Meeteren, U ......................................... 100Van, Thinh T ................................................ 314Vanatoru, C ................................................. 165Vanoli, M ...................................................... 130Vargues, A. .................................................... 79Varras, G ..................................................... 347Vasić Ranković, Z .......................................... 62Vatandoost, S .............................................. 119Veberic, R .................................................... 260Velickovic, M ........................................ 121, 184Veliksar, S.................................................... 206Venat-Dumitriu, O ........................................ 319Vercambre, G ........................................ 48, 131Verfaille, T.................................................... 176Vergote, N.............................................. 43, 149Vermeulen, K. ................................................ 43Verzone, C ................................................... 333Vian, A ......................................................... 313Vidal-Beaudet, L .................................. 332, 342Vidogbéna, F ............................................... 226Vigneau, E ................................................... 142Vilanova, S .................................................. 239Villa, G ......................................................... 173Villenave, C ................................................. 185Virlet, N ........................................................ 297Viršilė, A................................................... 46, 72Viškelis, P ............................................ 114, 275Vita, L ........................................................... 325Vítovská, D .......................................... 335, 348Vogler, U ...................................................... 224Vollmann, J .................................................. 278Von Allwörden, A ......................................... 162Von Bargen, S ............................................. 266Vozikis, K ..................................................... 347Vujošević, A ................................................... 82Vujovic, T .......................................61, 249, 250Vulić, T ......................................................... 285WWadas, W .................................................... 199Wagnitz, N .................................................... 76Walsh, KB ..................................................... 97Wanek, W ................................................... 188Wasti, S ....................................................... 304Wawrosch, C ....................................... 188, 189Wawrzynczak, A ........................................... 45Wawrzyńczak, P ........................................... 67Weber, A ............................................. 123, 124Weckwerth, W ............................................. 188Węgrzynowicz-Lesiak, E ............................. 315Wehrens, R ................................................. 304Weiland, C M .......................................... 81, 82Wenz, K ...................................................... 216Whitfield, C .................................................. 133Widehem, C ................................................ 212Widmer, A ................................................... 183Williams, S .................................................. 314Wilms, D ........................................................ 76Winterhagen, P ........................................... 298Wirth, G ....................................................... 278Wittemans, L ................................................. 74Wolf, S ........................................................ 183Wolfgang, B ................................................ 216Woltering, E ................................................ 100Won, J H ..................................................... 323Woolley, D ................................................... 181Wünsche, J.N .............................................. 298Wyckhuys, K ............................................... 174XXiloyannis, C ....................................... 146, 185Xu, J ............................................................ 294YYau, J.A. ....................................................... 86Yener T. ...................................................... 129Yildirim, E .................................................... 191Yildiz, Z ....................................................... 278Youssef, L ................................................... 341Yu, Y J ........................................................ 269ZZabler, S ....................................................... 98Zadravec, P ................................................... 97Zalotai, K ..................................................... 197Zamani, Z .................................................... 193Zanotelli, D .................................................. 301Zarco-Tejada, P .......................................... 209Zarei, A ....................................................... 193Zavalloni, C ................................................. 190Zdravkovic, J. ................................................ 86Zdravkovic, M ................................................ 86Zdunek, A ...................................................... 99Zec, G ........................................... 84, 284, 285Zerche, S. ..................................................... 58Zhivondov, A ....................................... 173, 271Zhou, Y ............................................... 252, 314Zid, E ........................................................... 304Zildžović, S .................................................... 82361

Zina, V ......................................................... 338Zinkernagel, J ........................................ 54, 203Živanović, V ................................................... 82Zivkovic, M ................................................... 121Životić, L ........................................................ 63Zmarlicki, K .......................................... 222, 224Zude, M ......................................................... 56Zuffa, D ...................................................... 330Zutz, K ......................................................... 135Zuzavičiūtė, A ............................................. 312Zvalo, V ....................................................... 260362