manual on the diagnosis of nipah virus infection in animals

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CHAPTER ONETHE EMERGENCE OF NIPAH VIRUSIntroductionDiseases that are rapidly increasing in incidence or distribution aresaid to be 'emerging'. The definition encompasses not only diseasesassociated with previously unknown (or novel) agents, but also thoseknown diseases that are 're-emerging' spatially or temporally. Whattriggers disease emergence? Modern epidemiological principlescontend that disease is multi-factorial - that in addition to thepresence of the infectious agent, additional factors are generallynecessary for infection and disease to occur. Such factors may relateto the agent, to the host, or to the environment. Putative contributingfactors to disease emergence include ecological changes, changes inhuman demographics and behaviour, increased international traveland commerce, advances in technology and industry, microbialadaptation or change, and breakdown of public health measures(Morse 1995).Many emerging infections are zoonoses. The introduction of a "new"zoonotic infection into a human or domestic animal population canfollow the incursion of humans (accompanied by their domesticanimals, livestock, and crops) into previously remote natural habitats1
Page 1 and 2: RAP publication no. 2002/01MANUAL O
Page 3 and 4: The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6: Aziz JamaludinDirector of ResearchV
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTSPageLists of chapt
Page 9 and 10: PageIllustrationsFigure 1: World di
Page 12: disease and the infective agent. It
Page 17 and 18: least 115 people died as a result o
Page 19 and 20: The economic and social impacts of
Page 21 and 22: Malaysian bat species were targeted
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1: World distribution of fly
Page 25 and 26: tests and epidemiological features
Page 27 and 28: pens back to that area. Place bucke
Page 29 and 30: need for centrifugation (and the as
Page 31 and 32: surfaces should be sprayed with dis
Page 33 and 34: centrifuge, be sure to wear full pr
Page 35 and 36: It is timely to suggest that veteri
Page 37 and 38: It may also be that observed clinic
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3: Acute onset neurological
Page 41 and 42: lung lesions with varying degrees o
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER FOURCONFIRMATORY LABORATORY
Page 45 and 46: Thus, there will be false positives
Page 47 and 48: epithelium, peribronchiolar and per
Page 49 and 50: instruction 650 (see Appendix 7). M
Page 51 and 52: viruses in cell culture. Details of
Page 53 and 54: −control and eradication techniqu
Page 55 and 56: Movement controls on pigsAfter Nipa
Page 57 and 58: A national abattoir monitoring and
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER SIXMANAGING PIG INDUSTRIESF
Page 61 and 62: Actions from governmentsThe Nipah v
Page 63 and 64:
The provision of laboratory service
Page 65 and 66:
REFERENCESAbraham G., Hooper P., Wi
Page 67 and 68:
Goh K.J., Tan T.C., Chew N.K., Tan
Page 69 and 70:
Paton N., Leo Y., Zaki S., Auchus A
Page 71 and 72:
6. In the infected area, collect al
Page 73 and 74:
APPENDIX 2STANDARD OPERATING PROCED
Page 75 and 76:
APPENDIX 3CHECKLIST OF EQUIPMENT AN
Page 77 and 78:
APPENDIX 4A GUIDE TO SAMPLING TISSU
Page 79 and 80:
APPENDIX 5LABORATORIES WITH PC4 FAC
Page 81 and 82:
APPENDIX 6PACKING INFECTIOUS SUBSTA
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Packages must be at least 100 mm (4
Page 85 and 86:
temperature of the refrigerant used
Page 87 and 88:
shipments are prepared in such a ma
Page 89 and 90:
Specific RequirementsAlthough excep
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