INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS - WSP

INFORMATION ONIMPROVED LATRINEOPTIONSSemi-PermanentSemi-PermanentPermanentPermanentMy Healthy Latrine

Water and Sanitation ProgramEast Asia and the Pacific (WSP-EAP)World Bank Office JakartaIndonesia Stock Exchange Building Tower II/13 th Floor,Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 52-53Jakarta 12190 – IndonesiaTel.: (62-21) 52993003Fax: (62-21) 5299-3004Printed in 2009Produced in support of the Sanitasi Total dan Pemasaran Sanitasi (SToPS) projects, a partmership between the govermentof Indonesia, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and Water and Sanitation Program - East Asia and Pacific

INFORMATION ONIMPROVED LATRINEOPTIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTSPart 1 Introduction 3Part 2 what to be achieved from the CLTS Program 5 The objectives of this Informed Choice Catalog ofImproved Latrines 5 The Appropriate times to use the Improved Latrine Catalog: 6 One Community has defined ODF 6 6Part 3 what do we mean by “Latrine”? 7 Semi - Permanent and Permanent Structures(“Jamban Sehat” and “Jamban yang Sehat”) 7 What are the benefits to use a latrine? 8 10 nderground structure of an Improved Latrine 13Part 4 Type of Latrines for special conditionsPart 5 Some Latrine Modes in “Special Conditions” 17 Raised-platform of latrine 17 Latrine for flooding/tidal areas/houses built on stilts 18 Communal sanitation system for densely populated areas 192INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS

Part 1INTRODUCTIONWe all know that having and using a latrine is not only convenient but also canprotect and improve the health of our families and communities. However,all data available from rural sanitation studies and surveys in Indonesia shows thatvery few rural households actually have access to safe latrines. Only 37% of itsrural population has access to safe sanitation according to a report from the JointMonitoring Program 2008. Although we do not fully understand all the reasonsfor this, part of the explanation could be that many existing latrines are elaborateand expensive, giving the impression that they are not affordable to low-incomefamilies. This booklet was developed to show that there is a wide range of rurallatrine options and latrine designs adapted for users with special needs or for usein special circumstances (flooding, high groundwater table).Such different latrine types that can be used in rural areas are shown in picturestogether with advantages and disadvantages, expected life span and neededmaterials. This format makes it easy to present a range of options and to discussvillagers’ preferences (depending on their willingness and ability to pay). Once achoice has been made, the latrine construction manual (published separately) canbe used to determine detailed construction steps, material requirements, etc.This booklet is really meant to be useful to anyone interested in and working onsanitation programs, and raise people’s awareness of options, create sanitation demandand work on actual construction of latrines. Typical users may include governmenthealth workers, NGOs, CBOs, IOs, facilitators, natural leaders, and people engaged insanitation, and so on. We hope that this booklet may increase sanitation demand inIndonesia, and enable people to make informed choices about technically feasibleand affordable sanitation options.INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS3

Part 1INTRODUCTIONThe materials in this booklet will explain the following: circumstances.We leave the decision about how to best present this information to the creativityof the user. However, it makes sense to ensure that some basic ideas have beenunderstood before moving on to more detailed subjects.For example, make sure that everybody understands what a latrine is beforediscussing detailed designs.We do hope that all stakeholders in both governmental and non-governmentalagencies who are responsible for rural sanitation programs will use this InformedChoice Manual for Improved Latrine Selection to improve rural households’ accessto sanitation in order to achieve the MDG goals by 2015.4INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS

Part 2WHAT TO BE ACHIEVED FROMTHE COMMUNITY BASED TOTALSANITATION (STBM) PROGRAMBEHAVIOR CHANGE LADDERTowardsTotalSanitation …….All households haveand use improvedlatrinesBehavior ChangeAll households useimproved latrines (ODF)Environmental sanitation improvementOpen DefecationODF = Open Defecation FreeThe objectives of this Informed Choice Catalog of ImprovedLatrines are to:INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS5

Part 2WHAT TO BE ACHIEVED FROM THE CLTS PROGRAMThe appropriate times to use the Improved Latrine Catalog are:build a latrine.A community has defined ODF… if: feces only to improved latrines. (including at school)community to prevent open defecation practiceA Community has defined total sanitation if:after pouring their children after defecating, before eating, before feedingbaby, and before preparing food6INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS

Part 3WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “LATRINE”?Alatrine is a safe and private place to be used for defecation. A wide rangeof latrines are used in households, schools, houses of worship, and otheragencies.An Improved Latrine is a defecation facility that:1)2)3)4)5)Prevents contamination of water bodiesBreaks contact between humans and fecesPrevents feces exposure to insects and other vectorsPrevents unpleasant odorWell constructed, safe and easy-to-clean slabSemi - Permanent and Permanent Structures (“Jamban Sehat”and “Jamban yang Sehat”)When a community is triggered, people build many kinds of self - constructed latrine,less permanent latrines with whatever materials they can find, because they urgentlywant to become free of open defecation (ODF). As long as the semi - permanentlatrines can fulfil the 5 (five) requirements of a hygienic latrine, if can be accepted as“improved sanitation”. However, it is necessary to carefully maintain or later upgradethese structures as they may become unsafe and unhygienic over time, due to rain,flooding, collapse or breakage. For ease of communication, this catalogue classifiesthe semi - permanent structures as “jamban yang sehat”, and the more permanentstructures as “jamban sehat”.INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS7

Part 3WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “LATRINE”?Please remember …IMPROVED LATRINE IS NOT TO BE EXPENSIVEANWhat are the benefits to use a latrine?Building and using a latrine gives the following benefits:• Greater dignity and privacy• A cleaner environment• Reduced smell and improved sanitation and hygiene• Improved safety (no need to go out into the fields at night)• Saves time and money, and produces compost and biogas for energy• Breaks the transmission cycle of sanitation related diseases.8INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS

Part 3WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “LATRINE”?FingerHumanexcreta/ fecesFliesFoodsHuman BodiesFieldDIARRHEA CONTAMINATION ROUTECAUSED BY BAD SANITATIONFluidBLOCKING OF DIARRHEA CONTAMINATION ROUTECAUSED BY BAD SANITATIONHand washingwith soupFingerHumanexcreta/ fecesFliesFoodsHuman BodiesFieldImproved latrineFluidBlockingINFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS9

Part 3WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “LATRINE”?Improved Latrine StructureA latrine consists of 3 main parts, i.e.: 1) above ground called Superstructure,pit, labeled “B”.Each part is described in more detail below:1. Above-ground part (Superstructure)This part wholly consists of roof, frame and walls. In practice, however, theserequired parts will depend on the ability of the local community.Roof gives privacy and protection to the user from the sun, wind, and rain. ItFrame is used to support the roof and walls. It can be made of bamboo,wood, etc.Walls are part of the superstructure. They give privacy and protection to the etc.2. On-the-ground part (slab)Slab covers the pit, and provides footrests. It can be made of any materialwhich is strong enough to support the users. Materials used should be longlastingand easily cleaned such as wood, concrete, bamboo with clay, etc.Ash or water jar is a jar to store ash or water. Sprinkling some ashes in the pitafter use reduces smell, reduces moisture content and makes it unattractivefor flies to breed in. Water can be used for hand washing and generalcleaning.3. Underground part (Pit)A pit is an underground hole that can be square, round or rectangular, but around pit is the strongest. Maximum depth depends on the soil conditions andgroundwater levels in the rainy season. In unstable soils, the pit may have to befully or partly lined with woven bamboo, bricks, concrete rings, etc.10INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS

Part 3WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “LATRINE”?VentilationRoofFrameWallSoapSlabWater TankPitAny type of improved latrine that breaks the contact between feces and theenvironment will be of benefit to its users. So building and using a latrine -anytype at all- is the most important step to take. For added benefit and convenience,please pay attention to the following points.INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS11

Part 3WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “LATRINE”?1. Above-ground part considerations• Air circulation• • Easy access at night• It avoids possible visibility from outside• Recommended to use local materials• Hand washing facility is provided2. On-the ground part considerations:• There is a lid on the hole to prevent its exposure to insects and othervectors• The slab is constructed by paying attention the user’s safety (not slippery,collapsing and slipping into the pit, etc)• It prevents possible unpleasant odor from excrement in the pit• Easy to maintain• Preferable to use local materials• Ventilation system• Permanent structure with a manhole• Groundwater table• Permiable soil (type of soil)• Structure type, distance and slope from a water source (preferably above10m)• Population density (land availability)• • Preferable to use local materials12INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS

Part 5SOME LATRINE MODES IN “SPECIAL CONDITIONS”Flowchart of the underground structure of an Improved LatrinePopulation density 5mfrom surfaceUnstabil soilSandy soilRocky soilCommunalseptictankWater table < 5mfrom surfaceClaySandy soilRocky soilHigh watertable12, 3 ,4, 61,6,73,4,65, 6,76, 778, 91. Pit withoutring force2. Pit with bambooring force3. Pit with bricksring force4. Pit with concretering force5. Twin pits withconcrete andbrick ring force6. Septictank7. Rised platformof latrine forspecific condition8. Communalseptictank9. CompostingINFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS13

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Part 4COST OF AN IMPROVED LATRINE“FOR GENERAL CONDITIONS”INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS15

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ABOVE-GROUND PARTON-GROUND PARTUNDERGROUND PART

A1Roofless SuperstructureWooden frame; plastic walls; gunny sack; or bamboo mat; rooflessAdvantages: Very low cost; can easily be built by family; without highskills needed; the first step to produce a better superstructure in thefuture.Disadvantages: Requires frequent repair and maintenance; may bedamaged in a serious storm and is less convenient during the rainyseason.Life span: ShortT1Bamboo clay-lined slab with a lidBamboo frame with clay slab and wooden lidAdvantages: Can easily be built by family; low cost; reduced smell; nomuch water needed for operation.Disadvantages: Slippery when wet; flies can enter if the lid is not replacedafter use; strength of bamboo may be weakened by termites andfluids; not easy to clean; slab may be holed as affected by water.Life span: ShortTip on construction: bamboo will be stronger if it has been soaked inwater or sprayed with termite-repellent or smeared with used lubricantKerangkabambuTutup lapisantanahB1Unlined PitAdvantages: Can easily be built by family; low cost; may last a long timedepending on the pit’s depth; easy to cover up when full and dig a newpit nearby.Disadvantages: Not suitable in sandy soil; small hole; not suitable wheregroundwater table is (seasonally) high; groundwater pollution is morepossible.Tip on construction: Note the distance to the water source (such as awell) used by the community at a minimum of 10 m; ground slope andsoil/rock type.

A1No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Bamboo (Mat) Walls 2x3 m 2 Sheet 12 Bamboo stalks 4 m Stalk 83 Bamboo rope m 2Purchased materials4 Nails 3 cm kg 0.25Labor5 Self-done - oh 1Total PriceT1No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Bamboo stalks 4 m Stalk 122 Bamboo rope Pole 2Purchased materials3 Nails 3 cm kg 0.254 Sheets of plastic m 2 1Labor5 Self-done - oh 1Total PriceNote:B1No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLabor1 Bricks - Piece 402 Self-digging Ф 80 Cm/160 Cm - oh 1Total PriceNote:

A2Superstructure with Mat Walls and RoofWooden frame; leaf walls and roofAdvantages: Can be used for a long time; low cost; convenient; easilybuilt by family; fast built.Disadvantages: Requires frequent repair and maintenance and may bedamaged in a heavy rain or windstorm.Life span: MediumT2Wooden slab with a lidWooden platform, wooden lidAdvantages: Can be easily built and installed with minimum skills; lowcost; sludge is not visible if the lid is replaced; prevent flies entering /escaping if the lid fits tightly.Disadvantages: Requires occasional repair and maintenance; slipperywhen wet; flies can enter if the lid is not replaced after use; strength ofwood may be weakened by termites and fluids.Life span: Short to mediumTip on construction: Wood will be stronger if sprayed with a termiterepellent or smeared with used lubricantB2Woven Bamboo-Lined PitAdvantages: Can easily be built by family; low cost; can last a long timedepending on the pit’s depth; easy to cover up when full and dig a newpit nearby; suitable for fragile soil type (sandy).Disadvantages: Not suitable in areas where groundwater table is(seasonally) high.Tip on construction: Bamboo will be stronger if sprayed with a termiterepellent or smeared with used lubricant.

A2No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Bamboo (Mat) Walls 2x3 m 2 Sheet 32 Bamboo stalks 4 m Stalk 123 Bamboo rope m 34 Leaf/Zinc Roof Sheet 6Purchased materials5 Nails 3 cm kg 0.25Labor6 Self-done - oh 2Total PriceT2No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Board 3x20 Cm 2 4 m Sheet 32 Wooden rafters 4x6 Cm 2 4 m Piece 2Purchased Materials3 Nail 3 cm kg 0.25Labor4 Self-done - oh 1Total PriceNote:B2No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Bamboo Stalks 4 m Stalk 62 Plastic/Bamboo rope m 4Labor3 Self-Done - oh 0.54 Self-digging Ф 90 Cm/160 Cm - Unit 1Total PriceNote:

A3Superstructure with Wooden Walls and RoofAdvantages: Can be used for a long time. Easily built with local skills;gives better privacy to the user.Disadvantages: Higher cost; requires occasional repair and maintenance;strength of wood may be weakened by termites and fluids.Life span: Medium to longT3Concrete slab with a lidConcrete slab and footrest; wooden lidAdvantages: Medium cost; stronger design more durable than a woodenslab; easy to clean.Disadvantages: More expensive than a wooden slab; flies may enter if thelid is not replaced after use; heavier items lead to a transport problem.Life span: LongB3Concrete-lined pitThree or more concrete rings up to required depth. Holes in rings for fluidsoakaway.Advantages: Can easily be built with local skills, prevents pit fromcollapsing; can be used for many years; suitable for fragile soils; can beused in areas with high groundwater table.Disadvantages: More expensive option than an unlined pit, rings arevery heavy items to transport, lift and maneuver; previous experience offitting required.

A3No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Board 4 m 3X20 cm 2 Sheet 202 Wooden rafters 4m 4X6 cm 2 Piece 8Purchased Materials3 Nail 3 cm kg 0.54 Thumbtack 4 cm kg 0.55 90X240 cm 2 Sheet 2Labor6 Self-done - oh 2Total PriceT3No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Bricks - Piece 602 Sand - m 3 0.503 Stone chippings - m 3 0.25Purchased Materials4 Cement 50 kg Sack 15 12 m Bar 16 Concrete wire (bendrat) - kg 0.25Labor7 Self-done - oh 1Total PriceNote:B3No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Sand - m 3 0,5Purchased materials2 Cement 50 kg Sack 0,53 Concrete Ring (height 60 cm) Unit 44 6 m m 0.505 - Unit 1Labor6 Skilled labor - oh 1Total PriceNote:

A4Superstructure with Brick and Mat Wallsand RoofAdvantages: Long lasting; convenient; provides good privacy andprotection; fast and easily built with some skillsDisadvantages:will rust if in regular contact with water.Life span: LongT4Concrete Offset SlabAdvantages: Easily built; relatively low cost; easily cleaned; safer becausethe pit is offset from the slab.Disadvantages: Requires a wider areaLife span: LongTip on construction: The offset slope should be noted; the connectingpipe should be smooth.B4Brick-lined pitBrick-lined pitAdvantages: Prevents the pit from collapsing; can be used for many years;suitable for all soils and high groundwater table.Disadvantages: High-cost option; takes time to build; requires skilledlabor.

A4No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Bamboo (Mat) Wall 3X4 m Sheet 12 Bricks - Piece 2503 Sand - Cart 24 Wood 4m 4X6 cm Piece 85 Board 4m (Door frame) 3 X 20 cm Sheet 26 Wood 4m 3X4 cm Piece 6Purchased Materials7 Cement 50 kg Sack 1.58 90 X 240 cm Sheet 29 Plywood 0.5mm 80X210 cm Sheet 110 Hinge - Pair 111 Door bolt - unit 112 Door handle . unit 213 Nails Mixed kq 0.25Labor14 Skilled labor - oh 2Total PriceT4No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Brick - Piece 802 Sand - m 3 13 Gravel - m 3 0.25Purchased Materials4 Cement 50 kg Sack 1,55 4 m m 1.50Labor6 Self-done - oh 1Total PriceNote:B4No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Brick - Piece 4002 Sand - m 3 1.53 Palm fiber - Sack 0.5Purchased Materials4 Cement 50 kg Sack 1.55 6 m piece 0.506 - unit 1Labor7 Skilled labor Terampil - oh 28 - unit 1Total PriceNote:

A5Superstructure with Brick Wall and RoofAdvantages: Very strong and durable design; can be adapted to suitdisabled access (e.g. hand support rails), offers very good privacy; requiresvery few repairs if built well.Disadvantages: Expensive, requires trained builders to construct.Life span: LongT5Concrete Slab and Ceramic PanAdvantages : Strong design, easy to keep clean and requires less waterDisadvantages : High costLife span: LongTip on construction: To clean it more easily, ceramic tiles will be used forthe floor.B5Twin Brick-Lined Offset PitsBrick-line pitAdvantages: Prevents the pit from collapsing; can be used for manyyears; suitable for all soils and high ground water table; a reserve tank isavailable when the pit is full/being repaired; the collected excrement canbe compost before it is emptied.Disadvantages: More expensive option; takes time to build; requiresskilled labor; requires a wider area.

A5No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Bricks - Piece 7002 Sand - m 3 4.53 Wooden beam 6 x 10 cm 4 m Piece 44 Wood 4x6 cm 4 m Piece 45 Board (Door frame) 3x20 cm 4 m Sheet 26 Wood 3x4 cm 4 m Piece 6Purchased Materials7 Cement 50 kg Sack 2.58 90 X 240 cm Sheet 29 Plywood 5mm 80X210 cm Sheet 110 Hinge - Pair 111 Door bolt - unit 112 Door handle - unit 213 Nails Mixed kg 0.25Labor14 Skilled labor - oh 4Total PriceT5No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 - buah 2502 Sand - m 3 13 Gravel - m 3 0.25Purchased Materials4 Cement 50 kg 15 Water-sealed pan - unit 16 4 m m 2Labor7 Skilled labor - oh 1Total PriceNote:B5No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Bricks - Piece 8002 Cement 50 kg Sack 33 Sand - m 3 24 Gravel - m 3 0.55 Palm fiber - Sack 1Purchased Materials6 12 m Piece 27 Concrete Wire (Bendrat) - kg 18 4 m Piece 19 6 m Piece 410 - unit 2Labor11 Skilled labor - oh 412 160 cm unit 2Total PriceNote:

B6Septic TankAdvantages: Healthier; clean and no contamination; the pit is not full quickly;and can be emptied when full.InletManholeVertilasiPipapenyerapanDisadvantages: Higher cost and technical skills needed.Resapan

B6No. Material/Labor Size on the market Unit Quantity Unit Price Total PriceLocal Materials1 Filling earth 2,65 m 32 Red bricks 5x11x22 cm 140 Piece3 Plain concrete steel 450 kg4 Dolken d=8cm/4m 48 Piece5 Concrete wire 9 kg6 Wooden beam 0,42 m 37 Concrete gravel 2,82 m 38 Begesting Oil 4,8 Liter9 9,6 kg10 Sand for preparing concrete 2,47 m 311 Sand for laying bricks 0,13 m 312 Sand for filling 0,14 m 313 PC Cement 1164 kg14 Portland Cement 256,4 kg15 Plywood 4mm 8,4 SheetTotal Price

Part 5TYPES OF LATRINE FOR“SPECIAL CONDITIONS”1. Raised-Surface LatrineVentilationPlatformraisedSurfaceLandPitThis type of latrine can be used for areas with high groundwater table, floodingareas and tidal areas.INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS17

Part 5SOME LATRINE MODES IN “SPECIAL CONDITIONS”2. Latrine for flooding/tidal areas/houses built on stiltsVentilationPipe to closetHigh levelof floodPitSurfaceLandAreas that flood during the rainy season need a special approach. A pit can still beconstructed, but above the ground. It should be connected to a slab and pan by anumber of concrete rings and a pipe. The number of concrete rings and the lengthof pipe will be changed according to level of water during the flood. Since the pitwill fill completely during the flooding, the only “usable” area of the tank will bethe part above the flood level. The superstructure needs to be raised further abovethe highest flood level. Although a “dry latrine” (i.e. an open hole) is possible, theavailability of water is not usually a problem in flooding areas. A flooding wet pitlatrine is more expensive than other types of latrine, and building materials maybe weakened from being submerged in water. Therefore, waterproof materials areneeded.18INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS

Part 5SOME LATRINE MODES IN “SPECIAL CONDITIONS”3. Communal sanitation system for densely populated areasDensely populated settlements cause septic tanks to be located near wells in an area. Sucha condition worsens the quality of excrement-contaminated groundwater consumedby people in an area. In fact, some diseases are transmitted by feces such as typhus,cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, polio, and diarrhea. Imaginably, various types of waterbornebacteria enter the bodies of people who consume them. Here we can see seriousproblems with individually based feces treatment system well known to and practiced bycommunities.The process of disposing of wastewater or discharging wastewater from houses and otherfacilities, such as water coming from bathing, washing and so on, and industrial effluentsis through an underground piping system that goes to a Wastewater Treatment Facilitysedimentation and floatation. The wastewater from the on-ground part (clear portion)flows out.In this system, the underground facility (e.g. septic tank) will be provided for joint use. Thesuperstructure and on-ground parts are located in the users’ houses. So, a channel (usuallya pipe) is needed to convey waste from houses to the septic tank.INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS19

Part 5SOME LATRINE MODES IN “SPECIAL CONDITIONS”WC-Ku SehatLook for WC-Ku Sehat logo for better services on hygieniclatrine appropriate for you as described in this InformedChoice Catalogue.WC-Ku Sehat gives you assurance that you will getfacility that fulfil all requirements of a hygienic latrine.Masons and sanitation providers with WC-Ku Sehat logohas received training and accreditation on sanitationaspects and hygienic latrine specifically by foremosttechnical institution in Indonesia.20INFORMATION ON IMPROVED LATRINE OPTIONS