XIN TANG (New China) - Pinyin.info

I TTANGNNW GH[NADi-wu qi 1985 nion Siyue No.S Aprit, tgBSrssH o73l -0E97

Pinyia d Eerochuh:The Advrategcs of Alphebetizetioa:l. Bii fro;tueii zih rohg'yi ruol.Ersicr to lcrf! ttro chartctrf3.2. Cuhiiia Eriayou yulyi! d toonlyi.Prorotor thc uailicrlioa of rpotcl Chiacra.3. Icl'yi rhiiyohag d..zihii hal yuucil chshliiii,iinn:huo rhuriic d shiliira.Cu bc typcd oa word proc..corl ud ottcr rodcnolficc cqoigrrcrl. lcducc! lhc troult of Lirc tPcltil vritilg oot lctlor* rod o3!cr griltod rlodrl'{. (cl'yi bugzhuh ruol'rhu;, rccbicc, hcl zf,luiirgchag chchdii d zh..olvoh luttur.ii zih-Cra hcltl ttudcllr, rcholr:, ud rpccidirts lcrmchrf,ictGrs rore qoictly tad tborouSily.I. Yoouti! yul biuricc clitLo ziliroh, rul tgolyiir,cildiga, rnhluh dclaldccaS.Allovr for tic corpil*ioa of crsily rcccsiblcrcfcrcacc tooL, rrrc! rr ildiccr, diciioarricr, crlrlo;r'rtrd ro lorth.6. tola3'yi drr dir"habmh.tolcg-rirrr rnd t lcltpcd -.trccGiYG.8CcJ rrc ..ty to rad ud7. Eirnricc dirhanuo chclatrhih hocn frngbLhl.Colv.riclt for vrilil; cort)uttr 1r!otna:.t. toht'yi Dci.hh.l Suoliih Lcruol rihSchclg' rhohyuuhcl fu3chelntthii.Corgrtibtc vith iltanrtioad rcicatific tatriaologyfnd fonllrs.9. Til glo yi.hbu rcla duih Elhryuu yuofu d zhiiscl.hcro*c aY.Falc.a of Ghilcro tnrrar.10. Jirnrhuo wril'3uo 1lch;'7ou roclril Xrf,ayuu dzuurii.lcdoccr tho obrtrctcr coafrontil; forciSl fricldr vioviti ro lcrrl tlc Chilorc lr!!Er!G.Pir Yin Shcagditoh Pinriee FllSinple Rules lor Tooel SPellingr. n.tg5)/hs(tt ) 2. melffi lttttn$(El3. grn(fi)/tiiagttfr) 4. oeh(fi vrlnurr(fi I5. ' ''bietorhih qintshelg, tee'thi' 'de- dou+idl

XIN TANGNEW CHINAISSN 0731-0897DI-wu qi Yijiu bawu nlan Siyue No.5 April, 1985Blanjl:Mel WelhengXle TongguangZhang LlqlngWang YlmlngChubanren:Mel WelhengZhang lIqlngCong dl-sl ql Qi, XIN TANG shi yi zhong bu chushou d zazhl. Ruguo niyao kan, Qlng lalxln xlang womn suoQu. XIN TANG hen xuyao pengyoudzhlchl he bangzhu. Ruguo nl yuanyl, ye you nengl!, jlu Qing juanQlangel XIN TANG. Shumu bu zal duo, san-wu kual dou shl hen da d gUll.Danshl Qlng buyao mlanQlang. Zhlplao kal gel XIN TANG. Dlzhi shl:XIN TANGP.O. Box 254Swarthmore, Pa. 1908 IUSAXIN TANG you banquano 1985 by XIN TANG

BEN QI NEIRONGBillnjid HUllYUYANZhou YC;uguiog Muqiao Zhoogguo dui Roma 1-(4Pioyio Ge Faogmiao d YaojiuJoho DeFrancis Yueoaod Weozi Gaige 15-25X~ Chaog'io TOOKIio Xieli Yu Youmiao 26-30Diao E W.{o Haozi Jiegou Zh~ci - 9'~ • ~1. 31-35ill!: - d Pioxiera" ' /,Ge Suiyuao Lun Xio Tang Shiyong d 36-39PioyinziSUIYaog Jiio Dayou sbi 40TUHUAGUSHI (Chunmel Mimi YouJI)Kui Luobin Zai Hai DiIla 41-48, ,,-SHUPINGW m. C. Hanoas ZhOOKKuod Yuvao 49-60GUWEN XUANDUZbuiogZbou Da Hu Zbi Zbong--Zhuaog Ii 61-67DUZHE LAIXIN 68-71WENZl QUTAN XUAN-5: fi.!j-. - XiansbengLiu LIBao HUBTang Sbi Bian Ci Jiule Ta72nFENGMIANH~idanFENGDICbuntian d XiaobeLu Zbu80gzbiing wei Fujianbua sheji d pioyin

BIANJld HUAZhe yi qi, zhi you yi piun wenzhung yong zimu biuodiuo,yi piun jiu diuohuo; qiyud dou zui biyuo d shihou cui yongdiuohuo biuodiuo.Womn shizhe yong ixie pinyinzi. Zhexie zi yongde buyidingdUi; youshihou geng keneng qiunhou buyizhi (yinweipinyin wenzi shi xin dongxi, womn ziji ye hai zui xuexi).Xianzai bu zhexie pinyinzi he yuanlaid pinyin duizhao yixia:dengdeng ~ ddde (fuci)d (xingrongci)men (biaoshi fushu)haizi haiz,-h,.aizimen haizmnlizi lizsuoyi suoi"mnI' , "- /yimian ~ imian yidu iduJ' .. ,;I .. .. v ...ylqlan Iqlan yjhou ihouyishang ishang yijian ijian') . v -nSI , isi fijing ijingyixia ixia Ylk~o ikaoYlwel. "., - iwei yilai ilaiyiban iban yixie " -, - ixie~ ...yibian ibiun Yl)'ung iyung~ /ytc0!lg icong yjyoude iyoudyjd!an idian ylyi / iyiyiding iding yizhi izhi

CURRENT RESEARCH IN CHINA ONASPECTS OF ROMANIZATIONZHOU VOU6UAN6ABSTRACTI. EVERY alphabet writing has to go through Its Journey oforthographic development. The Journey of Pinyin orthography hasJust begun. In 1982 a WOrking committee for Pinyin orthographywas formed to undertake deeper study on Its principles andpractice. A draft of "BasiC Rules of Pinyin Orthogrphy" Is readyfor trial, and a symposIum of essays on PinyIn orthography hasbeen complied. Rules for spelling personal and place names havebeen formulated, and a new Rtml1D... Gazetteer of ChIna Is to bepublished.2. "Characters plus Pinyin" makes Chinese a type of dlgraphla.It Is somewhat I1ke kanJ1 plus kana In Japanese. BegInnIng from1983, a new experIment of teaching ChInese characters with thehelp of PInyin has been carried out In Heilongjiang province. andhas proved that this new method can help children to readquicker and write earl1er, saving at least two years of study.3. The "bottleneck problem" of Chinese computers IsInputting. To Input with codes will I1mlt the use of Chinesecomputers to professional typists only. There are more than 450code devices for Inputting Chinese characters, all requiringspeCial trainIng. The Committee for Language Reform haspromoted the Phonetic ConversIon Method whIch Inputs PInyinand lets the computer output characters automatically withoutZhou Youguing shi Zhongguo Wenzi Gaige Weiyuanhuidguwen; Hanyu Pinyin Zhengcifa Weiyuanhuid fu-zhuren.

2MUQIAN ZHONGGUO DUI ROMAPINYIN GE FANGMIAN d VANJIUZhang Liqing fanyiZHAIYAO1. MEl YI GE zlmu wenzl dou del zou yl duan fazhanzhengclfa d lucheng. Pinyin zhengclfad lucheng ganggangkalshl. 1982 nlan [Zhongguo) zuchengle Hanyu PInyIn ZheflJJC!faWelyuanhul, lal jlnylbu yanjlu zhengctfad yuanze he shlJlan.Hanyu Pinyin Zhengclra Jlben Gulze (Shlyong gao) IJlng zhunbelhao jleshou kaoyan; xuduo guanyu PInyIn zhengclfad wenzhangye blanxle chengle lunwenJI. Plnxle renmlng dlmlng d gUlzedlngllle; xlnd Pinyin ZbooggUQ Feosbeng Il1lUJ.1 ye chubanle.2. "Fangkualzl jlashang Pinyin" rang Zhongwen cheng Ie ylzhong shuang-wenzl. Zhe zhong wenzl youdlan xlang RlwendHanzl jlaShang kana. cong 1981 nlan kalshl, yl ge xlnd yongPinyIn bangzhu jlao Hanzi d shlyan zal HeilongjIang shengzhankaII e; zhe ge xln banfa zhengmlng HP keyl bangzhu halzmnkaMe kual, xlede zao, shengle zhlshao liang nlan d xuexlshljlan.J. zhongwen dlannaod "plngbo U.s. PlngJlngJ wentl" shlshuru wentt. Blanmafa rang Zhongwen dlannaod shlyongzhexlanzhl zal zhlye dazlyuan. Muqlan IJlng you 450 duo zhongshuru Hanzl d blanmafa; mel yl zhong dou xuyao tebled xunllan.[Zhongguo) Wenzl Gaige Welyuanhul tlchang Pinyin Zhuanxlefa.Zhe ge rangfa rang dlannao bubl shlyong blanma er keyl zldongshuchu fangkualZI. 1984 nlan Uuyue shlsl hao, wenZl 6algeZhang Liqing shi Xin Tangd yi ge bianji.

3 KIN TANG: NEW CHINAcode. A contest held on June 14, 1984, utilizing such asystem, achieved a record output of 116.7 characters perminute automatically.4. How to arrange Chinese characters In serial order hasalways posed a difficult problem. The new, efficient, andconvenient way Is to arrange the characters according totheir sound In Pinyin alphabet order. This new serial orderhas recently been applied to the Greater Encvclopaedla il1Cb1na (80 volumes) and other Important publications.5. Pinyin Is now not only the national standard of China,but also the International standard adopted by ISO and UN fortranscribing Chinese. But Pinyin Is stili not considered asecond legal written language, only an· auxiliary to Chinesecharacters.Beginning from the late Qing dynasty thelanguage Refonn Movement started in China, with theaim of modernizing Chinese language, both spoken andwritten. After the revolution of 1911. the earlyBeijing Government of the Republic of China promotedthe National Language (6uoyu). changed the style ofwriting from classical to vernacular, and in 1918adopted the Sound-Notating Symbols in characterfonn (Zhuyin Fuhao). In 1928 the NationalistGovemment in Nanking adopted the National languageRomanization (Guoyu Romazi).ln 1958 the govemmentof the People's Republic of China summarized theLanguage Refonn Movement as consisting of threemain tasks: 1. the simplification of the Chinesecharacters, 2. the popularization of the CommonSpeech (Putonghua), and 3. the promotion of therevised Chinese romanization caned Pinyin (HanyuPinyin Fang·an). Of these three, romanization is themost crucial task.After the interruption caused by the so-caned·ten years' calamity· (Cultural Revolution. 1966-1916). the Committee for Language Refonn wasrestored and reorganized. A new Research Institute of

ZHANG lIOiNG4Welyuanhul jubanle yl ge yong Pinyin zhuanxlefa shuru Hanzl dblsal; chuangxlale mel fenzhong zldong shuchu 116.7 ge Hanzld jllu.4. Zenme paille fangkualzl Izhl shl ge hen jlshoud wentt.Youxlao er fangblan d xln banfa shl an fangkualzl pinyin zlmud clxu lj.s. cld ylnxu] lal paille. Zuljln ZhoDglJUo DLBaIU.Quansbu (80 ce) he Ixle bled zhongyao chubanwu dou Ijlngkalshl calyong zhe tao xlnd paille dxu.S. HP xlanzal budan shl Zhongguod guojla blaozhun, ye shl6uojl Blaozhunhua Zuzhl he Uanheguo calyongled, zhuanxleZhongwen d guojl blaozhun. 8uguo HP hal buneng suan shlZhongguo fading wenzl d dl-er shl; ta zhl shl fangkualzld yl gefuzOO.Cong Qingchao monian qi. Zhongguo jiu kaishile WenzivGaige Vundong. yi cujin wenzi he shumillllYu liang fangmian dxiandaihua wei mubiao. Minhai Geming (1911 nian) ihou.Zhonghul Hinguo Zloqi Beijing zhengfu tichang Guoyu. yetichang yong baihuawen daiti wenyllllwen. bingqie zai 1918nian caiyongle jiejin fangkuaizi xingshi d Zhuyin Fuhao [yejiao Zhuyln Zimu). 1928 nian. Nanjing Guomindang zhengfucaiyongle Guoyu Romazi. 1958 nian. Zhonghua RenminGongheguo zhengfu zongjie chu wenzi gaige d Sllll jillllzhuyao gongzuo: 1. jlanhua fangkuaizi. 2. tulguang Putonghua.3. tuixing xiugaiguoled jiaozuo Hanyu Pinyin Fangoan dZhongguo Roma pinyin. San zhe zhizhong. [Zhongwend]Romahua shi zui guanjiand gongzuo.Jingguo suoweid ·shi nian dongluan (Wenhua Oa Geming.1966-1916 nlan)· shiqi d zhongduan. Zhongguo Wenzi GaigeWeiyuanhui ijing huifu bingqie chongzule. Vi ge xind Vuyan

5 XIN TANG: NEW CIUNAApplied Linguistics was formed (1984). The relationshipof these two organizations is like that betweenthe National Language Council and the ResearchInstitute of National Language in Japan.The following are a few points about recentdevelopments in the research and promotion ofChinese Romanization since 1911.I. PINYIN ORTHOGRAPHY IN THE MAKINGEvery alphabetic writing has to go through its journeyof orthographic development. The joumey of Pinyin orthographyhas just begun.National Romanization tried -connected writing of wordgroups- (cilei IilDshu) in the 1920s. Latini zed New Writing(Ladjnghua Kjnwenzj) experimented with ·connected writingof words- (ci"er liamae) in the 1930s. Pinyin as adopted in1958 is only a scheme of syllabic spelling. How to link thesyllables into words is a complex problem not mentionedin the scheme.In 1982 a working committee for Pinyin orthographywas formed and in 1984 a draft of -Sasic Rules of PinyinOrthography· was ready for tria1. In addition, rules forspelling personal and place names have been formulated,and an Atlas of Chinea ProYinces and Chinese Gazetteerare being published in Pinyin. (See articles in LanguageReform Joumal, including Zhou Youguang"s -The Nature ofPinyin Orthography- and -Intemal Contradictions of PinyinOrthography·J·How to write homophonic words in Pinyin requiresthorough study. Will the homophonic words be spelledphonetically (like English ·weU- in ·very well- and ·oilwell-) or etymologically (like English -no- and -know-)? Aworking group for studying homophonic words was formedin 1983.The Pinyin GlOSSary (Hanyu Pinyin Cihui. 1964) is under

ZHOU YOUGUANGWenzi Yingyong Yanjiusuo ye zlli 1984 nilln chenglile. Zheliang ge zuzhi d gu.nxi hen xiang Riben Guoyu Shenyihui heGuoli Guoyu Yanjiusuo zhijian d.Xiamian shi 1977 nian ilai guanyu Zhongwen Romahuazuijin 'azhan d ji jian shiqing.1. ZHENGZAI JINXING ZHONG d ZHENGCIFAMei yi ge shiyong zimu d wenzi dou dei jingguo 'azhllnzhengci'a d lucheng. Zhongwen zhengci'ad lucheng gangkaishi. ,1920 niandai, GUoyu Romazt shiguo -cilei lianshu-. 1930niandai, Ladinghua Xinwenzi shiylnle - cir lianxie-. 1958nian caiyong d HP zhi shi yi zhong pinxie yinjie d 'ang'a. Zhege 'ang'a meiyou tidao zenme ba yinjie liancheng ci d 'uzawenti.1982 nian, Hanyu Pinyin Zhengcifa Weiyuanhui zuc~englei1984 nian, Hanyu Pinyin Zhengcifa Jiben Guize (shiyonggao) ye zhunbei hao jieshou kaoyan. Ciwai. pinxie renmingdlming d guize ye wanchengle. Zhongguo Fensheng Ditgjj heZhongguo Diming]y dou yong HP chubanle (qing kan .wmw..GIimt Ii d wenzhang. baokuo Zhou Youguang xied ·Zhengci'ad Xingzhi Wentt- he -Hlnyu Pinyin d Neizai Maodun-).Zenme pinxie tongyinci xUYlo chedid yanjiu. T ongyinciyinggl. Inzhlo 'ayin (ru Yingwen ·very well- d -well- he ·oilwen· d -wen·) pinxle halshi Inzhao cld lalyuan (ru YIngwend·no· he ·know-) pinxie? Vi ge Ylnjlu tongyinci d gongzuoxiaozu ijing zai 1983 nian xingchengle.Hlnyu Pinyin Cihul (1964 nian) xianzai zhengzai jinxing

7 KIN TANG: NEW CHINArevision. This glossary is the only reference book in whichone can find homophonic words grouped together inalphabetic order, while in all other dictionaries they aresepanted under different head-chancters.On May 10, 1984, Taiwan revised GUoyu Romazi andrenamed it as the Second Form of Sound-Notating Symbols.In accordance with this revision, -Tonal Spelling- has beenchanged to -Tone Marks-. This has sparked renewedinterest in the study of tonal indication.II. TEACHING CHINESE IN D1GRAPHIAMore than 1000 years ago the Japanese developed aIwul syllabary and made Japanese writing a dignphia ofkImi.i and 1moI. This quickened the progress of Japaneseculture.Beginning from the 1890s, language reform pioneerstried to teach Chinese characters with the help of variousalphabets. Starting in 1918 -new characters- in textbookswere notated with Zhuyin Fuhao, and later with Romanletters. In 1983 a new experiment began in the northeastprovince of Heilongjiang. Its purpose is to teach children-to ·learn chancters by Pinyin notation, in order to readquicker and to write earlie,.... Children are taught to readand write in a mixture of chancters and alphabet. By sodoing, they can save at least two years of study, incomparison to the traditional method of reading andwriting only in characters. (See reports in LanguageReform Journal)Some people worry that -chancters plus alphabet- willdouble the burden on children, and by using the alphabet,children will forget the characters. Experiments show thatthe result is just the opposite. ·Chancters plus alphabetdoesnot double the burden but lightens the difficulty. Itproves that I plus I does not always equal 2, butsometimes becomes less than I.

ZHANG lIOING8xiugai.,Zhiyou zai zhe bu cihuiji Ii. cai keyi zhaodao anzhaozimu cixu pailie zai yiqi d tongyinci. Bied cidian dou batongyinci fensan zai butongd citou fangkuaizi d xiamian.1984 nian Wuyue 10 hao, Taiwan xiugaile Guoyu Romazi,bingqie ba tad mingcheng gaiwei Zhuyin Fuhao Di-er Shi.Anzhao zhe ge xiugai, -Zimu biaodiao Pinxie- ijiilg bianchengle-[Jia] Shengdiao Fuhao-. Zhe ge xiugaf chongxindianranle renmn yanjiu biaodiaofa d xingqu.II. YONG SHUANS-WENZI JIAO ZHONGWENYiqlan duo nian iqian. Riben fazhanle yi tao kIDI cisu,rang Ribend shuxie chengwei kInA he Hanzi jiayong dshuang-wenzi. Zhe jiakuaile Riben wenhua d jinzhan.Cong 1890 nlandai kalshl, wenzl galga qianbeimn izhishihzhe Y0l!g ge zhong zimu lai barigzhu jiao fangkuaizi.1918 nian qi, jiaokeshu Ii d -shengzi- shouxian yong ZhuyinFuhao zhuyln, houlai yong Roma zlmu zhuyin. 1 983 nlan,[Zhongguo] dongbei Heilongjiang sheng kaishile yi ge xinshlyan. Zhe ge shlyand mudl shi J'ao haizmn ·zhuyin shlzl,liqian du xie-. Haizmn yong fangkuaizi he Pinyinzi hunhe dcamao lai xuexi du he xie. Zheyang zuo. gen caiqu zhi yongfangkuaizi d chuantong banfa bijiao, keyi jiesheng zhishaoliang nian d xuexi shijian. (Oing kan Wenzi Gaigt d baogaoJYou ren danxin -fangkuaizi jia Pinyinzi- hui rang haizmndxuexi fudan jia bei, er zhi yong Pinyinzi you hui ranghaizmn wangle fangkuaizi. Danshi shiyan rang renmn kandaojieguo qiahao xiangfan. ·Fangkuaizl jla plnylnzl- budanmeiyou ba fudan jia bei, fan"er jianqingle xuexid kunnan. Zhezhengming 1 jia 1 bing bu iding zongshi dengyu 2. youshlhouhui xiao yu I.

9 KIN TANG: NEW CHINAThis experiment has not yet come to a conclusion. butit is already clear that digraphia is a short cut to Chineseliteracy.III. PINYIN INPUT AND AUTOMATIC CHARACTER OUTPUTON COMPUTERSIn the computer age, Pinyin faces new trials. wm Pinyinbecome unnecessary or indispensable?During the last three years, the Committee for languageReform has promoted and sponsored experimentationin the -phonetic conversion method- for dealingwith the Chinese language in computers. This refers to theinputting of Pinyin words and phrases on the keyboard byhand and the outputting of characters automatically by thecomputer. On June 14, 1984, a contest was held in Beijingon an experimental computer called -Pinyin T elebrain-. Thewinner had a record output of 116.7 characters per minuteautomatically without having to resort to any input code.Participants were given only 3 days· practice and did nothave to undergo long and special training.The phonetic conversion method has been successfullyused on Japanese word processors since 1978. Can itsucceed on Chinese word processors? This depends on thepopularization of Pinyin. In mainland China Pinyin is IIrequired course in primary schools. If one tenth of the 20million children that enter primary school every year learnPinyin well. there will be 2 million new hands for phoneticconversion every year in the future.There are already 450 or more input codes. To inputcharacters . on the computer by code is like sendingcharacter telegrams by code. This would make Chinesecomputers usable only to professional typists. China hasalready seen the age of the typewriter come and gowithout being able to take full advantage of this extremelyimportant tool for communication. She must not now lose- --- ---_._---------

ZHOU VOUGUANG 10lhe ge shiyan xianzai hai buneng zuochu jielun. keshiijing hen qlngehud blaoshl chu shuang-wenzl shi shizi d yitiao jiejing.III. PINYIN SHURU he DlANNAO llDONG SHUCHU HANlllai diannaod shidai. Pinyin miandui xind kaoyan. Pinyinhui biande mei you biyao. haishi shaobu liao?Guoqud san nian dangzhong, Wenzi Gaige Weiyuanhuizhendui Zhongwend diannao shuMi wenti, tiehang, ye jubanlehen duo ·Pinyin lhuanxiefa· d shiyan. lhe jiushi ba ei huozhepianyu zai diannaod jianpan shang yong Pinyin da jinqu,diannao jiu hui zidongde shuehu fangkuaizi. 1984 nian Liuyueshisi hao, zai Beijing juxingle yi ge eaozuo jiao ·PinyinDiannao· shiyan jisuanji d bisai. Di-yl mlng ehuangxiale buyong renh, bianma, rang diannao mei fenzhong zidongshuchu 116.1 ge fangkuaizi d jilu. Canjia bisai d ren dou zhidedao san tian d shijian lianxi, dou meiyou shouguo changshijian huozhe tebied xunlian.Pinyin zhuanxiefa cong 1918 nian qi jiu ijing hen chenggongdeyong zai Ribend yuci ehuliji shang. lhe ge fangfa yekeyi hen ehenggongde yong zai Zhongwen yuci chuJiji shangma? lhe jiu yao kan HPd pujixing Ie. lai lhongguo dalu HPshi [xiao]xuesheng bixu xuexi d yi men kecheng. Ruguo meinian liang qianwan MlXUe xuetong you shi fenzhi yi nengxuehao HP, Jianglai mel nlan jlu hui you liang balwan ge nengshiyong Pinyin zhuanxiefa d xinshou.Xianzai ijing you 450 duo zhong shuMi [Hanzid] blanma.Yong bl.nma ba fangkuaizi shuMi diannao jlu xiang yongbianma chuBnsong fangkualzi dianbao. lhe hui rang Zhongwendiaonao zhl dui zhiye dazlyuan youyongchu. Zhongguoijing yankanzhe daziji shidai d laidao he guoqu, meiyouhaohaonle quanmian liyong zhe ge jiduan zhongyaod jiaohuanxlnxi d gongju. Zhongguo iding buneng zai shiqu jlhul.cuoguo xianzai zhe ge diannao pubian yingyong d shidai ·Iel

11 XIN TANG: NEW CUINAthe .opportunity to join in the age of widespread computerapplication.It would appear that Pinyin input and automaticcharacter output without code is the most probable futureprospect for the popularization of Chinese computers.IV. ALPHABETIC SERIAL ORDER FOR CHINESE CHARACTERSIn tiIuai. (Sea of Words, 1977) the entries are arrangedaccording to the traditional serial order of radicals(bushou). This is what might be termed a layered ormulti-deck system. To look up a given entry, one must: 1.find out to what radical the head-character of the entrybelongs; 2. count how many strokes this radical has; 3.count how many strokes the head-character has excludingthe strokes of the radical; 4. detenoine to which of theS-stroke pattems the first stroke of the head-characterbelongs; S. count the number of characters that this entrycontains.There is a Pinyin index at the end of tiIuai. Comparingthe speed of finding entries between the radical order andthe Pinyin index, we find that Pinyin is three times quickerthan the radical.When the work of the Greater Encyclopaedia of Chinawas begun, there arose the problem of how to arrange theentries. The final decision was to arrange the entries in themain text according to Pinyin alphabetic order of thehead-characters. Radicals are used only in the index at theend of each volume. This is the reverse of tibIi. Thedeep-rooted tradition of radical order is now graduallygiving way to the speedy serial order of PinyinRomanization.There is still the problem of double-deck versussingle-deck alphabetization. By the double-deck method,entries are arranged first by the alphabetic order ofhead-characters, and then by the alphabetic order of the

ZHANG LlOING 12Kan qilai, bubi yong bianma; yong Pinyin shuru, diannaozidong shuchu fangkuaizi sihu shi jianglai puji Zhongwendiannao d zui youkenengd yuanjing.,IV. WEI ANPAI FANGICUAIZI er PAillE d ZIMU CIXUtibId. (1977 nian) Ii d citiao dou shi anzhao chuantongdbushou cixu pailie d. Keyishuo zhe shi yi zhong duo-cengchaci xi tong. Yong zhe zhong duoeeng-chaeifa eha yi ge ei dshlhou, nj del: I. zhaochu citoud [j.s. cid di-yi ge fangkuaizid]bushou shi shenme, 2. shu yishu zhe ge bushou youduoshao bihua. 3. shu ytshu chudlao bushoud blhua ihou.citou hai shengxia duoshao bihua, 4. jueding ciloud di-yi gebihua shuyu wubi-zixing zhong d nei yi lei,S. shu yishu zhege ct igong baohan duoshao ge fangkuaizl." tiIud. houlou you yi ge HP suoyin. Womn ba yong bushoucixu he yong zhe ge HP suoyin cha ci d sudu bijiaole ixia.faxlan HP bl bushou kuai san bei.Kaishi bianzuan Zhongguo Da Baike Quanshu d shihou, fashenglezenme paille citiao d wentt Zulhoud jueding shi:Quaoshu benshen anzhao ciloud HP zimu cixu pailie. Bushouzhi yong zai mei yi ce houmiand suoyin Ii. Zhe genJJbli.zhenghao xiangfan. Genshen-digu, shlyong bushou cix~ dchuantong xianzai ijing zhujiande xiang sudu kuai d HP cixunngbu Ie.Muqian pinyinhuad paille hai cunzaizhe shuangcengchacifadui danceng-chacifa d wenti. Vong shuangcengc~acifad shihou, ci shouxian dou anzhao citou pinyin zimu dcixu pailie, nnhou zai anzhao qiyu mei ge fangkuaizi pinyin

13 XIN TANG: NEW CHINAremaining characters in each of the titles. By thesingle-deck method, entries are arranged by the simpleprinciple of strict alphabetic order, without considerationof the head-characters. Only through the latter means canhomophonic words be assembled in one place. At present,however. the single- deck system is still thought to be tooalien for most Chinese familiar with characters.v. FROM NATIONAL STANDARD TO INTERNATIONALSTANDARDMany schemes for Chinese Romanization have beenproposed throughout history, but only two have receivedofficial status: National Language Romanization (1928) andPinyin (I 9S8). Now Pinyin is not only the national standardof mainland China but also the international standard forChinese transcription adopted in 1911 by the UnitedNations Conference for Standardizing Geographical Names,and in 1982 by the International Organization of Standardizations(lSO/TC 46).Is Pinyin Romanization a second Chinese writtenlanguage? Emphatical1y noll In China a clear distinction ismade between -Pinyin- (phonetic spelling) and ·PinyinWenzi- ( phonetic writing language). Pinyin has the legalstatus of being the official spelling system for specificand limited purposes, but is without the legal status ofbeing the official written language. This is similar toJapanese written all in kIml (so-called hoi. HQji) which isnot considered formal writing. Only a combination of kIniiand kInD. is considered to be the legal written language ofJapan and. in China, this status is reserved exclusively forcharacters alone.

ZHOU VOUGUANG 14,zimu d cixu pailie. Vong danceng-chacifa , d shihou. ci jiu douhen jiandand ilO anzhao zimu d cixu pailie, bubi zai kaolOcitou shenmed. Zhiyou yong houzhe, tongyinci cai nengjizhong zai yiqi. Buguo muqian dui duoban hui fangkuaizi dZhongguoren lai shuo, danceng-chacifd hai tai mosheng.V. Cong GUOJIA BIAOZHUN dlo GUOJI BIAOZHUNZai lishi shang, you hen duo Zhongwen Roma pmymfangoan bei ti chulai, keshi zhiyou liang zhong dedao fadingdiwei: jiushi Guoyu Romazi (1928 nian) he Pinyin (1958nian). Xianzai Pinyin budan sht Zhongguo dalu d guojiabiaozhun, ye shi 1977 nian Lianheguo Diming BiaozhunhuaHuiyi he 1982 nian Guoji Diaozhunhua Zuzhi (ISO/IC 46)caiyongled zhulnxie Zhongwen d guoji biaozhun.HP &hi Zhongwend shuxie di-er &hi ma? Du shil Zhongguodui HP (zhuyind pinxie) he ·pinyin wenzi· huafen chu henqingchud jiexian. HP shi jingguo guojia tongguo, you idingxiandu he tebie yongtu d fading pinyin fang'ln, keshi ta meiyou fading wenzi d diwei. Zhe gen qUln yong Kana Moji dRiwen buneng suan zhengshi wenzi d qingkuang hen jiejin.Zai Riben, zhiyou IwII jia Hanzi d hunheti cai suan hefadwenzi; zai Zhongguo, zhe ge diwei zhuanmn baoliu geifangkuaizi.

15VIETNAMESE WRITING REFORMJOHN DEFRANCISOf the four countries which have possessed writinosystems based on Chinese characters. only Viet Nam hassucceeded in making a complete transition to alphabeticwritino. This transition marks the culmination ·ofsociolinouistic developments that occul1'red over thecourse of the past two millenia. Vietnamese writino reformis best viewed from the dual perspective of thesehistorical and Sinitic contexts.The followino periodization of Vietnamese historyreveals the close relationship between lanouage andsociety in Viet Nam:I. Chinese colonialism (111 8.C.-939 A.OJ. One writingsystem: Classical Chinese. This was the medium of writtencommunication used by the colonial bureaucracy; thesubject people spoke Vietnamese but had no writingsystem of their own.2. Monarchical independence (939-1651). Two writinosystems: Classical Chinese and Nom. The former. generallycalled Sino-Vietnamese. was the chief medium of writtencommunication for the indigenous bureaucracy andeducated elite. Nom. an indigenous character-like systemJohn DeFrancis shi Hawaii (Xiaweiyi) Oaxued yuyanxue rongyujiaoshou.

16YUENAND WenZl GAIGEZhang Liqing fanyivCEN6JIN6 you si ge guojia yongyou yi fangkuaizi weijichu d shuxie xitong; si ge guojia litou. zhiyou Viet Nam(Vuenan) hen chenggongd wanquan zhuanbian dao shiyongzimu wenzi. Zhe ge zhuanbian biaozhizhe liang qian nian laishehui yuyan fazhan d dianfeng. (ong dui lishi he Hanxueqingkuang d shuangchong toushi lai guancha Vuenan d wenzigaige. keyi guonchade zui hoo.Xiamiand ji ge Vuenan lishid jieduan rung womn kandaoVuenan yuyan he shehui d miqie guanxi:I. Zhongguo zhimin shiqi (Gongyuan qian III-Guanyuan939 nion). Vi ge shuxie xi tong: Zhongguo wenyanwen. Zheshi zhimin guanyuan yong lui bid jiaoliu d shumian meijie.Bei tongzhi d laoboixing shuo Vuenanhua. keshi mei youzijid wenzi.2. Junzhu duli shiqi (939-1651 nion). liang ge shuxiexi tong: Zhongguo wenyanwen he Nwn. Oiunzhe ibande beijioozuo Zhong-Vuewen; shi dangdi guonyuan he shouguojiaoyu d shaoshu tequanzhe d zhuyao shumian jiaoliu gongju.Nrun shi yi zhong hen xiang fangkuaizi d tuchan wenzifang'an; qianshen chuxian zai di-ba shiji. dao di-shisan shiji, -Zhang Uqing shi Xin Tangd yi ge bianji.

17 KIN TANG: NEW CHINAwith antecedents in the 8th century that was wellestablished by the t 3th, was used for phonetic writing ofVietnamese, mainly poetry.3. Monarchical independence and Catholic separatism(1651-1861). Three writing systems: Classical Chinese,Nom, and Quoc Ngu. The last was a system of romanizedVietnamese developed by Catholic missionaries and usedexclusively by them.1. French colonialism (1861-1915). Four writingsystems: Classical Chinese, Nom, Quoc Ngu, and French.Initially Quoc Ngu was used only by the colonialists andtheir collaborators, and by them only to a very limitedextent; later it was also taken up by anticolonialists.French was not only spoken by the colonialists but was alsogiven pride of place in administration and education. Somecolonialists were determined that it should eventuallyreplace Vietnamese even as the spoken language of thepopulation as a whole in order to achieve the goal of a-France asiatique. D5. National independence (1 915-presenU One writingsystem: Quoc Ngu.In the second half of the 19th century the existence offour competing systems of writing presented anticolonialistVietnamese with the problem of which systemto espouse as part of their struggle for independence.Initially they were hostile to Quoc Ngu and used only Nomand Classical Chinese in their anti-colonialist writings.Greatly impressed by Japan's victory over Russia. andnoting also its possession of a writing system thatincluded the simple kDmI syllabaries, in 1907 anticolonialistleaders such as the monarchist Phan Boi Chaudid an about-face and, swallowing their distaste for ascript identified with their alien overlords. made themomentous decision to embrace the use of Quoc Ngu. (Theyouthful Ho Chi-min taught it shortly afterward to workersin a fish-sauce factory school.) Alarmed at this deve-

· ZHANG lIOING 18yijing_ ding xialai. Ta shi pinyin Yuenanwen, zhuyao yong laizuoshi.3. Junzhu duli he Tionzhujioo fenquon shiqi (1651-1861nian). San ge shuxie xi tong: Zhongguo wenyanwen, Nom heQuoe Ngy. Quoe Ngy shi Romo pinyin Yuenonwen. To shiTionzhujiao chuanjilioshi fazhan chulai d, ye zhuanmen youtamn shiyong.4. Faguo zhimin shiqi (t 861-t 945 nion). Si ge shuxiexitong: Zhongguo wenyanwen, Hmo, Quoe Ngu he Fawen.Oichu zhiyou zhiminzhe he tamnd bangshou shiyong Quoefigy' bingqie yong zoi hen youxiand fanwei inei; houlaifan-zhiminzhe ye yongqi Quoc NgU lai Ie. lDangshi1 budanzbiminzhe shuo Fawen, Yunand xingzhengjie he jiaoyujie yeyi shuo Fawen wei guangrong. Youxie zhiminzhe geng juexinyao Fawen zuihou qudai renhe Yuenanwen, shenzhi yaoFaguohua chengwei quan Yuenand yuyan, hao dadao -F8gUOYozhou· d mubioo.5. Duli shiqi (1945 nian-xianzai). Vi ge shuxie xitong:Qygj;Ngy.Daole shijiu shiji d hou banbu, si ge tongshi cunzai,huxiang jingzheng d shuxie xitong gei fon-zhiminzhe dailai­Ie kunrao; tomn bu zhidoo yinggoi yonghu nei yi ge lai zuoweitamn duli douzheng d ibufen. Qichu tamn dui Quoc Ngybooyou diyi; suoi suoyou fan-zhimind wenzhang dou shiyong Nmn huozhe Zhongguo wenyenwen xie d. Danshi Ribenzhanbai Eguo gei fan-zhimind lingxiu, ru zhuzhang junzhuzhidu d Phan Boi Chou dd, liuxiale shenked yinxiang. Tamnye zhuyi dao Riben yongyou yi tao baokuo hen jiandand kmU1cisu d wenzi. Yushi tamn jiu tU'nxiale dui, hui rang tamnlianxiang doo waiguo tongzhizhe, zhe ge wenzi d egon; 1901nion, laile ge 180-dud zhuonshen, zuochule jieshou Quoe Ngyd jishi jueding. (Nionqingd Ho Chi-min [Hu Zhimin1 bujiu jiuzui yi ge yujiang gongchang d fushe xuexiao jiao gongrenmn

19 XIN TANG: NEW CHINAlopment, the French undertook a crash program in whichthey sought to promote the alphabetic script whileassuring that the ideological content of Quoc Ngupublications would be monopolized by pro-French hirelings.This maneuver backfired. Anti-colonialist ideas expressedin an increasingly vernacular style of writing in Quoc Nguwon out and contributed mightily to the struggle fornational independence.It appears that the legacy of extensive illiteracyinherited from the French colonial period has now beenliquidated despite the difficult conditions that haveprevailed since 1951. The cultural heritage has beenpreserved in a different form and made available to awider audience, as indicated by the fact that the Quoc Nguversion of the national masterpiece, the 18th centurypoetic epic Tale of Kieu, now enjoys a far greaterreadership than the Nom original could ever have had.Careful language planning has adapted Quoc Ngu to modernneeds in previously neglected areas such as the sciences.An intense patriotism, manifested in a fierce struggle fornational independence and revolutionary change, hasproved to be not incompatible with the use of an originallyalien system of writing.The Vietnamese success in seizing opportunities forcarrying out sociolinguistic changes of broad significancestands in contrast to the failure of intellectuals in otherSinitic countries to transcend their narrow cultural outlookand make use of the opportunities available to them forsimilar changes in their own systems of writing.There were two lost opportunities for China. The firstoccurred in the teens of this century. At that time theincipient movement for alphabetic writing, represented inpart by V.R. Chao's closely reasoned advocacy, was sidetrackedby Hu Shi's contention that an intermediate stageof baihua written in characters had to be undertaken firstto pave the way for the transition. Instead of making a

JOHN DEFRANCIS 20Quoe NguJ Faguoren jingjue dao zhe zhong fazhan. jiuzhankane euihui zhe zhong fazhan d euoshi; tamn ye shefatiehang zhe ge [Roma] zimu wenzi. danshi suoyoud Quoe Nguehubanwud sixiang neirong dou y6u tamn guyong d qin-Fapai kongzhi. Tamnd cuoshi que ehanshengle fan-xiaoguo.Vong Quoe Ngu xie d. yuelai vue jiejin kouyu d fan-zhiminsixiang zuihou yingdele guangdad minxin, dui [Vuenand]minzu duli douzheng zuoehule judad gongxian .. 1954 nian Hai, [Vuenand] pubian qingkuang suinn henkunnan. danshi cong Faguo zhimin shiqi liu xialai d yanzhongwenmang wenti xianzai que haoxiang ijing jieehule. Kianzaiyong Quoc Ngy xied shiba shiji d minzu jiezuo. xushihshiKjeu d Gushi yongyou bi iqian--yong Nmn xie d yuanben meifazi dedao d--duo deduo d duzhe. Zhe biaoshi ehu wenhuayichan ijing bei baoliu zai butongd xingshi Ii; keyi ranggeng guangda d duzhe he tingzhong xiangshou. Ciwai. jinshendyuyan jihua ye ba Quoe Ngu daijinle iqian huliiele d rukexue dd d xiandai lingyu Ii. tong wei minzu duli he gemingehuangxin er zuo menglie douzheng suo biaoxian chulai dqianglie aiguoxin. ijing bei zhengming bushi bukeyi gen yige waiguo shuxieti huxiang peihe d.Vuenan zhuazhu jihui. shixing guangyid shehui yuyangaige suo dedao d chenggong gen qUa shiyong fangkuaiziguojiali. you jihui ehaoyue xia'ai wenhuaguan, wei ziji wenzizuoehu leisi gaibian d zhishifenz d shibai zhenghao chengduibi.Zhongguo shiqule liang ge jihui. O1-yi ge jihui fashengzai ben shiji zuichud yi-er shi nian. Zaoqi yaoqiu shiyongzimu wenzi d yundong, ibufen keyi y6u Zhao Vuanren xianshengJiyou chongzu d zhuzhang zuo daibiao. Zhe ge yundongque bei Hu Shi zhuzhang dei xian yong fangkuaizi xie baihua)

21 KIN TANG: NEW CHINAclean break with classical Chinese. however. China'sintellectuals, especially academics, have settled for aHybrid Baihua. This style of writing is so riddled withclassical remnants that it is incapable of simple phonetictranscription. As a result, far from paving the way foralphabetic writing. it actually constitutes a major barrierto such a basic reform in the script.China's second lost opportunity came with theestablishment of the PRC in 1949. At that time manyreformers confidently expected to see the implementationof alphabetic writing as advocated earlier by MaoZedong and others. Instead the leaders of new Chinavacillated and temporized on this issue. As a resultopposition is now so deeply entrenched that languagereformers have resigned themselves to a long hardstruggle. Rejecting any talk of -abandoning- characters,they urge instead a policy of what may be called digraphi ••of promoting two co-existing orthographies, charactersand Pinyin, each to be used in the areas for which it is bestsuited.The lost opportunity for Japan came in 1946. In thespring of that year a U.S. Education Mission sent to adviseMcArthur recommended the replacement of the lYmii-basedwriting in favor of romlii. Japanese language reformers,previously hounded, jailed and even murdered by therepressive pre-war regime, sprang to the support of thechange, and an important segment of the general publicgave some evidence that it might also lend its approval.But McArthur vetoed this basic reform. Any demand forextensive change was further forestalled by the decisionof the educational bureaucracy to give way slightly in thedirection of limiting the number of Qnii. to less than twothousand. In recent years kIDa has achieved widespreaduse in computer technology. as well as in everydayinformal use, and romaii has shared a role in computerswhile being used exclusively in telex. Despite these

ZHANG LlOiNG 22hao wei zhuanru pinyin wenzi pulu d zhenglun dailing duoqilu shang qule. Yushi. Zhongguod zhishifenz. tebie shixueshujie d, bing meiyou gen wenyunwen juelie. que gen yizhong bunwen-banbuid ticui xiungyi-weimingle. Zhe zhongticai suo shouliu d wenyan pianduun duo de mei fazi henjiundund zhuunbiun cheng pinyin wenzi. Jieguo, budunyuunyuan likaile wei zhuanru pinyin wenzi pulu d mubiao, HuShid zhenglun shijishang gei [Zhongguo] wenzi zheme jibendgaige zhizaole zhuyaod zhang'ai.I 949 nian Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo chengli d shihou,Zhongguo shiqule di-er ge jihui. Nashi xuduo wenzi gaigezhedou hen youxinxinde qidaizhe, Mao Zedong he henduo bierenzaoqi zhuzhangguo d, pinyin wenzi d shixing. Danshi xinZhongguo d lingxiumn que zai pinyin wenzi zhe ge wentishang chouchu qilai; tuidu yaobai buding. Jieguo fandui shiHchenji wuxiule hen shen d zhunhuo, wenzi guigezhe zhihaojinru changqid kuzhun zhizhong. Tamn. jujue renhe ·fangqi"fungkuaizi d shuofa, zhuan er zhuzhang shixing suoweidshuang-wenzi zhidu; tichang liang zhong wenzi--fungkuuizihe HP-- bingcun, rang liung zhong wenzi zai shidungd lingyuIi ge zi fuhui zhuanchung.Riben shiqud jihui fasheng zai 1946 nian. Na nian chuntian,yi ge wei McArthur (Maikease) er bei paidao Ri~en qud Meiguo jiaoyu guwentuan jianyi yong romaji daiti yi kanjiwei jichu d Riwen. Dei zhan-qiun caiqu guoyu shouduunzhengquun soubu, jinbi, shenzhi shuhai d Riben wenzigaigezhe dou fengyong er chu, zhichi zhe ge jianyi; bufenzhongyuod qunzhong ye biaoshi keneng hui tongyi. KeshiMaikease que foujuele zhe ge jibend gaige. Riben jiaoyujiedguanliao geng qiangxian jueding chao ba kanji xianzhi zailiangqian inei d fungxiung zou; yong ~he ge weixiaod rangbulai zudang renhe da gaige d yaoqiu. Jinnian lai, k1!nA pubian

23 XIN TANG: NEW CIUNAextensive uses of simple phonetic writing, the traditionalkJmji-plus-kIDll script remains dominant and shows noevidence of losing its favored position.Korea has experienced a linguistic cleavage thatparallels the political division of the country. The NorthKoreans seized the opportunity presented by the ouster ofthe Japanese and abandoned characters completely in 1949in favor of the indigenous hangul alphabet that was createdin the 15th century. The South Koreans have vacillated intheir language policy. at times stressing characters, attimes stressing hangul. As a result, the genenl level ofmastery of chancters has declined. Although unofficiallyalphabetic writing is playing a greater and greater role,the chancter-plus-hangYi script continues in favor inofficial and academic circles.Viet Ham thus remains the sole example of asuccessful complete transition from character-basedwriting to alphabetic writing. Its struggles to effect thischange throw an instructive light on IIIIIny aspects of thecomplex problem of writing reform in the areas wherechancters are still dominant.*This article is based mainly on the author'sColgnjalism gnd 19n9uage pglicy in Yjet Ham (The Hague:Mouton, 1977) and -Vietnamese Writing Reform in AsianPerspective,- a paper presented at a symposium at theUniversity of Hawaii in July, 1983, on Borrowings andAdaptations in Vietnamese Culture and published insoutheast Asia Papers #25 (Honolulu: University of HawaiiPress, 19851.

JOHN DEFRANCIS 24shiyong zai diannao jishu shang he richang shenghuo Ii;romoji zoi dionnoo fongmion ye fendon ibufen zeren. lhiyudionboo. jiu wonquon shi romajid tianxiole. Sui ron jiandondpinyin wenzi ijing datiangd shiyong zai zhexie fangmian,Jgmji jia kmm d chuantong wenzi que hai zhanjuzhe tongzhiddiwei, bingqie mei you hui shiqu zhe ge youxion diwei djixiang.Korea (Honguo) suo jingyan d yuyan fenqi gen Hanguodzhengzhi fentie pingxing. 1949 nian Dei-Han chenzhe ganzouRibenren d jihui, wonquan feichu fongkuoizi. coiyongle Honguoziji zoi shiwu shiji sheji d Hmlggl. Nan-Hond wenzizhengce izhi yaobai buding; youshihou zhuzhong fangkuaizi,youshihou zhuzhong Hmggl. Jieguo fongkuaizid shuipingpubian xiajiang. Duguo, sui ran zai fei-zhengshid changhepinyin wenzi banyon d jiaose yueloi vue zhongyao, fangkuoizijio Hmggl d wenzi zoi [Non-Hon] xingzhengjie hexueshujie que rengran zhan shangfeng.Ishang xuduo guojia Ii, Vuenan shi weiyi neng wanquanchenggongde cong shiyong fangkuaizi zhuonbion dooshiyong pinyin wenzi d tiz. Wenzi goige shi ge laodo nanti.Hen duo diqu xianzai hai shou fangkuoizi d kongzhi. Vuenanwei dadao gaibian 9UO zuochu d fendou, zai hen duofangmian dou gei zhexie diqu touxiale juyou qifaxing dIi angguang.Zhe pian wenzhong zhuyao qucai yu zuozhe xie d yi benshu he yi pian wenzhang. Shuming shi lhimin Zhuyl he WenziGaige lai Yuenan (The .Hague: Mouton, 1(77) Wenzhangdmingz shi ·Cong Dui Vozhou d Toushi Kon Vuenond WenziGaige-,1983 nion Oiyue zoi Xioweiyi Daxue guonyu Vuenanwenhua jieyong he xishou waUai chengfen d yanjiuhui shangxuandu guo; ijing chuban 2ai Dongnan-Va lunwenji di-25 ji Ii(Honolulu: Xiaweiyi Doxue Chubanshe, 1985 nion).

25 KIN TANG: NEW CHINATriim niim trong cOi ngU'ai ta,chi< tlii chi< m~nh khea Iii ghel nhau.Tnli qua mQt cuQc '*

TOLNGX I N X I ELL I H YUH YOUHM I AOL-lain Duihyul Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'ahn dliaang Zhoong WuhjieeXUU CHALN6'AN26DAN6WALN. duihyul Hllhnyuu Pinyin Fllng'lIhn,gUllllngdllh qulnzhohng shih shilfen yonghuh d, dllhn vee yoouyixie rein billiloshih hullilyil; zllih yonghuh d rein liimillhn,gehng yoou buhshllilo rein duih ta culnzaih yixie wuhjiee.Woo zhehllt jiuh duth H8hnyuu Pinyin Fang'8hn d lIallngzhoong wuhjiee, tllin diaan rehn"shi.Vi. Rehnweil Hahnyuu Pinyin fang'ahn buh shih pinyinwelnzih, suoo"yi Ylloh lihngxilng zhlhdihng yi taoh pinyinwelnzih fug'lIhn.Ta"men d genjuh shih 19S8 nillin Zhou zoonglii guanyuldangqialn welnzih gaaigel rehn"wu d baohgaoh zhongcelngjing shuo"guo, -Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'ahn shih yohng"liliweth Hahnzih zhuhyln hel tUiguaang Puutonghuah d, ta blhngbuh shih yohng"lai dalh"ti Hahnzih d pinyin welnzih.- TII"menrehnweil, jihraln Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'ahn buh shih pinyinwelnzih, nllh"me jiuh yoou lihngxilng zhihdihng pinyinwelnzih d bihyaoh. Zheh zhoong wuhjiee zhuuyaoh shih kahn­"bu qing Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'ahn d shilzhih, nohngbu qingHllhnyuu Pinyin fllng'lIhn hel Hllhnyuu pinyin welnzih dgUlln"xi.Xu ChBng'in shi Xi amen Daxue Zhongwenxi d jiaoyuan.

21 KIN TANG: NEW CHINAWoo"men shuo. Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'ahn suiraln bub shih·pinyin welnzih·. dahn ta queh shih yi "ge ·pinyin welnzihfang'ahn·. Zheh zhiiyaoh ziixih Yllinjiu yi"xia Hahnyuu PinyinFang'lIhn d neihrolng jiuh qingchuu "ie. Dih-yi. HahnyuuPinyin Fang'lIhn guidihng"le yi xihlieh pinxiee guizel,shehjih"le lillllng "ge gelyin zihmuu (Y. w) hel yi "ge gel yinfulhlloh ("), bihngqiee zaih juulih shil cllaiyohng"le cilrlillinxiee. Zhehxie jiuhshih pinyin welnzih fllng"llhn dneihrolng. Rulguoo zhiishih weih"le geei Hahnzih zhuhyin d·zhuhyin fang'lIhn-, nahme zhehxie guidihng dou shihduoyuld. Yinweih Hllhnzih welnzhang buh fencil, yi"gezihyigezihlde]zhuhyin genbeen wulxu gel yin. yee jiuh meil"you bihyaoh guidihng nahxie pinxiee guizel, biirulguoh"qudZhuhyin Zihmuu jiubshih zhehyahng. Pinxiee guizel .alnqualnshih weih pinyin welnzih guidihng d. Youlcii milngxilHlll keejillhn, Hahnyou Pinyin Fllng"ahn shih zuohweil pinyin welnzihfang"llhn lail zhihdihng d, zheh jiubshih Hahnyuu PinyinFang"ahn d shilzhih. Dih-erh, Hllhnyuu Pinyin Fang'.gUllnyul sih age shuang-zihmuu yoou zeh"me yi "ge goidihng,jiuhshih zaih geei Hllhnzih zhuhyin d shil"hou, weih"le shiipinshih jiallnduaan, zh, ch, sh, ng kee"yi sheeng zuoh i, c , S,t:I. Zheh "ge guidihog colng lihng yi fllRgmiahn shuomilngzheh "ge Fllng"llhn shih pinyin welnzih fang"ahn, yinweih heenmilngxiallR, rulguoo zhii shih -zhuhyin 'lIRg'on-, nahme·zaih geei Hahnzih zhuhyin d shil"hou- zheh job huDh jiuhchelng"le dUoyul. Dangraln colng zheh "ge guidihng yeekee"yi kllhnchu, Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang". zaih zuohweilpinyin welnzih fang"ahn d tolngshil, han jianfuh"zhe geeiHllhnzih zhuhyin d rehn"wu.Jihraln Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang"ahn shih yi "ge pinyinwelnzih fang"ahn, nah"me weihsheln"me youh shuo ta bub shihpinyin welnzih "ne? Zheh "ge wehntil qiansheh daoh "lIhnyuuPinyin Fang'ahn hel Hahnyuu pinyin welnzih d guan"xiwehntil. "ahnyuu Pinyin Fllng'lIhn suiraln shih yi "ge pinyinwelnzih fang'lIhn, dllhn ta hail buh shih chelngshuld pinyinwelnzih. til zhii shih pinyin welnzih d jichuu. shih pinyin

XU CHANG' AN 28welnzih d youhmiaol. Yinweih yaoh shii ta chelngzhaall9 weilchelngshuld welnzih, hail yaoh jingguoh yi 'ge xiangdangchalng d guohchelng. zheh jiuhshih yiban chalng shuodpinyinhuah guohchelng. laih zheh 'ge guohchelng zhong,Hahnyuu Pinyin Jiang weih guaangdah qulnzhohng shumahndezhaangwoh. bihng zaih qulnzhohngd pinyin shiljiahn zhongzhulbuh xtlngchelng yl taoh walnshahnd zhehngcilfall.zuihhouh quudel 'aaliih 'shang d chelngrehn. Zheh shihshilxiahn Hahnyuu pinyin welnzih d san 'ge tiaoljiahn.juhbeih'le zhe slIn 'ge tilloljillhn. jiuhshih shilxiahn'le pinyinwelnzih. yee jiuhshih shilxiahn'le pinyinhuah. Woo'menrulguoo baa Hahnyuu pinyin welnzih biizuoh yi zuoh dahxillhhuoh yi ke dahshuh, nab'me colng Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'lIhnlazhaan daoh Hahnyuu pinyin welnzih. jiuh zhehng rul colngjiehuu gaihehelng gao'ioul dahxiah. colng youhmiaolzhaangchelng canlian dahshuh. Jichuu hel dahxiah d guan'xi.youhmiaol hel dahshuh d gu.'xi. jiuhshih Hahnyuu PinyinFang'ahn hel Hahnyuu pinyin welnzth d guan'xi. CollI9 zheh'ge guan'xi zhong woo'men kee'yi kahnqing. sheil yeebuhhuih baa jichuu shuoehelng dahxiah, huoh baa youhmlaolshuochelng dahshuh. tolngyahng. Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'ahndangraln yee buhnelng shuo shih pinyin welnzih. Dahnshi tajianglail shih yildihng yaoh ehelngzhaang weil welnzih d.zheh jiuhyaoh kaoh dahjia quh jiahnsheh. quh peiJyuh 'Ie.Em. Rehnweil Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'ahn buh wllinshahn,suoo'yi Ylloh duih til jihnxilng xiugllai.TII'mend genjuh shih 1958 nillln OUlllnguol Reln-Dahguanyul Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'ahn d juelyih zhong shuo'guo:yingglli -zaih shiljiahn guohchelng zhong jih'xu qiuldelFang'ahn d jihnyibuh walnshahn-. TII'me.. rehnweil. jihralnyoou jihnyibuh walnshahn d rehn'wu jiuh shuomilng hail yooobuh wllinshllhn d dih'lang, buh wllinshllhn jiuhshih yoouquediaan, yoou quedillan jiuhyaoh xiugDai. Zheh 'ge wuhjieezhuuyaoh chuzllih duih -jihnyibuh walnshahn- d buhzhehngqueh liijiee 'shang.6enjuh lihlaild yoouguan welnjiahn hel liingdaaoreln

29 XIN TANG: NEW CHINAjiaanghuah d jingsheln, woo"mend liijiee. Hahnyuu PinyinFang"ahn xuyaoh jihnyibuh walnshahn d halnyih. zhuuyaohshih buuchong Fang"ahn hail meil"you milngqueh guidihng dneihrolng. erl buh shih xiugaai Fang'ahn yiijing guidihng dneihrolng. fDng"ahn hail meil"you milngqueh guidihng dneihrolng heen duo. lihrul Fang"ahn zaih juulih shilcaaiyohng cnr lialnxiee. dahn"shi duih cilr lialnxiee d guizelhail men "you zuohchu zhehngshihd guidihng; hail "you.tolngyincil zeenyahng qufen. biaodiaoh zeenyahng helliihuah.waihlailcil zeenyahng pinxiee. welnyaln chelngfehnzeen- yahng chuulii. deengdeeng. yee dou meil"you zuohchuguidihng. Fang"ahn xuyaoh jihnyibuh walnshahn d jiuhshihzhehxie neihrolng. yee jiuhshih qialnmiDhn taln"guo dshilxiahn pinyin welnzih d sIn "ge tiaoljiahn zhi yi, jilguifahnhuah wehnli). Jinnialn Erhyueh. Hul Qiaolmuhtolngzhih duih welnzih gaaigel gongzuoh tilchu san diaanyih"jian, dih-erh diaan jiuhshih: •... xiwahng Welnzih GaaigelWeeiyualnhuih nelng jiinkuaihde baa Hahnyuu PinyinFang'ahn jihnyibuh walnshahnhuah, zaih rihchalng yihngyohngzhong guifahnhuah. Lihrul pinxiee yaoh biaodioah.yaoh zhehngcil (guidihng cild qufen d toongyi guizeIJ.Foouzel buh biahn shiiyohng, erlqiee huih shU rein rehnweilzheh shih yi "ge buh walnshahnd cuzhih-Iahnzaohd fang'ahn.·Keejiahn ·walnshahnhuah- zhiid shih zhehngcilfaad guifahnhuah.·buh walnshahn· zhiid shih meil "you yi taohzhehngcilfaa guizel, erl buh shih Fan~"'ahn beenshen dquediaan.Nah"me, Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang"ahn yoou-meil"you quediaan"ne1 Kee-"bukee"yi xiugaai "ne1 Woo"men rehnweil.Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang"ahn rulguoo zaih shiljiahn zhong faxiahnyoou dahd quediaan, dangraln kee"yi til qiing Guolwuhyuahnhel Qualnguol Reln-Dah jiayii xiugaai. Dahn"shi Fang'ahngongbuh 25 nialn lail, bihng meil"you faxiahn sheln"me dahdquediaan, suoo"yi vee jiuh buh culnzaih xiugaai d wehntil.Yoouxie rein zoongshih rehnweil Fang"ahn beenshen yoouquediaan. Shih d, Fang"ahn buh shih walnmeei wulque d,

XU CHANG' AN 30biirul sih 'ge shuang-zihmuu [(zh, ch, sh, ng)); yi 'ge jiadiaanzihmuu (iil; liaang 'ge jianyohng zihmuu (e jian e hel e, i jiani hel z, zh liaang zuu d yuhnmuu). Dahn zheh shih xiaaoquediaan, rulguoo jiayii gaaidohng, jiuh huih chaanshenggehng dah d quediaan. Zheh shih zaih zhihdihng d shU'hou,jiuh yiijing chongfehn yalnjiu'guo d. buh shih sheln'me xinwelnln. Hanyuu Pinyin Fang'ahn suiraln buh shih walnmeeiwulque d, dahn ta shih lihshii 'shang suooyooud 'ang'ahnyiijil dangshil guaangdah qulnzhohng shehjih d geh zhoong'ang'ahn shatxuaan chu'lai d zuihjia 'ang'ahn. Zheh yii[jing]shih lihshiid jielluhn. Jihnnialn lail, xuuduo rein youhshehjih'le xuuduo fang'ahn, dahn juh woo'men kahndaohd.helnglialng geh zhoong delshi, hail meil 'you yi 'ge nelngshehngguoh Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'ahn. Zheh zaih yi cihzhehngmilng Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang"ahn dildil-quehqueh shihyi 'ge zuihjia fang'ahn.Jihnnialn lail shehjih 'ang'ahn d reln'men zhong, yibuh'fen shih buh maanyih Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang'ahn d, yibub'fen shih rehnweil xuyaoh lihngxilng shehdihng pinyinwelnzih fang'ahn d. Zhehxie. zuohweil xuelshuh lahntaao.buh wul haDO'chu; dahn'shi rulguoo shih zuohweil shiljiahnwehntil, yaoh weih guoljia niidihng pinyin welnzih 'ang'ahnhuoh xiugaai Hahnyuu Pinyin Fang"ahn, nah'me zheh zhoongbuhbihyaohd wuhjiee jiuh buhyinggai zaih jih'xu xiah'qu 'Ie.Hanoshi rahng woo'men tolngxin xiellih, gohngtolng peilyuhHahnyuu Pinyin zheh ke youhmiaol, shit ta zaaorihchelngzhaang weil cantian dahshuh 'balZhuanzai zi Vuwen Xiandaihua, di-er qi, 1983 nian,5-8 yeo

31,HANZI JIEGOU ZHUCI ··tf:J,1~ ,j;~"PINXIEFAdDIAN E WENPUTON6HUA Ii d jiegou z~ei -de-, Haozi you -~~sanzhong zixing. Yinwei tamn d yufa zuoyong g~ ge butong,suoi Hanyu Pinyin (HP) zhengeifa jiu yingga' gei tamn fenbiedingxing.Yong -d- daili - W3 - zi, yong -de- daiti -~, - zi. yong -didajti-~- zi, guo-neiwat wengai baokan zao jiu you zheyangshijian d. Tamnd HP dingxing ijing ehengshu, keyi zai jinhoudHP duwu zhong guangfande shiyong Ie.-0, de, di- zai HP duwu zhong rube ,enei he lianxie ne?Dui ei, ge zhong wengai baokan zai shijian zhong you ixiezhenglun. Oingwen: ehule zhuanye yuwen gongzuozhe iwai,shei neng fende qingehu -d, de, di- dou you shenme yufazuoyong ne? Wo renwei: muqian shiyongd fansuo pinxieguize renmn shi hen nan zhangwo d.Womn genju -qian lian hou fen- d zong yuanze--jiushi -d,de, di- ilii gen lamn qianbiand ci huozhe zi Iianxie; genhoubiand ci huozhe zi fenxie. Zhiyou -X de X- sanyinjie ineid jiegou eai anzhao -danyinjie lian danyinjie- d linghuoxing,ilii lianxie, gen qita -de-d jiegou fenxie. Weile xiang dajiaqingjiao, wo budebu eaiyong ixie yufa mingei, shinile ben-Diu E Wen zai Zhongguo Sichuan sheng Chengdu Dianqichanggongzuo.

DIANE WENwend jianming zhengcifa zhunze. Weile shuxie he paiyin dfangbian. mei you biyao d shihou. ilii bu jia shengdiBo fuhao.Jiandan jieshao ru xia:-fI'3. zit ibBn ren renwei ta shi xingrongcixingd jiegouzhuhci. zhuyao zoowei dingyud biaozhi. Yong HP xie -fIldshihou. keyi zhi yong shengmu -d- lai gei ta dingxing.Zhe ye keyi shuo shi jianhua pinshi. Zheyangzuo shiyinwei· • shi shiyong pinlii zui gao d yi ge zi.·fii· zi d zhuyao zuoyong shi xiushi mingci. Tad yufazuoyong you:I. Genzai mingci huozhe daici zhi hou. biaoshiyongyoud guanxi.liru:renmind Zhongguozijid renzuguod wenhuarenleid lishtwodshunid gangbi2. Gen xingrongci huozhe mingci jiehe, xiushihoubiand ci,liru:jiankangd renyouyongd dongxihonghongd lianliised shijie.anshangd feng3. Genzai dongei zhi hou, xiushi houbiand mingei,lim:dud shushuodhuachid dongxiehangd gequ

33 XIN TANG: NEW CHINA1. Zucheng zhuhci -shid-; yongzDi min~ci huozhedongci d houmian, biaoshi gen mou zhong shiwu huozheqingkuang hen xiang, liru:xiang xue shid neme bDipingguo shid liangDoxingde shenme shidxiang shuizhaole shid5. FDngzDi juwei. gen qiDnblDnd -shi- zi qiDnhouhuying, biaoshi kendingd yuqi, zhuDngtai, huozhexingneng dd. Vouxie juz zhong d -shi- zi keyi shengliie,Uru:Hi (shU zenyDng xuexi d?Rend shengming shi youxiDn d.Tiankong shi hen 1iaokuo d.TD dui wengDid gongxian shi hen da d.-11- zi shi fucixingd jiegou zhuci, zuowei buyudbiaozhi; yong HPd jibenshi -de- lai dingxing. TD nenggen dongci. xingrongci he fuci jiehe. xiushi houbiandci. Tad yufa zuoyong you:t. Gen dongci jiehe; jieshao houbiand xiushi ciyu.Houbiand xiushi ciyu changchang shi zhengged xingrongdongci huozhe shi chengyu, liru:gDide hen duigaide bu duichide feichang manpaode zhen kuaixiulide hDO jHeshuode hen liulihaode budeliao=haode liaobudehaode yaomingbende yaomingbende yaosiben sHe

DIAN E WEN34shuode tianhualuanzhuidade xiJihuala2. Gen xingdong dongci jiehe, jieshao houmiandbuyu, biaoshi zhe ge xingdong keyi dadao mou zhongchengdu d kenengxing. Ruguo bUyu shi -liao-, jiubiaoshi zhixing zhe ge xingdong benshen d kenengxing,liru:paode kuaixiulide haonade daomaide dao=maide zhaokande jiantingde dongchide xiakaode shangxiede wanshuode qingchuhaode liaochide Jiao fanshuode liao hua(Yong -bu- daiti -de-. jiushi foudingshiJ3. Gen xingrongci huozhe dongci jiehe. jieshaohoubiand yuci lai biaoshi jiduan kuadad chengdu he zhezhong chengdu yinqi d jleguo. liru:qide chibu xia fankunde zhengbu kai yanjinghuaide buneng xingrongnianshu niande wangle chi fan4. -budebu- gen -bunengbu- he -dei-d isi hen jiejin.Tamn dou juyou fuc.id xingzhi. liru:budebu qubudebu zoubudebu ting luyin

35 XIN TANG: NEW CHINA-~\!!.- zi ye shi fueixingd jiegou zhuei. Ta shi zhuang-·yu (xingdong dongeD d biaozhi, keyi yong HP -di- laidingxing. Ta zhi neng gen qianbiand ei jiehe qilai xiushihoubiand dongci huozhe biaoshi xi wang houbiand dongeineng anzhao mou zhong qingkuang jinxing. Voushihou,-di- keyi shenglue, liru:jidongdi fayanmanmandi paomanmanzouqing manman ehiyonggandizhandoudashengdi hanji80duo-kuai-hDo-shengdi jiDnshekuaidao-zhan-Iuanmadi jiejue wenti- , -Zhang Zhigong xiansheng zhubian d Dian-Da jiaocaiXiandaj HDn~ ijing ba jiegou zhuei -di- quxiao, nu, yong-de- zi dDiti. Vouxie wengai pengyou renwei zai kouyu Iitong du qingsheng d - de - yinggai tongxing.1 T amn ye renwei-de- zi yongd hen duo, xingrongcixingd -de- jianxiecheng -d- hen hao. Oishi, -de- (~') -di- (.~) ye dou keyixiecheng -d-. Jiran zuiba Ii dou shuochen~ -d-, xie qilaiweishenme ~u keyi dou xiecheng -d- ne? Buguo zai HPzhengeif,al§hiyong d jieduan, haishi yong -d, de, di- fenbiedaiti -1igjfl J:~ - zhe san ge Hanzi hao xie. Dang ... n, ruguoqunztjon.g yuanyi zai xinjian he wenzhang Ii ilo yong -d- daiti-11~ ~'b-ttJ -, zhiyao shixian you shuoming, womn ye bunengzuzhi.1. Jiang YUXlng xlansheng xle -Fel Zhengclfa d Uanz\ Fenx\e-.X\anggang HanzL6a1ge. zazhl, 1981 nlan, dl-san ql, di-27 yeo2. lhang lasheng xlansheng xle -Oul ." 'de' 'ge' d Llanxle dButong Kanfa-, tong shang kan, 1981 nian, dl-wu qt, di-37 yeo

. ,lUN XIN TANG SHIVONG d PINVINZIGE SUIVUAN36MEl GUO Kin lang zlzhid flklnci shuo, -Womn hli bunengjueding nei zhong pinyin flngfl zui heshi, muqilnzlnshi cliyong ·Jilnhu. Rom.zi·.... Geng yao qing d.ji.ch.ngshi chulngzuo, h.o rang womn bujiu you yi t.o mei yige reo dou bubi t.i feili jiu neng zhangwo d xiand.i H.nwen.­Zhe xUJind, xiongjin klnlngd hUI shenshende xiyin zhulewo; shi wo budebu wei ta zuizhongd zhishan zhimei dzhuoxi.ng tan idi.n bu iding dui d iji.n.Jiu iyoud henduo Hlnyu pinyin fang'an er lun, zai Ou-Meiguojia Ii zui hao yong Guoyu Romazi. Yinwei GR shi yongOu-Mei Lading zimud tongchlng dufa lai pindu HanyuPutonghua d; bi Wade-Giles (Weituomashi) hao. Beila [j.s.L.dinghua XinwenziJ huo HP c.iyongle ixie bu shi z.i Ou-Meitongxingd zimu pinzi dufa (ru -q, x- dd); zli Ou-Mei yongqilai, keneng hui 'asheng hunza wuhui d qingkuaog. Dan zaiguonei jiu mei you zhe ge hunza wuhui d wenti. HP ba GRd-sh ch- yong -x q- daiti, ji.nduan ixie; guonei keneng renweih.o idi.n.GR he Ben. guoqud yi ge zhenglun ji.odian shi bi.odiaowenti. Ruoshi bu hui Hanyu. bu shuxi H.nyu nanqiang-beidiaod w.iguoren, huozhe ji.o shao jihui jiechu muyu d Hu.qiaoGe Su.yuln zai Zhongguo Sichuln sheng Fengjie xian FengjieZhongxue gongzuo.

37 XIN TANG: NEW CHINAxue pinyin Hanzi. zuihao yong you shengdiao sheji d pinyinfang'an. Er guonei. renmn zi xiao hui Hanyu, shuxi ixiePutonghuad shengdiao, dui nanqiang-beidiao you idingd lijienengJi, ganjue dao xuyao yong diaohao lai qubie tongyinci dqingkuang buguo bai fenzhi san, suoi keyi yong biyao shi caifujia diaohao. iban bu biaodiao d banfa. yi qiu ji~nytDanshi ba GR, Beilll huozhe HP zuowei Hanzid zhuyaoqudaipin, zai guonei hen nan bei jieshou, hen nan liuxing. laiguowai, yao ge guo chengren yi zhong ladingshi Hanzipinyin shi weiyid Hanyu pinyin fang'an ye bujiande qiadang.Shiji xuyao shi Ving-Meishi Hanyu yiyin fang'an, Eshi Hanyuyiyin fang'an .. .1ai zuowei zhuanxie lhongguo renming diminghe gaiguoren xue Hanyu d gongju, er bu shi zhi xuyao huozhezhi yunxu you yi zhong Hanyu pinyin fang'an. Biru an GRhuozhe HP ba xing -He- d -He- jiazai Ving-Meiwen zhong,keneng hui bei wudu cheng -Hi-, er bu shi -He-; ba isi wuhuicheng nanxihngd -ta-. -He- jiazai Ewen zhong keneng beiwudu cheng -nie-; ba isi wuhui cheng -bu-. Vi ge Sulian taoMei d Migeji jiashiyuan xingming zhong d -B- zai Mei-Ri­Zhongwen Ii ceng yi du bei wudu cheng -Bu-. houlai caigengzheng wei -FU(V)-. Ge goo blllllding zimu dude butonger yinqi yinyi hunluan shi Lading wenzid yi ge Ushi bibing.Hanyu xin zimu bubi zai qu jillzhong zhe zhong hunlulln.HP zimu dufll guiding bu ru GR shihe guowai yong. lhehai bu shi HPd zhuyao wentt Geng zhuyllod wenti shi HP heGR iyang, dou tlli zhllogu wlligoo er xillngdang hushi zhaoguZhongguod shlji, suol jishi nilln 1111 lillngzhe qltu qudai Hanzld yuanwllng zong nan yi shixilln. Weishenme wlliguo wenziyongde nllme hao d zimu he pinyin fangshi bandao Zhongguo1111 que kunnan chongchong, cunbu nanxing ne? Jiushi yinweihushile Zhongguo yuwend jichu, hushile zijid jiaogen; xiongxuezu-shil~de ying ba lading zimu bani IIi yong. Qunzhongjuede bu hejiao, qingyuan zhaojiu chuan fannand Hanzi-xie.er buyuan chuan ladingshid xiez zoulu.GR, Beila he HP dou jushu zai 26 ge zimu nei, yong Xifangyuwen yong d yinsupin. jiu bi Hanyu chuantongd shengyun

GE SUIVUAN 38fanqie 'ansuo; pinehud ei jiu pianehang er bu ru Hanzijianduan mingque. Hanyud sheng he yun dou xiangliangfenming, er Xifang yuyan zhong you ji ge bu xillngliangdf~yin lianzlli iqi d xianxiang; shuang-yuanyin zhong you youqing, zhong, huan, ji, hanhun he quzhe dd xianxiang, bu xiangHanyud yunmu name mingxian, suoi Xifang yoyan bixu fenjiedao yinsu, yong zimu biaoshi yinsu lai pinxie yuyan ergoueheng wenzi. Ruguo bll Hllnyud yun ye ehaielten9 yinsu,fan'er hui xiande luosuo mafan; duo ei yi ju. Shish. shang,guonei henshao you ren bu pa fansuo, ba -ai- ehaicheng -a i­Illi jillo xuesheng. Er jillo Vingyud 1 (wo) [ail, ye fei chllichengyinsu lai jillo buke. Suoi yinyunpin he yinsupin shiZhong-Xi yuyand yi da qubie. Zhe yi qubie binn ye yinggaifanying zai pinyin wenzi shang. Dangran. yong yinsu lai fenxiyanjiu Hanyu shi biyao d. dan richang yingyongd wenzi yongzhe zhong pinfll jiu bu ru shengyunpin jianming.HP bi GR shao yong ixie shuang-zimu, dlln renv bu ruHanzi jianduan. ladingshi yinsupin bUke bimiande shi zixingIllchang. suoi Ou-"ei wenzi dou pianchlng. Wulun shi Yingwen,Flwen huozhe shi Ewen, fanyi cheng Hanwen d shihou,pianfu dou yao dUBn san fenzhi yi ishang. Hanwend -xue fuwu ju [j.s. chel'" xiangdangyu yangwend -ba che-I lai zixunbaozhl d jintian, zhe shi ge budebu -shuochang daoduan- dwenti.Fenbian danyinjie tongyinci d wenti, chaochule chunpinyin biaoyin d zhineng fanwei, zhiyou jiezhu fei-biaoyindzixing bianhua dd fangshi cli neng jiejue. Biro Yingyutongyind dlnyinjie ci -by, buy, bye- dd zixing butong jiushiruci. Dan danyinjie zai Xifllng yuyan zhong shuJiang bu da, buchengwei yi ge wenti. Er Hanyu danyinjie bizhong ji da,xuduo yinjie dou keyi duli chengwei hanyi but~ng d d. SuoiH!lnzi meiyou zoushang chun biBoyind jiegou fangshi, er shiyi yinplng jil xingyipang wei zhu d xingshengzi tixi. Zhebing bu shi Hanzi d luohou, er shi nenggou shiying Hanyudjiegou tedian suo tichu d yaoqiu.Jiu Hanzi yuanyuan liuehang. genshen digu. lhengzai

39 KIN TANG: NEW CHINAyong jiu Hanzi d ren bi yong Ying-Mei-Fa-De-Ewen d ren jiaqUai hai duo; ixiaz feichu jiu Hanzi, g~iyong renhe yi zhongpinyinzi dou juedui zuobu dao. Napa shi zuihaod pinyin Hanzifang"an, ye zhi shihe fenpi chanjin jiu Hanzi zhong jiazazheyong; zhubude guodu, qudai.HP shizhong bei dangzuo shizid guaigun; renshile Hanzijiu diule UP. Hanzi jia ladingzi shizhong liuxing bu qilai. Erjianbizi, baokuo you ixie pinyin yinsu d jianbizi quetuixingde xiangdang chenggong, dabufen henkuaide jiu liuxingleqUai, qudaUe fantizi. Biru liuxing qUailed ·1.P..~.k.rJJ....;~ ~~.f4j - jiushi yong fuhao (zimu) - 3t - biaoshi yunmu -an-,jiashang xingyipang goucheng d zi. Womn youkeneng yonggeng youguiliid f"hao xi tong pincheng yinpanq. jiashangxingyipang lai shi Hanzi jinyibu jianhua, you shixi" pinyinhua.Zhe zhong pinyin jiaRZi keneng bi lading yinsupinrong~i bei qunzhong jieshou xiguan e~ liuxing qilai.Blzhed -Jianpinzi Caoan- he -Yi, Diao, Yin San-DingJianbizi Caoan- zhong d shengmu -l- you Zhongwenti - ~ -,-J-d lingwai yi ti shi - J -, -P- shi -P- dd. ~.l. r.A.X.-t".,-dddou shi Hanzi zhong, zi gu nai jiu you d dutizi; ru HandaidShuowen Jiezj zhong jiu you. Zhexie zimu fuhllG keyi anshengyunpin k~ishuhua cheng dai yipang d fangkuai pinyinjianzi; hengpin caoshu qilai, jiu xiang ladingshi pinyinzi.Waiguoren xue ta bing bu tai nan; ta ye buzhiyu raoluanKifang wenzi, yinqi ld6 he wuhui. Yinwei keyi xiechenghengshi yinsupin huozhe shengyunpin, jiu bianyu jijiehull hediannaohua d chuli. Womn yinggai xian shi ixia keyi mllshllngjiu chllnjin Hanzi zhong d Pinyin Jianbizi.Chule jixu shenru yanjiu gen shiyong HP he GR iwai,xi wang you geng duo d ren zhongshi yanjiu minzu xingshiPinyin Jianbizi he qita leixingd ixie pinyin fangkuai Hanzifang'lIn. Zhiyou zai geng duo geng gUllng d yanjiu he shiyanzhong, cai keneng kaipi chu Hanzi pinyinhua d qianjin daolu.

Dayou Shl40YANG JUNDi-san ShouHanyu Pinyin zhenzheng hllO,shizi buyong llloshi jillo.Xuehuile zimu he pinyin.jiu mei you zir renbu dllo.You'er dou neng du he xie.chuchu shentong man xuexiao.Renclli gungun ru chilo yong.Zhonghull congci lie qillnmllo.77 .... 5.Di-si ShouHanzi suolilln suo julong.Kong you weili buneng dong.Fenli dUlln suo de ziyou,Zhonghull teng fei taikong zhong.Yang Jiin za1 Zhongguo Jiangx1 sheng Pingxiang Shifan Xuexiaogongzuo.

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49REVIEW of John DeFrancis, Ihe.Chinese Language: Fact andFantas~,University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu. 1984Wm. C. HannasPROFESSOR De Francis has devoted a lifetime to advancingthe case for romanization of .Chinese. His long anddistinguished career as a linguist and historian of languagereform in East Asia is without parallel in western academiccircles. DeFrancis was the first to demonstrate therelationship between nationalist movements and agitationfor writing reform in China, Japan and Vietnam. He has alsoidentified, more clearly and thoroughly than any otherwestern scholar of East Asian language reform. themanifold social, linguistic, moral and political aspects of aproblem too comprehensive and too controversial for mostscholars to address. A combination of honesty. clearthinking and impeccable scholarship has made his worksthe foundation in western language literature for allserious thinking on this subject.With The Chinese LanguaQ.l. the author summarizes thestate of argumentation on the utility of using Chinesecharacters to write Chinese. His careful thinking about thissubject is everywhere apparent. While written for theavowed purpose of destroying certain ·myths· about theChinese language, this book is. in fact. no less than aWm. C. Hannas zhengzai Meiguo Binzhou Daxue xie boshilunwen. Tad zhuanye shi Dong-Va yuyan.

soSHUPING:John De~rar)c 1 sd Zhongguovuyan: Shishi he Xiangxiang,Honululu. KiDweiyi Daxue chubanshe. 1984 nianZhang Liqing fanyiDeFrancis jiaoshou ibeiz zhili yu tuijin dui ZhongwenRoma plnvinhua d taoluo. Zuowei Vi ge vanjiu Dong-Ya wenzigaige d vuvanxuejia he IishijiD, ta voujiu er zhuoyue dshiyezai Kifang xueshujie shi mei you duishou d. DeFnncis shizhanshi chu Zhongguo, Riben he Yuenan minzu yundong genwenzi gaige yundong suo dai1aid saorao zhe liangzhe zhijiangUBRxi d di-yi ge reno Ta bi renhe Kifang YBRjiu Dong-Yayuyan gaige d xuezhe dou geng qingchu, geng chedidejianding chu zhe ge wenti duoyangxingd shehui. yuyanxue.daode he zhengzhi dd fangmian d zhengjie. Yinwei wentibaoluod fanwei tai guaRg, kezhenglund jiaodian tai duo.daduoshud xuezhe mei faz tanlun zhe ge wentt DeFnncisdchengshi, sikao qingxi he mei you xi acid xuewen rang tadzhuzuo chengwei ixie renzhen kaolii zhe ge wenti d Kifangyuyanxue zhuzuo d jichu.Zuozhe jie Zhongguo yuyan zongjie chu yong fangkuaizixie Hanyu d zhenglun qingkuang. Shu Ii daochu dou henqingchude xianshi chu ta dui zhe ge timu d xixin sikao.Mingyi shang, zhe ben shu shi wei saochu guanyu Zhongguoyuyan dixie shenhua er xie d. Shiji shang, zhe ben shu zhenzhengdeshi guanyu gen suoyou yong pinyin wenzi daiti fangZhang Liqing shi Kin Tangd yi ge bianji.

51 KIN TANG: NEW CHINAgeneral treatise on an problems relating to the replacementof Chinese characters with a romanized script.As such, the author approaches his subject in the widestpossible terms. There is historical background on theevolution of Chinese characters, on romanization schemesand movements, on character simplification and on thedevelopment of attitudes in the East and West toward theChinese writing system. AnalyticaJJy, the author considersvarious Jinguistic issues associated with character usagefrom the standpoint of reading psychology and the theoryof writing. Acknowledging that Jinguistic arguments aloneare insufficient to effect refonn, the social and politicalramifications of replacing Chinese characters are alsodiscussed. The author takes great pains to define thevocabulary central to the problem, having recognized thatimprecise use of these tenns has helped to perpetuate themyths which he seeks to dispel.DeFrancis makes the important distinction between twoseparate questions concerning the refonn of writtenChinese: can Chinese be romanized? and should Chinese beromanized? His answers to both are unequivocally affirmative.Citing the Neo-grammarian definition of languageru! speech, DeFrancis laments a popular confusion thatidentifies writing with language and reemphasizes thedictum that -the speech of any individual can be written inan alphabetic script ... If this is the case, then the problemmust be not with vehicle of expression but with the styleof language being encoded, which the author proposes toevaluate by means of a Speakability Test. -Can the'Chinese' you have in mind be understood if spoken aloud?If the answer is yes, then this Chinese can be Pinyinized.- Ifnot, then the fault lies not with romanization per se butwith the style of writing.Two factors account for the divergence between writtenand spoken styles, neither of which is inherent in thelanguage itself. One is simply the greater prestige that the

WHo C. HANNAS 52kuaizi youguan wenti d iban lunshuo. Vinwei shi zheyang d.zuozhe yanjiu zhe ge timu d fanwei jiu dade buneng zai da.Shu Ii you: fangkuaizi fazhan d Ushi beijing, ge zhong Romapinyin fang"an he yundong. fangkuaizi d jianhua. iji Dong-Xifang dui Zhongguo wenzi suo bao taidu d yanbian. Fenxi dshihou. zuozhe yong yuedu xinlixue he xiezuo Hlun lai sikaogen fangkuaizi shiyong qingkuang youguand zhongzhongyuyanxue wenti. Ta chengren dandan you yuyanxue shang dbianlun shi bu zu yingxiang wenzi gaige d. suoi ta ye taolunba fangkuaizi huancheng pinyin zai shehui he zhengzhi shangd jieguo. Zuozhe liaojie dao iban ren shiyong yuyanxue cihuid bu zhengque. ijing bangzhu ta yao dapo d shenhuabianchengle jiDngud xinyang. suoi jiu -sha fei kuxin-de geiwentid zhongxin cihui xia dingyi.Guanyu Zhongguod wenzl gaige. DeFrancis gei liang geyinggal fenkaid wenti zuochule hen zhongyaod qubie:Zhongwen keyi Romahua ma? Zhongwen yinggai Romahuama? Ta dui liang ge wenti d huida dou -zhanding jietie-dekending. DeFrancis imian yinshu xin-yufajia shuo -yuyanjiushi shuohua- d dingy'. Imlan ye wei tongsud, ba yuyanzhiren cheng xiezuo d hutu gandao shangxin, suol ta zai ylci qiangdiao Vi ge ijing fabiaoguoled yanlun---renhe renshuod hua dou keyi yong zimu wenzi xie xialai.- Ruguoqingkuang shi zheyangd, [kanbu dong pinyin Zhongwen d]wenti jiu iding bu hui chuzai biaoda isi d gongju shang. erchuzai jilu yuyan d tical shang; zuozhe jianyi yongHuihuDxing Ceyan lai shending xiezuo tiCDi d haohuai.·Shuochu ni naoz 11 d 'Zhongwen" d shihou. ren tingde dongma? Ruguo dilan shi tingde dong, zhe ge Zhongwen jiu keyipinyinhua. - Danshi ruguo clGan shi tingbu dong. cuo hai buzai R~ma pinyin benshen, er rengran zai xiezuo d tical.Zaocheng [Zhongwen] xiezuo ticai he shuohuD fangshifenqi d yinz you liang ge. keshi tamn dou bu shi tianshengcunzai zai [Zhongguo] yuyan Ii d. Vi ge yinz jiushi: jingjiandwenyanwen zai Zhongguo izhi xiangyou hen chonggaodmingsheng. Bied yinz shi: fangkuaizi xingti gouzao zhong d

53 XIN TANG: NEW CHINAterse, classical writing style has always enjoyed in China.The other factor is pressure which the redundant physicalstructure of Chinese characters exerts on style. If asyllable-morpheme is unambiguously identifiable by sight,there is no need to supplement this with increased serialredundancy as one would in speech. Thus it is not surprisingthat romanization of existing character texts may not beintelligible, since style must conform to the informationbearing characteristics of the vehicle of expression. It isnot a case of romanized Chinese being more redundant, butrather one of comparable redundancy being expressed ondifferent planes.This same wrongful identification of writing withlanguage has given rise to a popular misconception aboutChinese which the author (following Kennedy) calls theMonosyllabic Myth. This argument states that since thefunctional units of the Chinese lexicon are only onesyllable in length, the language can be unintelligible whenspoken or written in a phonetic script. An extreme versiongoes as far as to claim that the language is ·primitive·since the number of syllables will always be too small tocodify an expanding universe of referents. The authordemonstrates that such claims are possible only by basingone's calculations on character dictionaries, in which allmodem Chinese characters (morphemes) are listed, butonly a fraction of the possible character combinations,that is, words. If words are used as a basis for calculation,the monosyllabic portion of the Chinese lexicon wouldstand at less than 5 percent.Having established that Chinese can be romanized,DeFrancis considers whether such is advisable. The mainissue here is whether one wants a fully literate population.While allowing that the value of literacy can be overstated,as long as mass literacy remains a goal the author seeslittle hope for achieving this in the immediate future witha character script. If standards are set low enough, it is

WM. C. HANNAS 54[teyou] duoyudu bipo fangkuaizi fllhui dui xiezuo ticlli dyingxillng. Yinjie-billoyisu [j.S. yi ge yong lai biaoyi dfangkuaizil keyi kao shijue hen mingquede bianren chulai dshihou, zhe ge biaoyisu jiu yongbu zhao zai ilai renmnshuohua shihou hui ilai d xilie duoyudu. Jiran xiezuo ticaibixu gen chUlmdll sixiang ganqing gongju fuzai xinxi d gezhong tedian peihe, ba xiancun yong fangkuaizi xie d cailiaoRoma pinyinhua. renmn hui kanbu dong, jiu bu shi rang renchijing d shiqing Ie. Zhe bing bushi shuo RomlihuliledZhongwen duoyudu geng gao, er shi tongdeng gao d duoyudubei fahui zai butongd pingmian shang.Zhe ge ba xiezuo zhiren cheng yuyan d cuowu ye yinqile[lingwail yi ge guanyu [Zhongguo] yuyan d cuowu tongsuguannian; zuozhe (icong Kennedy jiaoshou,) ba zhe geguannian jiaozuo Danyinjie Shenhua. Zhe ge shenhuad bianlunshuo: jiran Zhongwen zihui zhong you shiyong gongneng ddanwei dou zhi you yi ge yinjie, yong pinyin wenzi shuohuozhe xie Zhongwen jiu mei faz dong. Zhe ge bianlundjiduan shenzhi shuo yinwei Zhongwend yinjie shumu shaodeyongyuan ye buneng [jishide] fanying yi ge zhishi baozha dshijie, suoi Zhongwen -hen yuanshi-. Zuozhe zhengming suoiyou zhe zhong shuofa, jiushi yinwei renmn zhi jisuan zidianIi d zi; zhexie zidian ba suoyoud xiandai Zhongguozi(biaoyisu) dou lie jinqu, danshi zhi you feichang shao dkeneng zizu--ci--bei lie jinqu. Ruguo ci bei yong lai zuojisuan d jiben danwei, Zhongwen cihui Ii d danyinjiechengfen jiu budao bai fenzhi wu.Jianlile Zhongwen keyi Romahua d liIun ihou, DeFrancisjiu kaolii dao Zhongwen Romahua shifou kequ. Zhuyao wentishi womn yao buyao [Zhongguo]ren dou shizL Zai xukeshizid jiazhi bei jiduan kuada d qingkuang xia, zhiyaodazhong dou shizi d mubiao izhi cunzai, zuozhe gandao[qillntu shi you xiwang d. danshil ruguo yong fllngkullizi [zuogongju.] zai zuijind jianglai dadao mubiao d xiwang jiu henxiao. Zhiyou zai ba shizi d biaozhun dingde gou di d shihou,cai keneng xuancheng shizi-Iii hen gao. Dui jintiand

55 KIN TANG: NEW CHINApossible to claim high literacy rates. But real literacy for aChinese today means learning and remembering ",000 ormore characters, which is impossible at this stage ofeconomic development. The choice is between a romanizedscript used by everyone, and a character-based systemaccessible to an intel1ectual elite only.DeFrancis' contention that only a minority of Chineseare and historical1y have been able to use the charactersas a ful1y developed orthographic system figuresprominently in his attack on other myths surrounding theChinese writing system. One such myth involves thepotential loss of cultural continuity which a change inwriting systems would engender. To the extent that thisculture depends on written documents, however. the claimis without substance. since the transmission of this culturewas always the province of the character-literate few. whowill continue this important service after reform asspecialists. without their monopoly on 1earning per se. Ifonly a smal1 part of China's population is ful1y literate inthe character script. it also follows that the widespreaduse of characters to span dialect areas is also a myth.Owing to enormous differences in pronunciaton. vocabularyand syntax between the ·dialects·, it is also untrue that aShanghainese or Cantonese speaker can understand awritten Peking standard by virtue of the characters' abilityto traverse these differences. To the extent thatunderstanding happens at al1, it is only because· nonstandardspeakers have learned to read what to them is asecond language.A large part of the book is given to explicating theauthor's novel thesis that the Chinese characters, in total,form a syl1abary, both in their construction and in the waythey are used. DeFrancis would view 895 ·phonetic·elements as the units of this syllabary. since they can befound in al1 but 3 percent of the characters. He has alsoestablished that in 2/3 of the commonly used characters

\11M. C. HANNAS 56Zhongguoren lai shuo, shizid zhenzheng isi shi xuehui hejizhu 4,000 huozhe geng duo ge fangkuaizi; anzhao Zhongguoxianjieduand jingji fazhan, zhe shi bu keneng zuodao d. Suoixuanze jiu jiehu dajia dou yong pinyin wenzi huozhe zhiyoushaoshu jingcuid zhishifenz shiyong fangkuaiztDeFrancis renwei wulun shi muqian haishi zai lishi shang,dou zhi you shaoshu Zhongguoren neng ba fangkuaizidangzuo yi ge chengshud zhengtong wenzi shiyong; zhe gebianlun dui ta daji qita weiraozhe Zhongguo wenzi d shenhuafeichang zhongyao. Vi ge zheyangd shenhua qianshe dao dshi: gaiyong bied wenzi ihou, hen keneng hui shiqu Zhongguowenhua d yanxuxing. Shiji shang, womn jiushi jiadingZhongguo wenhua yao ikao xie xialai d wenxian, zhe ge guloye shi mei you genju d, yinwei Zhongguo wenhua IXiongjiushi kao ixie hui fangkuaizi d wenren lai liuchuan d; wenzigaige ihou, tamn keyi zuo zhuanjia, jixu zhe ge zhongyaodrenwu, que buzhiyu wllnquan bllchile xuexi d menhu. Hai youyi ge shenhua shi: zhiyao you shaoshu Zhongguoren nengzhangwo fangkuaizi, jiu keyi jiezhe guangfan shiyongfangkuaizi lai gei ge fangyan diqu daqiao. Youyu ge zhongfangyan d fllyin, cihui, he jufa you judad chabie, shuoShanghairen huozhe Guangdongren neng ikao fangkuaizidaqiao d gongneng er kandong xie xialai d biaozhunBeijinghua, gen shiji shi you churu d. [Tuiyibu shuo,] ruguokande dong, nil ye shi yinwei bu shuo billozhun Beijing hUll dren ijing xuehuile zenme nian [dui tamn lai shuo shU di-eryu d BeijinghuD.Quanshud yi da bufen yong lai jieshi zuozhed yi ge xinqiliIun, jiushi cong fangkuaizid gouzao he bei shiyong d fangfazhuoyan, ba fangkuaizi zongjia qilai. jiu xingcheng yi taocisu. lai DeFrancis kanlai, 895 ge zuowei shengfu dfangkuaizi shi zhe tao cisu d [zui xiao] danwei, yinwei zaibai fenzhi 97 d fllngkuaizi litou, dou keyi zhaodllo zhexiecisu-zi. Ta ye faxian zhe xie cisu-zi gonggei san fenzhi er dchangyong fangkuaizi ·youyongd fayin xiansuo·. Sui ran zhetao cisu shuliang hen duo, ye bu wanmei. zuozhe que renwei

57 KIN TANG: NEW CHINAthese elements provide -useful phonetic clues·. Thoughlarge and imperfect, the author maintains that the Chinesesyllabary, while -a far cry from a good phonetic system ... iscertainly a farther cry from no phonetic system at all.-The importance of these phonetic elements is commonlyoverlooked by laypersons and specialists alike, whoare obsessed with a phenomenon of character usage whichDeFrancis describes as the Ideographic Myth. This myth isexpressed in a theory which holds that characters supplymeaning from a text directly, without recourse to anintermediate stage. Reading alphabetic scripts, by contrast,is held to be accomplished through the timewastingdevice of sound translation. DeFrancis dismissesboth conceptions as overly simplistic. He views thereading process in both systems as a simultaneous use ofvarious strategies in which sound plays a significant oreven dominant role.The author·s suggestion that Chinese charactersrepresent a type of syllabary will not be accepted byevery scholar who has studied this problem. While placingthis -syllabary- in the same league with Japanese kInI, thelIuthor neglects to point out that Chinese characters (asused in Chinese) refer to specific morphemes, whereaskInA represent sounds only. DeFrancis maintains that theChinese did not refine their -syllabary- to the extent thatthe Japanese did. But the difference between the two is notone of degree--it is qualitative. Although the Chinese canand do use characters for their phonetic values only, thisis recognized liS an aberration. A second problem with thesyllabary thesis is that with a number this large it ispossible to claim almost anything. One could, for example,form a semantic index of comparable magnitude fromsegments of English orthography, which would accomodateenough of the lexicon within the same 2/3 criterion of-usefulness- to allow us to call English writing logographic.In stressing the importance of sound, both in the

WMo Co HANNAS 58zhe tao ciau nang ·Zhongguo Ii juyou yi tao henhaod biaoyinxi tong gunan hen yuan, Ii mei you biaoyin xitong que gengyuan [j.s. buguan 895 ge cisu duome bu wllnmei, tamn ye shiyi zhong biaoyin xitonglWaihang he zhuanjia tongchang dou tongYllngde huliilezhexie fangkuaizi shengfu d zhongyaoxing. yinwei tamn douguofen zhuyi fllngkullizi zai shiyong shllng d billoyi xianxiling; zhe bei DeFnncis xingrong cheng Billoyi Shenhull. Vige liIun ba. zhe ge shenhua jiayi miaoahu, iwei: fangkuaizizhijie gongji [yucid] iyi, bubi jiezhu [fllyind] zhongjianjiduan. [Zhe ge liIun renweiJ kan pinyin wenzi g9nghaoxiangfan, yao kande dong, jiu dei jingguo langfei shijiin dfanyi shengyin d fangfa. DeFnncis ba lillng ge gUllnnilln doufoudingle, renwei tamn dou (ba shiqing kande] guofenjiandlln. Til dui zhe liang zhong yuedu guocheng d gUllnchashi: dou tongshi shiyong g~ zhong d yuedu jiqillo; shengyinbanyan d jiaose iyi zhongda, shenzhi juyou juedingxingoVlnjiu zhe ge wenti d xuezhe, bu hui met yi ge doujieshou zuozhe shuo fllngkuaizi dlibiao yi zhong cisu djianyi. Zuozhe ba zhexie ·cisu· gen Riwend kIIua guibingcheng tonglei d shihou, bultiele zhichu fangkuaizi (yong zaiZhongwen litou) biaoshi idingd bilOyisu, er kmuI jinjin daibiaoshengyin. (Guanyu zhe yi dian,] DeFnncisd shuoci shi:Zhongguoren meiyou ba fangkuaizi jinglian dllo xiangRibenren suo zuodllo d chengdu. Danshi Jillngzhe zhijilln dqubie bing bu shi chengdu d wenti--er shi zhi1illng d wenti.Bingqie, suinn Zhongguoren neng, youshihou ye zhi liyongfllngkuaizi billoyind jillzhi. zhe que zhi neng sUllnshi liwai.Ciau mun d di-er ge kunnan shi: shulilng zeme dll, zhllbuduozenm~ shuo dou keyi. Bifang shuo. yi ge ren keyi ba fuhetongylng dut 2/3 Vingwenzi ·youyong· iiaojilln d. shuliangxillngdllng d bufen Vingwen cilei zucheng yi ge ciyi suoyin;nang womn keyi bll Vingwen jillozuo fuhllozi.DeFnncis qtllngdtllo shengyin zlli fllngkulltzt wenzi jiegouhe shiyong shang d zhongyaoxing; til gei yi ge henliuxingd tongsu guannian tichule [womn] feichang xuyao d

59 ,KIN TANG: NEW CHINAcomposition and in the use of the character-based writingsystem, DeFrancis provides a much needed corrective tothe prevaiHng lay concept that the characters form asemantic system where meaning is accessed directly anduniversally. It would seem, however, that the truth fallsliterally between these two extreme positions: thecharacters represent the morphemes of the language,which are accessed in reading both by visual clues directlyand through sound translation, the latter declining inimportance as reading skills develop. DeFrancis explicitlyaccepts this dual-access hypothesis, but does not distinguishbetween the role of sound as an intermediate devicefor accessing the morpheme, and its separate function,applied after the morpheme has been accessed visually, ofkeeping the morpheme in focus until its semantic relationshipto larger syntactic strings can be abstracted. Byfocusing on sound instead of the morpheme, DeFrancis isalso less able to address the major argument put forwardin defense of Chinese characters,especially by writers whohave treated the problem of character usage in other EastAsian languages: that the heavy investment made inlearning the morphemes of the language is more thanrepaid by the greater facility one ultimately acquires inlearning, understanding, using and remembering high level,abstract vocabulary. Since this argument may well tum outto be another amyth-, it would be instructive to seeDeFrancis' treatment of it.The Chinese LanglAJla is written for both the speCialistand non-specialist, an approach consistent with theauthor's goal of debunking the many myths prevalent inboth circles which have led to false impressions about theefficacy of script reform. His modest proposal for asystem of -digraphia-, in which II phonetic script (not IImere notation) would co-exist with the character scriptfor an indefinite period, wHl, in prinCiple, be more easilyaccepted as a result of this important publication.

WM. C. HANNAS 60jiaozheng. Zhe ge tongsu guannian renwei fangkuiazigoucheng shiji ziyi d xi tong, keyi cong zhe ge xi tong zhijiededao chuchu dou xingde long d isi. 8uguo, zhenzhengdqingkuang kongpa jiehu zhe liang ge jiduan zhijian:fangkuaizi daibiao Hanyu d biaoyisu; yuedu d shihou, keyizhijie cong shijue xiansuo huozhe fanyi shengyin dedao yaoxuanqu d isi. Yuedu jiqiao idan fazhan. houzhed [j.s. fanyishengyin d) zhongyaoxing jiu zhujian jiangdi. DeFrancismingming-baibaide jieshou (fangkuaizi you] shuangchongquyonggongneng d zhe ge jiashe, keshi que bu ba shiyongshengyin d liang ge qingkuang fen qingchu; yi ge qingkuangshi ba shengyin yonglai zuo dedao biaoyisu d meijie;lingwai yi ge jiushi zai biaoyisu bei shijue zhuazhu ihou,shengyin keyi ba zhe ge biaoyisu guding qilai. zhidao zhege biaoyisu gen geng da d jufa-ziqun iyi d guanxi neng beichou chulai wei zhi. DeFrancis ba zhuyiJi jizhong zaishengyin shang, er bu zai biaoyisu shang; zhe rang tashaowei bu neng dui weihu fangkullizi d zhuYllo billnlun jiayilaolun, lebie shi nllxie chuli fllngkuaizi zai bied Dong-Yaguojia shiyong wenti xuezhe xie d liIun. jiushi: wei xuexitamn yuyan d billoyisu suo xia d da louzi dique keyi rangtamn zuihou dedllo neng geng hao d shiyong shumianyu dbaochou; zhe ge bllochou shi cong xuexi, lillojie, shiyong hejizhu gllo shuiping chouxiang cihui delai d. Vinwei zhe geliIun ye hen keneng billncheng lingwai yi ge shenhua, nengkandao DeFnncis dui zhe ge liIun d chuli hui rang womndedllo hendlld yichu.Zhongguo d YUYlln shi wei zhuanjill he fei-zhuanjill xie d.Zhe gen zuozhe yao dapo, gei wenzi gaige haochu zaochengwujie. shenhull d mubillo hen peihe; zhe xie shenhua zaizhuanjia he fei-zhuanjia d quanz Ii dou hen liuxing. Tadqianxu jillnyi shi zllncheng ·shuang-wenzi zhidu·; zai zhe gezhidu xi a, pinyin wenzi (bu jinjin shi zhuyin fuhao) genfangkullizi hui wu-dingqide bingcun. Vuanze shang. yinweizhe ben zhongyaod zhuzuo, zuozhed zhe ge jianyi jiu bijiaorongyi bei jieshou.

61 XIN TANG: NEW CHINA~ J\. #r ~ {-.. ~ A' 7;; ~ -. 115" -m ~-r.t~ IJJJL ~ -tf.~ ff .:t )( !1 ~ MJli,~t~z1l-t-'-rA~~!:1f ifV~-A...' ~. ~;jJ~. ~-r.il ~ -® ~ Jl

- " - " /DA HU ZHI ZHONG\ \ "ZHUANG ZI--XIAOVAO YOU- "ZHUAN6 ZI62, v v ,HUI ZI wei Zhuing Zi vue. -Wei Wang Vi wo da hu zh),- 'v/v .., /zhong. Wo shu zhi cheng. er shi wu shi. Vi cheng shuijiing. qijiin buneng zi ju yeo Pou zhi vi wei P.i80, ze hulue) wu suo..ong. Fei bu xiio..an dB Ve, WII wei qi wuvong er pou zhl-- '! - _ '\ ,/, ,y" V"Zhuang ZI vue, -Fuz gu zhuo VU ,ong da y,11 Songren you shanwei bu jiinshou zhl1DO zhe, shish) vi p(ngpi kuang wei shi.ICe wen zhi, ~in~ mai qi fang bo jin. Ju zu er m~u vue, 'Woshishi wei pingpi kuang, buguo shu Jln. Jin vi zhiio er yu ji bojln, qing vu zhi: ICe de Zh., vi shut Wu Wang. Vue you nan, WuWanCJ. shi zhl jiang. Dong yu Vue..en shuizhan, da bai Vueren.lie di er feng zhl N{mg bU junshou vi ye. Huo ti feng, huobumi"n yu pingpi kuang, ze suo vong zhi vi yeo Jin zj you wushf zh1 hU, h& bu Iii vi wei dDzun, er fu hii jiiinghu1 Er you qi"'V, ,-, ... , ,:",:,,,1huluo WU suo rong; ze fuz you you peng zhl xm Ve tu1-Zhuing zi (GVO 3551-2751) d mingz jiao Zhuiing Zhou, shiZhunguo Shidai Daojiad sixiangjia. Tad shu jiao Zbwmg.li.

63 XIN TANG: NEW CHINA* Xiamian shi yong Zhao Vuanren xiansheng sheji d -tongziwei-Da Hu Zhi Zhong- zhu shang d guyin. Zhao xianshengzaonian zhuzhang Zhongwen Roma pinyinhua; g0'tgxianfeiehang da. Weile jinian ta, Xin Tang eong zhe yi qi qi, meiqi dou shiyong -tongzi- wei guwen zhu guyin huozhezhuandeng Zhao xianshengd wenzhang. Womn hen ganxieZhao Rulan niishi gongji womn Zhao xianshengd gaojian.DHAH HU JI JOGDRANG ZII--SIAUVAU VEUDRANG ZIIHUEY ZII wuy Orang Zii vuet, -Ouy Wang yi qoo dhah hu iijog. 000 zhuh ii diaeng. er zhit quu zhiee. Vii zhaeqshueziag, gi cien butneng dzih eiuu vee. Peo ji Vii wui bhiau,zee huloe yu soo yong. Fui but xiauran dhah vee. qu wuy qiyU yoq er peo jt - Orang Zit yuet, -Fuzii euh jot yu voq dhBhyiil Sogren yeo zhaan wui but eiunsheo ji voe iee, sheysheyyii bhiengpiee kuaq wui zMh. Kaee yen ji, tsieg mae qi fangbaee elm. Dziuh dzue er meu yuet, -000 sheyshey wuibhiengpiee kUBq, buteuoh smh eim. tim it dhVau er vue giibaee eim. Tsieg yuu it" Kaee dec ii. Vii shuy au Wang. Vuetyeo nan, au Wang sMi ii ziaq. Dong VUU Vuetren shueiann.dhah bhay Vuetren. liet dhih er fong ii. Neng but eiunsheo itvee. Huec yii fong, huec butmieen yu bhiengpiee kuaq. zecsoo yoq ii yih vee. tim zii yeo quu zhiee ii hu, ho but liuh Viiwui dhah zun, er fyeu hu eeanghu? Er ieu qi huloe YU 900voq; zee fuzii veu yeo bhung ii sim vee fu?-

64" vDA HUGUA d ZHONGZ_ v _ ~ZHUANG ZI--XIAOY AO YOU- \IZHUAN6 ZII'\'\ ..".., '\HUI ZI dui Zhuing Zi shuo. -Liang HUi-Wang songgei woyi ki da hugui d zhongz. Wo be zhongz zhongd.le. jied guike~i cheng wDshi dou dongxi. [Dlmshil yong ta lei zhuingshui huozhe ji~. jiu buneng b~ tii ju q'ilai. yinwei guid ..endubU gou qi'ng [.)u q"hai jiu hui pol. B~ gui pokiii d~ng piaoyong. jiu you pingqiibade chengbu liDO shenme. Zhe ge guibushi bu da. keshi wo yinwei t't,mei you shenme yongchu erba ta zale. - Zhuing.., Zi shuo. -Ni zhe wei xiinsheng zhenshibu zhidao zenme shiyong da dongxi. Song9uo you ge..en henhui zuo fingzhl shou chiinlie d y80. lid zisiin shishi daidaidou [yinwei tid zhe zhong ~DO er) congshi chuida piDoxicansixu d gongzuo. vi ge waidl..en tingshuole. jiu yaoqiuyong yi b.i kU.i jinz lei m8i timnd y80fing. limn b~ quan zud ren juji qilai, shingliang shuo, 'Womn shish. dBidai zuochufd~ pi.oxl dnsixu d shiSing, mei ci zhi dedao jt kuai j'fnzd bBochou. xial'zai keyi ba womnd zhuinch'ng mai chiiqu,(xiaz d&dao yi b'i kU8i jlnz; womn jiu maigei ti ba:Waidi..en m'idaole y80fing. ji~ nazhe y~ofing qu shuishuoWu wany. HGulai Vueguo qinfan WUgU~ Wu Wang jiu jiao zhege waidll·en zuo W~guo jiinduid jianglmg. limn dongtian z.i'! , ~ I '\ \ \ v '.shul shang gen Vueguoren zuozhan, dadade daballeVueguo..en. Wu Wang jiu gele yi kUDi dj. fenggei zhe gewaidiren. N&ng rang shou b~ chiinli~ shi iyang d, keshi youren yinwei ta ~r dedao fengdi, you ren que mianbu liao

65 XIN TANG: NEW CHINAchuida piDoxi cans'ixu; zhe jiushi shiyong shang d chibie leiXianzai ni you cheng WU'Shl d~u dongxi name da d hU{Jui.weishenme bu xiong b8nf~ b8 ti zuoch~ng yi ge keyi jizaiyio shang d XiBochuan. piiofu zai jiing shllng hUGzhe hushang. xiiioy"o xiaoya01 Que zai zher wei hUgU8 tBipingqian. chengbu liao shenme 'r fichOu; ni zhe weixiiinsheng dugai hal yOu m&ocao siizui n~oz Ii ba?" vDUHOU GANI '"WANG VIMING- v v1HUAN6 11 litou lOU henduo h~n lbuisid XiDO gUshi.-D. Hu zhl Zh~ng· shi qizhong d yi gee Youd dongxi YO!"lChuhen dB. k'ttshi yTnwei ..en bu ztiidao zenme yong. jiu chllng-I - _, \ v .v" , \" V '. ,chllng hulue huozhe xll1oyong zhe ge dll yongchu. GudllirenrUci. xiandairen ye rUcl; Zhongouoren mcl. wBiguoren y;I '! 8 I 'h h(d'od o'.f ImCI. uguo. SUIZ e s I III qllln]ln. reo f-" aXllln h' e S h'f Iyong \ d" \ \ I. " -ada yongchu· yuelal vue duo Ie.Zhe ge gushi chlng nng8'Wb lianxiang dBo Zhongguo,,*nsh~ong HP d qingkuBn~. HP zhi dangzuo xue finCJ!tuBizi douaigun. zheng xi.ng gushi Ii n~xii Sc\ngguorend zhi zhTdao~" \ - I.' '.v· V , -:, - " !,lIyong yaofang lal congshl plaOXI caRSIXU d gongzuo. SUlrenna/ye yOU_hBochu. zhenzhengd da haochu que bei hiilOele.Shizai kexil/ ' ,.Wang Yiming shi Xln Tangd yl ge blanjlo

fifiB 1 9 Ca 1 abash Seedslhuang.1i---Roaming Free and Easy·Translated by Victor H. MairHUI ZI said to lhuang Zi, -ICing Hui of the state of Liangbestowed upon me the seeds of a large calabash. I plantedthem and they grew up to bear a fruit with a volume of fivebushels. If I had filled the gourd with liquid, I wouldn't havebeen able to pick it up because its sides weren't strongenough to bear all that weight. So I split it to make ladlesbut they were too shallow to hold anything. There's nodenying that the size of the gourd was enormous, but I hadto break it up because it was useless.-lhuang Zi said: ·Sir, when it comes to using big things,you're really inept. In Song, there was a man who was goodat making a preparation for preventing chapped hands.Generations of his descendants were thus able to make aliving from washing silk floss. A sojourner heard of this andasked to buy the recipe for a hundred pieces of gold. Theleaders of the clan called everyone together and said,'We've been washing silk floss for generations, and all weearn are a few pieces of gold. Now, if we sell him thesecret of our technique, we can make a hundred pieces ofgold all at once. Let's let him have it.' Having obtained theprescription for the ointment, the sojourner tried topeddle it to the ICing of Wu. The kingdom of Vue had beengiving Wu trouble, so the King of Wu appointed him to be aVictor H. Mair zai Meiguo Binzhou Daxue jiaoshu, ye shi Kinmgd yi ge bianji.

67 KIN TANG: NEW CHINAcommunder of his forces. That winter, they hud a navulengagement with the Vue forces and, thanks to theointment, defeated them decisively. The King of Wuenfeoffed the sojourner with some land he had set aside. Itwas the same ointment for preventing chapped hands. butone man gained a fief with it while another was stuck in thesilk-wushing business. That's because of the differentways in which they put the ointment to use. Now you. sir,had 8 calabash with a volume of five bushels. Instead ofworrying about ladles made from the gourd being tooshallow to hold anything, why didn't you consider making itinto a big schooner in which you could have gone floatingabout on river and lake? It seems to me. sir. that you havebrambles in your brain'-

68Duzhe laixinDear Editors:I think Dale R. Johnson statedthe case for tonal spellingsvery well In his November 1984XfLIaIng article. However, Ibelieve that two additionalpOints need to be given carefulconsideration.last March, I had a chance todiscuss Chinese romanlzatlonInformally with ProfessorsSamuel Martin (Yale) and JohnDeFrancls (University of Hawall).I suggested that becauseromanlzed Chinese Incorporatesword-boundary markers (I.e.spaces), the percentage ofwords In everyday writingwhich require tonal marking soas not to be misunderstood Isprobably much smaller thancommonly thought. ProfessorOeFrancls agreed, noting thathe has repeatedly urged Chinesescholars concerned with thehomonym problem to collectstatistical data based onactual texts instead of relyingon theoretical calculations.Professor Martin then madewhat I think Is the key observation:Even highly phonemicwriting systems tend to leaveout a considerable amount ofInformation which nativespeakers automatically supply.Stress in English is a goodexample. Native speakers ofMandarin may need only aQin'aid Bianj imn:Wo xiang Dale R. Johnson zai1984 nian 5hiyiyue x.i.LI.aJ.ngshang wei youdiao pinyin xle dwenzhang shuode hen hao. Buguowo xiangxin hai you Iingwailiang dian xuyao [womn)zixide kaolO.Qunian Sanyue, wo you jihuigen (Velud) Samuel Martin he(Xlaweiyld) John DeFrancisliang wei jiaoshou xiantanHanyud Roma pinyinhua. Wo tichuyinwei Romanhualed Zhongwenba ci jian fuhao (j.s. cigen cl zhijian d kongge) baohanjinqu, renmn riehang xie d cilitou, weile bimian wUjie erxuyao jla shang shengdiao dbalrenbl jiu keneng bi ibanxiangxiang zhong d shao deduo.DeFraneis jiaoshou tongyi zhege kanra, hai shuo ta zijieengjlng izai culeu Zhong guoguanxin tongyinci zhc ge wentld xuezhe bu yao kao Illun shangd tulsuan, er yao eong shijlwenzl zhong soujl tongjl ziliaoshuju. Nashi, Martin jiaoshouzuole yi ge wo renwei henguanjiand pinglun: Jishi shiylnsuxlng hen gao d wenzi yeyou shenglOe xinxi d qingkuang,ylnwei yi nei ge yuyan weimuyu d ren ziji hui zidongdegongying (queshaod xinxi). Vingwendzhongyln jlushl yi ge henhao d liz. Vi Guanhua (j.s. xianzaldPutonghua) wei muyu d

69 KIN TANG: NEW CHINAsprinkling of tone cues, If any;on the other hand, beginningforeign students of Chineseprobably need to have everysyllable marked. (There mayeven be significant groups ofpeople with needs which fallbetween these two extremes.)It seems highly deSirable,therefore, to make the markingof tones optional. Diacriticsappear to be superior to tonalspelltngs In this respect sincebasic syllable shapes wouldremain the same In all kinds oftexts.My second point Is a followupto Professor DeFrancls'scall for empirical studies ofactual Chinese texts. Whetheryou use tonal spelltngs ordiacritics, Isn't It arbitrary tomake "first tone" the unmarkedcase? logically, It Is syllableswhich carry the most frequentlyoccurring tone thatought to be left unmarked. Icounted up the syllables on onepage of HlDL~ Just for funand got the fOllowing totals:1 st tone 2nd tone 3rd tone151 21. 23.4th tone Neutral32. 9.These figures are based on avery small sample (227 syllables),and my counting may bea little off (I did It In a hurry),but these figures certainlycast doubt on the wisdom ofren, ruguo xuVao d hua, yexu zhixuyao Idlandlan blaoshl shengdlaod xlansuo; fan guolal shuo,chuxue Zhongwen d walguo xueshengkongpa j lu xuvao ba melVi ge shengdlao dou blao chula!.(Shenzhj hal hul you j I zhongwomn Ve del zhuVI dao d ren;tamnd xuyao jlehu zhe liang gejlduan zhljlanJ Suol, yunxushenglOe shengdlao slhu shlfelchang kequ d. Zhe fangmlan,ylnwel [blyao shl cat) j lashangshengdlao fuhao keyl rangylnjled jlben xlngtal zal renhedlfang dou baochl 1yang, jlashengdlao fuhao jlu xlande blblaodjao plnxle youyue.Wod dl-er dian shl xlangylngDeFrancls jlaoshou tI chulal d,yao wanquan ping guancha heshlyan lal yanjlu shljl pinyincalliao d haozhao. Name, buguannl yong zlmu blaodlaod plnxlecalliao halshl jla shengdlaofuhao d call1ao, ba bu blaodlaod Ylnjle dlngwel dl-yl shengbush I jiu hen wuduan Ie ma?Luojl Shang, chuxlan plnlii zulgao d ylnjle cal ylnggal bublaodlao. Welle haowanr, wo baX1o...Ialng zazhl d Vi ye jlsuanleIxla, dedaole xlamland jl geshuzl:D-Vl shg. Di-er shg. DI-san sh9.15. 21. 23.OJ-51 shg .. Oingshg.321 9.Zhexje shuzi genju d yangplnhen xiao (227 ge ylnjle), wod

DUZHE LAIXIN 70selecting first tone as basic.Would the percentages begreatly different If the samplesize were Increased by. say.two or three orders of magnitude?Since It seems thatmany XilLIalng articles areproduced on a word processor. Irecommend that the editorsconsider merging copies ofthem Into one large machlnereadabledatabase so that theycan be analyzed for tonedistribution and other patternsthat might have a bearing onthe design of romanlzationsystems.One last comment: I find theuse of 1 to mark second tonevery hard on the eyes. It'snarrow and too easily confusedwith 1. If you're concerned thatusing J: might create confusion(because of the =r suffix). howabout exploiting the unusedletter Y..?Yours sincerely.J. Marshall UngerAssociate Professor.Department of EastAsian Languages andLiteraturesUniversity of HawaIIJlsuan gen shlJi ye kenengshaowel you churu (wo Jlsuandehen cangcu), keshl zhexie shuziIdlng hul rang ren huaiyl xuanqudl-yl sheng zuo Jiben diao shibushi hen zhlhul. Ruguo yangplnplanfu d fenllang, blfang shuo,Jladale liang-san bel, zhelxebalfenbl shl bushl Jlu hul youhen da d butong ne? Jiran KinIaJ.ng d hen duo wenzhang haoxlangshi yong yuci chulljl palyindo(. wo jlanyl blanjimn kaolOba ge qi d wenzhang heblngcheng jlql neng du d da shuJugen;zheyang womn Jlu keyifenxi tamn. Jlu keyl kan ylkanyexu gen sheJI Roma pinyinwenzl youguan d shengdlaofenpei ijl bled jiegou daodi shizenyang d.Zulhou yi ju hua: Wo faxianyong 1 lai blaoshl di-er shengrang yanjlng hen chill. Zhe gezlmu hen xl, feichang rongylgen j hun qllal. Ruguo nlmn payong J: hul chansheng wUJle(ylnwel henduo zl yong [ zuozlwei). Jlu yong Iyong Zhongwenbu yong d zlmu Y... ruhe?HaoZhuJ. Marshall Unger.Fu-J laoshouXlawelyi DaxueDong-Va VuyanWenxuexi851 4/5

71 KIN TANG: NEW CHINABlanjl Xlansheng:Duzhe LaixinZleong wo dudao XJn....I.alng. wo jlu xlhuan shangle Xln...I.alng,Bujln ruel. wo hal Izhl jlanehl yong Roma pinyin xle rljl. Ijl jllushlqlng. Ijlng jlanehlle yl nlan duo Ie; hultou du qllal hen fangblan.Vinci. wo you yl ge dadand xlangfa. na jlushl zal Zhongguochuangban yl ge Xin...1aotl zazhl; rang geng duo d ren eanjla wenzlgalge d huodong; tongshl he nlmn lIanxl. bing xl wang dedao nlmndzhlehl. Xla yl bu. wo jlang lIanxl Ixle pengyou he jlaoshou jlJldezhunbel.Zal kanwu shang ehule kandeng ge guo pengyou youguan ,wenzlgalge d wenzhang Iwal. hal kandeng Ixle youqud lalgao, VI fangmlanJlaqlang ge guo d wenhua jlaollu. yl fangmlan tuldong Zhongguodwenzl gaige,Sulran womn Xlang ju yaoyuan. danshl shuxln hul jlaqlangwomnd IIanxl d, Hulxln qlng jle~hao Ixle XJn..Iaogd jlnkuang:HaoZhuMehng FahnjunLiaoning Dandong DI-er VlyuanShoushushl851 4/5

72" ,LlU LIYOU yi wei • ./f,jf.!f. .. xiansheng. You ren jiao ta le lele.you ren jiao ta Vue Vueyue, haiyou ren jiao ta Vao Vaoyao.Ta shuo, ·Wo xing Vue, jiao Vaole." Xing, buyong duo zuo jieshi,mingzd isi shi ·yao kuaile".lhe ge xiaohua shuoming: Hanzi you yi zi duoyin dxianxiang. Duoyinzi iban keyi anzhao shangxiawen, xiguanhuozhe eha zidian lai jueding tamnd duyin.Vi hand shi: zai bushao changhe, jinjin genju shangxiawenjiu wura duanding tamnd duyin; yous!'i zai zidian shang yeehabu dao tamnd teshu fayin. liru, yi ./f," zi wei liz ba, taduwei ·yao·, jiu bu jianyu XIN HUA ZIDIAN dd gongjushu.Nin shuo: yi zi duoyin d xianxiang hao ma? Womn xiwangWengai-Hui, Shenyin lhengzi lu he Vuyan Wenzi VingyongYanjiusuo dd youguan bumen neng guiding chang yong Hanzizuiduo yi liang ge duyin wei biaozhun. Nin kan: .. ~~ II zi jfng1.ou i B ~ II a wu zhong fayinl XIN HUA llDlAN di-yi ye shangjfng you wu ge "of( lid zitou, shifou tai ransuo Ie ixie1

73TANG SHI BIAN CI JIULE TAV ,-BAO HUAZhuanzai zi Jiefangjun 8aoCHUANSHUO Oingchao you yi wei shufajia. gei CixiTaihou zai shanz shang chaolule Tangchao shiren WangZhThuan d ·Chu Sai- shi:Huanghe yuan shang boyun jiin.Vi pian ~iicheng wanren shin;Oiingdl hexii yuan yangliu1Chiinfeng bu du Yumen Guin.. Vinwei chaoxie d shihou meiyou zhuyi. loudiaole yi ge-1 03 1 • zi. 8uxingd shi shanz ijing songgei Cix!. wufa zhuihui.Shufajia sisuole izhenz. zhu~n you wei xi. Guoran Cixihenkuai jiu zhaojian zhe wei shufajia. Ta nuqi chongchongdedui shufajia shuo, -Ni iwei wo bu dong Tang shi ma?- Shufajiahen gongjingde huida, -Xiaoren bu g~n~ w~ zai shanz shangxied bu shi ,Tang shi, er shi yong qi yi ti'n d yi shouaLiangzhou Cia. bu x~n, xiaoren keyi mashang dugei Taihoutingting:Huanghe yuan shang, DO'yun yi pian.- I' " -"-'Gucheng wanren shan, Qiangdi he xu yuan?Vangliu chunfeng, bu du Vumen Guin.

Hanzl [1.s. fangkualzll nEn xue, ptnylnzlrongyi xue.I U ShuxiangZhongguo Yuwen.{Xinsheng,di-293 Ye.OAAO Y1'El. XN TAUIG huanyilng meei yil'ge roln toul gaao-2. Zuih haao yohng PY riee. Bulguoh, yohngfangtuaih zih rieo yoo kel'yl, tYoo'Den netng weihnfi huahn chehg PY.3- oiing ztruhmilng ztrenshil dhngmihg, bihngqieezNfdhng yohng zhenshtl {hngmtlng hall'sht yaolayohng tiimilng fabiaao anohpiin- Yelnzhang lii dneihrotng youl zuohztree fuhzel-4- Rulguoo meil'you zuohzhee d tehbiel shengnitng,vethle rtlng'yt fahri doong, bthyaoh d shil'hou,ytxtmen iiang nugaai huoh shanjiaan yuarnzuoh-5. Yoou heen straao d gatocttoul-6- l,ril gtto qiing jih daoh:XIII TAIJIGP.0. Box 254Swarthmme,PA lgOElUSA

XIN TANGNEV CHIIIAP.0. Bor 254Swarthmore, PA l gOElU.S. PostrgcPAIDPermit 133Swrrthmore. PA>r.olr+;0Jl)L$t"i*ltuls(ld',iitu,l.+.I4"frtfr-Afr fu-i{ ++ ot=ur,n"a e.o^;ilolcl!larlHI.*1ahl,* X & ki h_r gr And.u;A fln1f-+ ih"'' *.ir 6r-- irr- r.r4 x ti t*'yf #a rr=bntrro eod rt # 4rrr- ttr arl- Rgff"n -x*a;* Gr.urfl:rr1f i4+A*'4ai p oli Lo nLrdu'i fuT'-tv !c-g Uu^HlAELN^X-#- c[-Lc D oarr-ir4 &'aa++'trF liq-iLt-e1a Liue\,* tF+ ir dn lp-qrr ,4tht.itl- it-qo clrq ug'lL*i+-fe- e{'i hl-rur ift *6 tat !1t{fi onlt-r''{' e4 I rht*+ilL ' Ito,qTor-npZi+W-* b a-t'n.d'r-,!tel++e(F Y+ q eq I r ic.d.'rr+tr+ ' so.0otifig' {tp rkrp' l+ eqdo.u foa,*AAi* " d1= ux. aShangmian shi 1892 nian chuban d li-tluJimmnChu-'tie [chu iie i.s. di-yi bul. Zhe shi Lu Zhuangzhongwei Xiomen, zhangzhou he Quonzhou ge difangyan sheji d Roma pinyin.