Xin Tang 6 - Pinyin.info

INT TTA${TGEW GHINADl-llu 0l 1985 nlan ShiyiyueNo. 6 November, l9B5ISSF{ CI?3!-0897

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XINTANGNEW CHINAISSN 0731-0897Oi-liu qi Vijiu bawu nlan Shlylyue No. 6 November, 1965Blanjl:Mel WeihengXi e T ongguangZhang LlqingWang YlmingChubanren:Mel WelhengZhang LlqlngCong dl-sl ql ql, XIN TANG shl yl zhong bu chushou d zazhl. Ruguo nlyao kan, qlng lalxin xlang wornn suoqu. XIN TANG hen xuyao pengyoudzhlchl he bangzhu. Ruguo nl yuanyl, ye you nengll, jlu qlng juanqlangel XIN TANG. Shumu bu zal duo, san-wu kual dou shl hen da d gull.Oanshi qing buyao mlanqiang. Zhlplao kal gel XIN TANG. Olzhl shi:XIN TANGP.O. Box 254Swarthmore, Pa. 19061USAKIN TANG you baoquao• 1985 by KIN TANG

BEN QI NEIRON6Bhsnjid HuaVuyan TaotunJohn DeFrancls Tongylcl-KongJuzheng 2-17LIng Dexlang Hanzl He Plnvln Wenzl d Voullelun 18-24ShiGuo lhengyan Shengmlng lhl Hua 25-28VangJun Wengal lashl 29TuhuaGushi(Chunmei Mimi Vouji)Rul Luobln HallongCun 30-37Guwen Xuandu Shanggud VI Plan Buwen 38-39WangVlmlng DuhouGan 40-41Nan-NO Zhijtlln Met You Vouqing Ma7LI Shlneng Wod Tongsht 42Wang Dallang WodQlzl 43NIHI Wod xuesheng 44DIan VIJun WodBlaomel 45Effendid (Afllntnd GushlWelwu'er Mlnzu Xuezhed Maozl 46FengmianHal DanShouhuoFengdiMatteo RIccIXlzl 01 JI II d Vi Ve

Bianjid HuaZhe yi qi d "Guwen Xuandu" women xuanle yi pian san qian duonilln qilln d buwen. Qizhong you san ge zi women sui ran chale henduocankaoshu he gongjushu, que rengran zhao budao tamen, de budaotamend fayin he ziyi. Zhei san ge zi jiushi "t/J ,~ ,'Ii N. WomenculUede ba zhei san ge zi nianzuo "miao, zhan, wei". Guanyu chuxianzai ben qi Ii zhei san ge zi d renhe cuowu dou &hi womend cuowu.Tingshuo Zhongguo bujiu hui chuban yi fen pinyin Zhongwenzazhi. Women feichang xingfen. Women zhi shi wengai d yeyu zhichizhe,suoyi dasuan zai kandao Zhongguod pinyin zllzhi yihou, jiu bllXin Tang gaicheng niankan, ye jiushi yi nian zhi chu yi qi.Di-qi qi jillng zhuanmen taolun Guoyu Luomazi, suoyi women bewei jinian Zhao Vuanren xiansheng, benlei dasUDn cong zhei yi qikaishi zhuanxie d Zhao xiensheng d wenzhang nuodao cong di-qi qikaishi. Xiexie xuduo pengyou dui Xin Tong d zhichi.

2HOMOGRAPHOB I AJOHN DEFRANCISHOMOGRAPHOBIA is a disorder characterized by anIrrational fear of ambiguity when Individual lexical items which arenow distinguished graphically lose their distinctive features andbecome identical if written phonemically. The seriousness of thedisorder appears to be In direct proportion to the increase Innumber of items with identical spe11tng that phonemic renderingmight bring about. The aberration may not exist at all amongpeople favored by writing systems that are already closelyphonemic, such as Spanish and German. It exists to a mild degreeamong readers of a poorly phonemic (actually morphophonemic)writing system such as English, some of whom suffer anxietyreactions at the thought of the confusion that· might arise if, forexample, rain, rmn, and mgD were all written as ~. It exists inits most virulent form among those exposed to Chinese characters,which, among all the writing systems ever created, are unique intheir ability to convey meaning under extreme conditions ofisolation.That the fear is a genuine phobia, that is an irrational fe8r, isattested to by the fact that it is confined only to those cases inwhich lexical items that are DQJ( distinguished in writing would losetheir distinctiveness if written phonemically, as in the case ofthe three English homophones mentioned above. Quite irrationally,the fear is not provoked by lexical items which ore not nowdistinguished in writing, even though the 8mount of alreadyJohn OeFrancis shi Xiaweiyi Daxued rongyu YUYllnxue jilloshou.- ----------_._-----------

Tongyinci-Kongjuzheng3ZHANG UQING fanyiTongyinci-kongjuzheng shi yi zhong xinli shang d shichang,tezheng shi hululmde haipa yong pinyin zhuanxie dangqing kaozixing fende hen qingchu d cir hui shiqu tamend bianbiexing. Kanqilai, zhei ge bing d yanzhongxing gen pinyin shuxie kenengzaocheng d tongxing pinshi shuliang d zengjia cheng zhengbi.Shiyong xiang Spanish (Xibanyawen) he German (Dewen) dengdengyijing jiejin yinsuzhi wenzi d ren yexu wanquan mei you zhei zhonglipud kongju, keshi zai shiyong bu jianquan yinsuzhi ru EnQliM(Yingwen) d duzhe dangzhong, que cunzaizhe yidian. Youd Yingwenduzhe yi xiangdao, bifang shuo, ba CAin, r.t.io he mi.gn dou xiechengrDDi keneng hui dailai hunluan he wujie, jiu feichang zhaoji. Zhei gekongjuzheng dui jiechuguo fangkuaizi d ren xianlu chu zui xiong'edmiankong; zai suoyou women renlei chuangzao d wenzi dangzhong,fangkuaizi shi hen dute d, ta keyi zai jiduIJn guli d qingkuang xiIJchuanda ziyi.Buguo, zhei zhong haipIJ zhi xianyu pa XIANZAI fende henqingchu d cir ruguo anzhao yinsu xie jiu hui shiqu qingxixing, birushangmian shuod san ge Yingwen tongyinci pinshi; zhei zhengmingzhei zhong haipa zhenzhengde shi yi zhong kongjuzheng, shi budalizhi d. Sui ran danqqiand tonqyinci kenenq bi jiashed. xianq nei sange dou nianzuo mrut d Yingwenzi, yao duo deduo; hen meidaolide,muqian xie qilIJi fenbu qingchu d cir que buhui yinqi zhei zhongZhIJng Liqing shi Xin Tangd yi ge bianji.

.. XIN TANG: NEW CHINAeXisting homography might be considerably greater thlm inprojected cases such as the mere three English words pronounced~. The English graphic form gn, for example, has at least tendifferent meanings which to a normal mind might appear as tendifferent words. But no one, either in or out of his right mind in suchmatters, suffers Imy anxiety from the problems which in theoryshould exist in such extensive homography.The uncritical acceptance of current written forms as animmutable given ignores the accidents in the history of writingthat have resulted in current graphic differentiation for somehomophones and not for others. Such methodological myopiacannot lead to any useful consideration of ambiguity. Rather, Ibelieve, analysis must be based on the multipliCity of meaningsattached to the same utterance regardless of how this sound iscurrently written and whether it is considered as comprising oneword or more than one word. After all, it is virtually impossible toreach agreement as to what constitutes a word.Another symptom of homographobia is the insistence that- thedistinctiveness of lexical items must be manifested in isolation.The phobia demands that the meanings of rain and rugn should begraphically distinguished in isolation regardless of the fact thatthey can be clearly distinguished even in such minimally differentcontexts as It raned for 10 dan and He raned for 10 days. Thisdemand is even stronger in the case of Chinese. Many people havebeen so conditioned by the distinctive ability of Chinesecharacters to convey meaning In isolation that they arepsychologiclllly incapable of giving up this undoubted advantageenjoyed by chflracters find are in terror that proposals forphonemic writing may lead to what they consider to be unbearablehomography, such as that engendered by writing ni for both "at"and "again," to avoid which they demand special spellings thatwould preserve the distinctiveness. Vet the phobia is not provokedby current homographs that are ambiguous in isolation, such aswith its two different pronunciations and some dozen and a halfdifferent meanings.Closely related to the symptom just noted is the obsessivecompulsion to draw up lists of lexical items which it is feared will

ZHANG lIQINGshaipli. Biru Vingwen zixing gm, zhishao you shi ge butongd yiyi; duiyi ge zhengchangd naozi lai shuo, yexu xiang shi ge butongd cir;zhaoli shuo, zeme duo d tongyinci yinggai you hendad wenti. Keshishishi que buran, yi ge zhengchangd ren, buguan tad naozizenmeYllng, dou buhui wei zhei jian shir gandao jiaolU.Zai wenzi fazhan d Iishi shang, youxie xianxing zixing you qubieer youxie que mei you zhei ge xianxiang shi youyu,yixie oufa shijianzaocheng d. Renmen mei you tiaojian de ba xianxing wenzi d pinshidangzuo buke gllibian d biaozhun, nmg renmen dui shangmiand zheige shishi queshllo renshi. Zhe daozhi yi zhong yanjiu fangfa shang djinshi, zhei zhong jinshi rang henduo ren dui ziyi bu qingchu zhei gewenti zhi hui zuo kongxiangshi d tantao, dechu d jieguo mei yourenhe yongchu. Wo geren xiDngxin, zhei fangmian d fenxi bixu yikoutou shuochu ziyin d ge zhong yiyi zuo jichu; buguan zhei ge yinxianzai zenme xie, shi yi ge cir haishi yi ge cir yishang. Shiji shang,shenme goucheng yi ge cir, changchang shi yilun fenyun, chabuduobukeneng d,{cheng xieyi d.T ongyinci-kongjuzhengd Iingwai yi ge zhengzhuang shi jianchicird qubiexing yeo zai guli d shihou ye neng biaoxian chulai. Zhe gebingzheng yaoqiu zai guli d qingkuang XiII, min (xiayu) he ~(tongzhO d yisi neng yong zixing bianbie chulai; sui ran zui qima djuzi, ru It raned for 10 dQ~5 (Xiale sishi tian d yu) he He raned for 109A~(Ta tongzhile 10 tian) keyi hen qingchude ba liang ge yisifenkai. Zhongwen zai zhei fangmian d yaoqiu geng qianglie. Henduoren bei fangkuaizi chulemingd, zai guli shihou ye keyi chuanda ziyi dnengli kongzhide hen Iihai, dao yi ge dibu, tamen xiangxln zhei yidian dique shi ge mei you yiwen de haochu, xinli shang mei fazifangqi zhei ge haochu; tamen yt tingjian yong yinsu pinxie d jianyijiO gandao konghuang, renwei hui daozhi chansheng wufa renshou dtongyinci, xiang ba "ti" he "/J" dou xiecheng·zai~ Weile bimian zheizhong tongyinci, tamen yaoqiu teshud pinshi, hao baochi zixingdbianbiexing. Danshi xianzai yijing cunzai d, guli shiJlou yiyi buqingchu d tongyinci, ru"fd liang ge butong fayin he jiangjin ershi gebutongd yisi que buhui yinqi tamen d kongjubing.Gen ganggang shuodao d zhengzhuang guanxi miqie d Iingwai yige zhengzhuang shi yi zhong qianglied chongdong, jiushi haoxiangzhuole mo shid yao zhizuo cihuibiao, ba tamen hen pa d, renwei

oJOHN DEFRANCIScl2use problems I2S homogrtlphs. The fl2mous 38 "words" pronounced)1 (with tone) and 90 written as Ii (without tones) are continuallycited 8S examples of insurmountllble ambiguity. Even nearhomographyis invoked as a danger by listing" number of characterexpressions which trtlnscribe 8S approxim8te 100k-8Iike, such as:zhanzhangzhanzhengzhengzhllnzhengzhangzhullnzhllnzhuanzhengzhullnzhang"station master""warf8re""go on II cllmpllign""badge""fight in one pi lice lifter 8nother""dictatorship""trtlnsfer IIccounts"Still another Irrational aspect of homographobia is theinsistence on IIdopting II style of writing which IIggravlltes the veryhomogrtlphy thllt is the bl2sis of the fellr. There lire II billionspeakers of various Chinese langUllges and dilliects, some highlyeducated, many completely illiterate, all of whom expressthemselves quite volubly on all sorts of topics with little 8pparentdifficulty from homophones. In the face of this situation, sufferersfrom homographobi8. insterld of seeking to exorcise their fellrs byhaving recourse to a style of writing that approximates obviouslyintelligible speech, often create I!I self-fulfilling prophecy byinsisting on writing in II style hellvily influenced by c111ssic121 usngesthllt when transcribed phonemicl!llly result in many homogrnphswhich even in context are unintelligible to the eye.This does not mean thllt I!IIl writing must lower itself to auniform style based on the colloquial style of everyday speech. InEnglish there I2re different levels of writing thl2t more or lesscorrespond to different registers of speech but have in commonthe essential feature that they are all comprehensible to the earwhen rend nloud. In Chinese it requires only that different levels ofwriting must be based more or less (of course not slavishly) onnormal language as spoken at different registers, from colloquialsll!lng to I!Icademic lectures, all of which are presumably Intelligibleto those who command these various levels of speech. As V. R. Chao

XIN TANG: NEW CHINA 1ken eng hui yinqi henduo wenti d tongyinei dou xie xialai. Zhumingdsanshi ba ge nianzuo "yi" (you shengdiao) d "zi" he jiushl ge nianzuo"Ii" (mei you shengdiao) d "zi" buduande bei tamen yinyong, zuoweimei you fazi kefu d eiyi hanhu d zhengju. Tamen shenzhi ba xuduozhuanxie fangkuaizi d, zixing dati xiangsi d xingjin-pinshi ye liexialai, nmg tian xingjin-pinshi ye ehengle yi zhong weixilm, ru:zhanzhangzhanzhengzhengzhanzhengzhangzhuanzhanzhuanzhengzhuanzhangT ongyinci-kongjuzheng lingwai hai you yi ge bu Iizhi d fangmian,jiushi jianchi wenzhangd mou zhong ticai; er qiaqia shi zhei zhongticai rang yinqi kongju d tongyinci xiande geng zao. You shiwanwanren shuo ge zhong d Zhongguohua he fangyan, youd shouguo hen gaod jiaoyu, youd wanquan bu shizi, danshi dou neng Iiuchangde tanlunge zhong ge yang d timu, zhi you henshao hen mingxian d tongyincigei tamen dailai nanti. Miandui zheiyangd shiji qingkucng,tongyinci-kongjuzheng d shouhairen que bu shefa zhuazhu jihui,Iiyong xianran shi jiejin kOuyu keyi tingdong d wenzhang xiefa laixiaochu tamend kongju, fan'er changehang jianchi yi zhong shenshenshoudao wenyan yingxiang d tieai h~i yuxian chuangzao nmg pinyinwenzi shibai d tiaojian. Zhei zhong tieai Ii d wenyan chengfen yongpinyin wenzi xie jiu hui zaoeheng henduo tongyinei, Iian fangzai juziIi ye hen nan yong yanjing kandong.Zhe bing bushi shuo suoyoud xiezuo bixu jiangdi ehengdu, yillishiyong richang kouyu zuowei ticai d jichu. Yingwen xiezuo youhen duo butongd chengdu, dou duoduo shaoshao gen butongdshuohua shuiping peihe, bingqie bulun ge wenzhang d chengduzenmeyang, dou juyou yi ge zhongyaod tedian, jiushi dasheng nianchulai d shihou, keyi rang erduo tingde dong. Women dui Zhongwen dyaoqiu ye zhi shi zhei "butong chengdu d xiezuo bixu duoduoshaoshao yi pingchang butong chengdu d yanyu wei jichu (dangran

6 XIN TANG: NEW CHINA(1934: 175-176) hils noted: "If in till king normlll Chinese II personmakes use of such a number of homonyms as to give his hearerstrouble, then it is a sign that his art of language is not good enoughin the first place. If, on the other hllnd, he takes cllre to make hislanguage clear and full in sound, then it is a language which islIutomaticlilly good for writing in romllnization."Like most phobias, homographobia is an exaggerated andirrational fear that is not completely without foundation. A highcliff hilS II potential for dllnger that is not entirely a figment of theimagination of those who suffer from acrophobilt The rationalperson, however, approaches the danger cautiously, calmly, with anattempt at a sober assessment of the relevant realities.In the case of Chinese, such an approllch requires the adoptionof a sound methodologiclIl framework for IIssessing the dllnger ofhomography. In his article on "Ambiguity in Chinese," V. R. Chao(1959) notes, for example, thllt "One important fllctor which affectsthe degree of ambiguity of II form is the reilltive frequencies ofthe alternate interpretations." He further notes: "The simplest kindof ambiguity of homophony is where the homophonous formsbelong to the same form class." At best, however, II soundtheoretical approach such as that advanced by Chao can onlysuggest hypotheticlIl problem areas. At worst it mlly stillielld thefearful to hallucinate fanciful and unlikely contexts, whose actulIlprobllbility IIpproximates that of the proverbial monkies typingout the Encyclopedia Bdttanicg, to prove thDt theoreticalambiguity can Indeed become reality.As II counter to such irrationl!lIity, the examples of othercharacter-based writing systems thllt have been provided withphonemic alternatives deserve careful attention despite the fDctthat they h8ve not entirely succeeded in dispelling the fear ofhomography. In Japan, the syllabic Kg systems are quitefrequently used by themselves, without characters, in communicDtioninvolving computers, Dnd phonemic omr.aji is the exclusivemeans of sending messages by telex. Nevertheless, many Japaneseremain impervious to these realities Dnd continue to invoke theproblem of ambiguity In non-Moll writing. North Korea has beenusing its IIlphabetic I::ImlgYi system exclusively for almost forty

ZHANG 1I0iNG 9bushi si bllnblln de yiYllng hUll hulu)"--cong koutou d tllnhull dlloxueshu shang d yanjiang dou yinggai neng nlng tanhua shuipingbutong d ren tingde dong. Zhao V. R. xiansheng zai tad wenzhang Iizhi chuilli (1934 nian: 175-176 ye): "Ruguo yi ge ren pingchangshuohua d shihou yong d tongyinci duode rang ting d ren you mafan,ta shuohua benshen d jiqi80 jiu bugou hllo. Fanguolai. roguo ta zhuyinmg ziji shuo d hua qingchu, fayin wanquan, zhei zhong yuyan jiuzinm-ernnde shihe yong pinyin lai shuxie."Xiang duoband kongjuzheng yiyang, tongyinci-kongjuzheng shiyi zhong kuada er bu Iizhid haipa; zhei zhong haipa bing bu shiwanquan mei you genju d. Hen gao d xuanya dique you weixianxing;jugaod ren PII til bing bu shi wllnqulln chuyu hUllnxillng. Keshi Iizhidren genju xianshi qingxing lai panduan, hen lengjing xiaoxin demiandui zhei zhong weixian.Chuli Zhongguo yuwen d gongzuo, xuyao yi ge zai fangfaxueshang hen jianquand jiehu lai dui tongyinei d weixianxing jiayi guji.Zhao V. R. xiansheng zlIi tlld wenzhang "Zhongwend Aimeixing" ( 1959nian) Ii shuo, ~'Vige yuei ehangchang you henduo butongd jieshi.Ruguo zhei henduo butongd jieshi ehuxian d pinlO ehabuduo, zhei gecir d aimeixing jiu hen gllo." Til geng jinyibude zhi chuilli, "Zuijiandan [er jiben) d aimei jiushi tongyin yuei d yongfa shuyu tong yige leibie." Buguo, lian xi ling Zhao xiansheng ti chuhli d zhei zhongjianquand liIunxing fenxifa ye jinjin zhendui jiashexing d ge zhongwenti. Genju zheiyang jiashexingd kanfa, jishi shi zuizao dqingkuang. tongyinci-kongjuzheng huanzhe ye dingduo huanxiangehu shiji shang hen nan cunzai d xiezuo neirong. Zhei zhong neirongeunzai d kenengxing jiu xiang weile zhengming liIun shang daimeixing keyi chengwei shishi er shiYlln rIIng yi qun houzi dachu IlD.Ying Baike Qyanshy lai yiyangde weixiao.Zhuanxie Hanzi d pinyin xitong hai meiyou hen chenggongdewanquan xiaochu yiban ren dui tongyinci:haipa, weile duikang zheizhong bulizhid kongju, zheixie pinyin xi tong zhide women hen zixidejiayi zhuyi. Zai Riben. shiyong diannao d xinxi jiaoliu changchangdandu shiyong IWIA pinyin xi tong, bu jia renhe Hanzi; dadianbao jiugengshi wanquan shiyong pinyind rmnDii Ie. Buguan zenmeyang,henduo Ribenren rengrlln Iinghui budao zhei zhong shiji. er jixubaozhe buyong Hanzi shuxie, yuyi jiu hui bu qingehu d kanfa. Bei-Han

10 JOHN DEFRANCISyears, but many South Koreans remain afflicted with fear ofhomography. Only in the case of Viet Nam has the adoption of aphonemic system of writing completely dispelled earliermtmlfestatlons of homographobia.So thoroughly has this fear been eradicated in the case ofVietnamese that specialists in the language react with someamusement at its existence in the Chinese field. I encountered thesame reaction from my colleague Samuel H. Elbert, a specialist inHawaiian, when I questioned him about his statement that "Partlybecause of Its few phonemes [and hence limited alphabet of only 13letters], Hawaiian has more words with multiple meanings thanalmost any other language." (Elbert 19841 He responded withill-concealed derision when I asked if this caused ambiguity inwritten Hawaihm, and he declined to take the time to satisfy myrequest for a list of homographs to provide evidence forspecialists in Chinese that even extensive homography does notnecessarily lead to ambiguity. My own tentative search into thematter reveals that even in my little pocket dictionary (Pukui,Elbert, and Mookini 1975) many entries do indeed have amultiplicity of meanings, and, to compound the matter, manyentries, a few of which are listed below, are as much look-alikes asthe Chinese examples cited earlier:hahahahuhakahakuhehahekehuhahuhuhukakahakahekahukakekakukohl!kohekohukokekokokuhakukakukekukuDespite look-alikes such as these, I must, since Professor Elbert isprobably the world's leading authority on Hawaiian, accept hiscategorical assertion that the writing system presents no problemof ambiguity and that homographobia is completely unknown is his

XIN TANG: NEW CHINAzhuanmen yong tad zimu wenzi Hangul yijing jiangjin sishi nian,henduo Nan-Hanren que hal zal wei halpa tongylncl er shouku. ZhlyouVuemm zai jieshoule pinyin xi tong yihou keyi wanquan genchuyuanxian suo blaoxian ehulai d tongyinei kongjuzheng.T ongyinci-kongjuzheng eong Vuenanwen Ii xilsoehude nemechedi, yizhiyu xianzai xuduo Vuenanwen zhuanjia kandao Hanxuejieeunzaizhe zhei zhong kongju jiu juede hen youqu. Wo cong wotongshi, Xiaweiyiwen zhuanjia, Samuel H. Elbert nar ye dedaotongyangd fanying. W'! xirmg trs qingjiao trs shuo d hurs, "Vi bufenyinwei Xiaweiyiwen yinsu hen shao [suoyi xianzhi zimu d shumu daozhi you 13 gel, suoyi Xiaweiyiwen Ii d duoyi zi keyi shuo bi shijieshang d renhe yuyan dou duo." (Elbert 1964 nian). Wo wen ta zheishifou zaocheng xie xialai d Xiaweiyiwen hen aimei. Ta hen nanyincang ta dui wo zhei ge wenti d chaoxiao, bingqie jujue hua shijianwei wo lie yl ge Xiaweiyiwen tongyinci cihuibiao, tigong zhengju,hao rang Zhongguo zhursnjiamen kandao: jishi shi daliangd tongyinciye buyiding hui yinqi wenyi shrsng d rsimei. Wo geren dui zhei jianshir suo zuo d yanjiu changshi biaoming lian wod xiao daizhuang[Xiaweiyi - wen) zidian (Pukui, Elbert, he Mookini, 1975 nirm) henduoeitiao dou dique ziyi fanduo, bingqie huo shang jiayou, henduo eitiaogen shrsngmian lie d pinyin Zhongwen yiyangde mianmao xiang si.Xiamian jiu lie ehulrsi yi bufen:haha kaha kokohahu kahe kuhrshaka kahu kukahaku kake kukeheha kaku kukuheke kohahuha kohehuhu kohuhuka kokeJiran Elbert jiaoshou dagai keyi suan shijie shang Xiaweiyiwen dIingdao zhuanjia, wo jiu gu bulirso zheixie xingsizi, bixu jieshou tazhan ding jie tie d duanyan, jiushi - shumian Xiaweiyiwen mei youaimei d wenti, tongyinei-kongjuzheng zrsi trs nei yi hang shi conglai"

12 XIN TANG: NEW CHINAfield.My colleegue in Vietnemese, Professor Stephen O'Herrow, wasmore willing to satisfy whet he too considered a rather curiousrequest on my pert. Consulting a dictionary to make sure he waspresenting reel words, he drew up the following list of what mey beconsidered look-alikes in Vietnamese:DAM -DAM O~N elNDAM -DAN DAM -D NDAM {)AN D~M {)~NDAM DAN ,O~M -D~NDAN {)AN O~M -DAMDAN DAN DAN {)$.MDAN -DAN D~N f)~MDAN -DAM O.t:N {)J.MDAN -DAM DXN -D~MDAM -DAM DAN -DAMDAM {)l.M {)AM {)ANDAM ..-D~M f)AM {)).NDAN -DAN DAM DlN$ ~DAN {)AN {)AM-D~NAt this point Professor O'Harrow's patience became exhausted,as he indicated that the list could be extended three-or-four-foldwith a few minor modifications of the single syllable. But even thisbrief sample Is enough to make some illuminating comparisonsbetween Vietnamese and Chinese phonemic writing. In the formerthe phonemic diacritics which supplement the phonemic letters areakin to the four tone symbols of Chinese. In Chinese, owing to theexistence of the neutral tone, each syllable has on the average onlyabout 0.8 of a tone mark. Apart from the four tone marks, Pinyinhes no ndditional orthographic embellishments (other than theinfrequent two dots over the letter.u nnd the still more infrequentsymbol' as a sign of syllable separation). Vietnamese, which lackse neutral tone, has five tone marks but 81so features orthographicembellishments such as crossing the letter d as well as t andadding circumflexes, breves, and hooks to various letters to

ZHANG UOING 13mei tingshuo guo d shiroWod yanjlu Yuenanwen d tongshl Stephen O'Harrow jlaoshou yejuede wod wenti he yaoqiu hen guguai, keshi ta bijiao yuanyibangmang mDnZU woo haoqi. \IIeile queding til zhao d zi dou shi shijid zi, ta jiezhu zidian, lie chule xiamian zhei ge yexu keyi jiaozuoVuenanwen xingsizi d cihuibiao:DAM -D~M D~N -DANDAM -DAN DAM --olN,~DAM -DAN D~M -DAND~M -DAN DlM fl~NDAN1-DAND~M-DAMDAN -DAN DAN -D~MDAN -DA,.N D~N -D:f.MDAN flAM D~N -DiMD~N;.-DAM DlN t)~MDAM -DAM D~Nl. J,DAM -DAM -DAM,D~MD~M BAM;.DAN~--o~M-DAN-D~N-DAN -DAN f)lN,$ ~ IDAN -DAN -DAMfllNliedao zher d shihou, O'Hrurow jiaoshou mei you nllixin Ie. Tilshuo ruguo bll mei ge yinjie shaoshao jlayi bianhua, zhei . gecihuibillo keyi lachang sansi bei. Buguo. lian zhei ge hen duan d biaoyijing zl,lgou biaoxian chu Yuenanwen he Hanyu pinyin d bijiao.Oianzhe biaoshi fayin d henduo xiao fuhao gen Hllnyu pinyin dshengdiao fuhDo hen xiangsi. Hanyu yinwei· you qingsheng, mei geyinjie pingjun zhi shlyong 0.8 ge shengdlao fuhao. COO1e sl geshengdiao fOOao, bu chang yong d fangzai u shang d liang ge dianr hegeng bu chang yong d geyin fuhao • , Pinyin mei you bied shuxie

11 JOHN OEFRANCISproduce the complete orthographic repertoire of 12 Vietnl2mesevowels. As a result, it averages about 1.5 of these additionalsymbols per syllable, twice the number in Chinese.The reilltive simplicity of Chinese wm become even greater if,as mllny advocate, tone indication is used only when necessary toavoid ambiguity. According to Vin Binyong (personalcommunication 217185), tests made on written materials indicatethat Chinese needs to add one of its four tone marks only on oneword (dr) in twenty. According to my own count, French with itsfive diacritics (cedilla and diaeresis; grave, acute, and circumflexaccents) actually odds one of these symbols on one word in six.It thus IIppellrs thllt if the Chinese III ways indicate tones theywould hllve to IIdd symbols only hilif liS often liS do the Vietnamese,and if they IIdd them only when necessllry they would have to do soless than a third as often as the French. Both the Vietnamese andthe French toke the writing of their little diacritics in their stride,faithfully adding them in virtulllly all circumstllnces, informlJl aswell as formal, much as we do in' dotting the letters i lind i andcrossing the letter 1. They IIppellr to be bothered hardly lit 1111about a feature of their writing the pllrallel of which engendersalmost panJnoid concern Imd contention in the Chinese field.It would be well for specialists in Chinese to ponder theVietnamese success in applying a phonemic writing to a languagewhich, heavily influenced as it was by Chinese, appears to havepresented problems--which turn out to be non-problems--closelyakin to those feared by our victims of homographobia. It would beespecially advisable to ponder the ricicule that outsiders expressregarding our preoccupation with problems of homography. Thefact of the matter is that our field is beset with egregiousmethodological errors noted in this paper that to my mind areextremely serious. They have led to much wasted effort inconsideration of ambiguity in Chinese and to a paralyzing fear ofhomography in phonemic writing.It is high time to end this state of affairs, which reflects badlyon our work, and to place our primary emphaSis on a methodologythat seeks to find occurrences of ambiguity in real-life situationsSome of these can be projected by a sound theoretical approach.

)(IN TANG: NEW CHINA 1:5fuhao. Vuenanwen mei you qingsheng, shiyong wu ge shengdiaofuhao; Iingwai hai you :lCiang zai d he t shang huaxian, zai henduozimu shang jill gao-di yinfu, dUlln yinfu he wangou dengdeng ll1iwancheng Vuenanwen shi'er ge muyin d quanbu shuxie tixi. Jieguomei ge Vuenanwen d yinjie pingjun shiyong 1.5 ge fuhao; liang bei yuHanyu.Ruguo xiang henduo ren jianyi d neiyang, zhi zai weile bimianaimei er you biyao d shihou cai biaodiao, yuanlai jiu bijiao jiandandHanyu pinyin wenzi jiu hui~ geng jiandan. Anzhao Yin Binyongxiansheng ( 1985 nian Eryue q~hao gen wo geren d tongxin) genju duishumian cailiao d tongji, mei 20 ge cir Ii zhi xUYllo jia si geshengdiao zhong d yi ge. Anzhao wo ziji d jisuan, you wu ge biaoyinfuhao d FDwen (shiyong ~ he diaeresis [bianyin yinfu] yiji~ [zhuoyin yinfu], ~ (zhongyin yinfu] he circymflex[changyin yinfu]) mei Iiu ge zi jiu yao shiyong qizhong d yi ge.Kanlai, ruguo Zhongguoren zongshi biaodiao, tamen shiyongtebie fuhao d pinlu zhi shi Yuenanren d yiban; ruguo biyao d shihoucoi biaodioo, jiu zhi shi Faguoren d sanfen zhi Vi. Vuenanren heFaguoren dou zoi jia xiao fuhao d daolu shang kuazhe dabu zou; jihuzai renhe qingkuang xi a, zhengshi changhe ye hao, fei-zhengshichanghe ye hao, tamen dou chengxin chengyi de zai ner jia fahao, jiuxiang women gei i he j jiD dianr, gei t jiD duanheng yiyang. Zheizhong jia fuhao d wenzi sihu yidian ye bu dar'ao tamen. Er tongyangdqingkuang que zai Hanxuejie yinqi chabuduo xiang konghuangyiyangd guanhuai he zhenglun.Vuenanwen shoudao Zhongwen d ji da yingxiDng. Vuenanwenshiyong pinyin kan qilDi jiu xhmg Zhongwen tongyinci-kongjuzhengshouhairen suo pa d neiyang, hui kunnan chongchong, keshi jieguoque mei you kunnan. Zhongwen zhuDnjia ruguo sikao yixia Vuenanwenzhuanxie d chenggong jiu hui you hen da d haochu. Geng zhide womensikao d shi waijie dui women si baozhe tongyinci zhei ge wentibufang zhei zhong taidu suo fachu d chaoxiao. Shiqing d zhenxiangshi women zhei ge zhuanye yijing bei fangfaxue shang d guodacuowu baowei Ie; ben wen yijing zhichu. lai wo kanlai, zhe shifeichang yanzhong d wenti. Zheixie fangfaxue shang d cuowu rangwomen zhi gulu Zhongwend aimeixing, daozhi yanjiu shang d ji dahmgfei, bingqie daozhi dui pinyin tongyinci tanhuanxing d kongju.

16 XIN TANG: NEW CHINAOthers hllve probllbly lIlretJdy come into being, liS mlly be the cllsein the considertlble body of tllphtlbetic writing thtlt simply cries outfor scholarly tlntllysis, materials which include such diverse itemsliS the Bible, the Soviet Constitution, lind .Ibrnu.gh the Lookingrum.A rtltionlll lIpprollch 1I10ng the lines indicllted lIbove willdoubtless confirm the conclusion reached by Chllo (1959 : 10) thatChinese liS a whole is "neither much more nor much less ambiguousthlln most other lllnguages." It would logiclllly seem to follow fromthis thllt 1I phonemic writing system for Chinese on the whole wouldalso be neither much more nor much less lImbiguous thlln otherphonemic systems of writing such liS English, SplInish, German, andRussitm.ln other words, it seems to be lin elementtlry truism that aPinyin orthogrtlphy thllt is truly bllsed on speech (of course ntvarious levels), Dnd thllt is provided with II minimum number ofjudiciously determined specilll spellings to IIvoid lIttestedoccurrences of unllcceptllble lImbiguity jn relllistic contexts, cnnfunction as 1I simple and prtlcticnl orthogrtlphy for Chinese. Theimplementation of such an orthogrtlphy appears to offer the bestpossibility for curing 1I1l but the completely hopeless CDses ofhomogrophobia.REFERENCESChno Vunn Ren. t 934. "The Idell of n System of BlIsic Chinese."aUllrtedy Bulletin of Chinese Bibli09lllWlY I. 4: 17 t - t 83.Chllo Vuan Ren. 1959. "Ambiguity in Chinese." In Studill SericaBernhard Karlgren Dedicota, pp. 1-13. Copenhagen.Elbert, SlImuel H. 1984. "A Short lesson on Trtlnslllting intoHawaiian." Honolulu (November, I g84), p. 32.Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther Mookinl. 1975. IhePocket Hawaiian Dictionor~. Honolulu.

ZHANG UQING 11Zhei zhong qingkuang gei women d yanjiu chengguo dailailebuild yingxiang. )(ianzei zheng shi jieshu zhei zhong qingkuang d haoshihou. Women yinggai ba zhongdian fangzai cong xianshi yuyanzhong xunqiu aimei lizi d tangta shang. Vi buten lizi keyi yongliIunxingd shouduan jianli. Bied lizi keneng yijing cunzei; bushaoyong pinyin xie d cailiao zhengzai huhuan xuezhe qu tenxi tamen;zheixie cailiao baoluo wanxiang, bitang shuo yong pinyin xie dSilmgjjog, Suweiai )(ianta he Toushjjjog dengdeng.)(iang shangmian biaoshi d neiyang, yi ge yanjiu Zhongwen dlixing tujing, haowu yiwen de, keyi zhengming Zhao Vuanrenxiansheng d jielun (1959 nianpi-1 0 ye), jiushi: cong zhengti lai kan,Zhongguohue "gen bted daduoshu yuyan bi, bu geng Dimei huozhegeng bu Dimei". Luoji shang, women sihu keyi cong zhei yi diandedao jielun: Jiu zhengti lai kan, yinsupin Zhongwen bu hui bi biedpinyin wenzi ru Vingwen, )(ibanyawen, Dewen, he Ewen geng aimeihuozhe geng bu aimei. Huan ju hue shuo, yi ge gongrend jiben zhenlisihu shi: Ruguo shuxieti yong huo yuyan (dangran you butongdshuiping) ZDO jichu, ye zhi zDi weile bimian shiji xiezuo zhong buneng bei rongren d aimei et shiyong zui shao d tebie fuhao; zhei geshuxiett jiu keyi zuo jillndan er shiji d Zhongguo pinyin wenzi. Kllnlai.chule yixie bing ru gllohullng d ren, shiyong zheiYllngd yi zhongwenzi keyi gei women tigong zhihao suoyou Zhongwentongyinci-kongjuzheng huanzhe d zui da jihui.Cankao ZiliaoZhao Vuanren. 1934 nian. "Guanyu Jichu Hanyu d Vi ge Kanta".Zhongguo Hulu Jjkan I. 4: 171-183Zhao Vuanren. 1959 nian. "Zhongwen d Aimeixing." Jian studiDSeMea Bernard Kar)greo. Copenhagen (Kebenhagen) 1-13 yeoElbert, Samuel H. 1984 nian. "fanyi cheng )(iaweiyiwen d RumenKe." Honolulu, 1984 nian, Shiyyue, di-32 yeoPukui, Mary Kewenna, Samuel H. Elbert, he Esther Mookini. 1975nian. Dojzhwmg )(jawejyjwen Zjdjon, Honolulu.

18HANZI He PINYIN WENZl d YOULIE LUNLING DEXIANGI. Hanzid tedian:1 . Hanzl zlshu zhongduo.Zuowei shuxie xiandai Hanyu d xiandai Hanzi, suinm mei youwu-liu wan neme duo, dan ye gaoda wanshu. Zhei shang wan d Hanzl,yiban shuohli jiushi shang wan d yusu fuhao, xuyao yige yige derenshi jiyi.2. Hanzid pingmlanxing.Fangkuai pingmian wenzi yiban laishuo bi liuxianxing wenzichucun d xinxi duo, y)yu bianren. lai yiban qingkuang xia, yi ge gudlliHanzi daibiao yi ge cir; er yi ge zi (clr) wangwang you henduod yiyi.Nilshid Hanzi gen jintilln d xiandai Hrmzi bi, zlli biaoda yiyi shangkeyi shuo shi chao-fuhe yunxing d; ye jiushi "wen duan yl chang" dyisi. Zhei zhong wen duan yi chang d xianxiang shi youyu gudai Hanyuyong tongyin zao cir. xingcheng cihui dtm-yinjiehua er chllnsheng d.Name, xhlngdui yu xiandai Hanyu shum~8n~u laishuo, zai saodu dshihou, gu Hanyu mei ge cir suo zhlln d shizhi jiu shao deduo. Womenguqie ba zhei ge chengw~i "[suo]duanhua". Zhengshi youyu dUllnhulId yuangu, cai xingchengle Hanzld pingmianxtng, shlde Hanzi zai jiao~ ,.shao d shizhi zhong chucun jiao duo d xinxi. Huan ju hua shuo, Hanzidpingmianxing shi weile yao shiying duanhull d "jiya" er xingcheng d.Zai xhmdai Hanyu zhong, cihui d shuang-yinjiehua huoduo-yinjiehua rang Hanzi cong gu Hanyu zhong cir d diwei jiangdidao yusu d diwei. Guoqu yong yi ge zi shuxie yi ge cir, jintilln queyong lirmg ge huozhe geng duo d zi Illi shuxie yi ge cir. Women yeguqie ba zhei ge chengwei dllnci d "[IaJchanghua" xillnxhmg; ye keyiLing Dexiang zai Zhongguo Anhui Jiaoyu Xueyuan gongzuo.

XIN TANG: NEW CHINA 19shuo shi "xilmhuD yanshen". Genju Chen Mingyulln tongzhi dtongji~iandai Hanyu danci d pingjun ehangdu wei 1.48 ge yinjie.Er gudai Hanyu danei d pingjun ehangdu (genju Yin Binyong tongzhi dtongjj): xian-Oin 1.05 ge yinjie, Han 1.07 ge yinjie, Tang Song 1.06 geyinjie, Ming Oing 1.10 ge yinjie. Pingjun ehangdu zengjiale 0.4zuoyou.Hanzi zai danei d ehanghull guoeheng zhong, bu shi yong fenliebenshen d jiegou lai shiying yuei d ehanghua, er shi tong guo hanzi jiaHllnzi, hebing xingcheng d. Ru:s. j;, b h' j; • ff ---~ JL I ,er u 5 I:! ---~ 1it---~ It e ,er bu shi It ---~ f -tCong duoyudu (redundancy) d jillodu lai kan, ruguo zuowei shuxie guHanyu d HDIlzi duoyudu shi zuijiazhi (ehangshu shi I) d hua, namezuowei shuxie xillndlli HlInyu d Hllnzi duoyudu jiu shi 1.4 zuoyou, jiudayu zuijiazhi baiten zhi sishi zuoyou.Oishi Hanzi ye bu shi nei zhong yonglai zuo xinJixue shiyan,pzsilie zhengqi d wzsnmei "pingmizsn wenzi".Hanzi pingjun mei ge zi d bihua bijiao duo, bihua zuhe d guiluxingye bu qizsng, jiu billoxilln ehu:( I ) Oingxidu eha (bihua duo, tebie shi heng xiantiao jiao duo dzi.)(2) Qubiexing eha (you bushao xingjinzi.)(3) Xitongxing ehD (bujicn shumu duo, zuhe tangshi ye bianhuabudingJWomen yibzsn suoweid Iiuxhmxing wenzi, ye zhishi xiangdui eryan, buguo zhl zimu d liuxianxing pailie bale. R~guo ba pinyin zimusijiao-shi pDilie xingeheng pingmianxing, jingzh¥ zhuangtai dbillnren keneng hui rongyi xie, dongtlli sllodu jiu buyiding hen youli,yinwei saodu bijing shi Jiuxianxing d yundong. Er ruguo pingmianxingpinyin zimu keyi blloyou zheiyangd hlloehu, zhizuo pingmianxingpinyin zimu ye shi ji rongyi zuodao d.You ren ba Hanzid "dian" he "heng" deng bihua d hengpai gen

20 LING DEXIANGzimu d hengpai xiangti binglun. Na shi buda tuodang d. Jiu rutongbuneng ba zimu kancheng gen Hanzi ylyang, ztmu ye bu dengtong yublhua. BlOOa (xlantiao) keyi zucheng hanzl huo zlmu. Hanzl shi yusufuhDO, er zimu ylbande lDI shuo, shl yinsu fuhao. Bihuu, Hunzi, zimu,sanzhe dou bu zui tong yl ge cengci. Women bu ylnggai ba" xx "kancheng shi liang ge ",.. n bihua, " "t "kancheng " ,:t " he II -t " liangge bihu8. T ongY8ng, women ye bu yinggal ba "an" kanzuo "a" he "n"blhua, "ai" kunzuo "a" he "i" bihua. Zimu d zuoyong daoshi gen Hanzidbuji~n bijiao jiejln.Hanzt bu fen~t ttanxie. Zat gu Hanyu zhong, yi ge Hanzt dazhijiushi yi ge cir, vinci bu tenci lianxie ye neng fenqing mel ge cir. Erzai xiandai Hunyu zhong henduod cir you liang ge huo liang geylshang d Hanzl zuchengi mel you elr-Iianxie, jiu gei ren lijie shangdanai yldlngd kunnan. Zheiyang (bu fenet lianxie) sOOxie bijiaosheng planfu, dan bing bu xlang youd tongzhl suoshuod neiyang keylsheng sanfen zhi Vi. Tamen suo ju d Hanyu Pinyin lizl, cir bu shiIianxle d. Ruguo cir li1mxie (jincou ylxie), jiashang suoxiao hangju(pinyin zimu qingxidu jiao gao, key! liiewei jlanshao hangju ye bu huiylngxiang yuedui henduod pinyin wenzi duwu dou shi zheiyangpal ban d), planfu shang d chabie jlu bu hul tal da. Ruguo Hanyu Pinyinzhengshi ehe'ngw'i wenzi d hua, su~xi~ deng xingshi hai keyi zaijianshao yidian planfu. Zheiyang, erzhe zai pianfu shang jlu huixiangcha hen xiaolHanzi you yidingd biaoyinxing, dan blaoyin ehengdu jlao di.Xiandai Hanzi zhong xingshengzi gao da baifen zhi jiushi. Danyouxiao biaoyinlii zhl you baifen zhl sanshi jtu. Ciwai, hai you yixie ziyizi duoyin, zid yuyin tishixing hen chaoCong gu HDnzi gen gu HDnyu xlang shiying d jiaodu kun, shanggueihui jiaoshao, zhuyao yong tongyinci fangfa zao xinci, xingcheng guHanyu zhong danyinjie clr zhan duosOO, Hrmyu yinjie jiao shao dzhuangkuung. Hanzi wene shiying zhei yi ge tedian, caiyong yixingziqubie tongyinci. Suizhe yuyand fazhan, clhuiliang ju zeng, daliangshiyong tongyinci d danyin jiegouci zhongyu zoudaole jixilm, yushizhuan er daliDng shiyong yi danyinjie wei jichu d fuheyin jiegouci.Fuheyin jiegouci wei Hanyu chrmsheng xinci kalpile guangkuodtiandt, dada Jianshaole tongytnci d shuliang, rang Hanyu zoushanglejingmlhua d daolu. )(iandai Hanyu zhong fuheci yijing zhan baifen zhi

XIN TANG: NEW CHINA 21jiushl. Hanzi zuowei shuxie Hanyu fuhao tixi d zuoyong ye suizhegaibian, jueda duoshu Hanzi eong yi zi yi" eif d diwei jiangdao yi zi yiyusu d diwei. Vi fangmian daliang yixing tongyinzi zai yidingehengdu shang ehengwei xuexi shang d fudan, danyinei d ehanghuazengjiale eird duoyudu, shi eir biande benzhong er bu rongyishiyong. ling yi fangmian henduod yixing tongyinzi zai chengw~Heisu d shihou, you yidingd yuyi tishi zuoyong, bangzhu renmen eongzi dao eir d xuexi shang d guodu.II. Pinyin wenzi d ledian:" ,I. Pinyin wenzid jishi ge zimu anzhao yidingd guilO jiu keyipinxie ehengqian shangwan d yue~ keyi shuo jianbian dao jidian. Danbuneng renwei zhiyao xuehuile jlsm ge zimu jiu keyi xiang xuehuijiqian ge Hanzi neiyang nenggou shuxie yuei. Zimu zai zueheng eirzhiqian, ehule shaoshu zuowei daihDo huo suoxie d zimu yiwDI, jihudou bu biaoshi yiyi, zhi biDoshi yinsu . Zimu pinxie yuei d jianbianchu ZhUYDO jirmli zei koutou neng shuo d jichu shang, er bu shi xif:lngHDnzi shuxie yuei zhuyao pingjie yuyi d Iianxi.Vou ren be Hanzi he Hanyu Pinyin nalai duibi, zhaole shi weiZhongwenxi d daxuesheng bi erzhed ehaoxie sudu; you zhaole yidUDn kewen rang xiaoxuesheng tingxie, IDi bijiao zhengquelU, jieguodeehu "Hanzi hao xue hao yong" d jielun. Buguo, zanqie bu shuojieshou shiyrm d daxuesheng dou shi yon9guan Hanzi d ehengren,jiushi xiaoxue yi-nianji d xuesheng ye dou shi yi yong Hanzi wei zhud. Ruguo zhao Ying Mei guojia d xiaoxuesheng lai shiyen, jieguo jiubu hui zheiyang. Zheiyangd shiyan benshen jiu jing buqi tuiqiao.Hanyu Pinyin shi juyou xitong d. Ershi ji ge zimu pineheng sibai duoge yinjie jiu xiangdDng yu shang wan ge Hanzi. Vi ge yinjie dui yi geHanzi d bijiao benshen jiu shi bu shuyu tong yi ge eengei d duibi.Zhiyou ba zhei sibai duo ge yinjie tong shang wan d Hanzi duibi, huoyi ge yinjie 'len tong yi ge yinjie d suoyoud Hanzi xiangbi, huoxu yaoyou shuifuli xie. Caiyong tingxie d fangfa Jai bijiao zhengquJO wentigeng

22 LING DfXIANGPinyin d jianbian.Liuxianxing zuhe d pinyin wenzi yiban bi pingmlanxlng wenzlchucun xinxiliang shao. Dan youyu mei ge cird zimu jiao shao, zimuguilOxing bijiao qiang, xitongxing bijiao gao, jiazhi saodu d shihoushi liuxilmxing dongtai yundong d, yinci zhei fangmian d quedian bushifen xianzhu.Pinyin wenzl you fenei lianxie, daxlaoxle deng, you1i yu dul yucid Jijie, you yidingd eiyi tishi zuoyong. Dangnm pinyin wenzi benshenxuyao zheiyang zuo, fouze xiang Hanzi neiyang yi ehangehuan xiexloqu, jiu keneng wu fa lijie.Pinyin wenzi wanquan biaoyin. Vouxie ciyu koutou neng shuo jiuneng xle chulal, buyldlng yao yl ge elr yl ge elr de qu xue, neng zalketang wai shoudao xiaoguo. Tebie zai gen Putonghua jiejin dbeifang fangyanqu zhong shiyong, zhei zhong youdirm jiu youqixlanzhu.Cong shiying Hanyu d jiaodu kan, Hanyu yinjie Sh80, jianming errongyi xue. Vong pinyin wenzi shuxie Hanyu, "zi" he "hua" yilO; eongzongU lal kan, ye rongyi xue rongyl yong. Dan zheng youyu Hanyuyinjie shao d yuangu, sui ran jingguo jiehe goud, xiandai Hanyu dhuizhong rengran you baffen zhf shf d tongyfnei. Zheixie tongyineihenduo shi xuyao jiayi qubie d. Lingwai Hanyu pinyin wenzi yi geyinjie biaoshi henduo yusu, duod dao shang bai, shaod ye you shi gezuoyou. Zhelyang, jlngjl!m shl jlngjian, dan zuowel yusu d ylnjle zalelr zhong yuyi d tishixing jiu bijiao chale.III. Hanzi he pinyin wenzi nei yi ge geng youyue7Otan bujiu, you ren tongguo Hanzl bixing shiyong pinW zuidixianhe zuigaoxilm d bijiao, dechu Hanzi duoyu xinxi1iang da, er renweiHonzt hao xue hao yong. Ve you ren renwet henduo Hanzl diu hengshao pie ye neng ren chulai, suowei duoyudu da, jiashang shangmiansuo shuo d xinlixue shiyan, renwei Hanzi rongyi bianren, hao xue haoyong. You ren h81 Of! yl sui ylxfa d ylng'er jinxing xlnli shiyon, yongcaozuo tiaojian-fanshe d fangfaxunlian tamen fenbian yi duidui dH!:Inzi, H!:Inyu Pinyin he Yingwenci, ru "W ", "I "dui "tang", "kong"he "~", "~" deng, zhengming Hanzi bi Vingwencl rongyibionren, Vingwenel you bi Hanyu Pinyin rongyi bionren. Oishi zhei geshiyan zhi neng zhengming qubiexing tezheng duo d xi!:lntiao bijiaorongyi bhmren, bing buneng zhengming Hanzi haoren. Ruguo shuo

XIN TANG: NEW CHINA 23yllnyu shi xinlixue Yllnjiu d duixillng, yUylln shi YUYlInxue Ylinjiu dduixiang, neme keyi shuo, zuowei ge'lin lai kan d wenzi shi xinlixueyanjiu d duixillng, er zuowei shuxie yuyan d fuhao d wenzi tixi jiushiYUYllnxue (wenzixue) yanjiu d duixillng. Zheixie xinxilun d tuilun,fuhlloxue d Yllnjiu, xinlixue d shiyan, zuiduo zhi neng zhengmingcong ge'lin d duibi Illi klln, yixie qubiexing tezheng jillo duo duoyudujillo dll d Henzi (xientiao huo fuhIlO), xiangduide lai shuo, bijiaorongyi bienbie. Denshi que buneng cong zhei yi dian dechu zuoweifuhllo tixi d Hlinzi yinwei duoyudu dll jiu hllo xue hllo yong zhei gejielun.Wenzid youlie jiu klln tll shifou neng zuodao jingmi jianbian.Cong wenzi d rongyi billnren, neng zhunque jingmide shuxie yuyanzhei ge jiaodu lai klln, mei ge cir, xiangduide lai shuo, dou youyidingd duoyudu, you yidingd qubiexing tezheng; cong yunyongjiaodu lai kan, yaoqiu guiliixing qiang, fangbian yu "ju yi fan san",yaoqiu jinkeneng bianyu shiyong, rang duoyudu quxiang yu zuijiazhi,jiushi "jingmi er bu shi jianbian, jillnbilm er bu shi jingmi". Zhei jiushihengliang yi ge shuxie yuyan d fuhao tixi--wenzi--youlie dbillozhun.Duiyu Hanzi, yao cong Iishi fazhan d jiaodu qu kandai ta. Hanziceng youxillode shuxiele gu Hanyu, bingqie jintian hlli zai jixu fahuitlld zhineng, juyou buxiud Iishi gongxun. Olin suizhe yUylln d fllzhlln,Hanzi jianjian buneng shengren. Xlanchu zishu zhongduo; bihua zuheguiliixing cha; cong cir d jiaodu kan, xiangdui yu gu Hanyu, xiandoiHanzid duoyudu guo dll; billoyin chengdu jiao di, suoyi xillndoi Hanziyou bull yu xuexi d yl mlan, blxu jlayl galge cal neng shlying yuyandfllzhan. Cong muqian \lIi kiln, Hllnzi hili you til he Hanyu xiang shiyingd yi mian. Zai mei you bi til geng hao d shuxie fuhao tixi dlliti tayiqilm, Hllnzi hai yao jixu fahui ta shuxie Hanyu d zhineng.Hllnyu pinyin wenzi shi Zhongguo wenzi gllige d fongxillng. ViHanyu Pinyin fang'an wei jichu xingcheng d pinyin wenzi, youdiangUrtin hen duo, dan zlli gen Hanyu xi ling shiying deng fangmian haiyou xuduo wenti Yllo jiejue. Henduo wenti keyi zlli yuyan d fllzhllnguocheng zhong zhubude dedao jiejue. Henduo wenti hai xuyao zoiyuyan shijilln zhong jiayi jiejue, rang ta zhubu wanshan.IV. I.Dali tuiguang Putonghua. Shehuid xiandaihua yaoqiu yuyanye xiandaihua, guifanhua. Dui women loi shuo jiushi renren yao shuo

24 LING OEXIANGHan minzu d gongtongyu--Putonghua. Zhiyou renren dou shuoPutonghua, pinyinhuad wenzi.cai neng bei renmen pubiande jieshou.2. Kuoda Hanyu Pinyin fang'an d zuoyong. Vixie lianci, gantanci,zhuci, renming dimino, wailaici, fanoyanci, zhuanye shuyu deno keyixian yong Hanyu Pinyin shuxie, zai Hanzi zhong jiayong, bing zhubukuoda Hanyu Pinyin yuci d tanwei, huozhe genju butong diqu dbutong qingkuang fen xianhou jinxing. Ru beifang diqu yong HanyuPinyin xiaoguo jiao xianzhu d dihsng xian zou yi bu, zai saomang hexiaoxueshel'1g d xuexi zhong yunxu pubian jiayong Hanyu Pinyin.Zongzhi, vao "yi yong cu xue, yi yong cu yan".

)(IN TANG: NEW CHINA 25' I I ll" i :, 1i ! it I -uI I-{)iit:J.... 10 ai'1' iii : u' :,! :J: '-;: "III.:Ii ~tl" :11 ~ ~;~.p ~I· It: :"!. ,_. -'Shengming zhi Hua-­Xiangei Qingnian Pengyou dVi Shou XiaoshiVueliang zai momode yidong;Huar zal wusheng zhong kaifang.Rend shengmingke xiang xishui yiyang qiaoqiao liushi;Ve ke xtang 'emu pubu, jlqt cengceng hualang;ke xiang hushui yiyang anxiang pingjing;Ve ke xlang dahald julang, benteng felyang.

26 GUOZHENGIt:,~I1 ,iti!4~ , !)l.' ; r7171'-~1'1 :1 ' , ~ ,, 4~t,1' IItiJiifjl !V I -t, -y, ii~ ..I tIf I I ~J,~1tI 1,~)I1'~'I1 ', !~' ,:'! .~~' , : ~~..,, 1'-I !, ,"" II ::* ~'l i 1-~' ,i l:....-~T!:"';j,.~i .' 1 ~::1i{•/"" Ii -t' 1J 1 :~ ! Iit!: J1! ~i ~lI 1. i~d11/\ 4.! '~Iill !t! 1 1I,~Ib ;V'ti:~i 11I t .:'"(!I~ i -; iIt iIII1:}1": II!JI:tl if!It! 1- 3 1I I1- --1 ,Il.t ' I! I , U, 1,_, -,1IShengming IIINi ke xiang xiaocao yiyang wei dadi tushang yidian caise;Ve ke xia,n~ huixind jiangren[wei qiwu] dushang jinsed guangliang;Ni ke xiang xiumu yiyang zai fengyu zhong kulan;Ve ke xiang jingqiaod yirenwei renlei diaosu chu bGoshi zhi hUG, shGnshlln taguGng;

)(IN TANG: NEW CHINA21lai women meilid zuguo,Zai women weida shidai d jintian,Shengmlng zhl hua xiande gewai xianyan;Shengming zhi huo xiande gengjia shengwang.Nianqingd pengyou alVunn nid qingchun zhi hoo,lni shengmingd dndao shang,Ranshao chu xlongxiongd huogunng.

28 GUO lHENGVANIf, iZI iti :lfJ 'll i I~jr1~' "'1 III Ii! 111 I' "I !itll : j i :.~:.I I I .~ I I '~'I: J, ,~. ! ." .1 11~ lill"1 i .• I ~;I...... ' .' : i 1 ,VQ ~ ."11 ,~: ::.J ,'I Ii' ~ ,lL, ,),1 'T" ';-J; ~ ~; :~(~ : .;.,,: i. 11 I i I. 'l. i : 1b '.,: I: ill .. 1. I rlll :~!14 I.:~I !,' ~.Zi lGI I I: 'Iii 1'1' , I!. ; '~I i!I I· I(i I I :: I!; ! I iI i :dJj I! iII: "t !I ' . .! IiiI I I. " IYuan nid chonggao lixiang.lai shengmingd dahai zhong jiqi pengpai d julrmg;Vuen nid shengming zhi hua.lei Zhonghua minzu d baiooayuan Ii.FDngshe coo gengjiD yDnlid cDiguDnglHa'erbin Shifan DaxueGuo Zhengyan1985 nian. Viyue ershi wu ri

29Wengal ZashlYang JunDi-wu Shouy , •Shi [/liJ zhi wenglJi si buhui,BujilJn HlJnpin rnu burning.Bu you shenjilJ dlJn you guo,Xitlo dui qilJn ren mlJ, "Ttl 'eng."79.3.24Di-Qi ShouShixilJn pinyinhulJ,BilJnli xinxihulJ,JilJsu xilJndlJihulJ,Zhenxing dlJ ZhonghulJ.61. 6. 26

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365hanggud Vi Pian Buwen-Fu Hao d FenmianXiandai Hanyu ZhuyinYoubian:"[Xuyon:] Jio-Shen bu. Oue zhen: Fu Hoo mion mioo. \IIong zhon vue. 'Oiwei Ding mion miao. Oi wei Geng mian hong ji.' [Jieguo:] San xun zhiyi rio Jia-Yin. mian. Bu miao; wei nii."Zuobian:"[Xuyon:] Jio-Shen bu. Oue zhen: Fu Hoo mizln. Bu qi mioo. [Jieguo:]San xun zhi yi ri, Jia-Yin, nii mian shen. Bu miao; wei nO."Xia'nd~i Hanyu FanyiYoubian:"[Xuyon:] Jia-Shen nei tion (shao guijia) zhanbule. Shi Oue zhanbu d.[Buyan} shi: Mingzi jiao Hao d niiren d fenmian hui hen hao. \liang(kanle guijia shang d lieheng,) shuo, "Ruguo Hao zai Ding nei yi tianfenmian hui hen hao; zai Geng nei yi tian jiu feichang jili.' [Jieguo:)Di-sanshi yi tian. jiushi Jia-Yin zhei yi tian, Hao shengchanle. Hen buhao; jiu shengle yi ge nuhaizi."Zuobian:'/ v_" __ -v. -v ''-_1/"[X~an:] Jia-Shen nei tian (shao guijia) zhanbule. Shi Que zhanbu d.[Buyon] sht Mingzi jiao Hao d nuren d fenmia'n d~gD1 bu hui'hen haer.[Jieguo:] Ol'-sli'nsh; yT tian, jiUshi Jia-Yin 3he1 yhian, Hao shengle yfge shenttHen bu hacY;ji~ shengle YI ge nuhaizi."Yingwen Fanyi"(Preface:) Crack-making on Chi ashen (day 21). Ch'Oeh divined:'(Charge:) Fu Hao's childbearing will be good.' (Prognostication:)The king. reading the cracks, said: 'If it be a ting day childbearing,it will be good. If it be a keng day childbearing, it will beextremely auspicious: (Verification:) On the thirty-first day,chia-yin (day 51), she gave birth. It was not good. It was a girl."(Preface:) Crack-making on chia-shen (day 21). Ch'i.ieh divined:'(Charge:) Fu Hao's childbearing will not perhaps be good.'(Verification:) On the thirty first day, chi a-yin (day 51 ), she bore abody(?). It was not good. It was a girl." (From David N. Keightley,Sources of Shang~: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of BronzeA.gtlbina (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), fig. 12.

XIN TANG: NEW CHINA 39

40Duhou GanWang YimingGudaid ren dui zirllnjie mei you shenme renshi he Iiaojie, quekeyi guanchll dllo ziranjied xuduo xianxillng. Zheixie xianxiang zaitomen kanloi budan shenmi, erqie juyou quanweixing. Yinwei xi wangneng dedllo ziranjie ge zhong quanwei d renke he zhishi, shijie gedidguren dou yong zhanbu d bllnfa lai yuce kUlliyao fasheng d shiqing.Zhongguo gudaid ren ye bu liwai.Qianbian zhei pian duanduand buwen shi yong Shang chao Iiuxingd Honzi xie d. Yinwei nashid ren ba nashid Hanzi kezai wugui ker heniud Jianjia gu shang, xianzaid ren jiu ba zhei zhong Hanzi jiaozuo"Jia[j.s. wugui kerHNiu]guwen". Zhei zhong Hanzi bu zhidao zaishenme shidai bei maizai di dixia Ie, yizhi dengdao zhei ge shiji dqitou cai bei faxian.Hen mingxian, zhei pian buwen shi jiJu yi ge zhanbu guoeheng dchanpin. Chongtud neirong tenbie kezai yi ge wugui ker d zuoyouliang bian; feiehangde duieheng. Bu zhidao shi bushi nei ge shidaiYljmg youle "you zun zuo bei" d guannian, youbiand jilu bijilloxiangxi; xiefll shi cong shang wang xia, eong zui waibian wang Ii.Zuobiand xiefa ye shi eong shang wang xia, eong zui waibian wang Ii.Henduo tinghuod Zhongguoren dao xizlnzai hai baoliuzhe zhei geeong shang wang xia, eong youbiand zui waibian wang Ii (ye jiushiwang zuo) xie d xiguan. Zhei pien san qian duo nian qian d buwen daokeyi gei tamen tigong yi ge hen hao d genju.Meiguo funu kanle zhei pian buwen, dagai hui shuo, "Ha, halZhenshi dananren-zhuyi daole jidianl" Wo ziji suiran bu shi Meiguofunu, keshi jin buzhu yao tongyi tamend kanta. Zhenshi hen youyisidshiqing, yuanlai Zhongguo shehui zai zeme zao d shihou jiu yijingWang Yiming shi Xin Jangd yi ge bianji.-,---'-- - --------

XIN TANG: NEW CHINA 41you "nlln zun ni.i bei" d sixillng, Zhong guo guomn shi yi ge wenhuatebie fadad guojia al Buguo, genju kaoguxuejiad yanjiu, Zhongguoshehui cengjing shi muxi shehui. Muxi shehui buyiding "nu zun nanbei", dllnshi dllglli ye buhui "nlln zun nu bei". Shenme shihou, shenmeyunngu, "nnn zun nu bei" d sixinng zai Zhongguod shehui Ii shen genfll yn? Zhei ge wenti zhide yanjiu. Bu zhide ma?Guanyu wenzi fangmian, zhei pian buwen rang women kandao.Wenzi xiang yuyan yiyang, zai jixu buduan de gaibian fazhan. Suiranxilmdlli Hlinzi gen Jill-Guwen--san qian duo nian qian d Hanzi--bu shihaowu guanxi d, danshi tamen zhijian d qubie hen da que shi bunengbu chengren d. Bu cuo, Shang chelo d Jia-Guwen houlai yanbianchengle Jin-Shiwen, Oazhuan, Xiaozhuan, Lishu, Kaishu, Xingshu heCnoshu, yizheyu jintitm d jinnti?i dengdeng. Lilun shang, zheixie zidou shuyu yi ge tixi, dllnshi youyu Yllnbilln d shijilln hen chang, zheixuduo Hanzi d chabie yijing dade daole haoxiang shuyu butong tixi ddibu. Ruguo mei you tebie d xunlian, xiandairen genben mei youbllnfll kllndong gudlli d Hlinzi, geng buyao shuo yong Ie. Er kezai Iiuqian duo nian qian Banpo Cun taoqi shang d fuhao, xianzai Jianzhulinjia ye kan budong. Wenti shi women shi bushi jiu yinwei kanbudong huozhe buhui yong zheixie gu wenzi jiu buneng tantao guwenhua Ie ne? Nandao Zhongguod gu wenzi jiushi Zhongguo guwenhull benshen? Jinyibu shuo, suoyoud Hlinzi dou shi Zhong guowenhua d yi bufen, nandao jiu yinci keyi shuo zheixie butongd Hanzijiushi Zhongguo wenhull d benshen? Bieren yexu you bieren d kanfa,wo geren d da'lIn que shi "bu". Wenzi zhi shi yi zhong jilu xinxijingyan, zuo yanjiu he jiaoliu sixiang ganqing d gongju. Women bubifei yong gudai Hanzi huozhe xianzai yong d Hanzi buke. Women keyiyong pinyin Hanzi lai zuo tongyangd shir, jiu xiang keyi yongVingwen, Ewen, Fawen, Dewen, Riwen, Xibanyawen, Ruidianwen,Putlloyawen, Vitllliwen, Vue nan wen, Ch!)oxi!)nwen, Xillweiyiwen,Zuluwen ... lai jilu xinxi jingyan, zuo yanjiu, jiaoliu sixiang ganqingyiyang Er zheng haoxiang cong Jia-Guwen yanbian dao jintian djiantizi, Zhongguo pinyin Hanzi d chuxizIn buguo shi jicheng "fanqie",Shouwen (Tang chao d yi ge Fo seng) sanshi Iiu zimu, VidalirenMatteo Ricci (Li Madoul Latin zimu, Guoyu Ruomazi, Zhuyin Fuhao,Ladinghua-Xinwenzi dengdeng d fazhan eryi. Zongji yi ju huaZhongguo pinyin Hanzi d chuxian shi yi zhong ziran d fazhan.

42Nan-NO zhljlan Mel You Youqlng Ma?-Bo shang d Wenzhang "Nan-NO ZhijianZhi You Aiqing":Wod TongshiLi ShinengWo he Peng Xieomen Iieng ge ren zei tong yi qe dihmg bangong.Ta shi yi ge zhongzhuansheng, wo shi yi ge dllzhuansheng. Tli duiyugongzuo renzhen fuze, duo nian bei pingwei xianjin gongzuozhe,dique shi yi ge hao tongshi.Ta xihuan xuexi, wo ye bu Iiwai. Mei zhong buzu d shi, ta zhi dang"shouyinji". Vinwei \l/enhua Dageming zhong ta shouguo chongji,suoyi conglai bugan dongbi xie dian dongxi, naqu fabiao. \I/o jiushenme ye bu pa, changchang xie dian zawen, gongji ge di baokancllnkllO.\I/o xiang yi ge xiao laoshi, ta yujian bu renshi d zi, chang xiangwo qingjillo. Oishi wo dongd ye bu duo, zhishi shanyu xiang bu zhipijuan d laoshi--cidian-- deng gongjushu xuxin xuexi bale. VouqudShl, ta xie "Rudang Shenqrngshu" ye yao wo zhei ge qunzhong daiweishencha xiugai, keyi shuo shi dui wo youdian chongjing Ie.\l/omend tongzhi guanxi yijing dadao "wu hua bu shuo" d dibu,shenzhi, buneng gllosu ta airen d hua ye keyi dui wo jillng. Xiangzheiyangd zhixin ni.i tongzhi, wo hai shi di-yi ci jiaowang net Danshiwomen shizhong baochizhe tongzhi d guanxi. Qingwen, ni zaigongzuo zhong mei yudao guo zhei)lang huxiang xiezhu, nan-ni.izhijian genben jiu meiyou xiangdao guo yao fazhan chengwei"aiqing" gUllnxi d youyi rna?

XIN TANG: NEW CHINA43Wod OiziWang DaliangJingguo meimeid jieshl:lo, 1971 nian wo he mou fuzhuangchang dLi shirong jiehele. Ktlishi ji nil:ln, ta dui wod yeyu tlihao dtlli zhichi,ceng xiezhu wo kexie guo yi ben yue ba wan zi d ztlzhi. Zl:Ii benzhi gongzuo he liaoli jil:lwu shang, ta queshi bi wonenggan; mei you yi ge qinpeng haoyou bu peifu d.Vexu, ttl zhende hen nenggan ba, xianzai yijing dangle tamenchtlng yi ge menshibu d jingli; gongzuo zhong chuchu dllitou.Cengjing dongguo gu-jiehe he fuke liang ci dashoushu d ta, hai xiangbl:lnyun gongren yiyl:lng canjia shangxia huowu d Wi laodong, diquehen xinku.Vinwei gongzuo guanxi, ttl he fu-jingli xiao Bian hen hao; pingshi"jie, di" xi8ngcheng. Ruguo xil:lo Bian mei you shir, jihu tiantianwansh8ng lui wo jia zhao "U jie"; huozhe tl:ln gongzuo, huozhebangzhu zuo yixie jiawuhuo. Wo ye hen xihuan t8 lai bangmang,yinwei you ren zuoshi, wo jiu keyi xiuxi huozhe zuo bied shiqing.Delnshi, youshi tamen zhijian d guanxi sihu chaochule "jie, di" dqingyi. Wo duo ci xil:lng qizi dl:lngmilm zhichu shishi, ta que jianjuefouren, shuo, "Wo neng zhtlngwo youyi d fencun."Ruguo qizi neng "yzJnxing yizhi", wo hai you shenme bu fangxin dne? Zei bas hi niandao d jintian, nan-nu zhijian chule gongzuo guanxiyiwl:li, bl:lochi xiongdi jiemei huozhe tongzhi guanxi d pinfan wanglai,you you nei yi dian keyi zeguai d ne?

XIN TANG: NEW CHINA'Nod XueshengNie LiWo cengjing xieguo "Xuanchulln Shijieyu E. d Ku he le", fabiao zaiChongqing zazhi 1984 nian di-qi qi shang. Wod zuofa shibushi shiji de xuanchuan E.; zhijin wo qinzi jiaoguo d nan-nuxuesheng yijing dadao bairenci yishang. Muqian, zhengzai gen woxue d qizhong you yi wei shi jin nian Qiyue fenpei dao wo chang d nujishuyuan xillo li. Vinwei gongzuo gUllnxi ta Illidao wod bllngongshi.Vi xiang ta jieshao E., ta jiu biaoshi yuanyi xuexi; wo jiu mashangcong zimu kaishi jiao tao E Bymen yi shu yigong you shi ke; ta henkUlli jiu xuewanle, erqie nengyong E. xiechu you 100 duo ge danci d

XIN TANG: NEW CHINA45Wod BiaomeiDian Yijun!962 nilln wo doxue biye, zlIi conjun tu zhong renshilebiaomei--Che Xiaoling. Women yijian zhongqing. Ta gaozhong biyehou, women kaishi tongxin; ta ceng quan wo zhuyi zhengjie, bingxiwllng wo jieylln ....1967 nian wo di-yi ci huijialanqin, ledi dao Baoji jiujiu jia (yejiushi bioomeid jio) zhule yi ge xingqi. Zhe shi women di-yi cidangmian lon lian'ai d jihui. Nashi la yijing zai mou chang d zidixuexiao dang yinyue laoshi Ie. Dangshi wod xiangfa shi wanyi la butongyi jinyibud fazhlln, jiu buyao mianqiang. Wo jin quguo tnd qinshiyi ci; women ye jin duanzande woguo yi ci shou jiu fenbiele. 1969nian wo di-er ci dao Baoji quo Buzhidao weishenme, to bu yuanyi genwo wanglai Ie. Wo xin Ii hen nanguo, keshi mei you weimm tn, wodxinliao shi: Women junren you guangkuod xionghuai.1970 nian ta he ben-drmweid Tang mou jielehun; wo biaoshizhuhe. 1961 nian wo luguo Baoji d shihou zhunbei qu kan tao Jinzishuo, "Ta bingle." Vanxia zhi yi shi zuihao buyao qu kan la, wo zhidezunming.Jin nian Bayue, to daizhe liang ge erzi ledi dao Chengdu dushujia. Vinwei ren duo, wo mama jia zhu buxia, wo jiu reqingde qingta dao wo jia zhute liang ge wanshang. Vouyu gongzuo mang, wo zhineng mei lian wanshang xiaban yihou kankan tao Kanlai tad shenghuohen xingfu, hai shi xianjin jiaoshi ne. Libie qianxi, wo tebie qing jialid ren wei ta zhunbeile yi dun fenfud wane an.Shiliu nian mei you jiaowang, wo bing bu guai ta; ren ge you zhi,wo zuanjin wenzi gaige d lengmen, sui ran ta bu zhichi, keshi woxiang zhei bu yinggai fang'ai women xiongmei zhijian d youyi ba!Shangmiand zuozhe lai Zhongguo Sichuan Chengdushi gongzuo.

46 XIN TANG: NEW CHINAEffendl- / / ,,-(Afant Dd Gushl/ / 1/ / .,-Weiwu'er Minzu>_ -/1'_, \/_/, , '" VI tiDn,Jffe.[ldi (AfDnti) zDi)ie shDng zou. Til to~shllng dDizhe yiding xUezhe dDi d \mD'ozi. Vi ge reo lOll 9uolDi, du~ ta shuo,"XiDnsheng, qing nj ti wo xie yi'feng xin." Afantl shuo,-;;Weishenme njYDO wOO ti'ni" xiexin?" N~ ~e ren shuo, "Vinw~i nl/dagtte yi'di~g -xu6zhe'd mD~zi, suoyi ni yidlng h~i xi¥'xin." AfinU ba maozi1a& .z.h M:xiDllII, d~izDl ne. 9~ ren d Sou sh~ng. Ti" dUl nel ge r{o shuo,"Xiansheng, xianz~i ni ke'yi zlji xie'xin Ie."

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