CONVERGENCE in DIVERGENCE - School of Architecture - The ...

Convergence in Divergence: Contemporary Challenges in East Asian Architectural Studies2012 International Conference on East Asian Architectural Culture, Hong KongThe Architectural Direction Conception Transition of Emperors’ Mausoleums’ moundsThe Roles of City Planning in the Industralization of Seoul during the Colonial Periodin early periods of western Han dynasty: An Architectural Plan and Elevation AnalysisJUN’ICHIRO IshidaProfessor, Kyoto Institute of Technology, JapanJIANG Zhi-danKIM Joo-YaProfessor, Gyeongsang National University, KoreaTheme 1Ph.D Student, The Chiniese University of Hong Kong, Hong KongABSTRACTIt is widely recognized that eleven Western Han ( 西 漢 ) emperors’ mausoleums located near Chang’an( 長 安 )can be identified at the top of the feudal burial hierarchy. In chronological order, they are Changling( 長 陵 ), Anling ( 安 陵 ), Baling ( 霸 陵 ), Yangling( 陽 陵 ), Maoling ( 茂 陵 ), Pingling ( 平 陵 ), Duling ( 杜 陵 ), Weiling( 渭 陵 ), Yanling ( 延 陵 ), Yiling ( 義 陵 ), and Kangling ( 康 陵 ). In addition, in Western Han Dynasty, threemausoleums whose occupants were conferred a title equivalent to an emperor such as grand emperortitle or posthumous emperor title. They are respectively Wannianling ( 萬 年 陵 ) (located near Yueyang櫟 陽 ), Fengming Yuan ( 奉 明 園 ) (located in the southeast of Chang’an), and Gonghuangling ( 共 皇 陵 )(located in Dingtao 定 陶 ).The shape of these burial mounds is so prominent and immense in scale that it is known as a “frustumof quadrangular pyramid”. However, evidences show that they are not symmetry and in fact embodydifferences in different directions according to architectural plan and elevation analysis. So what arethese differences? What architectural direction concepts of these mounds did the differences embody?In this paper, I will first illustrate the evidences of these differences by summarizing previous scholars’descriptions of the mounds in their surveys and presenting my observation with architectural plan andelevation analysis. I will then place these observations into historical contexts and discuss the architecturaldirection conception in early periods of western Han dynasty before Zhaodi ( 昭 帝 ). I further divide thearchitectural direction concept of the mounds into two levels: the first level will focus on the scale of thecapital city, and the second level will emphasize the scale of the mounds themselves. I argue that therewas a transition of architectural direction conception of the mounds in early periods of western Handynasty. In conclusion, I will root the architectural direction conception transition into the transition ofsocial, political and different religious beliefs of governors. In addition, I will discuss the influences of thearchitectural direction conceptions transitions upon the layout of the mausoleums.KEYWORDSArchitectural Direction Conception, western Han dynasty, Emperors’ Mausoleums, MoundsABSTRACTAmong various cities in Korea, traditional cities which had been built before the modern period,such as “Keijo” and Taikyu/Daegu, had a dominating property of consumption city even under colonialoccupation by Japan. In the second half of 1930’s, however, administrations of these cities have launchedprojects to aggressively attract large factories to their region, by developing and setting up industrialzones as well as improving the infrastructures. The study is aiming at clarifying the role of urban planningwhich has led and supported the typical traditional city “Keijo” to convert into the largest industrial city inthe southern half of the Korean Peninsula and reviewing how the industrialization has been spatializedas well.We extract the following three aspects, in which city planning was involved in industrial urbanizationin “Keijo”, and demonstrated the process.The first aspect is relating to Eitoho/Yeongdeungpo district at southern suburb of Municipality of“Keijo”. Eitoho, which had been just an outlying farming village, has evolved into one of the largest factoryzone on the Korean Peninsula during the past 30 years. It has been regarded up to now that city planningin Eitoho had been implemented as a project of the Municipality of Keijo after it had been absorbed intoit in 1936. However, we have demonstrated that such planning had been in progress before that by theefforts of engineering officials of the Prefecture of Keiki and the local residents based on administrativedocuments of the Government General of Chosen and historical newspaper materials. Further, we’llclarify that domestic corporations to advance into the district and the Prefecture of Keiki have hammeredprojects out by compromising each other’s ideas while sharing information between themThe second aspect is relating to arterial roads reaching from center of the Municipality of Keijo toEitoho district. The Municipality of Keijo planned a network of streets spreading across the whole region,and a bit later decided the broad region for the land readjustment. Even though the land readjustmentwas conducted aiming mainly at developing residential lands in suburban area, we also demonstrate thattwo districts, i.e. Daiken/Daehyeon and Kotoku/Gongdok, were set up for an important purpose to makearterial roads toward Eitoho reach into the suburban area.As the third aspect, we discuss about a city planning project for developing premises for factories ineastern part of the Municipality of Keijo. The whole area on the outskirt of Dongdaemun was supposedto be developed as an industrial zone faster than Eitoho in 1920’s. As for two land readjustment projects,i.e. Ryuto/Yeongdu and Sakin/Sagun, which were set up for a main purpose of development of premisesfor factories, we’ll show that these projects were planned as an extension of those planned in 1920’s andaimed at utilizing the banks of Hangang river effectively.Architecture ofInterpretationBased on these knowledge, we’ll also point out that industrial urbanization conducted by Japanesegovernors was sophisticated as a city planning technique as well as short-sighted and supportivemeasures from a perspective of city management.KEYWORDSKorea, colonialism, industrialization, Yeongdeungpo, Kyeongseong26 27