Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance - Decentralized ...

Decentralized SystemsNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceCo-published by

DEC2R06NON-TRADITIONAL INDICATORS OFSYSTEM PERFORMANCEby:Lynne MaclennanStephen NuttXCG Consultants Ltd.2010

The Water Environment Research Foundation, a not-for-profit organization, funds and manages water qualityresearch for its subscribers through a diverse public-private partnership between municipal utilities, corporations,academia, industry, and the federal government. WERF subscribers include municipal and regional water andwastewater utilities, industrial corporations, environmental engineering firms, and others that share a commitment tocost-effective water quality solutions. WERF is dedicated to advancing science and technology addressing waterquality issues as they impact water resources, the atmosphere, the lands, and quality of life.For more information, contact:Water Environment Research Foundation635 Slaters Lane, Suite 300Alexandria, VA 22314-1177Tel: (703) 684-2470Fax: (703) 299-0742www.werf.orgwerf@werf.orgThis report was co-published by the following organization.IWA PublishingAlliance House, 12 Caxton StreetLondon SW1H 0QS, United KingdomTel: +44 (0) 20 7654 5500Fax: +44 (0) 20 7654 5555www.iwapublishing.compublications@iwap.co.uk© Copyright 2010 by the Water Environment Research Foundation. All rights reserved. Permission to copy must beobtained from the Water Environment Research Foundation.Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2009928745Printed in the United States of AmericaIWAP ISBN: 978-1-84339-289-7/1-84339-289-5This report was prepared by the organization(s) named below as an account of work sponsored by theWater Environment Research Foundation (WERF). Neither WERF, members of WERF, theorganization(s) named below, nor any person acting on their behalf: (a) makes any warranty, express orimplied, with respect to the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in thisreport or that such use may not infringe on privately owned rights; or (b) assumes any liabilities withrespect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, orprocess disclosed in this report.XCG Consultants Ltd.This document was reviewed by a panel of independent experts selected by WERF. Mention of trade names orcommercial products or services does not constitute endorsement or recommendations for use. Similarly, omissionof products or trade names indicates nothing concerning WERF's or EPA's positions regarding product effectivenessor applicability.ii

The project team would like to thank the Water Environment Research Foundation(WERF) for their support and funding of this project. The Project Team is grateful to WERF’sProject Subcommittee members and the Project Team’s Advisory Panel that provided contactinformation for potential case studies. Thanks also to all of the case study providers and vendorsfor their time and effort in supplying the information provided in the report. The Project Teamalso wishes to thank the many other individuals that offered information used in the study.Research TeamPrincipal InvestigatorsLynne Maclennan, M.Sc., XCG Consultants Ltd.Stephen Nutt, M.Eng., P.Eng., XCG Consultants Ltd.Project TeamKirk Johnston, P.Eng., Eramosa EngineeringTony Palmer, P.E., Instrumentation Testing AssociationMaureen C. Ross, P.E., Instrumentation Testing AssociationTim Sutherns, M.Eng., P.Eng., Eramosa EngineeringAdvisory PanelEvelyn Allen, Waterloo BiofilterAlberto Casiraghi, Endress + Hauser Inc.Bob Dabkowski, HachTodd Daniels, Loudon County Sanitation AuthorityAndrew Fairey, Charleston Water SystemWilliam Hendrix, Worley ParsonsCraig Jowett, Waterloo BiofilterSalil Kharkar, DC Water and Sewer AuthorityRobert Lagrange, Endress + Hauser Inc.Bob Pickney, Adenus TechnologiesChuck Scholpp, HachWERF Project SubcommitteeACKNOWLEDGMENTSTerry Bounds, P.E., Orenco EngineeringCharles McEntyre, P.E., CHMM, Tennessee Valley AuthorityAndrew Shaw, P.E., Black and VeatchJerry Stonebridge, Stonebridge EnvironmentalNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performanceiii

Water Environment Research Foundation StaffDirector of Research: Daniel M. Woltering, Ph.D.Program Manager: Jane M. Castelineiv

ABSTRACT AND BENEFITSAbstract:The use of real-time sensors and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)systems has not been widely used in smaller, decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Asthese decentralized wastewater treatment systems become more common, it will be important toapply state-of-the-art technology to ensure that adequate performance is maintained at reasonablecost.This study was carried out to identify issues with the use of real-time remote monitoringof decentralized wastewater facilities and to provide information on what is required to increasethe use of this technology. The study included a literature search, case study review andinformation from vendors in the U.S. and select international sources.The study identified the main parameters to be monitored for decentralized wastewatertreatment facilities. It also identified that the main issue with sensors for these parameters islikely to be maintenance requirements. A review of communication options shows that there aremany factors in determining the type of system to implement the method of communications, theremote control and alarming methodology, and the data collection, storage and archival methods.All of these items must be factored in when determining what type of SCADA system to deploy.After reviewing sensor and communications systems, three main areas requiring further studywere identified, namely technology and technology transfer, verification of cost-effectiveness;and education and training.Benefits:♦ Identifies a number of decentralized facilities successfully using real-time on-line monitoringas a management tool.♦ Demonstrates that a range of parameters can be used to monitor plant performance andprioritizes the types of parameters that should be monitored.♦ Identifies that there are a large number of sensors currently available to monitor plantperformance remotely and provides detailed information that can be used to select sensors.♦ Shows that there are a range of options for communication and storage of data and providesinformation on the advantages and disadvantages of each type.♦ Identifies further research needed to encourage decentralized wastewater facility owners andoperators to use real-time remote monitoring.Keywords: Wastewater, decentralized, on-line sensors, real-time monitoring, SCADA,telemetry.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performancev

TABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iiiAbstract and Benefits .......................................................................................................................vList of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viiiList of Figures ...............................................................................................................................viiiList of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... ixExecutive Summary ...................................................................................................................ES-11.0 Introduction and Purpose ............................................................................................. 1-11.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 1-11.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................ 1-22.0 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 2-12.1 Overall Approach ................................................................................................. 2-12.2 Literature and Technical Review ......................................................................... 2-12.2.1 Literature Search ...................................................................................... 2-12.2.2 Case Study Data Collection ..................................................................... 2-12.3 Development of Monitoring Needs ..................................................................... 2-22.4 Identification of Sensor Capabilities .................................................................... 2-22.4.1 Analysis of Instrument Capabilities ......................................................... 2-22.4.2 Life Cycle Cost (LCC) ............................................................................. 2-32.4.3 Instrument Monitoring Capabilities ......................................................... 2-42.5 Identification of SCADA Capabilities ................................................................. 2-52.5.1 Literature Search ...................................................................................... 2-52.5.2 Case Study Reference .............................................................................. 2-52.6 Identification of Research Needs ......................................................................... 2-53.0 Results and Analysis ...................................................................................................... 3-13.1 Current Monitoring of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Facilities.............. 3-13.1.1 Types of Treatment Systems .................................................................... 3-13.1.2 Types of On-line Monitoring ................................................................... 3-13.1.3 Potential Benefits of Using On-line Sensors for Remote Monitoring ..... 3-23.1.4 Current Monitoring of Decentralized Treatment Systems ....................... 3-23.2 Literature and Technical Review ......................................................................... 3-33.2.1 Literature Search ...................................................................................... 3-33.2.2 Case Studies ............................................................................................. 3-63.3 Monitoring Needs .............................................................................................. 3-143.3.1 Traditional Parameters ........................................................................... 3-143.3.2 Non-Traditional Parameters ................................................................... 3-143.4 Identification of Sensor Capabilities .................................................................. 3-153.4.1 Physical Measurement ........................................................................... 3-153.4.2 Analytical Measurement ........................................................................ 3-333.5 SCADA Capabilities .......................................................................................... 3-50vi

3.5.1 SCADA System ..................................................................................... 3-503.5.2 Wireless Communication Methods ........................................................ 3-503.5.3 Wired Communications Methods .......................................................... 3-543.5.4 Case Studies ........................................................................................... 3-553.6 Research Needs .................................................................................................. 3-563.6.1 Technology and Technology Transfer ................................................... 3-563.6.2 Costs ....................................................................................................... 3-603.6.3 Education and Awareness ...................................................................... 3-604.0 Discussion and Recommendations ................................................................................4-14.1 Literature and Technical Review ..........................................................................4-14.1.1 Remote Monitoring ...................................................................................4-14.1.2 On-line Monitoring Parameters ................................................................4-14.1.3 Monitoring Data Transfer and Management.............................................4-24.2 Monitoring Needs .................................................................................................4-34.3 Sensor Capabilities................................................................................................4-44.4 SCADA Capabilities .............................................................................................4-54.4.1 SCADA Control Systems .........................................................................4-54.4.2 Communication .........................................................................................4-54.4.3 Remote Monitoring and Alarming ............................................................4-64.4.4 Data Collection and Storage .....................................................................4-74.4.5 Historical Data Analysis and Trending .....................................................4-74.4.6 Cost Factors ..............................................................................................4-74.4.7 Recommendations .....................................................................................4-84.5 Research Needs .....................................................................................................4-95.0 Contact Information ......................................................................................................5-1Appendix A: LCC Analysis Methodology ................................................................................. A-1Appendix B: Case Study Questionnaires .....................................................................................B-1Appendix C: Liquid Level Instrumentation .................................................................................C-1Appendix D: Flow Instrumentation ............................................................................................ D-1Appendix E: Pressure and UV Light Intensity Instrumentation .................................................. E-1Appendix F: Analytical Instrumentation ..................................................................................... F-1References ....................................................................................................................................R-1Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performancevii

LIST OF TABLES3-1 Summary of Case Study Information. ........................................................................... 3-123-2 Liquid Level Sensor Technologies. ............................................................................... 3-183-3 Liquid Flow Sensor Technologies. ................................................................................ 3-263-4 Pressure Instrumentation Technologies. ........................................................................ 3-303-5 UV Light Intensity. ........................................................................................................ 3-323-6 Ammonia-Nitrogen. ....................................................................................................... 3-353-7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 ).......................................................................... 3-373-8 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)................................................................................ 3-383-9 Total Chlorine Residual....................................................................................................3-393-10 Dissolved Oxygen. ......................................................................................................... 3-403-11 Nitrate-Nitrogen. ............................................................................................................ 3-413-12 pH. .................................................................................................................................. 3-433-13 Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) ........................................................................... 3-443-14 Conductivity. .................................................................................................................. 3-453-15 Alkalinity. ...................................................................................................................... 3-463-16 Phosphate. ...................................................................................................................... 3-473-17 Respirometry (oxygen uptake rate). ............................................................................... 3-483-18 Turbidity. ....................................................................................................................... 3-493-19 Case Study – SCADA System Summary. ...................................................................... 3-563-20 Summary of Parameters for Monitoring of Decentralized ............................................ 3-573-21 Proposed Priority List of Parameters for Field Testing. ................................................ 3-584-1 Comparison of Communications Methods. ......................................................................4-64-2 Summary of Research Needs. .........................................................................................4-104-3 Proposed Priority List of Parameters for Field Testing. .................................................4-12LIST OF FIGURES1-1 Typical Components of a Remote Monitoring System. ................................................... 1-13-1 Cellular Data – Coverage Map. ..................................................................................... 3-533-2 Satellite Data – Coverage Map. ..................................................................................... 3-54viii

LIST OF ACRONYMSBOD 5CDMACDACCODDODACDCDSLFCCFOGGSMHARTHMIITAI/OLCCLDOmAMEMSO&MORPPCPLCRDAPRFRSRTURPUSBRSCADASTEGbiochemical oxygen demandcode division multiple accesscentralized data acquisition centerchemical oxygen demanddissolved oxygendata acquisition centerdirect currentdigital subscriber lineFederal Communications Commissionfats, oils and greaseglobal system for mobilityhighway addressable remote transducerhuman machine interfaceInstrumentation Testing Associationinput / outputlife cycle costluminescent dissolved oxygenmilliampsmicro-electro-mechanical systemsoperations and maintenanceoxidation reduction potentialpersonal computerprogrammable logic controllerremote data acquisition panelradio frequencyrecommended standardremote terminal unitremote processing unitsequencing batch reactorsupervisory control and data acquisitionseptic tank effluent gravityNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performanceix

STEPSTPTMTSSU.S. EPAUVVDCVPNWEPWERFWIFIWWTPseptic tank effluent pumpsewage treatment planttechnical memorandumtotal suspended solidsUnited States Environmental Protection Agencyultravioletvolts direct currentvirtual private networkwireless encryption protocolWater Environment Research Foundationwireless networking technologywastewater treatment plantx

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe use of real-time sensors and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)systems has become commonplace in large centralized wastewater treatment systems. On-linesensors and SCADA systems have not been widely used in smaller decentralized systems,possibly due to perceptions of high cost for installation and maintenance, and perceptions of poorreliability. However, the cost effectiveness and reliability of the technology has beendemonstrated in larger systems and should be transportable to smaller clustered, decentralizedsystems.This research project focused on assessing on-line sensing and data acquisitiontechnologies applicable for use in decentralized wastewater treatment systems to provide realtimeinformation on the performance and operational status of the facility.The results of this study are intended to provide a guide to wastewater facility managers,operators and designers for selecting real-time sensors and SCADA systems for decentralizedwastewater treatment facilities. Improved remote monitoring of these facilities should providefacilities with a cost-effective means to manage and improve the performance of decentralizedwastewater treatment plants.This study involved five main areas of investigation related to the use of on-line sensingand data acquisition technologies in decentralized wastewater treatment systems, including aliterature and technical review, development of monitoring needs, identification of sensorcapabilities, identification of SCADA capability, and identifying research needs.The study has indicated that the number of decentralized wastewater treatment facilitiescurrently using on-line sensors for real-time remote monitoring is relatively small. Manydecentralized facilities using remote monitoring would appear to be supplied with “controlboxes” that monitor and control pump on/off status, monitor tank levels and sound an alarmwhen an unusual condition occurs. The alarm connects to a panel onsite and can also be used tosend a signal to the plant operator and to a remote central control location. A few decentralizedfacilities were identified that are using real-time sensors to monitor parameters such as dissolvedoxygen concentration, conductivity and chlorine concentration.The results of the literature and technical review were used to help identify themonitoring needs for decentralized wastewater treatment facilities. The review identifiedtraditional and non-traditional parameters that could be monitored in decentralized wastewatertreatment systems to allow operations or management staff at a remote location to assess theoperating or performance status of a facility and to respond to upsets, process or mechanicalfailures or other non-routine situations. This study identified that operating conditions, processcontrol parameters and effluent quality parameters could be monitored on-line at decentralizedfacilities, and a list of parameters requiring further investigation in the third area of the study(“identification of sensor capabilities”) was identified.The next stage in the study was to determine the status and characteristics of real-timesensing equipment for on-line monitoring of the parameters in decentralized wastewatertreatment systems. Selection matrices were developed that display traditional and non-traditionalinstrument technologies and lists specific attributes of individual manufactured instrumentsNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceES-1

categorized by cost of ownership and on-line monitoring capabilities to assist the end-user inmaking direct comparisons of the differences in manufactured instruments. The data alsoprovides decentralized wastewater treatment system professionals with general principle ofoperation descriptions to assist the end-user in determining which technology would best fit theirapplication. Additionally, individual instrumentation specification matrices are also providedwhich report supplementary instrument parameters for further consideration in the decentralizedwastewater treatment system instrumentation selection process. A life-cycle cost analysis tool isprovided that can be used by the decentralized wastewater system professional to providedefensible budgetary estimates of instrumentation procurement and installation costs andongoing labor expenses to support maintenance requirements over the life-time of on-linesensing equipment.A review of the capability of SCADA systems to collect and analyze the informationgenerated by real-time sensors to provide relevant operational and performance information toremote operational staff was carried out. Wireless and wired communication systems can relayinformation from a decentralized site to an operator or central monitoring location. A review anddiscussion of the advantages and disadvantages and relative costs for the options available fordata transfer from remote facilities to a centralized operations center is also provided.Following on from information obtained from previous stages of the study, researchneeds that could lead to broader acceptance and use of real-time sensors and SCADA indecentralized wastewater systems were identified. This included identifying gaps in knowledgeor technology for real-time remote monitoring of decentralized wastewater treatment systems.The study identified three main areas requiring further study, namely:♦♦♦technology and technology transfer;verification of cost-effectiveness; andeducation and training.Specific recommendations for research are provided and presented in order of priority inthe table on the next page.ES-2

Summary of Research NeedsPriority Research Need Description1 Field Testing A field testing program should be developed that will monitor theperformance, maintenance and calibration requirements of sensorsystems in decentralized wastewater treatment systems, and othercosts. The program should use existing decentralized wastewaterfacilities and it is recommended that a number of facilities beincluded in the program to ensure all parameters identified formonitoring in this study are included.2 Develop SensorStandard TestingProtocols3 Cost-BenefitAnalysis4 Education andTraining5 Improve Cleaningand CalibrationFrequency OfSensors6 Develop BestPractices for SCADAStandards7 Review SCADASecurity IssuesStandard testing protocols should be developed to improve thecomparability, reliability and quality of existing sensors. The protocolscould be developed as part of a field testing program. Such protocolscould aid in the development of sensors with improved maintenanceand calibration requirements. Standard testing protocols should bedeveloped collaboratively with decentralized facility owners andoperators, sensor manufacturers and regulating authorities.Cost data from the field testing program and cost data from sensorand SCADA manufacturers/suppliers should be used to identifytypical life cycle costs for real-time monitoring for decentralizedwastewater facilities. These costs should be compared againstpotential benefits related to cost savings in labor and chemical andenergy use as well as improved system performance and increasedreliability or robustness.Information from field testing should be disseminated to regulatingauthorities and also vendors, owners and operators of decentralizedwastewater systems. In addition, education and training of O&M staffon selection, installation and/or maintenance of on-line sensorequipment should be provided.The best methods for providing education and training will need to bedetermined.Vendors should be made aware of potential markets within thedecentralized wastewater industry that require further research anddevelopment. This information could be made available throughtechnical papers and presentations at relevant technical forums.If field testing of sensors identifies some critical sensors are notsuitable for use in the decentralized wastewater industry due toexcessive calibration and/or maintenance requirements, furtherresearch should undertaken to develop sensors with reduced cleaningand/or calibration requirements .This work would encompass a review of best practices for dataarchiving and management, software and SCADA protocols for thedecentralized wastewater industry. This would involve a desk-topstudy of available data archiving and management systems to identifybest practices, as well as the experiences of decentralized operationand maintenance organizations currently using SCADA.A desk-top study of potential security issues and required measures toimprove security (if required) should be carried out.A proposed priority list of parameters for field testing of sensors was identified for fieldtesting, which is presented in the following table.Non-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceES-3

Proposed Priority List of Parameters for Field Testing.Priority Measurement Rationale123Ammonia-nitrogenDONitrate-nitrogenTurbidityAlkalinityBOD 5Chlorine ResidualCODConductivityORPpHPhosphateRespirometryFlowLevelPowerPressurePump Run StatusUV Light IntensityGood as early indicator of processconditions.May be used for monitoring to meetregulatory requirements (ammonianitrogen,DO) or be used as anequivalent (turbidity for TSS and/orBOD 5 monitoring).Have sensors that are considered to berobust and well established incentralized wastewater treatment and/orwater treatment plants.May be used for monitoring to meetregulatory requirements (BOD 5 , pH,phosphate).May be used to monitor variability ininfluent flow or load.Typically sensors are considered to beless robust than for Priority 1parameters.Reasonably well established indecentralized wastewater treatmentsystems.Have sensors that are considered to berobust.ES-4

CHAPTER 1.0INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE1.1 BackgroundAccording to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), one in every fourhouseholds in the United States is served by a decentralized wastewater treatment system.According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 40% of new homes in the United States areserved by decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Although similar data are not availablefor Canada, it is likely that a similar proportion of existing and new households are serviced bydecentralized wastewater treatment systems.Decentralized wastewater systems include a wide range of onsite and cluster treatmentsystems that receive and treat household and commercial sewage. A cluster treatment system isdefined by the U.S. EPA as “a wastewater collection and treatment system under some form ofcommon ownership which collects wastewater from two or more dwellings or buildings andconveys it to a treatment and dispersal system located on a suitable site near the dwellings orbuildings”. Decentralized wastewater systems may be managed by the facility owner or be partof a distributed wastewater management system, which involves the management of multiplesystems across a service area.To control operating costs, many small decentralized wastewater systems operate withoutonsite staff. Without real-time sensors connected to a supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA) system or equivalent telemetry system capable of providing critical performance andoperational information to a remote operational center, these unmanned decentralized wastewatersystems may fail to operate as designed and any failures can go undetected for significantperiods of time. An overview of the typical components of a remote monitoring system ispresented in Figure 1-1.Figure 1-1. Typical Components of a Remote Monitoring System.The use of real-time sensors and SCADA systems has become commonplace in largecentralized wastewater treatment systems. On-line instruments and SCADA are available toremotely monitor a wide range of parameters at wastewater treatment facilities. These systemscan provide early warning of an existing or impending mechanical equipment failure or processupset. Recent research undertaken by WERF demonstrates that significant improvements havebeen made in sensor technology and that such systems are cost effective and dependable in suchNon-Traditional Indicators – System Performance 1-1

applications. However, real-time sensors and SCADA systems have not been widely applied indecentralized wastewater treatment systems, possibly due to perceptions of high cost forinstallation and maintenance, and perceptions of poor reliability (which could be because ofinappropriate selection, installation and/or maintenance of on-line sensor equipment).There is a considerable knowledge base regarding onsite system design, implementation,and performance that enables most commonly used systems to be effectively deployed in mostsettings. However, the current state-of-knowledge and standard-of-practice does have gaps andshortcomings that can preclude rational system design to predictably and reliably achievespecific performance goals. While choices today are often constrained by prescriptive regulatorycodes, they also can be hampered by the absence of a sound science and engineering knowledgebase.A study was carried out to try to address the acceptance and utilisation of real-time sensorand SCADA technology in decentralized wastewater systems. This study involved five mainareas of investigation related to the use of on-line sensing and data acquisition technologies indecentralized wastewater treatment systems, which were as follows:♦♦♦♦♦A literature and technical reviewThe development of monitoring needsThe identification of sensor capabilityThe identification of SCADA capabilityIdentifying research needsEach of these areas was investigated and the results are presented in this report. Noreference made in this report to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes orimplies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by XCG Consultants Ltd, itssubconsultants, or WERF.1.2 ObjectivesIn order to ensure and promote the continued and effective use of decentralizedwastewater treatment systems, it will be important to apply state-of-the-art technology to ensurethat adequate performance is maintained at reasonable cost. Overcoming the perception of highcost and low reliability (possibly due to inadequate maintenance) requires that the current state ofthe technology and its applicability and benefit in decentralized wastewater treatment systems bedocumented.The overall objective of the study was to assess on-line sensing and data acquisitiontechnologies applicable for use in decentralized wastewater treatment systems to provide realtimeinformation on the performance and operational status of the facility.♦♦Specific objectives for the study included the following:to assess what parameters, both traditional and non-traditional, should be monitored indecentralized systems to provide information on its performance and operational condition;to determine the status and characteristics of real-time sensing equipment for on-linemonitoring of the parameters of concern in decentralized systems;1-2

♦♦to evaluate the capability of SCADA systems to collect and analyze the informationgenerated by real-time sensors to provide relevant operational and performance informationto remote operational staff; and,to identify research needs that could lead to broader acceptance and use of real-time sensorsand SCADA systems in decentralized wastewater treatment systems.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 1-3

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CHAPTER 2.0METHODOLOGY2.1 Overall ApproachThe study was broken down into five separate areas specific to the overall objectives,namely:♦ A literature and technical review♦ The development of monitoring needs♦ The identification of sensor capability♦ The identification of SCADA capability♦ Identifying research needsThe findings of each area of investigation were presented in Technical Memoranda (TM).These TMs were reviewed by the Project Team’s Advisory Panel Members and WERF’s projectsubcommittee (PSC). Comments from the Advisory Panel and PSC were taken into accountwhen preparing the Final Report.2.2 Literature and Technical Review2.2.1 Literature SearchThe review involved literature related to decentralized wastewater treatment sources aswell as non-wastewater literature (i.e. water treatment, industrial processes) that containinformation or approaches that could be utilized by the decentralized wastewater industry. Thesearch focused on information available on the web, direct contact with individuals andorganizations that would potentially have relevant literature, and also searches for technicalpapers from various organizations and proceedings.2.2.2 Case Study Data CollectionIn addition to the technical literature, industry contacts were solicited for information notreadily available in the literature. This included case histories or examples where on-lineinstrumentation and data collection and transmission systems are being used to monitor remote,unmanned decentralized wastewater or water treatment systems. These case history reports arebased on electronic mail and telephone interviews with staff responsible for operating thefacilities.A questionnaire was prepared by the Project Team and provided to all contacts, togetherwith a description of the project and the key objectives of the study. The questionnaires werecompleted by the owner/operator of the facility or a telephone interview was carried out and theanswers recorded.Information requested from the owner/operator of each facility included the following:2-1

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦Where is the plant located?What type of plant is it? List all treatment processes at the facility.What is the plant capacity, and what is the operating capacity?What are the treatment objectives and discharge limits for the plant?What type of on-line instrumentation is used at the facility?What is the make/model of the instrumentation?What type of SCADA system is used and is information communicated by landline, cell, orsatellite?Do you use localized data storage (digital files), paper files, or a remote database for datastorage?How long has automated monitoring been in place?How many operating and maintenance staff are involved at the plant? What are their hours?What type of O&M is carried out on monitoring equipment?What is the time spent on maintaining the monitoring equipment and the estimated timesavings resulting from remote monitoring?Have there been any issues with the automation system, and if so, what type?Can you provide an estimate cost of installing the on-line monitoring and SCADA system?2.3 Development of Monitoring NeedsIn order to identify sensor capabilities, the types of parameters that require monitoringwere identified. This process involved reviewing traditional and non-traditional parameters thatcould be monitored in decentralized wastewater treatment systems to allow operations ormanagement staff at a remote location to assess the operating or performance status of a facilityand to respond to upsets, process or mechanical failures or other non-routine situations. Thereview was used to identify the operating conditions, process control parameters and effluentquality parameters that could be monitored on-line at decentralized facilities.2.4 Identification of Sensor Capabilities2.4.1 Analysis of Instrument CapabilitiesWastewater treatment system instruments were investigated and evaluated using asubjective analysis and objective capabilities. This analysis was based on the field experience ofindustry experts and product literature. Instrumentation cost of ownership (maintenancerequirements) and documented manufacturer specifications were evaluated subjectively, basedon the field experience of industry experts. An assessment of high, medium or low instrumentmaintenance requirements and the accuracy and reliability of available manufacturer instrumenttechnologies was used. Instrument monitoring capabilities were objectively documented usingmanufacturer reported specifications for installation requirements and interface with the SCADAsystems that were identified in this study.The Instrumentation Testing Association’s (ITA) research reports and field-testingknowledge base was used to estimate the cost of ownership, accuracy and repeatabilityassessments and ITA’s instrumentation specification database. These were based on instrumentmanufacturer specifications and designed to assist the end-user in making direct comparisons ofinstrument features, applications, operating parameters, maintenance requirements, reportedaccuracy and costs.2-2

A thorough examination of instrumentation cost of ownership would necessitate a lifecyclecost analysis. Such an endeavour would require significant resources to encompass allinstrument parameters appropriate for decentralized wastewater treatment systems. For thepurposes of this research project, a life cycle cost analysis discussion is included to be used as atool by the decentralized system end-user. A life cycle cost analysis will specifically track thecosts associated with installing, operating and maintaining an instrument (inclusive of labor andassociated chemical costs over the useful life of the instrument). The life cycle cost analysis canprovide the decentralized wastewater system end-user with information that can be used todevelop realistic operating budgets, and to justify procurement and installation ofinstrumentation.2.4.2 Life Cycle Cost (LCC)The cost of obtaining dependable and precise information from accurate and reliableinstrumentation is low when compared to the overall cost of facility operations and ownership ona year-to-year basis. Determining the cost of ownership requires the end user to calculate the LifeCycle Cost (LCC) of the instrument. The following LCC model was prepared by ITA for theWERF Project 99-WWF-6 (4) . The LCC equation uses four cost factors to determine total lifecycle costs of the instrument by the following equation:LCC = [Cic + LRavg(Cin) + LRom(Com)] + [(Crs + LRom(Com)) n] [1]WherebyLCC = life cycle costCic = initial cost factor, purchase price (analyzer, system, filter, auxiliary andincludes one year of reagents and spare parts)Cin = installation, commissioning, and training cost factor (end user developspoint system)Com = operation, maintenance and repair cost factor includes cost of normalsystem supervision, routine and predicted repairs, parts, and staff time(end user develops point system)Crs = annual reagent and spare parts costsLRavg = hourly labor rate average for staff that installed instrument (includingoperations, instrumentation, and electrical)LRom = hourly labor rate for operation, maintenance and repair and supervision ofthe instrument and depending on responsibilities this may includeoperations, instrumentation, and electrical. Derived from averaged laborrates for general operations and maintenance personnel andinstrumentation specialist/technicians.n = years of expected instrument life (i.e., typically 5-10 years)The LCC equation is divided into two parts, the first represents year one costs (i.e., initialpurchase and installation costs, etc.) and the second part of the equation allows for subsequentyears represented by annual operation, maintenance and repair costs. Regional variations inhourly labor rates led to the development of the Labor Rate multipliers LRavg and LRom.It is important to take into consideration the assumptions made in developing the LCCmodel to perform cost of ownership analysis. For example, the initial cost information (Cic) isNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 2-3

supplied by end user purchase documents. The installation (Cin), operation and maintenance costfactors (Com) are considered subjective since they are developed by end user experiences,observations, and maintenance records and assume accurate record keeping by the end user. It isalso assumed that installation, operation and maintenance costs vary from site-to-site dependingon type of installation, time required to perform tasks, labor rates, and overhead costs.For the purposes of this research project, the cost of ownership (maintenancerequirements) was subjectively evaluated for the instruments listed in tabular format. A rating ofHigh, Medium, and Low is shown and is based on instrument specifications, field observationsand experience of experts, materials of construction, installation requirements, operations,probable maintenance tasks, consumables (chemical reagents, replacement parts, etc.), andsupport system equipment requirements. A High cost of ownership rating was assigned forinstrument maintenance costs that were greater than or equal to $2,500 per year. A Mediumrating was assigned where the associated costs of ownership were in the $1,000 to $2,500 range.A Low rating was assigned to an instrument with a cost of ownership less than $1,000 per year.Further details on the methodology used to calculate LCC is included as Appendix A.2.4.3 Instrument Monitoring CapabilitiesInstrument monitoring capabilities of each instrument were prepared in tabular format and wereevaluated using both subjective and objective analysis. Instrument monitoring capabilities takesinto consideration the instrument technologies and makes a subjective determination of thesensor’s accuracy (not the accuracy published by the manufacturer) and reliability based onresearch and the experience of experts in the industry. Objective instrument features, includinginstallation requirements and the ability of the instrument to interface with SCADA systems, arebased on the monitoring capabilities from the manufacturer’s instrument specification data.2.4.3.1 AccuracyAccuracy describes how close an instrument can measure a constituent with bias errors.For the purposes of this research project, accuracy of a decentralized wastewater treatmentsystem instrument was subjectively evaluated using a 2% value and is based on research and thefield experience of experts in the industry. Instruments with an assessed accuracy of less than 2%are determined to be “Accurate” and instruments with an assessed accuracy greater than 2% areconsidered to be “Fairly Accurate.”2.4.3.2 ReliabilityReliability of the instrument is the ability of the instrument to operate consistently withstability and repeatability. A reliable instrument will have consistent results if repeated overtime. Repeatability is the ability of an instrument to obtain consistent results when measuring thesame constituent. A measurement is considered to be repeatable when the variation of themeasurement over time is smaller than some agreed limit.For the purposes of this research project, reliability was subjectively evaluated based onresearch and the field experience of experts in the industry. Instruments may be deemed morereliable if they have fewer moving parts and provide automatic maintenance features such asself-cleaning, self-calibration and self-diagnostic capabilities that may reduce maintenance laborrequirements and assist in continuous operation.2-4

2.4.3.3 Installation RequirementsInstallation requirements of an instrument are objectively documented and are based onreported manufacturer specifications. Installation configuration capabilities such as pipemounting, wall mounting, instrument sensor location and any auxiliary equipment required tosupport instrument measurements are documented.Sensor location defines whether the instrument measurement is taken ex-situ(measurement sample is transported to instrument sensor) or in-situ (instrument sensor takes itsmeasurement directly from the process). Auxiliary equipment includes additional utilities,equipment or environmental controls to accommodate normal operation of the instrument. In thecase of an instrument with an ex-situ sample measurement, support equipment such as asampling system with pumps would be required to transport the sample to the instrument.2.4.3.4 Interface with SCADA SystemsThe capability of an instrument to interface with a SCADA system was objectivelydocumented and based on reported manufacturer specifications. Various connections areavailable to interface with SCADA systems such as relay outputs, analog outputs and digitalcommunication protocols. Relay outputs or relay contacts are switches used for control purposes.Analog outputs are a type of signal an instrument transmits that can be used for readouts andcontrol functions. Typical analog output signals are 4-20 mA (milliamps) and 1-5 VDC (voltagedirect current). Digital communication protocols are used for integrating instrument readings intoa control system. Protocols such as Fieldbus, Profibus, Modbus, RS232, RS422, RS485, HART,Ethernet, and others allow the end-user to connect multiple instruments to a single wire that isused to transmit instrument data to the SCADA system.2.5 Identification of SCADA Capabilities2.5.1 Literature SearchThis review was based on product literature and documentation as it pertains todecentralized wastewater treatment systems along with non-wastewater systems. These nonwastewatersystems include water treatment, storage and pumping systems as well as otherindustrial processes for the purpose of reviewing content that would relate to the SCADAsystems employed in the decentralized wastewater treatment systems.The search involved literature on the internet and technical white papers as well as directcontact with suppliers and vendors of various equipment and services for SCADA systems.2.5.2 Case Study ReferenceThe identification of SCADA capabilities utilized the data collected from case studies aspart of the Literature and Technical Review. These systems employed various SCADA systemsfor the purpose of alarming, monitoring and control.2.6 Identification of Research NeedsThe Literature and Technical Review provided an insight on potential and actual issueswith real-time monitoring systems for decentralized facilities. The Identification of SensorCapabilities and SCADA Capabilities for decentralized wastewater treatment plants were used toidentify gaps in knowledge in sensors and SCADA technology or application, respectively.Based on this and other information collected during the investigation, research needs that couldNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 2-5

potentially increase the use of real-time monitoring and SCADA systems in decentralizedwastewater treatment were identified and prioritized.2-6

CHAPTER 3.0RESULTS AND ANALYSIS3.1 Current Monitoring of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Facilities3.1.1 Types of Treatment SystemsA wide range of treatment technologies are used for decentralized wastewater treatment.The simplest systems include septic tanks (with a soil absorption field) and facultative lagoons.More complex systems include filters (i.e., recirculating sand, peat, and textile) and mechanicallyoperated biological treatment systems (e.g., activated sludge, trickling filters and sequencingbatch reactors).All decentralized wastewater treatment systems are designed to reduce the concentrationof solids and organic matter. Some treatment facilities may also provide a reduction in theconcentration of ammonia-nitrogen, nutrients, and pathogens. Typically, effluent fromdecentralized wastewater systems is discharged to a soil absorption system, although largercluster systems may directly discharge to a surface body of water.The overall trend for decentralized wastewater treatment is the use of more complextreatment systems, likely due to an increase in grey water schemes, regulatory requirements forbetter effluent quality and more acceptance of these technologies by the general public andregulatory authorities. While this trend does not necessarily mean the potential for systemproblems will increase (many of these systems are very robust and require little maintenance oroperational changes), there is an increase in the number of mechanical systems and processparameters that may need to be monitored to ensure consistent effluent quality.3.1.2 Types of On-line MonitoringRemote, on-line monitoring of decentralized facilities involves unattended analysis andreporting of a parameter. This type of monitoring produces data at a greater frequency than ispossible by onsite sampling or assessment of the operational status of equipment by an operator.It also allows for real-time feedback for process control, and influent or effluent qualitycharacterization that can be used for operational decisions.There are four general types of monitoring that can be used for decentralized wastewatertreatment facilities, which are as follows.♦♦♦Operational monitoring of the status of mechanical equipment (pumps, blowers, clarifierdrives, etc.).Process control monitoring that can allow process adjustments to improve effluent qualityand/or reduce treatment costs. This type of monitoring may include influent flows andconstituents, monitoring of conditions at various points in the treatment process, and effluentflows and constituents. This type of monitoring could be carried out using on-line sensors.Raw wastewater or effluent quality monitoring, where the volume and/or concentration ofcertain parameters in the untreated sewage or treated effluent are monitored to indicate spills3-1

or determine compliance with permit requirements. This type of monitoring could be carriedout using on-line sensors.♦ Monitoring of the receiving environment to determine if it is adversely affected by effluentdischarges, which could include monitoring groundwater wells in the vicinity ofdecentralized treatment facilities that discharge to soil absorption systems. This type ofmonitoring is typically carried out by manual sampling and off-line laboratory analysis, butcould be done using on-line sensors in some cases.3.1.3 Potential Benefits of Using On-line Sensors for Remote MonitoringThe potential benefits of using on-line sensors to monitor decentralized wastewatertreatment systems in real-time include the following.♦ Early warning of changes in influent and effluent quality or flow. This allows for a treatmentprocess to be modified as needed to achieve a consistent effluent quality and to meetdischarge requirements. There is also the possibility of linking downstream regulatorymonitoring stations to a plant’s SCADA system as a means of warning owners/operators of apotential operational problem at a plant.♦ Reducing the risk of adversely affecting the environment and/or public health. The dischargeof contaminants into a receiving water or soil as a result of a system failure or poorperformance has the potential to adversely affect the public and/or the local environment.Without real-time monitoring, system failures or malfunctions may go unnoticed forsignificant periods of time.♦ Planning for additional treatment capacity. By monitoring systems and analyzing the dataprovided, times of peak use can be determined and system expansions can be plannedaccordingly.♦ Reducing chemical and energy costs by optimizing and continuously regulating the treatmentprocess. For example, by having accurate trending information, plant operators can determinewhen they have to add chemicals or backwash filters.♦ The ability to automatically generate reports to meet management or regulatory requirements.♦ Reducing operational costs and increasing the efficiency of the day-to-day operation bydecreasing staff time and travel costs associated with site visits. In addition, there arepotential monetary costs associated with system failures that are not detected and rectified ina timely manner that include the cost to repair or replace a failed system or components(which can be greater the longer a problem persists), an impact on property values as a resultof pollution, and the loss of income for a business using the facility until the system isrepaired.♦ Building confidence in the general public and regulatory authorities that decentralizedwastewater treatment is a suitable option for communities.3.1.4 Current Monitoring of Decentralized Treatment SystemsFor cluster wastewater treatment systems, regulatory authorities will typically requiresome level of effluent quality and quantity monitoring, and sometimes require monitoring of thereceiving water environment (surface or groundwater). The monitoring required will be specifiedin the permit for the facility, which will vary from site to site. Typically, the permit will havelimits on total suspended solids (TSS) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ). Some3-2

facilities may also have specified limits for fecal and/or total coliform, ammonia-nitrogen,nitrate-nitrogen, phosphorus and total chlorine residual.Individual onsite wastewater treatment systems are rarely required to undertakemonitoring as they do not typically have discharge limits specified in a permit. The acceptance ofonsite systems by a regulatory authority (usually a county or state health department in the U.S.)is typically based on design standards for the treatment and disposal system rather than treatmentperformance.3.2 Literature and Technical Review3.2.1 Literature SearchA search for readily available information on existing on-line real-time monitoringsystems for decentralized wastewater systems identified limited information, indicating that thisis not a widespread management practice.Information from three monitoring equipment and service suppliers in the U.S. wasidentified, as well as two independent studies on on-line monitoring of decentralized wastewatersystems.The types of on-line monitoring identified from the literature reviewed includedmechanical systems (e.g., pump run status, level sensors), water quality parameters (e.g., pH)and a few process operating parameters (e.g., DO, UV light intensity).From a search of available technical literature, the telemetry system used to transferperformance and operational data to a remote operational center was found to range from autodialers (minimal data transmitted) to programmable logic controllers (PLC), SCADA systemsand web-based telemetry.The literature search findings are presented in the following subsections.3.2.1.1 Orenco SystemsOrenco Systems Inc. designs and manufactures control and monitoring panels for waterand wastewater facilities, including decentralized plants (www.orenco.com). The VeriComm andTCOM systems include remote wireless telemetry control panels that can be used with a webbasedmonitoring system. The Orenco telemetry systems are in effect a type of SCADA systemas they include a PLC and communication modules.The telemetry system allows plant operators to remotely monitor and control certainparameters for a decentralized treatment system using regular computer software. Monitoring mayinclude UV light sensors, liquid level, pump run time and filter/screen cleaning. As well as allowingoperators to remotely monitor the plant, the system notifies operators of alarms or alerts and alsoallows operators to change some plant settings remotely. Based on a programmed probability matrixresulting from stored events and data, an operator may receive an email outlining diagnosticproblems.The control panel connects with the monitoring system to download plant data to theweb, typically once a month. Operators can also access the control panel remotely to view realtimedata using a computer with a modem. Alarm or alert conditions are transmitted to operatorsimmediately. All data are stored in a central database that can be accessed by operators via theweb.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-3

Typical Orenco residential remote telemetry panel costs are approximately $780 andbasic panels for a cluster treatment system around $3,500. The approximate cost of a customisedcontrol and monitoring panel for a cluster system typically ranges from $9,000-16,000 U.S.A number of case studies were identified where the Orenco monitoring system was beingused. These are discussed in Section 3.2.2.Other similar systems to Orenco include the SCADAlliance product (EasyControllers:http://www.wit.fr/en/index.aspx ), the Semaphore TBox (http://www.csesemaphore.com/default.php),Aquaworx control panels(http://www.aquaworx.com/products/control.asp ) and American Onsite Controls control panels(http://www.americanonsite.com/american/controls.html).Other options for management of data from decentralized wastewater treatment facilitiesinclude Hach’s Water Information Management Solution (http://www.hach.com/WIMS), theOnlineRME Wastewater Management Tool (http://www.onlinerme.com/product.htm), Endress+ Hauser’s Life Cycle Management (http://www.us.endress.com/) and the WaterTrax product(http://www.watertrax.com/product-services/software-as-a-service.html).3.2.1.2 Aquapoint SystemAquapoint’s Aqua Alert remote wireless telemetry package or hardwire modems allowsmonitoring and control of specific system functions directly from an internet accessible computer(www.aquapoint.com). Data transmission is not in real-time, but data is sent in packets several timesper day between the control panel and an internet-based software program. The Aqua Alert systemcan be used with Aquapoint package wastewater treatment plants only and can be customised.Mechanical equipment cycles and operation are adjustable and operators can monitorplant history, elapsed run times and alarm conditions remotely.Information is provided on facilities using the Aquapoint remote monitoring and controlsystem in Section 3.2.2.3.2.1.3 NSF International Onsite Monitoring ProgramNSF International provides an Onsite Monitoring Program (OMP) as a service primarilyto regulators and service providers to receive independent verification that advanced onsitewastewater treatment systems are being regularly maintained, and that those with alarmactivations are being responded to appropriately (www.nsf.org/info/omp).The system does not provide real-time water quality or process monitoring data and doesnot allow for remote manipulation of the treatment process. However, service providers doreceive immediate notification of alarms via text message to cell phone, pager, and/or email.OMP subscribers can access and use data from wastewater facilities via a password-protectedwebsite.The system maintains a permanent record of each event to document the history ofalarm/events at a given location, and to track response times to those alarms/alerts.The communication devices are purchased from NSF at a cost of $74-163 and the servicecontract is $48/year for residential and $72/year for commercial facilities for the first year, withlower annual service contract costs after the first year. All costs are in U.S. dollars.3-4

The system has been in place since 2005 and users are located all over the U.S.. Thenumber of NSF OMP subscribers is proprietary information and was not available for this study.3.2.1.4 National Onsite Demonstration ProgramWest Virginia University carried out a study between 2004 and 2006 on remotemonitoring of decentralized wastewater systems. Part of the study involved developing a methodof monitoring multiple decentralized wastewater treatment systems from a central location, anddemonstrating the potential of remote monitoring equipment as a tool for performance-basedstandards and decision making.The parameters monitored in the study were DO, pH, pump run times, air temperature,wastewater temperature, liquid level, and water flow. Data from the sensors from six plants wascollected every three minutes and transmitted to a custom Remote Data Acquisition Panel(RDAP). Data transfer from the RDAP to the Centralized Data Acquisition Center (CDAC) wasdone using a telephone landline. A custom Data Acquisition Computer (DAC) was used toconnect with the RDAP and to store data.Limited data are available on the performance or reliability of the monitoring systemused, but based on a discussion with one of the study authors, there were no issues with thesefactors during the study.The authors of the study concluded that a significant reduction in labor costs could beachieved by using a targeted response approach with remote monitoring, but that an economicanalysis to confirm this is required.The study followed on from work carried out in 2001 and 2002 on real-time monitoring ofrecirculating filters. In this work, data from pH, oxidative reductive potential (ORP), temperature,DO, flow and level sensors were downloaded every 30 minutes and data transmitted to a central datalogger and a subset of the data was transmitted for remote monitoring. Three different proprietarydata transfer systems were used at the test site. Issues encountered with the sensors included surgedamage. Maintenance of some of the probes was time consuming and inconsistent readings werereceived for some sensors. There were occasional issues with lightning strikes and communicationproblems with the data transfer and acquisition systems used.3.2.1.5 Rocky Mountain Institute StudyThe Rocky Mountain Institute conducted a study on behalf of the U.S EPA in 2004 onthe methods to carry out a cost benefit analysis for decentralized wastewater treatment systems.This study concluded that remote monitoring and control of decentralized systems has thepotential to reduce the risks of treatment failure and the costs of professional maintenance. It alsoconcluded that the technologies and approaches for remote monitoring and control need to beexamined as there are little data available on this.The results of this study indicate that remote monitoring can reduce the maintenance andrepair costs for some systems, but it is not always clear what needs to be monitored and whatsystem types give net returns on the investment in monitoring technology. It was suggested thatconsideration should be given to whether remote monitoring can reduce the resistance of ownersof decentralized wastewater systems to use maintenance programs.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-5

3.2.1.6 White Paper on Distributed Sensing Systems for Water Quality Assessment andManagementThe Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) is developing embeddednetworked sensing systems and applying this technology to specific applications. CENS prepareda white paper on potential applications of sensing systems to a number of water qualitymanagement problems, including providing early warning for septic system failures. It issuggested that this could be provided by having a technician use a handheld computer to locate awireless signal from a battery-powered water quality sensor. The technician’s computer analysesthe data collected over time and determines from this if the septic system is leaking. A noticewould then be sent to the homeowner. Field-ready sensors that could be used for this purpose arediscussed and include electrical conductivity and water level.3.2.1.7 Remote Monitoring of Treatment Plants on Golf CoursesWaterloo Biofilter Systems Inc. installed a remote monitoring system for wastewatertreatment plants at four golf courses in Ontario, Canada. Effluent from a septic tank is treated ina proprietary biological filter at each of the golf courses. The remote monitoring system includessoftware and hardware connected to mechanical equipment. Data that is monitored includespump status and cycles, rotating valve cycles, flow, temperature and UV light intensity. Dailyviewing of plant data remotely was used to optimize the treatment at each facility. Furtherinformation on the remote monitoring system used is provided in Section 3.2.2.8.3.2.2 Case StudiesBased on the results of the case study review, the number of decentralized wastewatertreatment facilities currently using on-line sensors for real-time remote monitoring is relativelysmall. Many decentralized facilities using remote monitoring would appear to be supplied with“control boxes” that monitor and control pump on/off status, monitor tank levels and sound analarm when an unusual condition occurs. The alarm connects to a panel onsite and can also beused to send a signal to the plant operator and to a remote central control location. A fewdecentralized facilities were identified that are using real-time sensors to monitor non-traditionalparameters such as dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), conductivity and chlorineconcentration.A summary of each case study is presented in the following subsections and summarizedin Table 3-1. Appendix B presents the completed questionnaires supplied by the owner oroperator of each facility discussed.3.2.2.1 Charles City County, VirginiaOn-line instrumentation and SCADA were installed at two wastewater treatment plants inCharles City County in 2005 to remotely monitor the treatment process at each plant. Each plantincludes a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), gravel filter and UV disinfection. The Jerusalemwastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has a treatment capacity of 13.2 m 3 /d (3,500 gpd) and theKimages WWTP has a treatment capacity of 26.4 m 3 /d (7,000 gpd).Each plant has pH, luminescent dissolved oxygen (LDO), oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) and conductivity monitors. The Kimages plant also has a nitrate sensor installed, whichwas out of commission for approximately one year, due to a faulty junction box. Plant operatorscan call into the SCADA system to review real-time sensor data using a dedicated landline. Dataare electronically stored locally.3-6

There have been issues with the hardware for the nitrate probe and its connections to theSCADA, which may have been due to the problem with the junction box. There have also beenproblems with the data collection and storage system at the Kimages plant. There have beenchallenges with the DO control system and, as a result, the plants may switch to a timer basedoperation for the blowers. The DO sensors are used to turn off the blowers at 5 mg/L DO and onat 2 mg/L. There have also been problems with frequent alarms from the probes.Plant operators carry out routine daily site visits and typically spend about one hour perweek on maintenance of the remote monitoring system. The installation of a remote monitoringsystem has not reduced labor requirements at these facilities. It is the opinion of the TechnicalServices Engineer at the Virginia Department of Health that remote monitoring of the on-linesensors is not necessary for successful operation of these facilities. He has suggested that themain reason for this is the technology used may not be the best choice for the treatmenttechnology at the plants, as well as the operational practice of the plants.3.2.2.2 Warren, VermontA U.S EPA demonstration project in the Core Village Growth Center in Warren,Vermont uses remote monitoring and control for wastewater treatment systems and pumpstations. Included in this project are two cluster wastewater treatment plants (design capacity 114m 3 /d or 30,000 gpd and 8 m 3 /d or 2,000 gpd), eight onsite treatment/disposal systems, pumpstations and 31 septic tank effluent pump (STEP) systems. Remote monitoring has been in placesince 2003.The pump stations and the two cluster plants have control panels that communicate viaradio telemetry to a master panel located at the Town office. Monitoring for these systemsincludes level sensors and pump run times. Operators can access the master panel from personalcomputers using a modem in the panel. The master panel has a dialer that sends alarms to anoperator’s cell phone. Data is stored electronically at a remote database and paper copies are alsokept for each site.The STEP systems and onsite facilities plants have Orenco VeriComm control panels thatmonitor liquid levels, float switches and pump run times. One of the onsite systems uses acustom Orenco control panel to monitor liquid levels, float switches, pump run times and filtercleaning. The custom panel also allows remote access to the control panel using a personalcomputer with a modem. Operators receive an alarm for these systems to a pager or email via thehomeowner’s telephone line. Monitoring data for each of these sites, which is downloadedapproximately once a month, can be accessed through the Orenco website.Operators check all plants remotely on a weekly basis and carry out routine site visitsonce every two weeks. There is no routine maintenance scheduled for the remote monitoringsystem and the estimated time savings as a result of the system is 12 hours/week for all facilities.There have been some minor problems with monitoring of these systems, includinglightning strikes causing panel failures and homeowners switching from landlines to cellulartelephone systems.3.2.2.3 Seven Cluster Treatment Plants, MichiganSCS Systems LLC provided information on the remote monitoring systems used by sevencluster filtration treatment systems in Michigan. The treatment plants include storage ponds, sandfilters, textile filters and infiltration systems. The treatment capacity of the plants ranges from 10Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-7

m 3 /d (5,600 gpd) to 95 m 3 /d (25,000 gpd). All plants receive wastewater from STEP or septictank effluent gravity (STEG) systems. All of the systems use custom Orenco control panels thatutilize a land line. Data are stored locally for 3 to 12 months (varies with facility) and aredownloaded remotely to Excel files at a central computer.Monitoring at the plants includes liquid level, pump run, flow meters and floats. Verylimited site visits are carried out. There have been some issues with reliability with sometelemetry systems, including failures due to voltage spikes and inconsistent phone service atsome sites. There was a problem with a level sensor and a flow meter at two of the sites, whichwas believed to be due to incorrect installation of these sensors.The maintenance time for the remote monitoring system is estimated to be between 0.5and 2 hours per year, and time savings as a result of remote monitoring between 5 and 30 hoursper year for each site.SCS has noticed an increased demand for control panels that will communicate over aninternet connection, cellular or wireless service as many homeowners are changing from alandline service to cellular phones or cable internet.3.2.2.4 Piperton, TennesseeThe Town of Piperton has a network of six wastewater treatment plants, each using thesame treatment technology (Aquapoint Bioclere trickling filters). The capacity of the treatmentplants ranges from 76 m 3 /d (20,000 gpd) to 303 m 3 /d (80,000gpd). Each plant is tied into thesame telemetry monitoring network, which uses a proprietary Aquapoint telemetry controlpackage called “Aqua Alert”. On-line monitoring includes pump and fan operation. Datatransmission is not in real-time, but data packets are sent several times per day between thecontrol panel and internet-based software program. All facilities use cellular-based remotewireless telemetry with an integrated automatic dialer.A maximum of two hours per month is spent at each site by plant operators. The actualtime required for maintenance of the remote monitoring system is negligible, and site visits byoperators is part of a preventative maintenance program for the plants. There have been no issueswith the monitoring systems at the Piperton plants. The approximate cost of the telemetry controlpackage is $4,000.It is the opinion of the vendor that many of the owners/operators of systems that havetelemetry or SCADA control system do not use it and most would be happy to have a system thatnotifies operators of an alarm condition only.3.2.2.5 Charleston, South CarolinaThe SBR and UV disinfection system at the Charleston WWTP is a relatively largefacility (capacity 3,785 m 3 /d, 1 MGD), which uses a number of on-line sensors for remotemonitoring. The plant has a range of instrumentation, including level and flow monitors, DOmeters and UV light monitors. The on-line monitoring also provides remote process control.Data from the on-line instrumentation can be monitored in real-time and are transmitted via radiofrom the local SCADA system to two SCADA nodes at the control centre. Data are transferredevery minute. There is temporary local data storage as well as long-term storage on a database atthe control centre.The plant does have a full-time operator Monday to Friday and plant operators view thereal-time monitoring data remotely during evenings, weekends and holidays.3-8

The on-line monitoring system has been in place since 2001 and since that time, the onlyissue has been an occasional communications failure due to radio failure. The operator hasestimated the average up time of the system to be greater than 99%.3.2.2.6 Mobile County and Fulton, AlabamaInformation was received for fifteen decentralized wastewater treatment facilities ownedand operated by three utilities in Alabama. All plants use filtration treatment systems and Orencocontrol and monitoring systems, and range in capacity from approximately 76 m 3 /d (20,000 gpd)to 227 m 3 /d (60,000gpd).The devices being monitored include floats, liquid levels and flow meters. Data aretransmitted to Orenco’s central database using land lines. There have been no issues with theseplants, other than an occasional problem with communication due to non-functioning telephonelines. The remote monitoring systems require virtually no maintenance. As multiple sites aremonitored and most sites are 15 to 20 miles from the central monitoring station, there areconsiderable time savings related to the monitoring systems.3.2.2.7 Miller Catfish Farm, AlabamaDO and temperature sensors have been installed to monitor and manage the aeration tosixty catfish ponds at this facility. Real-time data from the DO and temperature sensors in eachpond are collected by the analyzer at the bank of the pond and relayed to a central officeapproximately 10 miles away using radio transmission or cell phone. Data are also provided forthe operating status for each aerator. Data are collected and stored on a central computer.The system was supplied by ITT Royce Technologies. The farm owner is very satisfiedwith the system installed and has only encountered problems with lightning affecting themonitoring system occasionally.3.2.2.8 Golf Courses in Ontario, CanadaA trickling filter package plant and UV disinfection system was installed by WaterlooBiofilter at each of four golf courses in Ontario in 1999. The treatment capacity for these systemsranges from approximately 15 m 3 /d (4,000 gpd) to 88 m 3 /d (23,000 gpd). Each system has aSCADA that is used to remotely monitor pump on times, flow meter data, pressure switches andUV intensity in real-time. There is no control of the plants remotely with the system. The plantoperator calls into the SCADA system at each plant using a dedicated landline. Data from plantmonitoring are stored electronically at a remote database. The monitoring system has operatedwell since the plants were installed.Maintenance of the remote monitoring system is negligible and the estimated time savingfor operators as a result of remote monitoring is two hours per month for each site.3.2.2.9 Water and Sewer Systems, District of North Cowichan, British Columbia, CanadaThe SCADA systems at three of the wastewater plants in the District of North Cowichanare used as hubs for collecting real-time data from water, sanitary sewer and storm sewermonitoring stations. Data are transferred to the wastewater plants from the remote facilities usingradios. Data are downloaded every 10 to 60 seconds.Data collected at the wastewater treatment plants are transferred to a central location formonitoring and data storage. In addition, on-line DO, pH, level and flow data from thewastewater plants can be monitored remotely at the central location.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-9

Data from the SCADA system at each wastewater plant are relayed to the region’s officeusing virtual private networks (VPN). The region installed the radio and uses the hub system asthe area is very mountainous and there is no clear line of sight or cable system available.The wastewater plants are fully manned; therefore, the remote monitoring system has notreduced labor requirements at the wastewater plants. However, the system does allow remotemonitoring of the water and sewer stations. The system allows for accessing data for the waterand sewer systems at the three wastewater plants, the central location or from a remote sitewhere internet service is available.The District has not experienced any problems with the instrumentation used at any of thefacilities, which include level sensors, flow meters, chlorine sensors and pH probes. The biggestchallenge with the system has been setting up the communication system, upgrading software atthe wastewater treatment plants, and setting up the data management system.3.2.2.10 Cowichan Valley Regional District (CVRD), British Columbia, CanadaThe Shawnigan Beach Estates Sanitary Sewage System is an aerated lagoon plant with amicroscreen drum filter and UV disinfection. The average day flow (ADF) capacity of the plantis approximately 337 m 3 /d (89,000 gpd). Currently, the plant uses an on-line flow monitoringdevice which can be monitored in real-time. Data from the flow meter are transmitted to aSCADA system and from there are transmitted by modem to a host terminal at the CVRD office.In addition to the Shawnigan Beach wastewater plant, on-line flow monitoring data from theLakesides Estates Treatment Station and two pump stations are transmitted to the CVRD office.Data from both facilities are stored digitally at the CVRD office.The CVRD has been satisfied with the performance of the current system. There areoccasional problems due to power outages and false alarm signals. Time savings as a result ofremote monitoring are difficult to estimate for this system as the SCADA methodology is stillbeing adjusted. The CVRD think that there will be time and cost savings in the long term as aresult of remote monitoring.3.2.2.11 Lift Stations, Langford, British ColumbiaCorix Utilities provided information on thirteen lift stations in the community ofLangford. Data from the pumps and flow meters at each lift station are transmitted in real-time toa central SCADA system. Eleven of the stations communicate using cable and the other two bylandline. Data is stored electronically in a remote database. Issues of unnecessary alarms havebeen dealt with by building in a delay to the system.Corix is in the process of developing a SCADA package for all the water and wastewatersystems it is involved in operating. There are no details yet on what sensors will be used, but it isexpected that the SCADA system at each facility will communicate by radio then broadbandEthernet to secure servers and the web.3.2.2.12 Walpole, Western AustraliaThe on-line monitoring of the Walpole WWTP SBR plant includes levels, DO,conductivity, pump status, flow and chlorine leak detection. The treatment capacity of the plantis 200 m 3 /d (53,000 gpd). The monitoring system has been in place for five years. Informationfrom the SCADA system is communicated to a central control centre via a landline. The plantdoes have a full-time operator; therefore, the real-time monitoring data are typically not viewedremotely by plant operators.3-10

The system has both localized storage files and data stored on a remote database. Theimplementation of the system had problems with a delay in the communication between the siteand the central control centre until a broadband internet connection was installed.3.2.2.13 Gesidra Water Distribution System, ItalyThe water system within the province of Bergamo, Italy is integrated and has been usingremote monitoring for the last four years. Approximately 20,000 m 3 /d of water is distributedthroughout the system.On-line instrumentation includes level sensors in the well, flow and pressure monitors inthe network and chlorine analyzers in the disinfection stations. The SCADA system can beaccessed remotely using cell phones. A remote data acquisition system collects and stores data.Prior to the installation of the remote monitoring system, labor for operation andmaintenance of the water system was 80 hours per week (based on two full-time staff). Thecurrent operation and maintenance is carried out by one person on an as- needed basis.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-11

Facility Nameand LocationJerusalem andKimages WWTPs,Charles City County,VirginiaVillage GrowthCenter, Warren,VermontCluster plants inMichiganFacility Type(s)WWTPs (SBR,filtration, UV)WWTPs, pumpstations, onsitetreatment, STEPsystems7 WWTPs –filtration,infiltration, storagesystemsPiperton, Tennessee 6 WWTPs –package biologicalsystemsCharleston WWTP,South CarolinaTreatment Plants inMobile County andFulton, AlabamaWWTP – SBR andUV disinfection15 WWTPs –filtration systemsTable 3-1. Summary of Case Study Information.ParametersMonitoredLDO, ORP, pH,conductivity,nitrateLevel, pump,float switches,flow, filtercleaningLevel, pumps,flow, floatsPumps, fanLevel, flow, DO,UV light intensityFloats, level, andflowCommunication System UsedCall in to SCADA using landlineTelemetry via landlines downloads dataonce a month to web, remote real-timeaccess to control panel via localcomputer, alarm/alert signals sent tooperatorsTelemetry via landlines downloads dataonce a month to web, remote real-timeaccess to control panel via localcomputer, alarm/alert signals sent tooperatorsData packets sent several times per dayto internet-based software programusing cellular-based remote wirelesstelemetry with an integrated automaticdialerReal-time data is transmitted via radiofrom the local SCADA system to twoSCADA nodes at the control centre.Data is transferred every minute.Telemetry via landlines downloads dataonce a month to web, remote real-timeaccess to control panel via local computer,alarm/alert signals sent to operatorsData Storageand AccessLocal, electronic dataAccess using remotecomputer with amodem, Web-basedaccess and storageAccess using remotecomputer with amodem, Web-basedaccess and storageWeb-based access andstorageTemporary local datastorage and long-termstorage on a database atthe control centreAccess using remotecomputer with amodem, Web-basedaccess and storageMiller Catfish Farm, Fish farm ponds DO, temperature, Real-time data transfer to central Electronic data stored3-12

Table 3-1. Summary of Case Study Information.Facility Nameand Location Facility Type(s)ParametersMonitored Communication System UsedData Storageand AccessAlabama aerator operation location using radio and cell phone on central computerOntario golf courses 4 packagebiological treatmentplantsPump, flow,pressure switches,UV light intensitySCADA using a landlineElectronic data storedon remote databaseWater and sewersystems, DNC, BritishColumbiaShawnigan BeachEstates SanitarySewage System,CVRD, BritishColumbiaLift Stations,Langford, BritishColumbiaWalpole WWTP,Western AustraliaGesidra WaterDistribution System,ItalyMultiple water,sanitary sewer andstorm sewerfacilitiesWWTP - aeratedlagoon, filtration,UV disinfectionLevel, flow,chlorine, pHFlowRadio transfer to SCADA at 3 WWTPhubs. Sent by VPN to central facilityfrom WWTPs.Real-time monitoring using modem to ahost terminal central facility13 lift stations Pumps, flow Data in real-time to a central SCADAsystem using cable or landlinesSBRWell, watertreatment plants,water distributionnetworkLevels, DO,conductivity,pump, flow,chlorine leaksensorLevel, flow,pressure, chlorineData in real-time to a central SCADAsystem using a landlineData in real-time to a central SCADAsystem using cell phonesElectronic data storedon remote database atcentral facilityElectronic data storedon remote database atcentral facilityData is storedelectronically on aremote databaseData is storedelectronically locallyand on a remotedatabaseData is storedelectronically on aremote databaseNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance3-13

3.3 Monitoring Needs3.3.1 Traditional ParametersThe following is a summary of traditional parameters that can be used for monitoringdecentralized wastewater treatment facilities. This is not a complete list of sensors available, butrather a list of those that are considered suitable for decentralized facilities.♦ Equipment run status: the operation of pumps, blowers, clarifier drives or other mechanicalequipment can be monitored to ensure that the essential equipment is operating.♦ Liquid level: either on/off level switches that serve an alarm or pump start/stop function, orlevel sensors that monitor and report liquid level continuously.♦ Pressure: for hydraulic head, typically for alarm functions. This parameter can be used tomonitor the filter backwash program for example. It can also be used to monitor the air orwater pressure in lines or valves to indicate problems with pump or blower operation or lineblockages, or faulty valves.♦ Temperature: influent, process and effluent temperature monitoring can be carried out.♦ Flow: the flowrate of influent and/or effluent measurement data can be used for processcontrol or for regulatory reporting requirements. Air flow measurement can also be used.♦ Vibration: monitoring the vibration in rotating mechanical equipment may be used to indicateequipment problems.♦ UV light intensity. A UV light sensor can be used to measure how much UV light is beingdelivered for UV disinfection processes. Over time, the intensity of a lamp will decrease andsensors are used to monitor the intensity. The sensors will also detect changes in treatedwater quality that affect the transmittance of UV irradiation through the water. They can beused to automatically control the amount of UV light transmitted for disinfection purposes byturning on or off banks of or individual UV lamps. The data from the sensors can be used tocompute the delivered UV dose.3.3.2 Non-Traditional ParametersThe following provides a brief description of the types of non-traditional parameters thatcan potentially be measured on-line in decentralized wastewater facilities. This is not a completelist of sensors available, but rather a list of those that are considered suitable for decentralizedfacilities.There are three kinds of direct detection sensors that can be used for real-time monitoringof non-traditional parameters at decentralized wastewater facilities: physical, chemical andbiological. Some of these sensors can also be used as event-triggered sensors (or indicatorsensors), which can be used to let remote operations or management staff know that an operatorshould go to the site to check something or take a sample.3.3.2.1 Physical Parameters♦ Turbidity: Effluent turbidity can be used as an indicator of suspended solids or bacterialcontamination. Spikes in turbidity could trigger sample collection for lab-based TSS and/ormicrobiological analysis. An increase in effluent turbidity detected by an on-line sensorsignal would also inform remote operations or management staff of a possible process upset.♦ Sludge and/or scum depth: the level of sludge or scum in a tank can be monitored to alertplant operators when sludge or scum removal is required, to automate sludge pumpingequipment or to indicate failure of sludge handling equipment.3-14

♦ Soil moisture content: for effluent irrigation systems, the moisture content of the soil can bemonitored to optimize the application rate.3.3.2.2 Chemical Parameters♦ Dissolved oxygen (DO): DO can be monitored for aerated biological processes or can beused for effluent monitoring where there is a permit requirement to meet a minimum DOconcentration for surface water discharge.♦ Ammonium: the effluent ammonium concentration may be monitored in a system that has anammonia-nitrogen concentration limit in its permit.♦ Nitrate: for nitrifying biological treatment plants (i.e., those converting ammonia-nitrogen tonitrate-nitrogen), the measurement of nitrate in the effluent indicates how well nitrification isoperating and can alert a plant operator to upset conditions. It can also be used for effluentmonitoring for those plants that have a nitrate limit in their permit.♦ Phosphorus: can be used for effluent monitoring for those plants that have a phosphorus limitin their permit.♦ BOD 5 : can be used for influent or effluent BOD 5 monitoring.♦ COD: can be used for influent or effluent COD monitoring.♦ Chlorine: for plants that are chlorinating, total chlorine may be monitored to determine if theminimum and/or maximum levels permitted are being met in the effluent discharge.♦ Metals: for effluent that is used for irrigation, the concentration of metals may be monitored.However, the concentration of metals is unlikely to change significantly in decentralizedwastewater facilities, therefore real-time monitoring would only be used in the case wherethe influent has a variable metal concentration (for plants receiving a significant flow fromcertain industries, e.g. metal plating).♦ Oxygen Uptake Rate (respirometry): used to provide an indication of the condition of thebiomass in a biological treatment process or of possible toxicity in the raw wastewater.♦ pH: Can be used to monitor influent or effluent pH. It can also be used in pH control fornitrifying biological treatment plants and for chemical phosphorus removal processes. It isparticularly important if the influent pH is very variable.♦ Hardness: may be used where regenerant water from water softeners is treated in adecentralized treatment facility.♦ Alkalinity: may be used where regenerant water from water softeners is treated in adecentralized treatment facility.♦ Sodium: may be used where return water from water softeners is treated in a decentralizedtreatment facility.♦ Fats, oils and grease (FOG): may be used where plants receive restaurant waste.3.3.2.3 Biological ParametersEffluent toxicity: biosensors can be used to indicate a possible process upset (e.g., highammonia, high chlorine).3.4 Identification of Sensor Capabilities3.4.1 Physical MeasurementThis research project identified several instruments that are used to measure physicalparameters for applications in decentralized wastewater treatment systems. The measurements ofpressure, decentralized facility equipment alarm status and UV light intensity are physicalNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-15

measurements that are described herein. The various technologies of pressure and UV lightintensity are outlined in tabular format and categorized by traditional and non-traditionaltechnologies, as defined by this research project. Note: The physical measurements of equipmentalarm status and UV light intensity only provide one instrument technology and therefore areconsidered traditional.3.4.1.1 Decentralized Facility Equipment Alarm StatusDecentralized facility equipment alarm status for critical equipment (such as pump runstatus, wet well level, and power loss) utilize a single relay contact to transmit signals to theSCADA systems. Typically, SCADA systems display process and system status received from aprogrammable logic controller (PLC) located at a decentralized facility. Each status signal ismechanical or a solid state relay input to the PLC (on/off or opened/closed contacts). The inputsto the PLC originate at the individual mechanical equipment or instruments (motor starters; level,pressure, and temperature transmitters; and analyzers). For example, high wet well level status(hydrostatic pressure instrument or ultrasonic level transmitter) and station power failures(mechanical auxiliary relay contacts on the facility electrical power switchgear) are usually highpriority status alarms. The following provides a typical list of status signals transmitted toSCADA systems for wastewater pump stations:♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦3-16Starter Panel Power FailedGenerator FailedPump 1 Run FailurePump 2 Run FailureWet well level highWet well level lowPump 1 over temperaturePump 2 over temperaturePump 1 seal failurePump 2 seal failurePump 1 overload trippedPump 2 overload trippedPump station communication failedThe following is list of typical alarms for water well sites:Booster pump 1 failed to runBooster pump 1 failed to stopBooster pump 2 failed to runBooster pump 2 failed to stopWell pump failed to runWell pump failed to stopDischarge pressure lowChlorine level lowChlorine level highMain power lossLocal tank high level

♦♦Local tank low levelGenerator Failed3.4.1.2 Liquid LevelThere are numerous instrument technologies that measure liquid level. Liquid levelinstrument technologies are categorized by this research project’s definition of traditional(available and in wide-spread use for many years) and non-traditional (not in wide-spread use)sensors for wastewater treatment systems, as they pertain to decentralized wastewater treatmentsystems.♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦Some of the more traditional liquid level instruments available for decentralized systems are:bubbler systemscapacitance probesconductivedifferential pressurefloat switcheshydrostatic pressureradio frequency (RF) admittancesite gaugethermalultrasonicNon-traditional liquid level instrument technologies include:acoustic waveinterface levellasermagnorestrictivemicrowaveradarEach liquid level instrument technology is described and summarized by cost ofownership and monitoring capabilities in tabular format in Table 3-2. When considering liquidlevel measurement, the finer points of level design are sometimes overlooked. For example,operating ranges for level control of pumps in tanks, basins, pump stations and wet wells can beset to a level that can compensate for any abnormal conditions that might occur (i.e. grease andrag build-up). In addition, some designers specify the installation of redundant level controlswhich can improve level measurement reliability.Liquid level instrument principles of operation and specifications are provided inAppendix C.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-17

Table 3-2. Liquid Level Sensor Technologies.Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay ContactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 VDCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetBubbler SystemsAvensysCampbell ScientificTraditionalx x x x x x x xx x x x x xMotor ProtectionElectronics, Inc. x x x x xSutronClark-Reliance JergusonMagne-Sonics(continuous level)x x x x xx x x x x x xEndress + Hauser(continuous level) x x x x x x x xCapacitance ProbesLevel Controls (pointlevel) x x x x x xLumenite ControlTechnology, Inc.(continuous level)x x x x x x xPepperl+Fuchs (pointlevel) x x x x x xCapacitance ProbesSapcon (continuouslevel) x x x x x x x3-18

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredInterface with SCADA SystemsSiemens (continuouslevel) x x x x x x x xRelay Contacts4-20 mA and/or0-5 VDCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetVega Vegacap(continuous level) x x x x x x xEndress + Hauser (one tofive point level) x x x x x xConductivePepperl+Fuchs (two pointlevel) x x x x x xSapcon (one to four pointlevel) x x x x x xVega Vegakon (one tofour point level) x x x x x xDifferential PressureABBEndress + HauserInvensys FoxboroHoneywellx x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x xRosemount EmersonProcess Management x x x x x x x xClark-Reliance Jerguson(one to three point level) x x x x xFloatInvensys FoxboroEckhardt (continouslevel)x x x x x x x x3-19

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay ContactsInterface with SCADA SystemsKrohne (continuouslevel) x x x x x x x x4-20 mA and/or0-5 VDCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetPepperl+Fuchs (one tothree point level) x x x x xHydrostatic PressureVarec (continuous level)Ametek / Drexelbrookx x x x x x xx x x x xEmerson Process /Mobrey x x x x xEndress+HauserGEx x x x x x xx x x x xGlobal WaterInstrumentation, Inc. x x x x xHydrostatic PressureRadio Frequency (RF)AdmittancePepperl+FuchsSensorTechnicsSiemens /SitransVegaAmetek / DrexelbrookHACH / GLIHawkx x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x x x3-20

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesSite GaugeThermalSapconManufacturersClark-Reliance / JergusonPLT-Process LevelQuest-Tec SolutionsFCIKaydenAccu-Gage CTIManufacturing, Inc.(single point)Cost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredx x x x xx x x x xx x x x x xRelay ContactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 VDCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusx x x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x xHARTEthernetUltrasonicUltrasonicAmetek / Drexelbrook(single point) x x x x xClark-Reliance / JergusonCosenseEndress+Hauserx x x x x xx x x x xx x x x x x x xGlobal WaterInstrumentation, Inc. x x x x x xHiTech Technologies,Inc. x x x x xKAB Instruments Ltd.K-Tek Corporation x x x x x3-21

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesKrohneManufacturersLevelControlsCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay ContactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 VDCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusx x x x x xx x x x x x xMobrey Emerson ProcessManagement x x x x x x xHARTEthernetPepperl+Fuchsx x x x x x xRosemount EmersonProcess Management x x x x x x xSiemens / Milltronics andSitrans x x x x x x x xNon-TraditionalAcoustic WaveInterface LevelHawkSapconAmetekDynatrolEntechHawkMarklandx x x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x3-22

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredMobrey / EmesrsonProcess x x x x x x x xRelay ContactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 VDCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetPulsar ProcessMeasurement Ltd. x x x x x x x xLaserMagnorestrictiveMicrowaveMicrowaveRadarRoyce TechnologiesK-Tek Corporation USALaser Measurements(Pty) LtdOptechAmetek DrexelbrookMTS, Inc.Hawk (single point)KrohneK-Tech CorporationKAB Instruments (Pty)Ltd,Pepperl+FuchsVega / VegaflexAmetek DrexelbrookGlobal Waterx x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x xx x x x x xx x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x x3-23

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersInstrumentation, Inc.Cost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay ContactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 VDCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetKrohnex x x x x xRosemount EmersonProcess Management x x x x x xSiemens / Sitransx x x x x x xVarec Radar TankGauging x x x x x x xVega / Vegaplus Radarx x x x x x x3-24

3.4.1.3 Liquid FlowThere are numerous instrument technologies that measure liquid flow. Liquid flowinstrument technologies are categorized by this research project’s definition of traditional(available and in wide-spread use for many years) and non-traditional (not in wide-spread use)flow meters for wastewater treatment systems, as they pertain to decentralized wastewatertreatment systems.♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦Some of the traditional liquid flow instruments available for decentralized systems are:area-velocitymagneticopen channelVenturiNon-traditional liquid flow instrument technologies include:Dopplerinsertion magnetictransit-timeultrasonicv-element / v-conewedgeEach liquid flow meter technology is described and summarized by principle ofoperation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-3. Flow instrument principleof operation descriptions are extracted from the following ITA publications: Flowmeters forSystem Applications Designer Checklist, DC99FM-002, Area/Velocity Flowmeters forWastewater Collection System Applications Performance Evaluation Report, PER98FM-001 andOptimal Flow Measurement Understanding Selection, Application, Installation and Operation ofFlowmeters Workshop Proceedings, WK02FM-002. Rotameters, flumes and weirs were notevaluated for this project even though they are in widespread use because they do not typicallyconnect to a SCADA system directly. However, ultrasonic level instruments are in common useto measure the water level for flumes and weirs and these instruments are connected to SCADAsystems for reporting flow measurements and are discussed in the level section.Flow instrument principles of operation and specifications are provided in Appendix D.3-25

Table 3-3. Liquid Flow Sensor Technologies.Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalSensor TechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsAccuracyReliabilitySensor Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsInterface with SCADA SystemsHighMediumLowAccurateFairly AccurateReliableFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contacts4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetTraditionalADS EnvironmentalServices, Inc. (ultrasonic) x x x x xArea Velocity(electromagnetic andultrasonic)Greyline Instruments, inc.x x x x x xHach / Sigma(ultrasonic) x x x x x xHach-Marsh-McBirney(electromagnetic) x x x x xSensorProducts(ultrasonic) x x x x x x xMagneticEndress+HauserFoxboroHoneywellOnicon Inc.x x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x xx x x x xRosemount EmersonProcess Management x x x x x xMagneticOpen Channel (ultrasonic)SparlingYokogawaAccusonicx x x x x x xx x x x xx x x x x x x x x3-26

Traditional andNon-TraditionalSensor TechnologiesNote: Area Velocityflowmeters can also beused for open channel flowVenturiDopplerManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountSensor Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredAvensys/ Teledyne Isco,Inc. x x x x xThermo ScientificFlowMaxx EngineeringFox Venturi ProductsPrimary Flow SignalRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCx x x x x xx x x x xx x x x xx x x x xRacine Flow meter Group/ Preso x x x x xDynasonicsEmco Flow SystemsEESiFloGreyline Instruments Inc.Micronics LtdNon-Traditionalx x x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x xPulsar ProcessMeasurement Ltd. x x x x x xRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetThermo Scientific /Polysonics x x x x x x xInsertion MagneticDynasonicsx x x x x x xGeorg Fischer Signet+GF+ Signet x x x x x xMcCrometer, Inc.x x x x x x3-27

Traditional andNon-TraditionalSensor TechnologiesTransit-TimeManufacturersMSR MagmeterSeaMetrics, Inc.AccusonicDynasonicsEndress+HauserEESiFloCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountSensor Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCx x x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x xRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusx x x x x x x x x xx x x x xGE Sensing /Panameterics x x x x x x x x xHARTEthernetV-Element / V-ConeWedgeWedgeHedlandSierra InstrumentsMcCrometer (VCone)AmetekPresoPrimary Flow Signal, Inc.x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x xx x x x xx x x x xx x x x x3-28

3.4.1.4 PressurePressure instrumentation is commonly referred to as pressure transducers or pressuretransmitters. The three most common types of pressure instruments are absolute, gauge, anddifferential. Field configurations provide the distinction between the different types of pressureinstrumentation. Traditional types of pressure transducers/transmitters utilize a capacitance,Piezoresistive, or strain-gauge technology. Non-traditional technologies include micro-electromechanicalsystems (MEMS) piezoresistive.Each pressure instrument technology is described and summarized by principle ofoperation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-4.Pressure instrument specifications are provided in Appendix E.3-29

Table 3-4. Pressure Instrumentation Technologies.Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsPipe mount orwall mountIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredInterface with SCADA SystemsRelay contacts4-20 mA and /or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-BusHARTEthernetTraditionalRosemount, EmersonProcess Management x x x x x x xCapacitancePiezoresistiveStrain GaugeMEMS PiezoresistiveEndress+HauserInvensys/ FoxboroABBAshcroftHoneywellGP:50Honeywellx x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x xNon-Traditionalx x x x x x x3-30

3.4.1.5 UV Light TransmissionWhen wastewater is to be disinfected by Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation transmission, theamount of UV radiation transmitted through the wastewater is affected by the particulates anddissolved matter in the wastewater and results in the range of from 40% to 60% reduction of UVtransmission per 1 cm of layer of water thickness. This means that 40% to 60% of the appliedUV radiation is absorbed by a water layer having a thickness of as little as 1 cm (for comparison:pure drinking water has a transmission in the range of from about 90% to 98%, and theabsorption losses are only from 2% to 10% per 1 cm of water layer thickness). The effect of thepoor UV transmission is that only relatively thin layers of the wastewater around the UVradiation tube sleeve can be effectively disinfected. For wastewater layers located further awayfrom the tube sleeve, the UV radiation time needs to be longer, and may require a reduced flowvelocity past the UV disinfection equipment.In addition, the effect of the aging process of UV tubes is that the radiation output powerdecreases over time even though the power consumption remains approximately the same. Thisrequires regulating the power applied to the UV tubes in order to maintain constant UV radiationoutput. The UV transmission meter measures the radiation power actually being output by theUV tubes. This information can be used to regulate the amount of electrical power delivered tothe UV tubes over time.UV light transmission instrument technology is described and summarized by principleof operation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-5.UV light transmission instrument specifications are provided in Appendix E.3-31

Table 3-5. UV Light Intensity.Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and /or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-BusHARTEthernetOpticalHF ScientificDr. Gröbel UV-Elektronik GmbHEttlingenTraditionalx x x x x x xx x x x xZiegler ElectronicDevices GmbH x x x x x xNon-TraditionalNot Applicable3-32

3.4.2 Analytical MeasurementAnalytical instruments measure the chemistry and biology of the process. For thepurposes of this research project, treatment process quality parameters measured in decentralizedsystems include the analytical instruments that measure ammonia-nitrogen, biochemical oxygendemand (BOD 5 ), chlorine residual, dissolved oxygen, nitrate-nitrogen, pH, phosphate,respirometry, and turbidity. These analytical instruments used for monitoring decentralizedsystems are listed in tabular format in Tables 3-6 to 3-18 and are categorized by traditional andnon-traditional technologies with assessed cost of ownership/maintenance requirements andinstrument monitoring capabilities.Analytical instrument specifications are provided in Appendix F.3.4.2.1 Ammonia-NitrogenAnalytical instruments that measure ammonia-nitrogen include the traditionaltechnologies of colorimetric, gas selective and ion-selective electrodes. Non-traditionalinstrument technologies use ultraviolet (UV) absorbance to measure ammonia-nitrogen.Ammonia nitrogen instrument technology is described and summarized by principle ofoperation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-6.3.4.2.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 )Analytical instruments use a primary traditional technology of biological media to measurethe biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ). BOD 5 instrument technology is described andsummarized by principle of operation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-7.3.4.2.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)COD analyzers utilize ultraviolet, high temperature catalytic oxidation and ozoneoxidation technologies. COD instrument technology is described and summarized by principle ofoperation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-8.3.4.2.4 Chlorine ResidualTotal chlorine residual analyzers used for monitoring the disinfection process ofdecentralized wastewater treatment systems include the traditional technologies of amperometricand colorimetric and the non-traditional technologies of iodine gas sensor or gas phase sensing andion-selective electrodes. Chlorine residual instrument technology is described and summarized byprinciple of operation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-9.3.4.2.5 Dissolved OxygenDissolved oxygen analyzers used for remote monitoring of aerated biological systems indecentralized systems utilize the traditional instrument technologies of galvanic andpolarographic sensors and utilize the non-traditional instrument technology of opticalfluorescence. Dissolved oxygen instrument technology is described and summarized by principleof operation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-10.3.4.2.6 Nitrate-NitrogenAnalytical instruments that measure nitrate-nitrogen include the traditional technologiesof colorimetric and ion-selective electrodes. Non-traditional instrument technologies useadvanced oxidation process using hydroxl radicals and ultraviolet (UV) absorbance to measureNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-33

nitrate-nitrogen. Nitrate nitrogen instrument technology is described and summarized byprinciple of operation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-11.3.4.2.7 pHThe primary traditional instrument technology for measuring pH utilizes the electrometricmethod. Non-traditional pH measurement would include ion-selective field effect transistortechnology. pH instrument technology is described and summarized by principle of operation,cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-12.3.4.2.8 Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP)ORP analyzers utilize electrometric technologies. ORP instrument technology is described andsummarized by principle of operation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-13.3.4.2.9 ConductivityConductivity analyzers utilize electrode technologies. Conductivity instrumenttechnology is described and summarized by principle of operation, cost of ownership andmonitoring capabilities in Table 3-14.3.4.2.10 AlkalinityAlkalinity analyzers utilize colorimetric, titrimetric and ion-selective electrodetechnologies. Alkalinity instrument technology is described and summarized by principle ofoperation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-15.3.4.2.11 PhosphatePhosphate analyzers use the traditional technology of photometric and the non-traditionaltechnology of advanced oxidation process using hydroxyl radicals. Phosphate instrumenttechnology is described and summarized by principle of operation, cost of ownership andmonitoring capabilities in Table 3-16.3.4.2.12 Respirometry (Oxygen Uptake Rate)Respirometry measures the respiration rate of raw samples of wastewater by providing acontinuous record of oxygen use. Respirometry instrument technology is described andsummarized by principle of operation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-17.3.4.2.13 TurbidityTurbidity measurement is a regulatory reporting requirement in the United States. Thetraditional technology for turbidity measurement is optical using nephelometric, per the U.S.EPA Method 180.1. The nephelometric measurement can vary by light source (either white lightor infrared) and/or by type of scatter (side-scatter at 90 degrees or transmissive light and receiverat 180 degrees apart). Turbidity instrument technology is described and summarized by principleof operation, cost of ownership and monitoring capabilities in Table 3-18.3-34

Table 3-6. Ammonia-Nitrogen.Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetColorimetricGas Selective SensorIon-Selective Electrode(ISE)ApplikonEndress+HauserHachSevern TrentSystea ScientificTytronicsWaltronJumoHachWedgewood AnalyticalApplikonHachNEXTChemMurtacTraditionalx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-35

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesUVManufacturersSevern TrentSysteaTyco GreenspanTytronicsWaltronWedgewood AnalyticalWTW (AmmoLyt )WTW (TresCon)AWAChemScanCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xRS-232, RS-422,RS-485x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xNon-Traditionalx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xField-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernet3-36

Table 3-7. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5).Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetBiological mediaEndress+HauserLARTraditionalx x x x x xx x x x x x xNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-37

Table 3-8. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetHigh temperature catalyticoxidationOzone oxidationUVEndress+HauserEndress+HauserAWATraditionalx x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x x3-38

Table 3-9. Total Chlorine Residual.Traditional and Non-TraditionalInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsAccuracyReliabilityInstallationRequirementsInterface with SCADA SystemsHighMediumLowAccurateFairly AccurateReliableFairly ReliablePipe mount orwall mountIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contacts4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetAmperometericColorimetricHach, SigmaTraditionalx x x x x x xRosemount AnalyticalEmerson Process Mgmt x x x x x x x xSevern TrentWallace & TiernanHachx x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x xIodine Gas Sensor or GasPhase SensingIon-Selective ElectrodeATIThermo ScientificNon-Traditionalx x x x x x xx x x x x xNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-39

Table 3-10. Dissolved Oxygen.Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesInstallationRequirementsPipe mount orwall mountIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredInterface with SCADA SystemsRelay contacts4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetGalvanicPolarographicOptical FluroescenceABBIC ControlsHachRoyce TechnologiesHach, GLIEndress + HauserFoxboroWTWInsite IGHachTraditionalx x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x x x xNon-Traditionalx x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x3-40

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesColorimetricIon-Selective Electrode(ISE)Advanced OxidationProcess Using HydroxylRadicalsUVManufacturersApplikonApplikonBran + LuebbeMurtacMyratekSevern TrentTytronicsWTWBioTectorAWATable 3-11. Nitrate-Nitrogen.Traditional and Non-TraditionalCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableTraditionalInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xRS-232, RS-422,RS-485x x x x x x x xNon-Traditionalx x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x xField-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernet

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersBran + LuebbeChemScanEndress + HauserHach, NitrataxscCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCx x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x xRS-232, RS-422,RS-485x x x x x x x xS::can MesstechnikGmbH x x x x x x x x xField-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetTytronicsWedgewood AnalyticalWTWx x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x3-42

Traditional andNon-TraditionaInstrumentTechnologiesElectrometricIon-sensitive field effecttransistorManufacturersABBATIEndress+HauserFoxboroHach, GLIHoneywellKrohneRosemount / EmersonRoyce Technologies /ITTEndress+HauserTable 3-12. pH.Traditional and Non-TraditionalCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableTraditionalInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusx x x x x x x xx x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x xNon-Traditionalx x x x x x x xHARTEthernetNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-43

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesElectrometricElectrometricElectrometricElectrometricElectrometricManufacturersSiemens StrancoATIEndress+HauserHachRoyce TechnologiesTable 3-13. Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP)Traditional and Non-TraditionalCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableTraditionalInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCx x x x x x xx x x x x x xRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusx x x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x xHARTEthernet3-44

Table 3-14. Conductivity.Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeATIATIHachEndress + HauserTraditionalx x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x xNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-45

Table 3-15. Alkalinity.Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernettitrimetric and colorimetricHachTraditionalx x x x x x x x3-46

Table 3-16. Phosphate.Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetPhotometricABBEndress + HauserHach, 5000Hach, Phosphax scTraditionalx x x x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x xx x x x x x x x xRosemount / EmersonProcess x x x x x x x xAdvanced OxidationProcess using HydroxylRadicalsBioTectorNon-Traditionalx x x x x x x x x xNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-47

Table 3-17. Respirometry (oxygen uptake rate).Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetVolume of Oxygen UsedRespirometry Plus, LLCChallenge TechnologyTraditionalx x x x x xx x x x x3-48

Table 3-18. Turbidity.Traditional and Non-TraditionalTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesManufacturersCost ofownership /MaintenanceRequirementsHighMediumLowAccuracyAccurateFairly AccurateReliableReliabilityFairly ReliableInstrument Monitoring CapabilitiesPipe mount orwall mountInstallationRequirementsIn-situ (in theprocess)AuxiliaryEquipmentRequiredRelay contactsInterface with SCADA Systems4-20 mA and/or0-5 V DCRS-232, RS-422,RS-485Field-Bus orProfibusHARTEthernetOptical (Nephelometric)ATIChemTracEndress + HauserHach, 1720 Low rangeHach, GLIHach, SolitaxHach, surface scatterHF ScientificTraditionalx x x x x x xx x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xx x x x x x x xNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-49

3.5 SCADA Capabilities3.5.1 SCADA SystemThere are numerous options when it comes to implementing a SCADA system. Theimplementation of a SCADA system for the purpose of monitoring and controlling decentralizedwastewater treatment facilities would involve the selection of software and equipment that meetsthe requirements of the system being monitored and controlled.The SCADA system equipment must meet the input/output (I/O) requirements of theprocess and be able to communicate this information to a centralized location or to a mobileoperations team when it is used at a decentralized wastewater treatment location. The system canbe a simple paging system that alerts the operator to an abnormal condition, or it can be morecomplex providing an operator interface complete with graphics and real-time processparameters, historical data storage and reporting. Each plant or group of plants must assess theoperational and regulatory requirements prior to selecting the SCADA equipment for theirapplication.The inputs and outputs can be separated into four main types, defined as digital input,digital output, analog input and analog output. The digital data type is known as Boolean datathat is either True or False or electrical contacts as either open or closed. The analog data typehas the ability to read in a real numeric value and set an output value. A common means tomonitor analog data is through a voltage or current signal that is proportional to the data beingmonitored. An instrument with this capability sends data to a controller that is proportionallyrelative to the parameter it is measuring. These four signal types allow for complete monitoringand control of equipment and instrumentation at a facility. Additionally communicationprotocols can be used to integrate equipment with the controller, thus allowing larger quantitiesof data to be obtained from smart instruments, starters, or other field devices.The purpose of the SCADA system is to monitor all input signals and control all outputsignals that are wired between the field devices and the SCADA equipment. In order to automatethe control of a decentralized wastewater treatment facility the SCADA system would requireinputs and outputs as well as programming that functions to control the process based on thefeedback received from the plant instrumentation. The monitoring of all input signals can bedone independently of any output signals. The input and output signals monitored will vary bylocation, depending on the type of decentralized wastewater treatment facility, treatment processemployed, and field equipment, as well as the level of monitoring and control implemented.3.5.2 Wireless Communication MethodsSCADA systems in a decentralized wastewater environment will employ various mediafor communications between sites and to operational staff. These communication links arerequired to relay the information between the facility and an operator, or between thedecentralized facility and a centralized control location. The communications mechanism is amajor factor in the overall reliability of the SCADA system.One factor in determining the method of communications is the amount of data that isrequired to be transmitted and received over the communications network. The quantity of dataas well as the acceptable communications delay will help determine which type ofcommunications network to employ for the decentralized wastewater treatment system. Any3-50

process requirements that rely on the timely annunciation or display of alarming and data foroperations must be defined prior to the selection of a communication methodology andconsidered when selecting a technology.Due to the nature of the decentralized wastewater treatment systems which are typicallylocated in more remote or rural areas, or are implemented for small subdivisions, this section willfocus on three major methods of wireless communication for remote, decentralized facilities:Wireless Radio Networks, Cellular Systems and Satellite Communications. The assumption isthat other communication media such as fibre optic cabling, managed networks, and localizednetworks are not available in these remote or rural locations. In addition a discussion on fibreoptic, managed networks and localized networks is also provided for those areas where thisinfrastructure is available.3.5.2.1 Radio NetworksIndustrial Wireless Network communication over wireless radio networks employs apoint-to-point or point-to-multipoint form of communication. Radio communication can betransmitted over the unlicensed Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum and includes the 900MHz,2.4GHz, and 5.8 GHz bandwidths among others. Additionally, licensed frequencies can bepurchased for exclusive use by a government entity 1 . The 4.9 GHz range has been set aside bythe Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for Public Safety use and may be a suitablefrequency range for use in municipal applications as it is less likely to become saturated due toits dedicated use. Annual fees are typically associated with a licensed frequency. An advantageto using a licensed frequency is that it reduces the likelihood of another user in the area usingthat same frequency thus minimizing the shared bandwidth. This helps to reduce communicationproblems caused by interference from other systems in close proximity.Wireless radio networks can also be of different forms such as completely privatelyowned networks by the end user, whereby they are responsible for the upkeep and maintenanceof the network to third party suppliers who provide the wireless connections to the end user andmaintain the infrastructure.Industrial wireless networks require an endpoint communications device at each end ofthe communication link. This could be one end point at each end for a total of two devices or oneend point at each remote site and one end point at the remote monitoring facility, depending onthe number of remote sites on the wireless radio network. Wireless Network communicationsspeeds are based largely on the equipment and hardware selection. Serial communications overwireless networks can support traditional serial communications speeds from 300bps to57.6kbps. Ethernet communications over wireless networks can support Ethernet speeds of1Mbps to 270Mbps depending on the technology deployed across the network.A radio network path study should be conducted to determine the antenna heightsrequired for successful communications between the two endpoints of the communications link.There could be local limitations on antenna height (such as airplane traffic or aesthetic bylaws)that could limit the successful use of a wireless radio solution. This radio network path studywould also determine the signal strength based on the radio transmission distance and path.Typically, line of sight between two locations will be required to support radio communications.1 FCC rules, Subpart Y in 47CFR part 90.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-51

Industrial Wireless Networks are private networks that do not rely on the public switchednetwork. This has its own benefits in that the operator of the network has direct control over itsusage and security. The type of radio network equipment will dictate what security methods canbe used. Some radio equipment follows the 802.11 wireless Ethernet protocols that offerWireless Encryption Protocol (WEP) and MAC Address filtering; others use a wireless networkID as a unique code to limit access. If secure Ethernet is required and the radio networkequipment does not offer security, Virtual Private Network (VPN) hardware should be placed inthe network to provide the security. For serial data communications over the wireless network,the serial network is considered secured by obscurity. The serial network is secure based uponthe use of specialized tools, knowledge and software. One factor in the selection of radionetwork equipment should include what level of wireless security is required on the radionetwork.3.5.2.2 Cellular SystemsCellular communications systems employ the use of cellular telephony mechanisms.There are two major forms of cellular communications deployed across North America todayand they are Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Global System for Mobility (GSM) 2 .Both of these network implementations allow for both voice and data transmissions over thecellular network. With respect to SCADA communications and decentralized wastewaterfacilities, this TM will focus on data communications.Cellular data connections can support communications speeds of up to 400kbps on the3latest version of North America’s leading 3G digital implementation . With data compression,this speed can reach a peak of 1.8Mbps. This is an estimate of the typical transmit speed from thedecentralized facility to the remote monitoring facility.The selection of a cellular network data provider should be made based on systemavailability in the location of the decentralized wastewater treatment facility. This meanscontacting the local cellular providers to enquire as to available coverage. Figure 3-1 illustratescellular network coverage for the United States from a large, national U.S. cellular provider.Similar coverage maps are available for Canada and other parts of the world.2 IEEE Standards Glossary: www.ieee.org/web/education/standards.glassary.html3 Based on Telus Mobility wireless 3G rev A standard.3-52

Figure 3-1. Cellular Data – Coverage Map.Regardless of carrier, the carrier should be able to provide a cellular data modem that willbe used to gain access to the cellular network. The operator of a centralized monitoring facilitycan either be on the same cellular network or any other publicly switched telephone networkincluding another cellular provider.There are two methods of connecting a decentralized wastewater treatment facility with acentralized monitoring facility over cellular, either by direct dial or by accessing the publicinternet. In the case of direct dial, there is a direct one-to-one link formed between the two siteswith one site initiating the call and the other site answering the call. Direct dial can also be usedfor annunciation of alarms through an alarm dialer or notification via a paging system. In thecase of the public internet, a VPN must be used for both security and routing purposes as thesesites both access the public internet to complete the connection.The use of VPN to secure the data transmission between the decentralized wastewatertreatment facility and the centralized monitoring site will adversely affect data throughput due toVPN overhead. The direct dial connection is only suitable for connections with a one-to-onerelationship.3.5.2.3 Satellite CommunicationsSatellite communications can be employed as the means of communication where radionetworks or cellular coverage are not available. The satellite coverage map is shown in Figure 3-2.Traditional data communications over satellite will result in a transfer rate betweenapproximately 2.4kbps and 64kbps. With data compression and acceleration, the data transferrate can approach 512kbps.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-53

Figure 3-2. Satellite Data – Coverage Map.Satellite communications provides connectivity to the decentralized wastewater treatmentfacility in a similar manner to cellular communications. The Satellite service provider willprovide the required equipment to get onto the network. Network access can be through directdial or by accessing the public internet. In the case of direct dial, there is a direct one-to-one linkformed between the two sites with one site initiating the call and the other site answering the call.Direct dial can also be used for annunciation of alarms through an alarm dialer or notification viaa paging system. In the case of the public internet a VPN must be used for both security androuting purposes as these sites both access the public internet to complete the connection.The use of VPN to secure the data transmission between the decentralized wastewatertreatment facility and the centralized monitoring site will adversely affect data throughput due toVPN overhead. The direct dial connection is only suitable for connections with a one-to-onerelationship.3.5.3 Wired Communications MethodsIn the event that the decentralized wastewater treatment facility is located in a majorurban centre, the likelihood of an available more reliable, faster communications mechanism(such as broadband internet) over wired communications is quite high and could be considered asan alternative. Wire line communication involves various types of connections from leased lineto cable, fibre optic, and telephone based Broadband connections.3.5.3.1 Leased Line ModemLeased line connections provide a direct connection between two locations. The localtelephone operating company provides the hardware and the switching to ensure that the linkbetween the two sites is made. The use of special hardware modems is required and thesemodems must support the type of leased line installed. Once the modems are installed and can goon-line with each other to form a communications link, information can then be transmittedacross the communication link. Leased line modem connections can support communication data3-54

ates of up to 56kbps although this is dependent on the quality of the leased line. A lower qualityline will result in a decreased data rate.3.5.3.2 Dialup ModemsDialup modems are the traditional type of telephone system communications. These typesof modem can call either another modem or call an internet service provider. The modem tomodem call forms a direct link between two SCADA devices while the modem to internet linkwill require another internet connection to get an additional SCADA device onto the network.When using the public internet for SCADA communications, a VPN must be used for routingand security. Dialup modems can support data rates of up to 56kbps; however, this value canvary based on telephone line noise.Dialup modems are also used for dialer alarm annunciation systems. These alarm dialersplace a voice call to a notification device like a cellular telephone or pager. In order for an alarmdialer to place this call and not affect the dialup SCADA communications, a second dialup lineshould be used for alarming.3.5.3.3 DSL/BroadbandBroadband Internet is available from both telephone and cable TV providers. The mechanism forcommunications varies however the protocols and transport medium are similar and for thepurpose of this report can be considered simply as High-speed Internet. High-speed Internetconnections involve transporting data over the public internet and as such, a VPN must be usedfor routing and security. A second internet connection is required at the centralized monitoringfacility.High-speed Internet connection speeds vary based on the distance between the SCADAlocation and the internet service provider central office. Typical speeds are on the order of600kbps for transmission from the decentralized facility to the remote monitoring site.3.5.3.4 Fiber OpticFiber Optic cable networks are becoming readily available in major centres and provide adedicated network connection to the public internet with high level of data throughput andcapacity. Typical Fiber Optic network access is based on usage (capacity) and the cost of theaccess increases as capacity increases. Bandwidth is based on data throughput that you subscribefor and your bandwidth is capped at that value. Typically the higher the bandwidth implemented,the higher the cost to the user. Current providers typically offer both public and private solutionswhere the fibre optic network is either shared with other users or dedicated to a specific user.This solution can also be implemented by the owner to create a dedicated private network.As with any communications over public internet, a VPN must be used for routing andsecurity. And a second internet connection is required at the centralized monitoring facility.3.5.4 Case StudiesA summary of the SCADA capabilities for each case study that was presented in Section3.2.2 is shown in Table 3-19.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-55

Table 3-19. Case Study – SCADA System Summary.Location SCADA Equipment CommunicationsCharles City County, Virginia Hach SC1000 Dialup modemWarren, Vermont Orenco Vericomm Internet and wireless radioSeven Cluster Treatment Plants,MichiganPiperton, TennesseeOrenco SystemsAquapoint telemetry withAllen-Bradley PLCsTelephone land linesAir2App cellular modemCharleston, South Carolina Allen-Bradley MDS iNet radio networkMobile County and Fulton, Alabama Orenco T-Com Telephone land linesMiller Catfish Farm, Alabama ITT Royce Technologies Radio and cellphoneVarious Golf courses in Ontario Control Microsystems Telephone land linesWater and Sewer Systems, Districtof North Cowichan, BritishColumbiaCowichan Valley Regional District(CVRD), British ColumbiaLift Stations, Langford, BritishColumbiaWalpole, Western AustraliaAllen-BradleyControl MicrosystemsIn developmentSchneider Electric &Serck ControlsRadio and VPNDialup ModemRadio and High-speedinternetAs shown in the case study examples, various solutions both for the SCADA systemsolution and the communication network can be effectively implemented. Based on theinformation received none of the case study respondents identified any issues with their currentsystem.3.6 Research Needs3.6.1 Technology and Technology Transfer3.6.1.1 InstrumentationCritical to the success of real-time monitoring of decentralized wastewater systems is thereliability of sensors and the required frequency of cleaning and calibration. Based on theliterature study and case study review, there are limited data on these aspects for decentralizedwastewater systems. It is important to note that sensors that are currently being used atcentralized plants can also be used at decentralized plants, and therefore data for these sensorsare transferable.DSL3-56

The Identification of Sensor Capabilities, the results of which are presented in Section3.3, reviewed the availability and characteristics of real-time sensing equipment for on-linemonitoring of the parameters of concern in decentralized wastewater systems. This reviewprovided an assessment of real-time sensing equipment maintenance requirements through a costof ownership analysis and demonstrated instrument monitoring capabilities by evaluating andreporting accuracy, reliability, installation requirements and determining the ability of theseinstruments to interface with SCADA systems. ITA has also carried out previous sensor studiesthat provide information on sensor capabilities for a range of wastewater monitoring parameters(www.instrument.org). The ITA database is regularly updated as new instruments becomecommercially available and older instruments become obsolete. Therefore, owners/operators areencouraged to access the ITA's Instrument Specification Database to obtain updated informationon the manufacturers/suppliers of the identified technologies.Although the Identification of Sensor Capabilities part of this study provides a good basisfor selecting sensors for real-time monitoring of decentralized facilities, it is likely thatuncertainties regarding reproducibility and reliability of monitoring and perceived problems ofexcessive maintenance costs as well as complicated and time-consuming calibration proceduresexist within the decentralized wastewater industry. Field testing of sensors for real-timemonitoring would provide data on sensors that is directly relevant to decentralized facilities,which could change perceptions of these technologies. Sensors to be tested in the field shouldinclude the parameters presented in Table 3-20.Table 3-20. Summary of Parameters for Monitoring of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Plants.Physical MeasurementFlowLevelPowerPressurePump Run StatusUV Light IntensityAnalytical MeasurementAlkalinityAmmonia-nitrogenBOD 5Chlorine ResidualCODConductivityDONitrate-NitrogenORPpHPhosphateRespirometry (oxygen uptake rate)TurbiditySensors currently available for some of these parameters are considered to be wellestablished and would be less of a priority for field testing. Physical measurements typically usesensors that are robust and require little maintenance and would therefore require less testingcompared to other parameters. Table 3-21 presents a proposed priority list of parameters for fieldtesting of sensors.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-57

Priority 1 includes parameters that can be used as an early indicator of processconditions, and currently have limited use in decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Theyalso have a relatively proven sensor technology in centralized treatment plants and areconsidered to have a reasonable cost of ownership. Turbidity is included in this list as it can becorrelated with BOD 5 and TSS data for a plant and use of turbidity sensors in large decentralizedfacilities and drinking water plants is well established.Priority 2 parameters are those more likely to be specific to permit requirements andthose that may be required to monitor plants with a variable influent flow or load. Priority 3parameters are those considered to be reasonably well established in decentralized wastewatertreatment systems.Table 3-21. Proposed Priority List of Parameters for Field Testing.Priority Measurement Rationale1 Ammonia-nitrogenDONitrate-nitrogenTurbidity2 AlkalinityBOD 5Chlorine ResidualCODConductivityORPpHPhosphateRespirometry3 FlowLevelPowerPressurePump Run StatusUV Light IntensityGood as early indicator of processconditions.May be used for monitoring to meetregulatory requirements (ammonianitrogen,DO) or be used as anequivalent (turbidity for TSS and/orBOD 5 monitoring).Have sensors that are considered to berobust and well established incentralized wastewater treatment and/orwater treatment plants.May be used for monitoring to meetregulatory requirements (BOD 5 , pH,phosphate).May be used to monitor variability ininfluent flow or load.Typically sensors are considered to beless robust than for Priority 1parameters.Reasonably well established indecentralized wastewater treatmentsystems.Have sensors that are considered to berobust.3-58

A significant issue for on-line monitoring of remote plants is keeping on-line sensorsclean and calibrated over long periods of time to minimize required site visits. Research anddevelopment of methods to minimize sensor maintenance and calibration in the field may berequired to improve the reliability and reduce the maintenance costs of these sensors indecentralized wastewater facilities where operational and maintenance attention is infrequent.The issue of O&M requirements for sensors could be addressed by increasing the length of timebetween cleaning and calibration through sensor improvements and also the option of cleaningand calibration at a central laboratory. In addition, sensors that use auto-cleaning and autocalibrationwould be very useful for decentralized facilities and further work could be carried outon this if field testing indicates an issue with existing technologies. These types of sensors wouldrequire a self-diagnosing system to validate that they are operating correctly. Information onwhat sensor types require further work to minimize maintenance and calibration frequencywould be determined from field studies. Self-powered sensors (e.g., solar-powered) are alsoworth further investigation for monitoring at decentralized wastewater treatment facilities.Another approach to improving acceptance and use of real-time monitoring equipment bydecentralized wastewater facilities is to establish standard testing protocols for existing and newsensors. Such protocols could aid in the development of sensors with improved maintenance andcalibration requirements. Standard testing protocols should be developed collaboratively withdecentralized facility owners and operators, sensor manufacturers and regulating authorities.3.6.1.2 SCADAThe review of SCADA capabilities indicates that there are three main criteria that arelikely to increase the acceptance of a telemetry or SCADA system for remote monitoring ofdecentralized wastewater treatment systems, namely good access to permanently stored data,using software that is commonly available, and affordability of the system.Data should be stored and made available in a format that is reliable and easy to use.Permanent or long-term electronic storage is preferred to allow historical data to be retrieved foruse in reports, for recording alarm conditions, and for monitoring trends and the long termperformance of the treatment system. There are no data on best practices for data storage for thedecentralized wastewater industry, which is likely to have different requirements to large-scalewastewater treatment plants as there will typically be less data and different reportingrequirements.The software for any telemetry or SCADA system should be commonly available and nonproprietaryto allow access from remote computers and/or the web. This will reduce the need tocustomise software for site specific conditions (which would increase the cost of the system), andalso reduces the need for users to upgrade software programs on their computers (as proprietarysoftware has more chance of becoming obsolete quickly). Open architecture would also allowsingle sites to use multiple vendor platforms. The use of vendor-supplied control systems andintegration would also make the use of a telemetry or SCADA system more attractive todecentralized facility owners and/or operators. There are no data on best practices for the types andapplications for open architecture SCADA software for the decentralized wastewater industry,which may have different requirements to large-scale wastewater treatment plants. In addition, theuse of a mesh network concept should be investigated as a means to reduce the cost of controlwiring and implementation costs, as this system uses multiple sensors communicating wirelesslyNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-59

with each other and only one of the sensors wired to SCADA. A review of alternatives to identifythe best practice for SCADA protocol standards and networking for decentralized wastewatertreatment plants is therefore recommended.The issue of security regarding SCADA systems for large-scale wastewater facilities iscurrently an important topic, as well as other industries such as power generation and oilproduction. A study of this issue for the decentralized wastewater industry is recommended todetermine its importance and to identify what, if any, best practice measures are required toenhance SCADA security for the decentralized wastewater industry.3.6.2 CostsThe main issue regarding the use of real-time monitoring of decentralized wastewatertreatment plants is likely to be cost and benefit. The capital costs of installing sensors and datatransfer/storage, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs associated with the monitoringtechnology, and monthly costs associated with data transfer and servicing must produce ameasurable benefit to the owner/operator in terms of reduced labor, power and chemical costs,and improved system reliability, robustness or performance. There are limited data on these costsand benefits for decentralized wastewater systems. Further work is necessary to determine theactual cost-benefit of different types of on-line monitoring systems at decentralized wastewatersystems.A thorough examination of cost of ownership would necessitate a life-cycle cost analysis.A life cycle cost analysis will specifically track the costs associated with installing, operating,and maintaining instruments and SCADA systems. The life cycle cost analysis can provide thedecentralized wastewater system end-user with information that can be used to develop realisticoperating budgets, and to justify procurement and installation of a real-time monitoring system.Benefits must be documented and should include both tangible cost reductions in energycosts, chemical costs or labor costs as well as more intangible benefits such as improvedreliability or robustness, and improved system performance.Further work in this area could be carried out as part of a field-testing study to show thatdecentralized wastewater systems can be cost-effectively managed remotely.3.6.3 Education and AwarenessThere is the perception that sensors represent the weakest link for implementing on-linemonitoring of decentralized plants is largely unfounded. The performance and reliability of manysensors have improved remarkably over the last decade. Similar sensor technologies have beensuccessfully used in large-scale plants using many different monitoring and control strategies.Information provided from this study should be used to educate decentralized wastewater facilityowners, operators and regulating authorities about the benefits of using real-time monitoring;however, there are limited data on existing decentralized facilities using these systems.Testing and field studies to demonstrate economically sound and reliable on-linemonitoring systems for decentralized wastewater facilities should gain support and interest forreal-time monitoring in the industry. The information from field studies should be madeavailable to regulating authorities, vendors, owners and operators of decentralized wastewatersystems. This could be provided through papers in industry journals and/or presentations atrelevant workshops and conferences.3-60

Education and training of O&M staff for decentralized facilities is also important toensure successful implementation of real-time monitoring. This will be needed to minimize theoccurrence of inappropriate selection, installation and/or maintenance of on-line sensorequipment. Information provided in this study can be used as a basis for sensor selectiontraining, but further work is required to review and identify the best methods for training onsensor installation and maintenance. The information provided on sensors would need to beupdated regularly to ensure owners and operators have the most up to date information to helpwith selection.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 3-61

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CHAPTER 4.0DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS4.1 Literature and Technical Review4.1.1 Remote MonitoringThe key to providing good quality, affordable wastewater treatment in small communitiesis not the treatment technologies used, but how they are managed. Decentralized wastewatertreatment plants rarely have full-time operators and plants may eventually fail due to neglect orlack of expertise. Failure of a treatment system can lead to public health risks, adverseenvironmental impacts and higher costs of correcting problems when left unchecked for periodsof time.Many decentralized wastewater treatment plants have a local audible/visual alarm systemthat notifies the owner/operator of a situation requiring immediate attention (e.g., pump failure).This system only allows owners/operators to respond to a system failure, rather than allowingproactive changes to plant operation to prevent the failure taking place. In addition, there is alsothe potential for an alarm to be missed or even ignored.Remote monitoring provides opportunities for the owner to contract out the operation andmaintenance of the facility to an accountable professional. Remote monitoring and interactivedatabases can alert operators of an alarm condition, operational parameters can be routinelychecked and altered, if SCADA is used, and maintenance requirements can be effectively met.On-line monitoring of real-time status of a plant allows issues to be detected before itbecomes an event, reducing the risk of system or performance failure. Alternatives to real-timemonitoring include sending data packets once or more a day, and also the relay of a monitoredalarm/event to an independent service provider. The latter option does allow for bettermanagement of failure situations, but does not allow for remote monitoring of water quality orprocess information.For plant operators, the use of remote monitoring allows site visits to be planned aroundthe requirements for individual treatment sites, which can significantly reduce time. The use of aSCADA system with remote access would also allow operators to monitor and change setpointsand control equipment, allowing for proactive management of treatment systems. However, suchsystems would only be acceptable to operators if there is an overall time saving as a result ofremote monitoring (i.e., the system does not require excessive maintenance and calibration), andif operators have confidence in the information received from the sensor equipment.4.1.2 On-line Monitoring ParametersMany of the decentralized systems in place and being installed today are advancedtreatment systems, including sand filters, textile filters and package biological treatmentprocesses. These types of treatment systems are more operationally complex than typical septicNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 4-1

systems and, as a result, may require more monitoring and proactive maintenance to ensureeffective treatment.All of the systems reviewed have monitoring of mechanical and electrical parameters,such as pump operation and level sensors. Based on discussions with owners/operators that onlymonitor mechanical parameters, this type of monitoring was considered adequate for successfuloperation and management of their decentralized wastewater treatment plants.A number of the facilities are using water quality and process monitoring parameters,such as DO, pH, flow and UV light intensity. With the exception of Charles City County,Virginia, facilities using water quality and process monitoring parameters have indicated that thistype of monitoring is useful for remote management and is used to determine when nonscheduledoperator visits are required for maintenance or to make process changes. It also allowsoperators of multiple facilities to determine where their time would best be spent that day. Thetwo decentralized treatment plants in Charles City County have routine daily operator site visitsand, therefore, are not considered to be a true remote operation. This is likely the reason that thefacility operator for these two plants does not consider remote monitoring of water quality andprocess parameters to be necessary.Critical to the success of on-line monitoring of decentralized systems is the reliability ofsensors, the required frequency of cleaning and calibration, and their affordability. Based on theliterature study and case study review, there are limited data on these aspects for decentralizedsystems, although it is anticipated that many of the sensors are currently being used at centralizedplants and therefore these data are transferable. For the systems reviewed, the majority offacilities had no issues with the sensors used.4.1.3 Monitoring Data Transfer and ManagementThe systems reviewed used a telemetry-based alarm warning system, a web-basedtelemetry remote monitoring system or SCADA used for remote monitoring. The telemetrysystems reviewed either had real-time monitoring or a system that transferred packets of dataonce or more a day. A telemetry-based alarm warning system can only provide an alarm when anequipment or system failure occurs, telemetry remote monitoring allows the user to see what ishappening at the plant as data is displayed, and SCADA allows the user to interact with thesystem to adjust setpoints and control equipment.Web-based telemetry and SCADA monitoring systems are good risk management toolsfor decentralized wastewater treatment plants. However, costs are expected to be relativelyhigher than for centralized facilities on a per capita basis. In addition, there are limited SCADAspecialists with experience of small, decentralized wastewater facilities, which could result insome systems having monitoring put in place that is unnecessary for effective operation.A telemetry-based system providing an alarm to service providers has a lower cost thanreal-time monitoring of water quality and process parameters, although this level of monitoringis useful in the respect that it will identify a problem with a plant (typically a mechanicalproblem), enabling it to be fixed immediately when the impact may be less severe. However, thisis unlikely to be suitable for all decentralized facilities, particularly those receiving seasonallyvariable flows and loads and plants receiving industrial wastewater. This is because closermonitoring of water quality and process changes is more likely to be needed to prevent upsetconditions. In addition, telemetry or SCADA monitoring systems are more useful for plants that4-2

are one of many managed by a single service provider, as it enables an operator to view datafrom multiple plants on a daily basis, which helps an operator with scheduling site visits.Available information indicates that there are three main criteria that are likely toincrease the acceptance of a telemetry system for remote monitoring of decentralized wastewatertreatment systems, namely good access to permanently stored data, using software that iscommonly available, and affordability of the system (including maintenance costs to ensurereliability).4.2 Monitoring NeedsBecause of the increasing number and complexity of decentralized wastewater treatmentsystems, real-time monitoring using sensors may become a key component of treatment processmanagement. Frequent sampling of decentralized and small-scale, onsite wastewater treatmentsystems may be too resource intensive and expensive to be practical. In addition, statistics suchas median and average values may not be meaningful where samples are collected veryinfrequently.As the treatment systems used and compliance requirements for decentralized plants will vary,there is no “one size fits all” for on-line monitoring. Each facility will have different on-linesensors needs to meet a monitoring program objective depending on the type of treatment systemused, the receiving water environment, and regulatory or legal requirements, such as permitrequirements. In addition, cost effectiveness and reliability are also important factors whendetermining what on-line sensors are used for on-line monitoring.For decentralized wastewater facilities, the basic parameters to be monitored shouldinclude equipment status, liquid level, pressure and flow. These parameters are those consideredto be critical indicators of the operational status of a plant. For some plants, monitoringadditional water quality and process parameters may be a good management tool. For aeratedbiological treatment systems, on-line DO sensors will allow aeration to be remotely monitoredand can be used to control blower operation for energy savings and process optimization. Infacilities that have effluent filters, the filter headloss should be monitored using pressure sensorsto assess filter operation and identify a filter blockage situation or to activate backwashesautomatically. Any facilities using disinfection should monitor either UV light intensity orchlorine levels, depending on the disinfection method used.Effluent quality parameters that could be monitored using on-line sensors includeturbidity (as an indicator of high TSS concentrations and bacterial density), BOD 5 , ammonianitrogen,nitrate-nitrogen and phosphorus. The requirement for these sensors is dependent on thedischarge permit requirements and variability of influent loading to the treatment plant.Based on the above discussion, traditional and non-traditional monitoring parameters thatshould be monitored include the following:♦♦AlkalinityAmmonia-nitrogen♦ BOD 5♦ COD♦ ConductivityNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 4-3

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦DOFlowLiquid levelNitrate nitrogenORPOxygen uptake rate or respirometrypHPhosphorusPowerPressure.Pump run statusTurbidity.Total chlorineUV light intensity4.3 Sensor CapabilitiesA total of 239 on-line instruments were identified for possible application indecentralized wastewater treatment systems. The majority of these real-time sensing equipmenttechnologies provide the capability to interface with SCADA systems for treatment systemmonitoring and control. The following outlines the number of instruments identified for physicalor analytical measurement.Physical Measurement♦ Level (85)♦ Flow (42)♦ Pressure (8)♦Pump Run Status♦ UV Light Intensity (3)Analytical Measurement♦ Ammonia-Nitrogen (22)♦ BOD 5 (2)♦ COD (3)♦ Chlorine Residual (8)♦ Dissolved Oxygen (10)♦ Nitrate-Nitrogen (19)♦ pH (10)♦ ORP (5)♦ Conductivity (4)♦ Alkalinity (2)♦ Phosphate (6)♦ Respirometry, oxygen uptake rate (2)♦ Turbidity (8)4-4

Selection matrices summarize the cost of ownership and instrument monitoringcapabilities for each instrument, based on the assumption of proper installation and maintenanceperformance in accordance with manufacturer instructions.4.4 SCADA CapabilitiesThe performance of a SCADA system is based on its ability to actively control andmonitor the process for which it is responsible. In a decentralized wastewater treatmentenvironment this performance will often involve one or more communications mechanisms inorder to get the information from the decentralized location to a centralized monitoring facility.One main function of a successful SCADA system is its ability to remotely monitor and alertoperations staff in the event of an alarm. The benefit of a SCADA system is the data that is madeavailable for monitoring can be collected and stored for historical analysis, trending, andreporting.4.4.1 SCADA Control SystemsThe SCADA equipment can range from highly scalable programmable logic controllers(PLC) from suppliers such as Allen-Bradley and GE-Fanuc, remote terminal units (RTU) fromsuppliers such as Bristol Babcock and Control Microsystems, distributed control systems (DCS)from suppliers such as ABB and Emerson, proprietary solutions from suppliers like Orenco, andalso include alarming and reporting systems from suppliers like RACO Manufacturing andEngineering Co., Inc.In addition to the SCADA equipment, the Human Machine Interface (HMI) oftenrequires software suites from vendors such as GE-Fanuc, Wonderware, Rockwell, or the DCSsupplier. These software suites can provide various features from basic control functionalitythrough to historical data and trending functions.The SCADA control system needs to be one that meets the operational and regulatoryneeds while achieving the necessary process automation and control. From the case studyexamples, it is evident that various types of SCADA systems are employed for the decentralizedwastewater treatment facilities included in the review. There is no single solution as each site isunique and requires its own unique SCADA system solution.It is advisable that the operator of a SCADA system standardize on a supplier for itsSCADA control system as this will ensure compatibility of the equipment and enable dataconsolidation and communications without unnecessary requirements for translations and datamanipulation.4.4.2 CommunicationCommunications is a critical component in transferring the data from the decentralizedwastewater treatment location to a centralized monitoring site. The communications mechanismcan vary from owner operated wireless radio systems to the use of wire line communicationsover the public internet.Communications must be secure and reliable in order to ensure a successful transmissionof data between the decentralized site and the monitoring facility. The communication link isrequired to receive alarm notifications from the decentralized location and to minimize data losswhen transferring data for historical storage from the decentralized location.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 4-5

The selection of a communication solution will be based on what technologies areavailable at the decentralized wastewater treatment facility which will be unique to each location.SCADA equipment must be selected that is capable of utilizing the available communicationalternatives at a facility.The demands of the SCADA system on the communications network are dependent onthe type of SCADA system that is deployed. There is less communications network traffic if theSCADA system is for alarm and monitoring only. If the SCADA system includes control ofequipment and significant data collection then there is more communications network traffic.Another factor in the throughput of a communications network is the number of remote sitesplaced on this network. Typically, the more remote sites on the SCADA system, the higher thebandwidth required to support successful SCADA communications. In order to implement asuccessful communication solution, the type of communications mechanism should be factoredinto the SCADA system design.Table 4-1 contains a comparison of the communications methods discussed in Section 3.5of this report. This table helps to illustrate the communications options available at thedecentralized wastewater treatment facility and an approximate typical bandwidth that can beexpected for each method.CommunicationsMethodTable 4-1. Comparison of Communications Methods.Bandwidth(maximum/typical)Communications MechanismLeased Line 56kbps/9.6kbps Copper Twisted Pair (2 wire or 4 wire)Dial Up Modem 56kbps/48kbps Copper Twisted Pair (2 wire)DSL 7Mbps/2.5Mbps Copper Twisted Pair or Co-axialFibre Optic 10Gbps/7Mbps Single mode or Multimode Fibre switchednetworkWireless Radio 5Mbps/19.2kbps Private radio equipment, licensed orunlicensed frequenciesCellular 21Mbps/400kbps 3G rev A implementation on GSM orCDMA architectureSatellite 512kbps/64kbps Open air Satellite Transceiver4.4.3 Remote Monitoring and AlarmingA fundamental feature of a SCADA system is the ability to supervise and control aprocess from a Human Machine Interface. This HMI can be co-located at a decentralizedwastewater treatment facility or located at a separate centralized monitoring facility. TheSCADA system must be capable of remotely monitoring the required information so that it ismade available to the operator of the facility.In the decentralized wastewater treatment system, the SCADA system must be capable ofalerting the operator of an alarm condition. If there is a critical alarm present in the SCADA4-6

system, the operator of the system must be able to receive this alarm. This requires either a 24hour staffed SCADA system or an on-call operator who can receive alarm annunciation throughan alarm dialer or paging system.4.4.4 Data Collection and StorageThe data that are being displayed on the HMI for the SCADA system can be stored on anelectronic storage device such as a computer hard drive for historical records. The benefit ofcapturing this data is that it can be used for statistical analysis and trending, and also forreporting purposes.For the decentralized wastewater treatment facility, there could be regulations in place forthe data collection and storage requirements. These regulations could stipulate the frequency atwhich data must be measured, recorded, collected and stored along with retention periods thatmust be followed. Consult the local regulating authority for the data collection and storagerequirements prior to implementing a SCADA system. If the data storage is regulated, it isadvisable to use a storage media that offers a level of redundancy and a maintenance scheduleshould be implemented to ensure data availability.There are many data formats for storing SCADA system data. Some SCADA systemshave proprietary data formats while others adopt a more open format. The SCADA system mustbe able to store historical data and allow for archiving and retrieval of this data for reporting andtending purposes.The use of an historical record management system will facilitate the short and long termstorage and retrieval of collected data. There are many historical systems available; most of theserely on the use of database software such as MS SQL Server. At a minimum, the most recent 365days worth of data should be available as current data and an archive of the past eight (8) yearsshould be available offline.4.4.5 Historical Data Analysis and TrendingHistorical data analysis and trending are important functions that can be implementedwith a SCADA system. Any data that is stored on a SCADA system is data for events thatoccurred in the past and as such is considered historical data which can be trended and analyzedfor plant performance.The SCADA system should be developed so as to be able to display the historical data ineither a report or a chart format and allow for trend analysis. The SCADA data becomes apowerful tool for the decentralized wastewater treatment system operator to help monitor thesystem performance, respond to alarm conditions, and improve process control throughoptimization based on historical data.There are numerous reporting tools that can be added to any SCADA system. The mainrequirement of any reporting tool is that is capable of connecting to the historical data source(s)from the SCADA system. Once the reporting tool of the SCADA system has been implementedstandard reports can be used or custom reports created to suit the end user.4.4.6 Cost FactorsThere are many factors in determining the cost of a SCADA System for the decentralizedwastewater treatment facility. The type of SCADA control system employed, the method ofcommunications and the volume of information being communicated, the amount of remoteNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 4-7

control and alarm monitoring required, type and size of the data collection and storage requiredand the duration of the historical and archival mechanisms all have a direct affect on the overallcost of the implemented systems.In order to establish a cost of the SCADA system, one must determine the SCADAcontrol system hardware requirements. This involves detailed I/O requirements to determine theactual hardware to be used. One must then determine the communications mechanism to be usedand establish the purchase price of equipment and the ongoing operating cost of thiscommunications mechanism. The next factor in cost determination is the remote control andalarming systems. These are typically software prices for the HMI packages and hardware pricesfor the alarm notification devices. These prices will depend on the number of data points to bemonitored and controlled. Depending on the amount of data being collected, certain hardwarewill be required. This is typically a SCADA workstation or server based computer equipmentwith associated hard drive space for storage, along with the software licensing to deal with thequantity of data. The last item to factor into the cost of a SCADA system is the historical data.Again this is typically a SCADA workstation or server based computer equipment with enoughhard drive space and an offsite storage mechanism along with software packages designed tohold the data in a method to allow for retrieval and display for analysis and trending.Further to the cost of SCADA system for the decentralized wastewater treatment facilityare the engineering, design and implementation costs along with the maintenance and supportagreements required for some of the software licensing packages from various vendors. All ofthese costs will vary depending on the software and hardware being utilized.For SCADA system implementations, the cost can be quite variable depending on thesize of the system to be implemented and the level of field work that is required to installadditional instrumentation, add monitoring and control functionality to starters, and implementcommunication links to a centralized location. For a small monitoring system with limitedcontrol, designed to provide process feedback and alarming from a decentralized plant to acentralized location a system could be implemented for under $30,000. Such a system wouldconsist of a local control panel with approximately 16 to 24 I/O points, a local operator interfacewith historical data collection capabilities, and a remote workstation complete with historicaldata collection and graphical interface. Additional engineering costs and the implementation of acommunication link would be required. The communication links identified within this report ifprovided by a third party provider can range in monthly costs from approximately $20 to $600 4per month per site depending on the type of link to be used. For a wireless installation costs canbe in the range of $2,500 to $25,000 per site depending on the antenna, radio, and towerrequired.4.4.7 RecommendationsThe SCADA system for the decentralized wastewater treatment facility should bedesigned to meet the regulations that are in place for the local operating authority. It is advisablethat the SCADA system implementation allow for future expansion. Typically this wouldinvolve 20% spare capacity on all I/O, additional communications bandwidth, and 275% ofadditional storage. This would enable easier expansion and addition of future signals into theSCADA system without having to replace the existing SCADA system.4 As technology evolves and competition increases it is anticipated that costs will decrease for increasing bandwidthand reliability.4-8

4.5 Research NeedsInstrumentation and SCADA technology is proven in large-scale wastewater treatmentfacilities; therefore, technical feasibility is not considered to be a key issue for use indecentralized wastewater treatment facilities. Clearly, uncertainties in reliability as well asperceptions of high maintenance and calibration requirements for sensor equipment means thatfurther work is necessary before the technology will be widely accepted and implemented.It is recommended that a field study be undertaken to demonstrate that decentralizedwastewater systems can be effectively and efficiently managed remotely without jeopardizingthe environment if state-of-the-art, real-time sensors and SCADA hardware are utilized. A fieldstudy of real-time monitoring technologies would provide data directly relevant to decentralizedfacility owners and operators and regulating authorities. This study could also be used to identifyissues with calibration and maintenance requirements for sensors. The field testing should besufficiently long to investigate cleaning and calibration requirements, e.g. 6 to 12 months. If thedemonstration study shows some sensors are not suitable for use in the decentralized wastewaterindustry because they require excessive calibration and/or maintenance, further research may beneeded to improve this hardware and minimize calibration and maintenance requirements. Thisresearch could include developing sensors with auto-cleaning and auto-calibration capabilitiesand/or types that require less frequent cleaning and calibration.There are limited data on best practices for data archiving and management, software andSCADA protocols for the decentralized wastewater industry. Further research is required todevelop such protocols as there some issues that are specific to the decentralized industry, suchas the amount of data generated and requiring storage due to infrequent site visits, and also asystem that can identify and filter data that is suspect (e.g., due to a faulty sensor). A study ofsecurity issues for the decentralized industry is also recommended to determine the security risksin decentralized wastewater systems and to identify what, if any, best practice measures arerequired to enhance SCADA security for the decentralized wastewater industry.The costs associated with real-time monitoring of decentralized wastewater treatmentplants need to be estimated for typical facilities. This estimate should include capital costs ofinstalling sensors and data transfer/storage, O&M costs associated with the monitoringtechnology, and monthly costs associated with data transfer and servicing. Equally important,benefits must be documented and should include both tangible cost reductions in energy costs,chemical costs or labor costs as well as more intangible benefits such as improved reliability orrobustness, and improved system performance. Acceptance of real-time monitoring will onlyoccur if it can be shown to be cost effective and have a cost benefit for decentralized facilities.In addition to demonstrations of the effectiveness and efficiency of real-time monitoring,education and training programs should be developed for decentralized facility owners, operatorsand regulating authorities to ensure that decisions regarding the implementation of suchhardware are based on sound technical information rather than perceptions that linger fromexperience with outdated, obsolete technologies. In addition, sensor and SCADA/datamanagement vendors need to be made aware of technical issues with specific technologies or apotential market for a new technology that they can address through research and development.The following table summarizes recommended research required to improve acceptanceand use of real-time monitoring by decentralized facilities. The research needs are presentedfrom highest to lowest priority.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 4-9

Table 4-2. Summary of Research Needs.Priority Research Need Description1 Field TestingA field testing program should be developed that will monitorthe performance, maintenance and calibration requirements,and other costs. The program should use existingdecentralized wastewater facilities and it is recommended thata number of facilities be included in the program to ensure allparameters identified for monitoring in this study areincluded.2Develop SensorStandard TestingProtocolsStandard testing protocols should be developed to improvethe comparability, reliability and quality of existing sensors.The protocols could be developed as part of a field testingprogram. Such protocols could aid in the development ofsensors with improved maintenance and calibrationrequirements. Standard testing protocols should be developedcollaboratively with decentralized facility owners andoperators, sensor manufacturers and regulating authorities.3 Cost-Benefit AnalysisCost data from the field testing program and cost data fromsensor and SCADA manufacturers/suppliers should be usedto identify typical life cycle costs for real-time monitoring fordecentralized wastewater facilities. These costs should becompared against potential benefits related to cost savings inlabor and chemical and energy use as well as improvedsystem performance and increased reliability or robustness.4Education andTrainingInformation from field testing should be disseminated toregulating authorities and also vendors, owners and operatorsof decentralized wastewater systems. In addition, educationand training of O&M staff on selection, installation and/ormaintenance of on-line sensor equipment should be provided.The best methods for providing education and training willneed to be determined.Vendors should be made aware of potential markets withinthe decentralized wastewater industry that require furtherresearch and development. This information could be madeavailable through technical papers and presentations throughrelevant forums.5Improve Cleaningand CalibrationFrequency Of SensorsIf field testing of sensors identifies some critical sensors arenot suitable for use in the decentralized wastewater industrydue to excessive calibration and/or maintenance requirements,4-10

Priority Research Need Descriptionfurther research should undertaken to develop sensors withreduced cleaning and/or calibration requirements.6Develop BestPractices for SCADAStandardsThis work would encompass a review of best practices fordata archiving and management, software and SCADAprotocols for the decentralized wastewater industry. Thiswould involve a desk-top study of available data archivingand management systems and reviewing these to identify bestpractices, as well as what the experiences are fordecentralized operation and maintenance organizationscurrently using SCADA.7Review SCADASecurity IssuesA desk-top study of potential security issues and requiredmeasures to improve security (if required) should be carriedout.A proposed priority list of parameters for field testing of sensors was identified for fieldtesting, which is presented in Table 4-3.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 4-11

Table 4-3. Proposed Priority List of Parameters for Field Testing.Priority Measurement Rationale123Ammonia-nitrogenDONitrate-nitrogenTurbidityAlkalinityBOD 5Chlorine ResidualCODConductivityORPpHPhosphateRespirometryFlowLevelPowerPressurePump Run StatusUV Light IntensityGood as early indicator of processconditions.May be used for monitoring to meetregulatory requirements (ammonianitrogen,DO) or be used as anequivalent (turbidity for TSS and/orBOD 5 monitoring).Have sensors that are considered to berobust and well established incentralized wastewater treatment and/orwater treatment plants.May be used for monitoring to meetregulatory requirements (BOD 5 , pH,phosphate).May be used to monitor variability ininfluent flow or load.Typically sensors are considered to beless robust than for Priority 1parameters.Reasonably well established indecentralized wastewater treatmentsystems.Have sensors that are considered to berobust.4-12

CHAPTER 5.0CONTACT INFORMATIONContact information for the authors is as follows:XCG Consultants Ltd.2620 Bristol Circle, Suite 300Oakville, OntarioCanada L6H 6Z7Telephone: 905-829-8880Facsimile: 905-829-8890Email: gta@xcg.comWebsite: www.xcg.comNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance 5-1

5-2

APPENDIX ALCC ANALYSIS METHODOLOGYNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance A-1

A.1 Initial Costs (Cic) and Annual Spare Parts Costs (Crs)Initial costs (Cic) include purchase price for the instrument, sampling system (ifrequired), auxiliary equipment for operation, reagents typically provided with the purchase of theinstrument and annual costs for reagents and inventory of spare parts (Crs).The following table shows examples of costs for instruments used to monitor and controlchlorine usage to determine Cic and Crs.Example Instrument Costs(All costs are provided by Manufacturers and are in U.S. Dollars)Manufacturer A B C DModel Transmitter andORP ElectrodeChloramineAnalyzerInstrumentPurchase Cost (listprice)Sampling SystemCost[* $500 is forsample pump pipingand valvingsupplied by enduser.]AuxiliaryEquipment CostNeeded forOperationTotal ResidualChlorine Analyzer(colorimetric)Total ResidualChlorine Analyzer(titration)ORP Meter andElectrode$ 935 $9,400 $2,500 $7,300 $1,670N/AMounting and pipe$ 785Additional cableand junction box$455$2,100 – microfilterunit*$500*$500 *$500N/AN/A N/A N/A Flow thru Tee $75Annual Reagent(s)Cost N/A $1280 $390 $575Annual Inventoryof Spare Parts Cost(Crs)ReplacementElectrode$ 190$190 $150 $220ORP buffersolution, 250 ml,427 mV $15Replacementelectrode$275Total Initial Cost(Cic) $2365 $13470 $3540 $8595 $2035A.2 Installation and Commissioning Costs (Cin)Installation and commissioning costs (Cin) are associated with instrument installation, startupand training which include the following key factors:♦♦♦Installation (skills, tools and equipment required to complete the installation)System Connections (process piping, electrical wiring, sample drains, auxiliary systems, andother utilities)Training (operation and maintenance personnel)A-2

The following table shows a breakdown of key factors and a point rating system to determine theCin factor.Example Instrument Installation and Commissioning Costs(Costs are subjective to user experiences and are in U.S. Dollars)Manufacturer A B C DTransmitterand ORPChloramineAnalyzerModelElectrodeSkill—Personnel Required for Install1-Electrician/ Instrument Tech1-Mechanic/ Utility Tech1-OperatorTools and Equipment Required1-Common Tools (wrenches, pliers,drills, etc.)1-Special (provided by mfr w/ purchase)System Connections1-In-situ1-Process Sample1-Analyzer Drain1-Electrical1-Auxiliary and Other UtilitiesTraining1-1 Hours2-2 Hours3-3 Hours4-4 Hours5-More than 4 hoursTotal Installation Cost Factor Points(Cin)TotalResidualChlorineAnalyzer(colorimetric)TotalResidualChlorineAnalyzer(titration)ORP MeterandElectrode3 3 3 3 31 2 1 2 13 4 4 4 31 5 1 1 18 14 9 10 8A.3 Labor Rates (LRavg and LRom)Labor rates vary greatly depending on the size of the utility, local labor rates (union andnon-union), and state mandated prevailing wages. The following table gives example labor rates,LRavg, and LRom, and are non-inclusive of overhead costs for labor.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance A-3

Example Labor Rates(Labor costs are hourly and are exclusive of overhead/benefits and are in U.S. Dollars)Labor Ratesfor Staff Operatingand MaintainingInstrumentsGeneral Operationsand MaintenancePersonnelInstrumentationSpecialist /InstrumentTechnicianElectricianContractMaintenanceLabor Rate AveragesITA Maintenance Benchmarking Study*Minimum Hourly / Average Hourly (percent reported)$10 - 15 (53.2%)$15 - 20 (26.6%)$15 - 20 (63%)$10 - 15 (15.2%)$15 - 20 (67.4%)$20 - 25 (11.6%)Reported rate are inclusive of overhead.$30 - 50 (56.4%)$50 - 75 (21.8%)LRavg = $22.93LRom = $22.96*ITA’s Instrumentation, Control, and Automation Staffing Maintenance Benchmarking Study reports majority and averagelabor (category percentages of respondents) rates not inclusive of overhead from 135 surveyed treatment facilities and arereported in from a survey conducted in Spring 1999.A.4 Operations and Maintenance Costs (Com)Operations, maintenance and repair costs (Com) are associated with instrument operations,maintenance and repair and include the following key factors:♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦Human exposure to injury during maintenanceEquipment exposure to damage during normal operationEquipment exposure to damage during maintenanceFrequency of cleaning and calibrationTime required to perform maintenance and calibrationLevel of skill required to perform maintenance and calibrationSpecial equipment required to perform maintenance and calibrationMaintenance CostsThoroughness and clarity of documentation normally supplied with equipmentAvailability of full documentation either as normally supplied or by additional purchaseThe following table shows a breakdown of key factors and a point rating system to determine theCom factor.A-4

Example Instrument Operations, Maintenance and Repair Cost Factors(Costs are subjective to test site records and project team experiences and are in U.S. Dollars)Manufacturer A B C DTransmitterand ORPChloramineAnalyzerModelElectrodeHuman Exposure to InjuryDuring Maintenance0.5 – No exposure1.0 – ExposureEquipment Exposure toDamage During NormalOperation0.5 – NEMA rated enclosure1.0 – Inadequate enclosurefor exposure to elementsTotalResidualChlorineAnalyzer(colorimetric)TotalResidualChlorineAnalyzer(titration)ORP Meter andElectrode1 1 1 1 10.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Equipment Exposure toDamage DuringMaintenance0.5 – No exposure toinstrument duringmaintenance (i.e. changingreagents and cleaninginstrument)1 – Exposure to instrumentduring maintenanceFrequency of Cleaning andCalibration / MaintenancePerformed0.5 – once per month1 – once per weekTime Required to PerformMaintenance andCalibration (Annual)0.5 – 0 to 15 hrs/year1.0 – 15 to 25 hrs/yearLevel of skill Required toPerform Maintenance andCalibration0.5 – General O&M skills1.0 – Special Skills (i.e.laboratory personnel,electrician, etc.)Special EquipmentRequired to PerformMaintenance andCalibration0.5 – General tools1.0 – Special tools formaintenance or calibration0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.51 0.5 0.5 0.5 1Estimated at:1.25 hrs/mo15 hrs/yr0.5Average =1.13 hrs/mo13.56 hrs/yr0.5Average =1.83 hrs/mo21.96 hrs/yr1.0Average =1.65 hrs/mo19.8 hrs/yr1.0Average =1.56 hrs/mo18.72 hrs/yr0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.51.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.01.0Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance A-5

Example Instrument Operations, Maintenance and Repair Cost Factors(Costs are subjective to test site records and project team experiences and are in U.S. Dollars)Manufacturer A B C DTransmitterand ORPChloramineAnalyzerModelElectrodeTotalResidualChlorineAnalyzer(colorimetric)TotalResidualChlorineAnalyzer(titration)ORP Meter andElectrodeMaintenance/Repair Costs(Annual)0.5 - $0 to $150 per year1.0 - $150 to $300 per year1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0Thoroughness and Clarityof DocumentationNormally Supplied withEquipment0.5 – Comprehensive andclear documentation1.0 – Limited informationand organizationAvailability of FullDocumentation Either asNormally Supplied or byAdditional Purchase0.5 – 24 hour customerservice hotline1.0 – Limited customerservice supportTotal InstrumentationO&M Cost Factor Points(Com)0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.50.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.07.0 6.5 6.5 8.5 8.0A.5 Calculating the Life Cycle CostThe cost factors from the above tables for this example are summarized and are appliedto the LCC equation as shown in the following table.LCC = [Cic + LRavg(Cin) + LRom(Com)] + [(Crs + LRom(Com)) n] [1]A-6

Life Cycle Cost Factor Summary(Costs are in U.S. Dollars)Manufacturer A B C DModelTransmitter Chloramineand ORP AnalyzerElectrodeTotalResidualChlorineAnalyzer(colorimetric)TotalResidualChlorineAnalyzer(titration)ORP Meter and ElectrodeCic – Initial Cost Factor $2,365 $13,470 $3,540 $8,595 $2,035Cin – Installation andCommissioning Costs8 14 9 10 8Com – Operations andMaintenance Cost Factor7 6.5 6.5 8.5 8Crs – Annual Reagent andSpare Parts Cost$190 $1,470 $540 $795 $290LRavg – Average HourlyLabor Rate$22.93LRom – Average HourlyO&M Labor Rate$22.96n - Life Expectancy ofInstrument in YearsLCC - Calculated LifeCycle Cost of Instrumentover a Ten Year Period$6,216 $30,133 $10,788 $18,921 $7,13910A.6 Life Cycle Cost of OwnershipThe LCC of ownership is only one factor in determining the choice of instrument for theend user’s application. Additional factors need to be considered before making a choice of aninstrument for a specific application. Accuracy, reliability, and installation are key factors also inselecting an instrument. Regulatory requirements for permitting may require the end user tochoose a specific technology or measurement method, such as traditional amperometric titrationof total chlorine measurement rather than non-traditional ion-selective electrode. The use oftraditional and non-traditional measurement methods will also have an effect on installationrequirements, operations, and maintenance costs.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance A-7

For example, if the end user is considering using traditional direct measurement of totalchlorine (which includes amperometric titration and colorimetric methods) versus a nontraditionalinferred measurement of total chlorine (oxidation reduction potential [ORP] is aninferred measurement method for total chlorine because it does not directly measure totalchlorine) then it is up to the end user to interpret the ORP data collected and convert that datainto total chlorine measured in the water. ORP measures both the potential caused by theaddition of chlorine to water and other unrelated potentials such as caustic addition to the waterfor pH control. As the amount of caustic addition varies the ORP data varies even though theamount of chlorine addition is held steady. This ORP variance in data may lead to theassumption that chlorine addition needs to be increased or decreased unnecessarily and can resultin higher operational costs or inappropriate operational control actions.A-8

APPENDIX BCASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRESNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-1

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Anish Jantrania, Virginia Department of Health, 07/03/081. Where is the plant located? 2 plants in Charles City County, 30 miles SE ofRichmond2. What type of plant is it? List all treatmentprocesses at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what is theoperating capacity?4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation is usedat the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is used and isinformation communicated by landline, cell orsatellite?8. Do you use localized data storage (digitalfiles), paper files, or a remote database for datastorage?9. How long has automated monitoring been inplace?10. How many operating and maintenance staffare involved at the plant? What are their hours?11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated time requirementsfor maintenance of the remote monitoringsystem and the estimated time savings as aresult of using the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. What is the approximate cost for theinstalled on-line sensors and SCADA system?Grinder pumps at each household. Each planthas Sequencing Batch Reactor, gravel filter,UV disinfection.2 plants:Jerusalem - 3,500 gpd, at 60% capacityKimages - 7,000 gpd, at 50% capacityBOD (30 mg/L), TSS (30 mg/L) and fecalcoliform (

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Kevin Camara, FA&A, 05/30/081. Where is the plant located? Warren, Vermont, Core Village GrowthCenter Area2. What type of plant is it? List all Decentralized Wastewater Collection,treatment processes at the facility. Treatment & Disposal SystemsBrooks Field Collection, Treatment & DisposalSystem: 2,000 l.f of gravity sewer (28connections), 8,000 l.f. low pressure sewer (31STEP Systems), two (2) sewer pump stations,forcemain, 50,000 gpd septic tank, two (2)dosing pump stations, twelve (12) dualalternating 5,000 gpd trench absorption fields(50% in use each year).Luce Pierce Cluster System: individual septictanks (3), STEG collection system, dosingpump station, 2,000 gpd trench disposalabsorption field.Individual Disposal Systems: Five (5)Individual onsite disposal systems. Three (3)pressurized conventional systems with dosingpump stations. Two (2) gravity conventionalsystems.Manage Existing Onsite Systems: Two (2)properties manage existing onsite systems, 2dosing pump stations with one shared moundsystem.Warren Elementary School: 5,000 gpd system,Two (2) septic tanks, recirculation/blend tank,twelve (12) Orenco Textile Filters, DosingPump Station, Forcemain, Shallow gravellessdisposal system3. What is the plant capacity, and what Brooks Field: 30,000 gpd permitted, 8,000 gpdis the operating capacity?actual average, 12,000 gpd max day actual.Luce Pierce Cluster System: 2,000 gpd, no dataon actualIndividual Systems: 5 systems ranging from 280gpd to 840 gpd, no data on actual.Manage Existing systems: 1,200 gpdWarren Elementary School: 5,000 gpd permitted,2,100 gpd actual average, 4,000 gpd actual maxdayNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-3

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Kevin Camara, FA&A, 05/30/084. What parameters is the plant designedto treat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentationis used at the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?Warren Elementary School: BOD (30 mg/L) andTSS (30 mg/L). None of the others have permitlimitations as they are septic systems. The LargeBrooks Field system that State water qualitystandards in groundwater must be met beforegroundwater reaches he receiving stream.Brooks Field-1) Two (2) Collection system pump stations,and one (1) Disposal system dosing pumpstation panels communicate via radiotelemetry to a master panel located at theTown Offices. This saves money ontelephone charges if dialers were usedindividually. The master panel has a dialerwhich sends alarms to the operator’s cellphone. The operator can access the masterpanel from his personal computer for datavia a modem in the panel.2) Thirty-one (31) Orenco Vericomm STEPsystem control panels. Alarms are sent to theoperator’s pager via homeowner’s telephoneline. Alarms are also sent via email tooperators email via Vericomm system. Theoperator can access data from each panel viathe WWW through Vericomm web site.Luce Pierce Cluster System: The panel at thiscluster system also communicates via radiotelemetry to the master control panel at theTown Office.Individual Systems 3 Vericomm Controlpanels.Manage Onsite 2 Vericomm Control panels.Warren Elementary School: Orenco CustomControl Panel. The panel send notifications tothe operator’s pager via a dialer in the panelThe operator can remotely access the panelwith a personal computer using a modem andHyperterminal program.Brooks Field & Luce Pierce Cluster SystemRadio Telemetry System: ConsolidatedElectric Custom Radio Telemetry SystemSTEP Systems: 31 Vericomm Control panels.Individual Systems 3 Vericomm Controlpanels.B-4

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Kevin Camara, FA&A, 05/30/087. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?8. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files, or a remotedatabase for data storage?9. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?10. How many operating andmaintenance staff are involved at theplant? What are their hours?11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated timerequirements for maintenance of theremote monitoring system and theestimated time savings as a result ofusing the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?Manage Onsite 2 Vericomm Control panels.Warren Elementary School: Orenco CustomControl Panel.See 4. and 5.The operator uses digital files (Excel) andthen paper storage for the Brooks FieldWastewater System and Luce Pierce ClusterSystem radio telemetry for flows, pump runtimes, etc.The operator uses the Vericomm remotedatabase for data storage for the STEP andindividual systems.The operator uses digital files converting textfiles to Excel and then paper storage for theWarren Elementary School panel for flows,pump run times, etc.Warren Elementary School - Since 2000The Town hired a part time contractoperations firm (Simon Operation Services).Typically one person remotely checks on thesystem panels from their office once per week(1 hour). They physically check the pumpstations every other week (4 hours every otherweek. They respond to alarms. Do reportsonce per month. They do monthly, quarterlyand annual O&M tasks.Weekly remote check. Every other weekphysical check and annual inspectionThere is no maintenance budgeted for theremote monitoring. Time savings is about 12hours per week total for all systems vs dailyonsite checks. Cost saving for this is approx.$25,000/year, and also save $1,500/year usingradio telemetry vs dedicated landlines.Brooks Field & Luce Pierce Cluster System:A couple of lighting strikes have cause panelsto fail or not communicate. Communicationfailures have occurred.Vericomm Systems: The systems use thehomeowner’s telephone line. We have hadNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-5

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Kevin Camara, FA&A, 05/30/08some homeowners switch to cell phones orcable/Vonage etc. and cancel their land linephones causing non communication. Theeasement agreements between the homeownerand the Town require the homeowner tomaintain the land line which has caused someanguish between the Town and thehomeowners. Some homeowners have hadtheir phone lines temporarily and periodicallyturned off by the telephone company fordelinquency causing non communication. Wehave had some problems with the telephonelines between the panel and the telephoneconnection clarity thus no communication andbad lines. We initially had problems withhomes with DSL phone lines. Installed DSLfilters in each panel to correct.Warren Elementary School: A couple oflighting strikes have cause panels to fail or notcommunicate.14. Do you know of any other facilitiesthat we could use as potential casestudies? Please provide contact details.NoB-6

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #1Provided by Michael Stephens, SCS Systems, 07/02/081. Where is the plant located? Narrow Lake, Brookfield Twp,Springport, Michigan2. What type of plant is it? List alltreatment processes at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what isthe operating capacity?4. What parameters is the plant designedto treat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentationis used at the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?8. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files, or a remotedatabase for data storage?9. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?10. How many operating andmaintenance staff are involved at theplant? What are their hours?76 STEP collection tanks to 10 recirculatingAdvanTex (AX100) filters, storage in twoaeratedstorage ponds of 330,000 gallonseach, discharge to Battle Creek Drain.25,000GPD capacity, operating at 8,000to 10,000GPDBOD (30 mg/L), TSS (40-70 mg/L),fecal coliform (200 cfu/100mL) and DO(5 mg/L).On-line instrumentation includes 10turbine pumps, 2 flow meters, 8 floatinputs, 1 exhaust ventilation fanPumps/floats/fan/controls – OrencoSystems Inc., flow meters – SeaMetricsCustom Telemetry Control Panel –Orenco Systems Inc. whichcommunicates via landlineData is stored for 3 months on thecontrol panel circuit board, and isdownloaded remotely to Excel files onour office PC. These Excel files areprinted in hard copy and placed in theproject fileMonitoring has been in place sinceSeptember 2006There are no onsite staff. We operate thefacility via contract, making regular sitevisits. The facility is inspected3x/weekly, with an average of 2-3hours/week of onsite time at the centraltreatment facility only. We employ 1full-time and 1 summer employee tomanage multiple facilities.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-7

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #1Provided by Michael Stephens, SCS Systems, 07/02/0811. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated timerequirements for maintenance of theremote monitoring system and theestimated time savings as a result ofusing the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. Can you provide an estimate cost ofinstalling the on-line monitoring andSCADA system?The monitoring system is tested quarterlyfor proper input and output function. Thedata is downloaded each monthremotely. Very little maintenance isrequiredMaintenance is about 2 hours per yearand time savings 20 to 30 hours per year.There have been issues with the power andphone service suppliers. We lost 1 leg ofour 3-phase power to the control panel. Wehave had multiple phone serviceinterruption and quality problems. Thetelemetry panel has functioned extremelytrouble-free$25,000 estimate.B-8

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #21. Where is the plant located? River Rock Landing, Dimondale, Michigan2. What type of plant is it? List all treatment 23 (of 29) STEP collection tanks to 2processes at the facility.recirculating sand filters (in parallel) followedby 2 intermittent sand filters (in parallel),storage in seepage pond, discharge togroundwater and Grand River (only as3. What is the plant capacity, and what is theoperating capacity?necessary)10,000GPD capacity, operating at 4,000GPD4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation is usedat the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is used and isinformation communicated by landline, cell, orsatellite?8. Do you use localized data storage (digitalfiles), paper files, or a remote database for datastorage?9. How long has automated monitoring been inplace?10. How many operating and maintenance staffare involved at the plant? What are their hours?11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated time requirementsfor maintenance of the remote monitoringsystem and the estimated time savings as aresult of using the system?BOD (25 mg/L), TSS (30 mg/L), total P(1 mg/L) and fecal coliform (200 cfu/100mL).On-line instrumentation includes 4 turbinepumps, 2 chemical pumps, 8 float inputs,|3 pressure transducer inputsPumps/floats/controls – Orenco Systems Inc.,pressure transducers – unknownCustom Telemetry Control Panel – OrencoSystems Inc. which communicates via landlineData is stored for 12 months on the controlpanel circuit board, and is downloadedremotely to Excel files on our office PC. TheseExcel files are printed in hard copy and placedin the project fileMonitoring has been in place since 2000There are no onsite staff. We operate thefacility via contract, making regular site visits.The facility is inspected monthly, with anaverage of 2-3 hours/month of onsite time atthe central treatment facility only. We employ1 full-time and 1 summer employee to managemultiple facilities.The monitoring system is tested quarterly forproper input and output function. The data isdownloaded each quarter remotely. Very littlemaintenance is requiredMaintenance is about 1.5 hours per year andtime savings 15 to 20 hours per year.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-9

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #213. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. Can you provide an estimate cost ofinstalling the on-line monitoring and SCADAsystem?There have been issues with consistent andreliable phone service from the supplier. We havealso had some problems with a particular circuitinside the control panel, and have replaced it 3times. We also had problems with the pressuretransducers and have disconnected themaltogether$10,000 estimate.B-10

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #31. Where is the plant located? Lake Leslie, Corunna, Michigan2. What type of plant is it? List all treatmentprocesses at the facility.6 (of 36) STEP collection tanks to 8 (of 16)recirculating AdvanTex (AX20) filters,discharged to an aerated storage pond, then to anon-aerated settling pond, then to an aeratedstorage ponds of 830,000 gallons, discharge toCoal Mine Drain.3. What is the plant capacity, and what is theoperating capacity?4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation is usedat the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is used and isinformation communicated by landline, cell, orsatellite?8. Do you use localized data storage (digitalfiles), paper files, or a remote database for datastorage?10,000GPD capacity, operating at 1,000GPDBOD (10-20 mg/L), TSS (30-47 mg/L), total P(1 mg/L), ammonia N (2-7.3), fecal coliform(200 cfu/100mL) and DO (4-7 mg/L)On-line instrumentation includes 4 turbinepumps, 4 float inputs, 1 exhaust ventilation fan,1 flow meter, 1 alphasonic water level sensorPumps/floats/controls – Orenco Systems Inc.,flow meter – Danfoss, water level sensor –FlowLineCustom Telemetry Control Panel – OrencoSystems Inc. which communicates via landlineData is stored for 12 months on the controlpanel circuit board, and is downloadedremotely to Excel files on our office PC. TheseExcel files are printed in hard copy and placedin the project file9. How long has automated monitoring been inplace?Monitoring has been in place since February200610. How many operating and maintenance staffare involved at the plant? What are their hours?There are no onsite staff. We operate thefacility via contract, making regular site visits.The facility is inspected monthly, with anaverage of 1 hour/month of onsite time at thecentral treatment facility only. We employ 1Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-11

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #311. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated time requirementsfor maintenance of the remote monitoringsystem and the estimated time savings as aresult of using the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. Can you provide an estimate cost ofinstalling the on-line monitoring and SCADAsystem?full-time and 1 summer employee to managemultiple facilitiesThe monitoring system is tested quarterly forproper input and output function. The data isdownloaded each quarter remotely. Very littlemaintenance is requiredMaintenance is about 2 hours per year and timesavings 10 to 15 hours per year.There have been issues with consistent andreliable operation of the water level sensor.The telemetry panel has functioned extremelytrouble-free$10,000 actual.B-12

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #41. Where is the plant located? Milford Pointe, Milford, Michigan2. What type of plant is it? List alltreatment processes at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what isthe operating capacity?4. What parameters is the plant designedto treat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentationis used at the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?8. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files, or a remotedatabase for data storage?9. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?10. How many operating andmaintenance staff are involved at theplant? What are their hours?16 (of 30) STEP collection tanks to 16recirculating AdvanTex (AX20) filters,discharged to a low pressure drainfield10,000GPD capacity, operating at6,500GPDBOD, TSS, nitrogen and fecal coliform.On-line instrumentation includes 6turbine pumps, 8 float inputs, 1 exhaustventilation fan, 1 flow meterPumps/floats/controls – Orenco SystemsInc., flow meter – SeaMetricsCustom Telemetry Control Panel –Orenco Systems Inc. whichcommunicates via landlineData is stored for 12 months on thecontrol panel circuit board, and isdownloaded remotely to Excel files onour office PC. These Excel files areprinted in hard copy and placed in theproject fileMonitoring has been in place since April2004There are no onsite staff. We operate thefacility via contract, making regular sitevisits. The facility is inspected quarterly,with an average of 3 hours/quarter ofonsite time at the central treatmentfacility only. We employ 1 full-time and1 summer employee to manage multiplefacilities11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?The monitoring system is tested quarterlyfor proper input and output function. Thedata is downloaded each quarter remotely.Very little maintenance is requiredNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-13

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #412. What are the estimated timerequirements for maintenance of theremote monitoring system and theestimated time savings as a result ofusing the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. Can you provide an estimate cost ofinstalling the on-line monitoring andSCADA system?Maintenance is about 2 hours per yearand time savings 20 to 25 hours per year.There have been issues with consistentand reliable phone service from thesupplier. The flow meter has neveroperated correctly since construction.The telemetry panel has functionedrelatively trouble-free, with the exceptionof a period of time where communicationwith the panel would be lost until thepanel was powered down and reset$5,700 actual.B-14

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #51. Where is the plant located? Summerbrooke, Owosso, Michigan2. What type of plant is it? List all treatmentprocesses at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what is theoperating capacity?4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation is usedat the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is used and isinformation communicated by landline, cell, orsatellite?8. Do you use localized data storage (digitalfiles), paper files, or a remote database for datastorage?9. How long has automated monitoring been inplace?10. How many operating and maintenance staffare involved at the plant? What are their hours?11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?4 (of 36) STEP collection tanks to 4recirculating AdvanTex (AX100) filters,discharged to a low pressure drainfield10,000GPD capacity, operating at 600GPDBOD, TSS, nitrogen and fecal coliform.On-line instrumentation includes 6 turbinepumps, 8 float inputs, 1 exhaust ventilation fan,1 flow meterPumps/floats/fan/controls – Orenco SystemsIncCustom Telemetry Control Panel – OrencoSystems Inc. which communicates via landlineData is stored for 12 months on the controlpanel circuit board, and is downloadedremotely to Excel files on our office PC. TheseExcel files are printed in hard copy and placedin the project fileMonitoring has been in place since June 2006There are no onsite staff. We operate thefacility via contract, making regular site visits.The facility is inspected quarterly, with anaverage of 1 hours/quarter of onsite time at thecentral treatment facility only. We employ 1full-time and 1 summer employee to managemultiple facilitiesThe monitoring system is tested quarterly forproper input and output function. The data isdownloaded each quarter remotely. Very littlemaintenance is requiredNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-15

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #512. What are the estimated time requirementsfor maintenance of the remote monitoringsystem and the estimated time savings as aresult of using the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. Can you provide an estimate cost ofinstalling the on-line monitoring and SCADAsystem?Maintenance is about 1 hour per year and timesavings 8 to 10 hours per year.The telemetry panel has functioned extremelytrouble-free$10,000 estimateB-16

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #61. Where is the plant located? Brooks River Landing, Dimondale, Michigan2. What type of plant is it? List all treatmentprocesses at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what is theoperating capacity?4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation is usedat the facility?15 STEP collection tanks to 2 recirculatingsand filters (in parallel), discharge tosubsurface gravity-flow trenches5,600GPD capacity, operating at 2,000GPDBOD, TSS, nitrogen and fecal coliform.On-line instrumentation includes 2 turbinepumps, 4 float inputs6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is used and isinformation communicated by landline, cell, orsatellite?8. Do you use localized data storage (digitalfiles), paper files, or a remote database for datastorage?9. How long has automated monitoring been inplace?10. How many operating and maintenance staffare involved at the plant? What are their hours?Pumps/floats/controls – Orenco Systems IncCustom Telemetry Control Panel – OrencoSystems Inc. which communicates via landlineData is stored for 12 months on the controlpanel circuit board, and is downloadedremotely to Excel files on our office PC. TheseExcel files are printed in hard copy and placedin the project fileMonitoring has been in place since January2001There are no onsite staff. We operate thefacility via contract, making regular site visits.The facility is inspected monthly, with anaverage of 1 hour/month of onsite time at thecentral treatment facility only. We employ 1full-time and 1 summer employee to managemultiple facilitiesNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-17

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #611. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated time requirementsfor maintenance of the remote monitoringsystem and the estimated time savings as aresult of using the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. Can you provide an estimate cost ofinstalling the on-line monitoring and SCADAsystem?The monitoring system is tested quarterly forproper input and output function. The data isdownloaded each quarter remotely. Very littlemaintenance is required.Maintenance is about 1 hour per year and timesavings 15 to 20 hours per year.The telemetry panel has functioned extremelytrouble-free$1,200 actualB-18

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #71. Where is the plant located? Baan Gan Aka, Williamston, Michigan2. What type of plant is it? List all treatmentprocesses at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what is theoperating capacity?4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation is usedat the facility?7 (of 37) STEG collection tanks to a single liftstation, discharge to subsurface low-pressuredrainfield10,000GPD, operating at 2,500 to 13,000GPD(depending on I&I from rainfall).No permit requirementsOn-line instrumentation consists of 2 pumps, 5float inputs6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is used and isinformation communicated by landline, cell, orsatellite?8. Do you use localized data storage (digitalfiles), paper files, or a remote database for datastorage?9. How long has automated monitoring been inplace?Pumps – Kennedy Industries, floats – ConeryMfg., controls – Orenco Systems IncCustom Telemetry Control Panel – OrencoSystems Inc. which communicates via landlineData is stored for 12 months on the controlpanel circuit board, and is downloadedremotely to Excel files on our office PC. TheseExcel files are printed in hard copy and placedin the project fileMonitoring has been in place since 200210. How many operating and maintenance staffare involved at the plant? What are their hours?There are no onsite staff. We monitor thefacility via contract. No site visits are includedin our contract. Others inspect the lift stationannually. We employ 1 full-time and 1 summeremployee to manage multiple facilitiesNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-19

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #711. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated time requirementsfor maintenance of the remote monitoringsystem and the estimated time savings as aresult of using the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. Can you provide an estimate cost ofinstalling the on-line monitoring and SCADAsystem?The monitoring system is monitored quarterlyfor variances in input and output function. Thedata is downloaded each quarter remotely.Very little maintenance is required.Maintenance is about 0.5 hour per year andtime savings 5 to 8 hours per year.The telemetry panel has experienced multiplecircuit board failures due to voltage spikes inthe area. Since the installation of surgeprotection, it has functioned trouble-free$1,200 actualOTHER TELEMETRY/REMOTE MONITORINGWe also have remote monitoring panels for multiple commercial facilities listed below:Pohl Oil (gas station, convenience store, and McDonalds)Chosen Vision (group home for mentally disabled adults)Island City Academy (public school)Origami (rehabilitative facility for head injuries)Huszti Building (multi-use professional service building)We utilize web-based monitoring panels for almost all of our new STEP connections tocommunity decentralized treatment facilities. The following facilities utilize a control paneltied into the phone line for each individual home connection, with the number of these panelsin parenthesis following the facility name:Brookfield Twp-Narrow Lake (76)Lake Leslie Condo (6)Milford Pointe (19)River Rock Landing (16)Summerbrooke (4)In addition to these community facilities, we utilize the web-based panels for individual, on-lotseptic systems. We monitor approximately 25 onsite systems this way.B-20

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Josh Lindell, Aquapoint, 06/18/081. Where is the plant located? Piperton, TNWhat makes this a nice case study is thatPiperton’s infrastructure is made up of aconstantly growing network of several plants(6 currently) that are all using the sametreatment technology and are tied into thesame telemetry monitoring network. Telemetryallows them to operate the systems essentiallyas one since they can view their functionalityfrom a single location.2. What type of plant is it? List all treatmentprocesses at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what is theoperating capacity?4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation is usedat the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is used and isinformation communicated by landline, cell, orsatellite?8. Do you use localized data storage (digitalfiles), paper files, or a remote database for datastorage?9. How long has automated monitoring been inplace?All 6 plants are Aquapoint Inc. Bioclere TMsystems. Bioclere is a modified trickling filterover a clarifier (see details atwww.aquapoint.com/bioclere.html) so thebiological treatment process is fixed-film. Eachsystem also incorporates flow EQ, UVdisinfection and drip disposal all of which canbe remotely accessed through the telemetrycontrols.The six plants range from 20,000 to 80,000 gpdand the combined capacity at this point is 280,000gpd. Each system is currently receiving very littleflow (probably no more than a few thousand gpd)as the communities have been slow to build outand the systems are only a year old.BOD (45 mg/L)All facilities use cellular based remote wirelesstelemetry w/ an integrated auto dialer. Internetbased software allows the operator to accesseach plant as long as they have a password.Aquapoint calls its telemetry control packageAqua-Alert TM but it incorporates Allen BradleyPLCs and Air2App wireless telemetry hardware.System does not have full SCADA capabilitybecause it is not necessary. Telemetry sendsdata packets several times per day betweencontrol panel and software program. In otherwords data transmission is not in real-time.Information is transmitted via cellular.Remote database is used to log alarm history,plant data, etc…1 year for most systemsNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-21

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Josh Lindell, Aquapoint, 06/18/0810. How many operating and maintenance staffare involved at the plant? What are their hours?11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?One operator from the public worksdepartment (PWD) spends no more than 2hours onsite at each plant per month…Biocleres are fully automated so there isn’tmuch to do onsite but make sure things areworking properly. Much of treatment plantO&M is preventative maintenance.No typical O&M required on monitoringequipment.12. What are the estimated time requirementsfor maintenance of the remote monitoringsystem and the estimated time savings as aresult of using the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. Do you know of any other facilities that wecould use as potential case studies? Pleaseprovide contact details.The operator visits each site weekly for about30 minutes each, which is not completelynecessary for proper operation but is more forpreventative maintenance (operator is publicworks employee).Unknown… Need to talk to system operator.To be honest many engineers end up specifyingtelemetry or SCADA controls and more oftenthan not the operator and/or owner never usesit.A FEW ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: As a project manager for a wastewater treatment designand manufacturing company, I get a significant amount of feedback from operators of oursystems. Engineers frequently want to design start of the art equipment so we have a telemetrypackage available but we hear more often than not from operators that they either don’t use it orthat it doesn’t have much value. Most decentralized plant operators are happy if they have asimple auto dialer to call them in the event of an alarm condition. The auto dialer can indicate thefailure and the operator has to eventually visit the site any way to fix whatever went wrong. Whyincorporate a $4,000 telemetry control system that costs $25 per month for the wirelesstransmission of data when a simple $400 to $500 auto dialer and a hardwire phone line can tellyou when there is an alarm and what has failed. In the case of Bioclere, the process is so simplethat SCADA and telemetry are overkill in most cases. We are talking about a few fractionalhorsepower pumps and a small fan that make up the mechanical components, it’s not complex.Plus, treatment plans are living biological systems and must be touched, smelled, listened to,etc… They need a human touch and cannot be 100% operated via a computer from an office. Itis my personal opinion that the real value of telemetry is when an operator has a network ofmany systems he/she maintains like in the case of Piperton, TN. The operator can log onto thetelemetry system and look at all plants to determine where their time would best be spent thatday.B-22

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Doug Klein, Charleston Water System, 06/24/081. Where is the plant located? 196 Pierce StreetCharleston, SC 294922. What type of plant is it? List all treatmentprocesses at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what is theoperating capacity?4. What type of on-line instrumentation is usedat the facility?Aqua-aerobics Sequencing Batch Reactor.-Primary screening-Equalization tank-2 SBRs-Effluent Filtration-UV light disinfection-Aerobic Sludge Digestion-Rotary Sludge PressDesign Capacity: 1.0 MGDCurrent flow:0.65 MGD14 Ultra sonic level,1 Ultra sonic flow2 Dissolved Oxygen6 Magnetic Flow Meter2 Ultra Violet7 Pressure2 RPM Speed1 Truck Scale5. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?6. What type of SCADA system is used and isinformation communicated by landline, cell, orsatellite?MILLTRONICS HydrorangerMILLTRONICS Open ChannelHACH SC100HACH LDO3-ISCO unipulse5000, 1-ISCO unimag, 2-ENDRESS& HAUSER PromagTROJANUV3000ENDRESS& HAUSER PSIENDRESS& HAUSER RPMSCISSON SCALE1) Computer Professional grade. ManufactureDell 490.2) Software RSView 32Manufacture Rockwell Automation.3) Software RSLinx Communications softwarefor local and remote communicationsNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-23

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Doug Klein, Charleston Water System, 06/24/08Manufacture Rockwell Automation.4) SCADA (onsite) plant communication fiberoptics 10/100 MEG switches using Ethernetcommunications protocol TC/PIP.5) Four (onsite) Daniel Island plant AllenBradley Programmable logic Controllers PLCsManufacture Rockwell Automation.6) Two (off site remote) Daniel Islandcontrolled influent pump stations the pumpstations use two Allen Bradley Programmablelogic Controllers PLC’s using iNet 900Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Radiosusing Ethernet communications protocolbetween Daniel Island plant and two Influentpump stations, stations are monitored at DI andPI.Manufacture Rockwell Automation.7) Daniel Island plant and Plum Island plantSCADA (between plant site) allows remotecontrol and monitoring from Plum Island,using Ethernet communications protocol,Manufacture MDS iNet 900 FrequencyHopping Spread Spectrum Radios7. Do you use localized data storage (digitalfiles), paper files, or a remote database for datastorage?1) Digital files are compiled by Daniel IslandSCADA node locally for 90 days. 2) All datafrom Daniel Island is transmitted via radioevery minute 1440/ 24/ 7 and recorded andstored on 2 Plum Island SCADA nodes.3) All digital files transferred to a sequel database each night at mid night at Plum Island andarchived indefinitely on historical servers8. How long has automated monitoring been inplace?2001 / 2002 time frame9. How many operating and maintenance staffare involved at the plant? What are their hours?(1) 40 hr week: full time operator: doespreventative maintenance. Assistance from (2)mechanics and (1) electrical tech. for correctiverepairs as needed.B-24

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Doug Klein, Charleston Water System, 06/24/0810. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?HMI software, communications software andhardware updates are performed Quarterly onall SCADA computers software is backed upstored off site11. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?Occasional communications failures due toradio failure our average UP TIME is 99.9%12. Do you know of any other facilities that wecould use as potential case studies? Pleaseprovide contact details.Not at this time.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-25

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #1Utility: Mobile County Water Sewer & Fire Authority-Theodore, ALOperator: Stephen Cunningham interviewed1. Where is the plant located? 1 Plant – Haskew WWTF is located in thewestern part of Mobile County, AL at Exit 10,I-102. What type of plant is it? List all treatment Packed Bed Filter/Textile Medium/Orenco’sprocesses at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what is theoperating capacity?ADVANTEX30,000 gpd4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation is usedat the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is used and isinformation communicated by landline, cell, orsatellite?8. Do you use localized data storage (digitalfiles), paper files, or a remote database for datastorage?9. How long has automated monitoring been inplace?10. How many operating and maintenance staffare involved at the plant? What are their hours?11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated time requirementsfor maintenance of the remote monitoringsystem and the estimated time savings as aresult of using the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?BOD (45 mg/L), TSS (45 mg/L), ammonia (10mg/L)ORENCO-TComm accessed by computer atany location and onsite by use of a laptop.Option: Touch ScreenTComm made by OrencoTcomm serves as SCADA using aland/telephone lineData is stored in TComm unit in the ControlPanel and accessed by dialing into the panelfrom a PC or Laptop at the site1 1/2 years1 part-time who averages visiting the sites 1-3times per week unless there is an alert.Averages 5hrs. per weekNo O&M carried out on the monitoringequipmentLittle or no maintenance required. Many of oursystems are 15 – 20 miles from the treatmentsite, so there are considerable savings when 1operator can oversee multiple treatment sitesusing computer access and to assess when sitevisits are necessaryNo Issues with the telemetryB-26

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #2Utility: Mobile Water & Sewer Service – Mobile, ALOperator: Wayne Noel interviewed by William H. McLean-Dauphin Environmental Equipment,Mobile, AL1. Where is the plant located? 1 Plant-Snow Road WWTF is located in thewestern part of Mobile County, AL at CollierElementary School on Snow Road2. What type of plant is it? List all treatment Packed Bed Filter/Textile Medium/Orenco’sprocesses at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what is theoperating capacity?ADVANTEX20,000 gpd4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation isused at the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is used andis information communicated by landline,cell. or satellite?8. Do you use localized data storage (digitalfiles), paper files, or a remote database fordata storage?9. How long has automated monitoring beenin place?10. How many operating and maintenancestaff are involved at the plant? What aretheir hours?11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated time requirementsfor maintenance of the remote monitoringsystem and the estimated time savings as aresult of using the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?BOD (30 mg/L), TSS (30 mg/L), ammonia (10mg/L)ORENCO-TComm accessed by computer at anylocation and onsite by use of a laptop. Option:Touch ScreenTComm made by OrencoTcomm serves as SCADA using a land/telephonelineData is stored in TComm unit in the ControlPanel and accessed by dialing into the panel froma PC or Laptop at the site7 years1 part-time who averages visiting the sites 1-3hours per week unless there is an alertNo O&M carried out on the monitoringequipmentLittle or no maintenance required. Many of oursystems are 15 – 20 miles from the treatmentsite, so there are considerable savings when 1operator can oversee multiple treatment sitesusing computer access and to assess when sitevisits are necessaryNo Issues with the telemetry. Panel doesinterface with conventional SCADA so operatorcan make a comparison and says he would becomfortable if he only had TCommNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-27

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE #3Utility: South Alabama UtilitiesOperator: Tim Lee interviewed by William H. McLean-Dauphin Environmental Equipment,Mobile, AL1. Where is the plant located? 13 Plants located in the western part of MobileCounty, AL2. What type of plant is it? List all Packed Bed Filter/Textile Medium/Orenco’streatment processes at the facility. ADVANTEX3. What is the plant capacity, and what is J.E. Turner Elementary School (2003)-20,000 g.the operating capacity?The Oaks (2004)-20,000 gChampion Hills (2005)-30,000 gHarmony Ridge (2005)-30,000 gWendy Oaks (2004)-30,000 gJohnson Road (2004)-60,000 gWilmer Elementary School (2006)-30,000 gCambridge Place (2006)- 30,000 gPalmer Woods (2006)- 30,000 gHolley Branch (2007)- 30,000 gJ.E. Turner 2 (2008)- 30,000 gJohnson Road 2 (2008)- 60,000 g4. What parameters is the plant designed to BOD (30 – 45 mg/L), TSS (30 - 45 mg/L),treat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation isused at the facility?6. What is the make/model oftheinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?8. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files, or a remotedatabase for data storage?9. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?10. How many operating and maintenancestaff are involved at the plant? What aretheir hours?11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated timerequirements for maintenance of theremote monitoring system and theestimated time savings as a result of usingthe system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?ammonia (10 mg/L) or TKN (10 mg/L)ORENCO-TComm accessed by computer at anylocation and onsite by use of a laptop. Option:Touch ScreenTComm made by OrencoTcomm serves as SCADA using a land/telephonelineData is stored in TComm unit in the Control Paneland accessed by dialing into the panel from a PC orLaptop at the site1 1/2 years2 part-time who work together and average 2 hoursper week unless there is an alertNo O&M carried out on the monitoring equipmentLittle or no maintenance required. Many of oursystems are 15 – 20 miles from the treatment site,so there are considerable savings when 1 operatorcan oversee multiple treatment sites usingcomputer access and to assess when site visits arenecessaryNo Issues with the telemetry except for occasionswhen telephone lines go downB-28

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Dan Miller (Miller Catfish Farm), AL and Jim Dartez (Royce Technologies),07/03/081. Where is the plant located? Greensboro, AL2. What type of plant is it? List alltreatment processes at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what isthe operating capacity?4. What type of on-line instrumentationis used at the facility?Is a catfish farm with 60 ponds (eachapprox. 10 – 15 acres)N/ADO, temperature, aerator operationalstatus and electrical current5. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?6. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?7. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files, or a remotedatabase for data storage?8. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?9. How many operating and maintenancestaff are involved at the plant? What aretheir hours?10. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?11. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?12. Do you know of any other facilitiesthat we could use as potential casestudies? Please provide contact details.RoyceData is collected in the analyzer at thepond bank and relayed in packets of datato a central office within 10 miles viaradio or cell phone. Data is collected intoa computer software program that canpresent graphical and numerical dataconstantly.Data stored electronically in centraloffice.Started in 19951 man on farm responsible, as part ofother workMinor maintenance requiredNo problems with the radio system.Motherboards on computers in the fieldneed to be replaced occasionallyNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-29

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Evelyn Allen, Waterloo Biofilter Systems Inc., 07/08/081. Where is the plant located? 4 plants in South Central Ontario2. What type of plant is it? List alltreatment processes at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what isthe operating capacity?4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation isused at the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?8. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files, or a remotedatabase for data storage?9. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?10. How many operating and maintenancestaff are involved at the plant? What aretheir hours?11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated timerequirements for maintenance of the remotemonitoring system and the estimated timesavings as a result of using the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. Can you provide an estimated cost forthe on-line sensor and SCADA system?Golf courses. Waterloo Biofilter and TrojanUV treatment systems at each15 – 88 m3/dCompliance parameters: BOD (30 mg/L),TSS (30 mg/L), ammonia (2.5 mg/L), TP(2 – 2.5 mg/L), E.coli (100 cfu/100mL)Monitor only, no control -UV light intensity, pressure switches,pumps, flow meterControl Microsystems. SCADA adds upthe number of events for the day and timepumps have been on.Dedicated landlines are used and call in tocheck the plant data.When an alarm, send message to operator’spager and operator looks up the site on thecomputer.Remote data storage.Since 19991 staff for all sites, with 2 hours/week ateach siteNone so far. No issue with false alarms.Maintenance was negligible and timesavings about 2 hours per month on traveltime per site when there were alarmsNo$25,000 to $30,000 total for all 4 plants(Canadian $, 1999 prices)B-30

Decentralized System Case Study QuestionnaireProvided by Clay Reitsma, DNC, 07/04/081. Where is the plant located? 3 wastewater plants in 3 parts of region,separated by mountains: Chemainus,Crofton and Joint Utility Board (JUB).Each plant is used as a hub for collectingdata from water, sanitary sewer and stormsewer stations. Data is transferred fromwastewater plants to central location atmunicipal hall.A fourth treatment plant (Maple BayMarina STP) will be commission in the fallof 2008. It will also be a hub plant for othersystems.2. What type of plant is it? List alltreatment processes at the facility.Chemainus STP has screening, degritting,biological treatment, secondaryclarification, aerobic digestion, dewatering.Crofton STP has screening, degritting,biological treatment, secondaryclarification, aerobic digestion.JUB STP has screening, degritting,complete mix aeration biological treatmentcell, partial mix biological treatment cell, 2facultative treatment cells/settling cells,chemical addition for phosphorus removal,chlorination, dechlorination.MBM STP has screening, flowequalization, anoxic treatment for nitrogenremoval, biological treatment withammonia conversion, chemical addition forphosphorus removal, membranes for solidsseparation, UV disinfection.3. What is the plant capacity, and what isthe operating capacity?Chemainus: 2,000 m3/dCrofton: 1,200 m3/dJUB: 16,500 m3/dMBM: 350 m3/dAverage Annual Flow basis.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-31

Decentralized System Case Study QuestionnaireProvided by Clay Reitsma, DNC, 07/04/084. What type of on-line instrumentation isused at the facility?Chemainus/Crofton: DO probes, ultrasoniclevel sensor, magnetic flow meters.JUB Lagoons: Ultrasonic flow meters.MBM: Ultrasonic level sensors, magneticflow meters, pH probes, DO probes.Water Stations: Typically have ultrasoniclevel sensors, magnetic flow meters, freechlorine probes, pH probes, temperatureprobes, turbidity meters.Storm Sewer Stations: Typically have levelsensor and ultrasonic or bubbler (pressure)type flow meters.5. What is the make/model ofinstrumentation?Sanitary Sewer Stations: Typically havelevel sensors and ultrasonic or bubbler(pressure) type flowmeters.Fisher-Porter, Endress & Hauser.6. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?7. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files or a remotedatabase for data storage?8. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?Alan Bradley PLC and Rockwell softwarefor HMIs. Use radios to communicate fromwater/sewer systems to wastewater pantsand VPN networks from wastewater plantsto municipal hall. Use radio and hubsystem due to mountainous area, so noclear line of sight or cables available.Use localized digital storage at wastewaterplants and central database at municipalhall. STP hubs store locally but all dataalso forwarded to SCADA server atmunicipal hall.Since 1998 at wastewater plants.Water and sewer systems connected towastewater plants since 2007. Not allwater/storm sewer/sanitary sewer systemstations connected yet.B-32

Decentralized System Case Study QuestionnaireProvided by Clay Reitsma, DNC, 07/04/089. How many operating and maintenancestaff are involved at the plant? What aretheir hours?10. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?11. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?All three wastewater plants are manned.MBM STP will also be fully manned. Thesystem has not reduced labour requirements,but allows for accessing of data at remotelocations (hubs), at the muni hall, or via laptopfrom any other location where internet serviceis available. Also will be installing aircard intosome laptops to access information over ahigh speed cellular network.Alarming and diagnostics of the networkalerts operations to communication errorsso that action can be taken.No problems with instrumentation. Biggestchallenge has been setting up thecommunication system, upgrading MMIsoftware at the wastewater plants andsetting up data management system.Download data every 10 – 60 seconds, so alot of information and need to figure outhow can manage so can pick fields andcreate queries to look at specific things anddo data rollups. All took about 1.5 years.12. Do you know of any other facilities thatwe could use as potential case studies?Please provide contact details.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-33

COWICHAN VALLEY REGIONAL DISTRICTEngineering ServicesDECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREShawnigan Beach Estates Sanitary Sewage SystemProvided by Alina Lintea, CVRD, 07/04/081. Where is the plant located? Block of District lot 11E&N, ShawniganDistrict2. What type of plant is it? List alltreatment processes at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what isthe operating capacity?4. What parameters is the plant designed totreat and what are the permit limits?5. What type of on-line instrumentation isused at the facility?6. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?7. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?Class A –High quality secondary after subsurfacedenitrification beds; The systemcomprises: an aerated Lagoon, an unaeratedlagoon with alum addition for phosphorousremoval and flow equalization, amicroscreen drum filter, an ultravioletdisinfection system, pressure grounddisposal to 36 infiltration beds (18 pairs)with a reserve area large enough for 18basinsMax Daily flow: 591m3/dAverage Daily Flow 337 m3/dayBOD (10 mg/L), TSS (10 mg/L), turbidity(5 NTU), total N (20 mg/L), nitrate N (10mg/L), total P (1 mg/L), fecal coliform (14cfu/100 ML)Flow Recording deviceProposed UV Units and Drum Filtermonitoring devicesFlow Recording Device through Wet WellGeometry transmitted to SCADA PACK32CLEAR SCADA software with a HostTerminal at the CVRD office;Transmission by Modem from remote sitesto the hostB-34

COWICHAN VALLEY REGIONAL DISTRICTEngineering ServicesDECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREShawnigan Beach Estates Sanitary Sewage SystemProvided by Alina Lintea, CVRD, 07/04/088. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files, or a remotedatabase for data storage?9. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?10. How many operating and maintenancestaff are involved at the plant? What aretheir hours?11. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?12. What are the estimated timerequirements for maintenance of the remotemonitoring system and the estimated timesavings as a result of using the system?13. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?14. Do you know of any other facilities thatwe could use as potential case studies?Please provide contact details.Digital files and paper files1 YearOne operator 2 hours per dayRegular ServicingDaily monitoring of hostHard to estimate as we are continuouslyadjusting the SCADA methodology. Wehope in long term to see time and costsavings.Power outages caused disruptionsFalse signalsCowichan Bay Sewer Pump Station;Shawnigan Beach Estates-Dosing PumpStation for Disposal Fields; LakesideEstates Treatment Station (the on-lineinstrumentation for these systems has neverbeen fully functional)Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-35

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Paul Nicholls, Corix Utilities, 07/03/081. Where is the plant located? Langford, BC2. What type of plant is it? List alltreatment processes at the facility.13 lift stations3. What is the plant capacity, and what isthe operating capacity?4. What type of on-line instrumentation isused at the facility?n/aPLC to cable; 2 are on landlines5. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?Mostly Allen-Bradley & Milltronics, plus ascatter of other suppliers.6. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?7. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files, or a remotedatabase for data storage?8. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?9. How many operating and maintenancestaff are involved at the plant? What aretheir hours?10. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?11. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?12. Do you know of any other facilities thatwe could use as potential case studies?Please provide contact details.Unknown; 11 on cable; 2 on landlineRemote data storage at a secure location.2.5 years2 FTENormal O&M checking and cleaningoperationsUnnecessary alarm callouts, troubleshooting annoyance alarms, build in delaysto avoid unnecessary alarmsCorix is in the process of developing aSCADA Package for all of its water andwastewater systems. VTS SCADA Packageby Trihedral Systems; ControlMicrosystems SCADAPAC 32 PLC,communicate by radio then broadbandEthernet to secure servers and on the web.B-36

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Dean Puzey, Water Corporation, 06/30/081. Where is the plant located? Water Corporation of WA,Walpole Wastewater Treatment Plant,Walpole, Western Australia (approximately450km South of Perth).2. What type of plant is it? List alltreatment processes at the facility.Wastewater Treatment plant. Inline‘muncher’ (for cutting of rags etc),cylindrical bioselector/grit chamber,cylindrical IDEA basin, submerged tubularaeration diffusers, lever arm decantersystem, separate digestor, sludge dryingbeds. Final effluent pumped to storage damand filtered / chlorinated before irrigationto woodlot.3. What is the plant capacity, and what isthe operating capacity?4. What type of on-line instrumentation isused at the facility?5. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?6. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?7. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files, or a remotedatabase for data storage?8. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?200 m3/day of raw inflow. Plant currentlyoperating at approximately 60% capacity.Level sensors, dissolved oxygen meter,conductivity probes, pump status, motorstatus, pump station status, valve status,alarm status, magflow meters, variablespeed controllers, differential pressureswitches, chlorine leak sensor / alarms.HACH dissolved oxygen probe withSC100 controller, TRAFAG 8838.21 levelelements, Q6M level switch, FoxboroIDP10 differential pressure switch, DanfossVLT5000 variable speed controller, levelswitch ATO-11-S-I/H-ATO actuating rod.CITECT and SCX-6 systems (dual atpresent). Information communicated tocentral control centre via landline (ADSL).CITECT uses localised data storage files.SCX-6 used remote database.5 years.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-37

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Dean Puzey, Water Corporation, 06/30/089. How many operating and maintenancestaff are involved at the plant? What aretheir hours?10. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?11. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?12. Do you know of any other facilities thatwe could use as potential case studies?Please provide contact details.One district operator, one districtelectrician and one district mechanicalfitter. Nominal hours are 0730 to 1630 eachweekday. These personnel are on call inorder to attend breakdowns and emergencyrepairs.Routine maintenance in line withmanufacturers’ requirements andbreakdown maintenance as required.Implementation of SCX-6 was troublesomedue to delay in communication betweensite and central database system (prior toADSL broadband installation).N/A.B-38

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Alberto Casiraghi, Endress+ Hauser, 09/11/081. Where is the plant located?2. What type of plant is it? List alltreatment processes at the facility.3. What is the plant capacity, and what isthe operating capacity?4. What type of on-line instrumentation isused at the facility?5. What is the make/model of theinstrumentation?6. What type of SCADA system is usedand is information communicated bylandline, cell, or satellite?The plant is located in Cologno al Serio,Bergamo county in Italy, and it cover 10villages around that.It’s a potable water distribution plantthat control from one side the waterabstraction from the well, thedisinfection by chlorine, and thedistribution in the citiesThey are covering 60.000 thousanddomestic and some hundred of industrialusers, distributing 20.000 cubic meterper dayOn-line instrumentation include level inthe well, flow and pressure transmitterin the network and chlorine analyzer inthe disinfection stationsInstrumentation is mainly E+H since theplant and the distribution schemes wereconstructed in different phases, beforeScada supply.The Scada type used is HEIDI andcollect the remote data using GSM celllines. Heidi is not software product but aservice center that provides remotecontrol functionalities to small watercustomer, avoiding them to makeinvestment into IT technology, havingfull Scada functionality through a WEBremote service center where the watercustomer are connected through theinternet.7. Do you use localized data storage(digital files), paper files, or a remotedatabase for data storage?The remote data acquisition systemcollect and store datas in a remotedatabases that are transferred centrallyon a periodic time baseNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance B-39

DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIREProvided by Alberto Casiraghi, Endress+ Hauser, 09/11/088. How long has automated monitoringbeen in place?9. How many operating and maintenancestaff are involved at the plant? What aretheir hours?10. What type of O&M is carried out onmonitoring equipment?It’s working since 4 yearBefore the SCADA installation 2 peopleon 5 days / week on 8 hours. After thatonly 1 person is running the operationand the maintenance on demand.There are periodic preventativemaintenance checks scheduled on timebase, and corrective activities scheduledautomatically by data acquisition fault11. Have there been any issues with theautomation system, and if so, what type?12. Can you provide an estimate of thecapital cost of the installedinstrumentation and SCADA system?13. Do you know of any other facilitiesthat we could use as potential casestudies? Please provide contact details.NoOnly the Scada system supply was75.000 $ without cabling and installationthat has been provided directly by thecustomer.NoB-40

APPENDIX CLIQUID LEVEL INSTRUMENTATIONNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance C-1

Liquid LevelThere are numerous instrument technologies that measure liquid level. Liquid level instrumenttechnologies are categorized by this research project’s definition of traditional (available and inwide-spread use for many years) and non-traditional (not in wide-spread use) sensors forwastewater treatment systems, as they pertain to decentralized wastewater treatment systems.The following tables provide level instrument technology descriptions and specifications.Traditional and Non-Traditional Liquid Level Instrument Technology DescriptionsTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesTraditionalInstrument DescriptionBubbler systems are comprised of a source of compressed air, air flow restrictor, sensingtube and pressure transmitter. The bubbler system sensing tube is installed directly in theprocess or basin and is connected to the pressure transmitter and air supply through theflow restrictor which can be located in a remote location or protected area. The depth offluid is determined by the pressure required to displace the liquid and is measured by thefluid depth above the open end of the sensing tube. If an application of measuring liquidlevel for only the top part of a tank or basin, the sensing tube does not need to extend tothe bottom of the tank or basin. Instead, a shorter sensing tube and lower ranged pressuretransmitter can improve the resolution and accuracy of the bubbler system. However, ifthe liquid level is above the air-supply and pressure transmitter, then installing a checkvalve at the high point in the air line will prevent siphoning of the fluid back to thetransmitter and air compressor if there is a power failure. A typical bubbler systemconfiguration is provided courtesy of Kele & Associates (22).Bubbler SystemsC-2

Traditional and Non-Traditional Liquid Level Instrument Technology DescriptionsTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument DescriptionBubbler systems can accomplish more precise level control than float switches but can besubject to grease plugging and air leaks. In addition, bubbler systems require auxiliaryequipment such as compressors, purging valves, and rotameters to control air flow.The principle of capacitive level measurement is based on the capacitance change of acapacitor. The capacitance probe system uses an oscillator at one end of the probe(ground potential) to impresses a sinusoidal voltage in series with the probe.Capacitance ProbesAn insulated electrode makes the tank a capacitor whosecapacitance is dependent on the amount of product inside the tank, an empty tank has alower capacitance and a filled tank a higher capacitance. The measurement isindependent of the dielectric constant (DK) as long as the liquid inside the tank has aconductivity of 100 µS/cm or more. In this way, various liquids can be measured, figurecourtesy of Endress+Hauser (23).ConductiveDifferential PressureThe Conductive Level Technology method of liquid level measurement is based on theelectrical conductance of the measured material, which is usually a liquid that canconduct a current with a low-voltage source (normally

Traditional and Non-Traditional Liquid Level Instrument Technology DescriptionsTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument DescriptionFloat SwitchesHydrostatic PressureRadio Frequency (RF)AdmittanceSite GaugeThermalUltrasonicNon-TraditionalAcoustic WaveInterface LevelFloat switches are used to measure level in tanks, wells, and sumps to control pumps andhave many configurations. Single or multiple switch configurations can be installed toaccomplish pump control. Float switches are prone to fouling especially with rags.Another type of level measurement employs a submerged pressure transducer. A pressuretransducer is suspended from a cable, similar to a float switch, and is submerged in theprocess. The pressure transducer measures the actual water head of the wet well, tank, orsump and converts the pressure reading to a level measurement signal that in turn istypically used by a pump controller to turn pumps on and off.RF Admittance employs a radio frequency signal. A change in RF admittance indicateseither the presence or absence of material or how much material is in contact with thesensor, making it highly versatile and a good choice for a wide range of conditions andmaterials for point or continuous level measurement (26).Liquid in a tank or vessel is connected to the site gauge glass by a suitable fitting, andwhen the tank is under pressure the upper end of the glass must be connected to the tankvapor space. Thus the liquid rises to substantially the same height in the glass as in thetank, and this height is measured by suitable scale (27).Thermal dispersion technology for level measurement uses the temperature differencebetween the two RTDs which is greatest in the absence of liquid and decreases when thelevel element is submerged, cooling the heated RTD. An electronic control circuitconverts the RTD temperature difference into a DC voltage signal. Both signals areprovided at output terminals to drive two adjustable-setpoint alarm circuits (28).Ultrasonic level systems are not required to be installed within the treatment process andtherefore can provide an advantage over bubbler systems and float switches for levelmeasurement. Since the ultrasonic level sensors do not have contact with the process, thelevel instrument can avoid fouling from grease or rags. However, installations ofultrasonic level systems must consider interference from sidewalls of the station wetwells and other protrusions into the wet well, tank, or sump walls such as rails forsubmersible pumps. These interferences can cause false signals to be transmitted to anultrasonic level system and therefore cause erroneous level measurements.A high powered acoustic wave transmit pulse is transmitted which is reflected from thesurface of the material being measured. The reflected signal is processed using speciallydeveloped software to enhance the correct signal and reject false or spurious echoes. Thetransmission of high powered acoustic waves ensures minimal losses through theenvironment where the sensor is located. Due to the high powered emitted pulse, anylosses have far less effect than would be experienced by traditional ultrasonic devices.More energy is transmitted hence more energy is returned (29).Interface level measurement equipment includes sensors and meters for detection andmeasurement of interface levels between different media, such as oil/water interfaces andliquid/solid interfaces. Some interface level measurement equipment can measure theinterface between a liquid and a settled bed of solids. Other interface level measurementequipment can detect the interface between a liquid and a floating bed of solids. Yetother interface level measurement equipment can measure the interface between liquidphases of significantly different viscosities. Interface level measurement equipment isalso sometimes referred to as oil water analyzers, water oil analyzers, liquid solidC-4

Traditional and Non-Traditional Liquid Level Instrument Technology DescriptionsTraditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesLaserMagnorestrictiveMicrowaveInstrument Descriptionanalyzers, or oil level measurement equipment, depending upon the application (30).Single point laser instruments are designed & manufactured for use in level control &position measurement. Narrow beam divergence allows for accurate measurement withina vast range of applications ranging from straight forward silo monitoring, hazardousarea applications, hygienic environments to high speed crusher control. Distancesvarying from 0.5m to 1400m can be measured with impressive accuracy (31).Magnetostrictive uses an electric pulse from ferro-magnetic wire to detect the position ofa float with embedded magnets. As the pulse intersects the magnetic field from the float,a second pulse is reflected back to an electric circuit that accurately reads the level (26).Microwave level sensors use microwave beam focusing technology that reducesinterference noise. Similar to ultrasonic level systems, microwave level sensors alsoavoid fouling because they are not required to be in contact with the treatment process.Radar measurement technology measures the time of flight from the transmitted signal tothe return signal. From this time, distance measurement and level are determined. Unlikeultrasonic measurement, radar technology does not require a carrier medium and travelsat the speed of light (300 000 000 m/s). Most industrial radar devices operate from 6 to26 GHz.Pulse radar emits a microwave pulse from the antenna at a fixed repetition rate thatreflects off the interface between the two materials with different dielectric constants (theatmosphere and the material being monitored). The echo is detected by a receiver and thetransmit time is used to calculate level.RadarFMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave) radar devices send microwaves to thesurface of the material. The wave frequency is modulated continuously. At the sametime, the receiver is also receiving continuously and the difference in frequency betweenthe transmitter and the receiver is directly proportional to the distance to the material.Guided Wave Radar combines TDR (time domain reflectometry), ETS (equivalent timesampling) and modern low power circuitry. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) usespulses of electromagnetic (EM) energy to measure distances or levels. When a pulsereaches a dielectric discontinuity (created by media surface), part of the energy isreflected. The greater the dielectric difference, the greater the amplitude (strength) of thereflection (32).Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance C-5

C.1 Bubbler SystemsBubbler SystemsUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymeters,ftBubblerSystemAvensysBB-400IntelligentBubblerSystemBB-400pressure tomeasure levelmeasurementin remoteareas ofsurface waterand groundwater.Ex-situ0 to 20meters±0.1%FSRefreshingrate: 60seconds orlessPurgerate: 1 to30 times amonth;Purgeduration:1 to 10secondseach tubepsi, ftBubblerSystemCampbellScientificDB1DB1detects levelby measuringthe pressurerequired toforce nitrogenbubbles from apair ofsubmergedtubes.In-SituThreemodels:0 to 5 psi(0 to 11.5 ft);0 to 15 psi(0 to 34.5 ft),0 to 30 psi(0 to 69 ft.)Accuracy:±0.05%of FullScaleRangeSelfcalibratingsystemC-6

Bubbler SystemsUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymeters,ftBubblerSystemMotorProtectionElectronics,Inc.BS2000BS2000fullyautomatic dualcompressorbubblersystemEx-situFieldCalibrationrange: from10ft/H2O upto 20ft/H2OAutomaticBubblerTubePurge andAir TankMoistureDumpCycle,PerformedEvery 6Hours.psi, ft,metersBubblerSystemSutronAccubarConstantFlow (CF)BubbleGaugeAccubarConstantFlowdevice formeasuringwater levelsand consistsof a pump,tank, manifold,control board,display/keypad& enclosure.Ex-situ0-22 psi, 0-50ft.Resolution:0.0001 psi0-25 ft.0.02%FSO; 26-50 ft.0.05% ofreadingNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance C-7

C.2 Capacitance ProbesCapacitance ProbesUnitsm, ft,mm,inmeters, ftmeters, ftmeters, ftTechnologycapacitanceCapacitanceCapacitanceCapacitanceManufNameBindicatorEndress +HauserEndress +HauserEndress +HauserModelVRFSeriesLiquicapT FMI21LiquicapM FMI51(rodprobe),FMI52(ropeprobes)LiquicapM FTI51(rodprobe),FTI52(ropeprobe)SensorModelVRF 1000& 2000FMI21FMI51(rodprobe),FMI52(ropeprobes)FTI51 (rodprobe),FTI52(ropeprobe)MeasurementMethodvariableradiofrequencyused inconductiveliquids (as of30 µS/cm)forcontinuouslevelmeasurementThe principleof capacitivelevelmeasurement is based onthecapacitancechange of acapacitor.The principleof capacitivelevelmeasurement is based onthecapacitancechange of acapacitor.SensorLocationin-situ fordry bulklevelmeasurementIn-SituIn-SituIn-SituMeasurementRange0 to 45 ft(13.71 mm)or 540 in(13716 mm)Rope probe:0.42...12.000 m; Rodprobe:0.1...6 mRod lengthL1 max. 4m; Ropelength L1max. 10 mMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponse TimeDipswitchselectable for 1, 4,8 or 15secondsCalibrationFrequencypushbutton,intelligentrecalibrationpreconfigured fromfactory 0%...100 %to probelengthorderedfactorycalibratedto theorderedprobelength (0%...100 %)factorycalibratedto theorderedprobelength (0%...100 %)C-8

Capacitance ProbesUnitsm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inTechnologyRFcapacitancecapacitanceCapacitanceCapacitancecapacitanceManufNameJergusonGage andValve, ADivision ofthe Clark-RelianceCorporationLevelControlsLumeniteControlTechnology,Inc.MetexCorporation,Ltd.Pepperl +Fuchs, Inc.Model300SeriesProMLST-4220KENCOKRFLCLSeriesSensorModelpro-flushmountMeasurementMethodradiofrequencycapacitancecapacitance;PRO seriesprobesoperate atapproximately 6 kHz anddo notgenerateradiofrequenciesRadioFrequencyRadioFrequencya metal plateat the end ofthe probe,within theinsulation,and theSensorLocationin-situin-situin-situin-situin-situMeasurementRangelimit level(limit value)MeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyAccuracy andrepeatability tolessthan0.1% ofspanMeasurement IntervalResponse TimeOutputDampening......0.1to 10secondsCalibrationFrequencyElectronicstabilitythat willfirmly holdcalibration.4-20mA,20-4mAand 0-100%calibrationNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance C-9

Capacitance ProbesUnitsm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inTechnologyManufNameModelcapacitance SAPcon MPILCCapacitanceSiemensSITRANS LC300SensorModelMeasurementMethodsurroundings(e.g. the silowalls)combine toform the twoelectrodes ofa capacitorThemeasuringelectrodeand thecontainerwall (orgroundingprobe) forman electricalcapacitorwith thematerial asthe dielectric.RadioFrequencySensorLocationin-situin-situMeasurementRangeMinimum10% of zerosetting to4500 pFMeasurementUncertaintyNon-linearityandrepeatability:< 0.4% of fullscale andactualmeasurement valueAccuracy+/- 1-2%of FullMeasuring SpanTransmitterAccuracy:Deviation

Capacitance ProbesUnitsTechnologyManufNameModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracy0.25%of actualcapacitancevalue.Measurement IntervalResponse TimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inCapacitanceCapacitanceSiemensPointekCLS 100Siemens LC 500capacitive Vega VegacapCAL 69twin probeforplastic/non-mettalictanksRadioFrequency;InversefrequencyshiftcapacitiveleveldetectionRadioFrequencyradiofrequencyin-situin-situin-situ0.2 to 6 m(0.656 to19.69 ft)Repeatability:2 mm (0.08")Deviation

C.3 ConductiveConductiveUnitsTechnologyManuf.NameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inConductive,LimitSwitchKrohneLS 7000SeriesElectricalResistancein-situConductive Krohne BM 500 Potentiometric; in-situsingle point50 mm / 2"(configurableusingkeys)..... 3 m(10 ft)Repeatability:± 0.1% of themax.measuringrod length± 0.5%T66 10msm, ft,mm,inConductive,LimitSwitchPepperl +FuchsLKLSeriesElectricalresistancein-situup to 4 switchpoints (candetectconductive &nonconductiveinterfacelayers)Repeatability:± 5 % at 100Ohms...100 kOhmsmeasuringerror: ±10 % at100kOhms; ±5 % at 1kOhmsm, ft,mm,inConductive,limit switchSapConSLWSeriesElectricalResistance;in-situup to fourpointswitching0.5secondm, ft,mm,inConductive,LimitSwitchSolinst 101ElectricalResistance;in-situpoint meas;The 101 Miniis available in65 ft and 20m lengths.m, ft,mm,inConductive Vega VegakonElectricalresistancein-situC-12

C.4 Differential PressureDifferential PressureUnitsManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalTechnologyResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymbar,psicapacitiveEndress +HauserDeltabar SPMD75PMD75Differentialpressurein-situMeasuringrange: from -10...+10mbar to -40...+40 barTurn down100:1, higheron requestReferenceaccuracy:up to0.075% ofthe setspan,PLATINUMversion:0.05% ofthe setspan.mbar,psicapactiveEndress +HauserDeltabar SPMD70PMD70Differentialpressurein-situMeasuringrange: from -25...+25mbar (-10 to+10 in H20)to -3...+3 bar(- 43 to +43psi).Turn down100:1, higheron requestReferenceaccuracy:up to0.075% ofthe setspan,PLATINUMversion:0.05% ofthe setspanNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -13

Differential PressureUnitsmbar,psim, ft,mm,in.capacitiveManufacturerNameEndress +HauserInstrumentModelDeltabar SFMD76capacitive Foxboro IDP SeriesSensorModelFMD76MeasurementMethodDifferentialpressuredifferentialpressureSensorLocationin-situin-situMeasurementRangeMeasuringrange: from -100...+100mbar (40 inH2O to + 40in H2O) to -3...+3 bar (-45 psi to +45psi)MeasurementUncertaintyTurn down100:1, higheron requestAccuracyReferenceaccuracy:up to0.075% ofthe setspan,PLATINUMversion:0.05% ofthe setspanMeasurementIntervalTechnologyResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm,incapactivePMC,ProcessMeasurement& Controls,Inc.Dip StickLevelProbehydrostaticpressurein-situRanges: 0 to5" WCthrough 0 to300 PSI(vacuum &absolute)staticaccuracy:+/- 0.25%of full scalem, ft,mm,incapacitiveRosemountEmersonProcess2024DifferentialPressureTransmitterpressurein-situ0 - 50 to 0 -1,000 inH2O; 5:1rangeabilitystability: +/-0.25% ofupper rangelimit for sixmonths0.25%m, ft,mm,incapactiveYokogawaEJX110ADifferentialPressureTransmitterpressurein-situC-14

C.5 FloatFloatUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inbuoyancy(based onArchimedesbuoyancyprinciple)floatfloat switchFoxboroJergusonMagne-Sonics,Clark-ReliancePepperl +FuchsEckardtFloatDisplacerLFLSeriespositivedisplacementpositivedisplacementpositivedisplacementin-situin-situin-situm, ft,mm,infloat andtapeVarec 2500postivedisplacementin-situ0 to 60 ft (18m) Extendedrange 0 to 96ft (29 m);Productgravity range:0.7 to 1.9g/cc (700-1900 kg/m³)Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -15

C.6 Hydrostatic PressureHydrostatic PressureUnitsTechnologyManuf.NameModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm, incapacitiveAmetekDrexelbrook750Serieshydrostaticpressure viaits sensingelement, anion implantedsiliconsemiconductorchip withintegralWheatstoneBridge circuit.in-situup to 690 ft"+0.25% fullscale,+0.50% fullscale (6 psirange only)"0 to 3 psi or0 to 0.2 bar(0 to 7 feetor 0 to 2.1meters ofwater) to 0to 300 psi or0 to 20 bar(0 to 690feet or 0 to211 metersof water).psi, ftPressuretransducerCampbellScientificCS431-LCS431-LPiezoresistivestrain gagetechnology tomeasurewater level instreams.In-situAvailablepressureranges are 5,15, 30, 50, or100 psigLinearity is±0.1%FSO,typicalRepeatabilityis ±0.1%FSO, typicalC-16

Hydrostatic PressureUnitsTechnologyManuf.NameModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymbar,psiHydrostaticpressureEndress +HauserDeltapilotSDeltapilotSHydrostaticpressureIn-situMeasuringranges: from-100...+100mbar to -900...+10000mbar; from -1.5...+1.5 psito -13...150psiMaximumlinearity(better than0.1 % of thesetmeasuringrange).Minimumtemperatureeffects(better than0.1%/10 K).mbar,psi,meters,ftHydrostaticpressureEndress +HauserWaterpilotFMX 167FMX 167HyrdostaticpressureMeasuringranges: from1.5 to 300psi; ninefixedpressuremeasuringranges in psi,ft H2O, barand m H2OLong-termstability: ±0.1% of FullScale peryear± 0.2% ofFull Scale,Pt 100(optional):max. ± 0.7 Ks ninepermanentlycalibratedmeasuringranges from0.1 bar to20 bar (1.5psi to 300psi)m, ft,mm, incapacitiveGE Sensing1830/1840Serieshydrostaticpressurein-situRanges from0.75 m H2Oto 600 mH2O (1 to900 psi)+/- 0.06%full scale(FS) beststraight line(BSL)Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -17

Hydrostatic PressureUnitsTechnologyManuf.NameModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm, incapacitiveGlobalWaterWL 450hydrostaticpressurein-situ0 to 3 ft; 0 to900 fttotal errorband: +/-0.1%; 16 bitdigital errorcorrectionm, ft,mm, incapacitive Mobrey 9700flushmountedceramicsensorhydrostaticheadin-situup to 200 m /656 ft H2O;10:1rangeabilityStability: +/-0.1% URLper 6months+/- 0.1% ofcalibratedspanOverrangelimit: 5Xrange upto a max600 m /1968 ftH2Om, ft,mm, incapacitivePepperl +FuchsLGCSerieshydrostatichead;in-situNinepermanentlycalibratedmeasuringranges from0.1 bar to 20barm, ft,mm, inm, ft,mm, inm, ft,mm, incapacitivecapacitivecapacitiveSensorTechnicsSiemensVegaKTE/KTU6000Sitran S PMPSVegabar6072hydrostaticpressurepiezzoresistivesensorhydrostaticpressurein-situin-situ0 to 6000 psistandard: 2,4, 6, 10 and20 m; onrequest: from1 to 200 mH2O (3 to600 ft H2O)< 0.3%;long-termstability

C.7 Radio Frequency (RF) AdmittanceRadio Frequency (RF) AdmittanceUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm,inRFAdmittanceAmetekDrexelbrookIntelliPointRF (LinePowered)capacitanceandresistancein-situLess than1 secondm, ft,mm,inRFAdmittanceHAWKGladiatorcapacitiveand resistive;in-situ0.2 pF - 100nF0.05 pFm, ft,mm,inRFAdmittanceSAPconSLA MSeriescapacitiveand resistivein-situ0.2SecondsNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -19

C.8 Site GaugeSite GaugeUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm,inSite GaugeJerguson,Clark-RelianceMagnicatorIIvisualobservationIn-situm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inSite GaugeSite GaugeSite GaugeSite GaugeSite GaugeSite GaugeSite GaugeSite GaugeJerguson,Clark-ReliancePLTPLT,ProcessLevelTechnology,LtdPLT,ProcessLevelTechnology,LtdQuest-TecSolutionsQuest-TecSolutionsQuest-TecSolutionsQuest-TecSolutionsJergusonGage andValveMAG-GAGE281-332MAG1(6241)C-Flo-360MagneticSite FlowMag-GageLevel-TracMagne-TracLevel-TracMagne-TracVisualInspectionVisualinspectionVisualObservationVisualObservationVisualObservationVisualObservationVisualinspectionVisualinspectionin-situin-situin-situin-situin-situin-situin-situin-situC-20

C.9 ThermalThermalUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyin., mmthermaldispersionFCIFLT93Models,S andF, L, Ctemperaturedifferencebetween thetwo RTDs isgreatest inthe absenceof liquid anddecreaseswhen thelevel elementis submergedin-situRepeatability:± 0.125 inch[± 3.2 mm]ForLevel/InterfaceService: ±0.25 inch [±6.4 mm] ; ForTemperatureService: ± 2°F [± 1° C]As low as 3secondsFactoryApplication-SpecificSet-up andSet-pointCalibrationin., cmthermaldispersion(calorimetricprinciple)KAYDENCLASSIC^(tm)800 Series810thru832The thermaldispersion(calorimetricprinciple) isbased on twotemperaturesensorswhich are inclose contactwith theprocessin-situuserspecifiedRepeatability:±0.125 inch(±0.32 cm)±0.25 inch(±0.64 cm)0.5 to 30seconds.Actualresponsetime canvary due tofluid type,direction ofchange andspecificapplication.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -21

ThermalUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyLevelSwitch:Switchonlevelchangeof 0.03inchThermalSierraInstruments,Inc.Innova-SwitchLeveldetection isaccomplishedby using ahighresolutionthermaldifferentialtechnique.in-situLevel Switch:Switch onlevel changeof 0.03 inchRepeatability:+/- 1% ofsetpoint(Flow) or1/32”(0.8mm)LevelStability: Drift

C.10 UltrasonicUltrasonicUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymm, m,in., ftUltrasonicEndress +HauserProsonic TFMU230FMU230Non-contactlevelmeasurementin liquidsusing theTime-of-Flightprinciple.Ex-situFMU 230 upto 2 m / 6.6 ftin liquids upto 4 m / 13.1ftmeters,ftUltrasonicEndress +HauserProsonic S-TransducerFMU90FMU90Non-contactlevelmeasurementin liquidsusing theTime-of-Flightprinciple.Ex-situMeasuringrange up to70 m(dependingon sensorand materialmeasured).meters,ftUltrasonicEndress +HauserProsonic MFMU40FMU40Non-contactlevelmeasurementin liquidsusing theTime-of-Flightprinciple.Ex-situ; Noncontactmeasurementmethod,thereforealmostindependentof productproperties.FMU 40, 5 min fluidsNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -23

UltrasonicUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymeters,ftUltrasonicCampbellScientificSR50ASR50AThe sensoris based onan electronictransducerthatdeterminesthe distanceto a targetEx-situMeasurementrange 0.5 to10 meters.1.6 to 32.8 ft(0.5 to 10 m)BeamAcceptance:~30°;Resolution:0.01" (0.25mm)Accurateto onecentimeter or 0.4percent ofdistanceto target(whichever isgreater);requiresexternaltemperature.Less thanonesecondmeasurement timemeters,ftUltrasonicEndress +HauserProsonic S- SensorsFDU91Non-contactlevelmeasurementin liquidsusing theTime-of-Flightprinciple.Ex-situFDU91/91F:10 m in fluidsC-24

C.11 Acoustic WaveAcoustic WaveUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft ultrasonic Hawk 234high poweredacousticwavesin-situ0 - 182 m(597 ft)Resolution: 1mm (0.04") 5-50 kHz; 4mm (0.2") 4-9kHz+/-0.25% ofmaxrangeC.12 Interface LevelInterface LevelUnitsManuf.NameModelSensorModelTechnologyMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft, mm, in ultrasonicAmetekDrexelbrookCCS4000ultrasonicechoin-situmax. tankdepth 30ft (9.14m); max.span 29 ft(8.84 m);nearzone 1 ft(0.3 m);deadzone 3inches(76 mm)from tankbottom1% of tankdepth or 1.0"(25 mm)whichever isgreatertransducerNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance25

Interface LevelUnitsManuf.NameModelSensorModelTechnologyMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft, mm, invibratingprobeDynatrolCL-10DJIInterfaceLevelDetectormechanicaloscillations;in-situfeet ormetersUltrasonicEntechDesignBinMinder9300WiperTransducerUnderwateracoustic(ultrasonic)In-Situ0 to 328ft. / 0 to100 m+ / - 0.5% ofmeasurementrange or 0.5in., whicheveris greaterinches, feetor metersUltrasonicHachOptiQuantSludgeLevelMonitorOptiQuantSLMultrasonicpulseIn-Situ7" - 19.7'(0.2-6.0m)Resolution:1" (0.03 m)Stability (per24 hr period)

Interface LevelUnitsbeamManuf.NameModelSensorModelTechnologyMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyFeet/Meters,%, mg/Lfeet ormetersOpticalUltrasonicm, ft, mm, in opticalm, ft, mm, inguidedwaveradarRoyceTechnologiesRoyceTechnologiesScientificSoftwareGroupSiemens711 71 Optical Portable 25 feet Instantaneous None2501AminiREEL E-Zoil / waterinterfacemeterSITRANSLG200Underwateracoustic(ultrasonic)infra-redrefractionTDR - timedomainreflectometryin-situin-situ0 to 100feet or 0to 33meters0.15 to22.5 m(0.5 to 75ft)0.1 feetNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -27

C.13 LaserLaserUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm,inm, ft,mm,inopticalKTEKModelLM200 &LM200COptical Optech Sentry SRreflectorInfrared (IR)905 nmwavelengthin-situin-situLong rangeto 394 ft./120 m onlevel & 1150ft./ 350 m onreflectorup to 25meters+/- 1 in(25 mm)2-4 cmC-28

C.14 MagnorestrictiveMagnorestrictiveUnitsin.,ft.,mmTechnologymagnorestrictiveManuf.NameInstr.ModelSensorModelAMETEK 7250V 7250VMeasurementMethodmagnorestrictivein-situMeasurement RangeSensorLocationMeasurementUncertaintyRepeatability: Equal toResolution;Linearity:Probes 193”to 600”: ±0.01% ofspan or ±0.039”,whichever isgreater.AccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm,inMagnorestrictiveAmetekDrexelbrookDM330Magnorestrictivein-situup to 40 ft0.1%accuracy ofmeasurement ranges upto 40 ft. or0.050" (1.27mm)whichever isgreaterNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -29

MagnorestrictiveUnitsTechnologyManuf.NameInstr.ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodMeasurement RangeSensorLocationMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyin., ft,mmmagnorestrictiveMTSMC420Magnorestrictivetimed pulseMeasuredVariable:Product level/ interfacedependingon floatselectionin-situ18 to 216 in.(457 mm to5486 mm)Nonlinearity:0.02% FullScale (F.S.)(independent BSL) or1/32 in.(0.794 mm)whichever isgreaterRepeatability: 0.005%F.S. or0.005 in.(0.127 mm)whichever isgreaterTimeConstant:1 secondCalibrationisaccomplished bypositioningthe float andthen placingan MTSsuppliedcalibrationmagnet inthe “Zero” or“Span”indentationonunderside ofhousing.C-30

C.15 MicrowaveMicrowaveUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm,inmicrowavebeamK-Tek, KabInstrumentsChuteMasterpotentiometricpoint leveldetectorex-situ10 mDelay time:100 mS to 30Sec100 mSm, ft,mm,inGuidedmicrowavePepperl +FuchsLTCSeriesPulsconguided radartransmittersup to 65 ftm, ft,mm,inTDRtechnologySICK LFT in-situ3 mm to 2 m(1 to 4 swtichpoints)m, ft,mm,inVega Flex 62Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -31

C.16 RadarRadarUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm, inRadar, K-bandFMCW 26GHzAmetekDrexelbrookDR7000 TDR in-situ0.5 to 40 m(1.5 to 131ft); deadzone:antennalength + 0.1m (4")+/- 3 mm(+/- 0.12 ")meters,ftRadarEndress +HauserMicropilotM FMR230FMR230Radar -continuous,non-contactlevelmeasurementof liquids,pastes, andslurriesIn-situMax.measuringrange: 20 m(67 ft)meters,ftGuidedRadarEndress +HauserLevelflex MFMP40FMP40Radar -continuousIn-situMeasuringrange: ropeprobe: 1...35m(40...1378");rod or coaxprobe: 0.3...4m (12...178")meters,ftGuidedRadarEndress +HauserLevelflex MFMP45FMP45Guided levelradarmeasurementusing theTime-of-Flightprinciple.In-situRod andcoax probesup to 4 m(157"), ropeprobes up to35 m (1378")C-32

RadarUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymeters,ftRadarEndress +HauserMicropilotM FMR240FMR240Radar -continuousIn-situ - Noncontactmeasurement:Measurementis almostindependentfrom productproperties.±3 mm.meters,ftRadarEndress +HauserMicropilotS FMR531FMR531Radar -continuousIn-situMax.measuringrange: 20 m(67 ft), 10 m(33 ft) withcustodytransferapprovals0.5 mmaccuracy(2óvalue).InventoryControlVersionwithreducedaccuracy(3 mm)availablefor allinstrumenttypes.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -33

RadarUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymeters,ftmeters,ftRadarRadarEndress +HauserEndress +HauserMicropilotS FMR532MicropilotM FMR231FMR532FMR231Radar -continuousRadar -continuousIn-situIn-situ - Noncontactmeasurement:Max.measuringrange: 38 m(127 ft), 22 m(73 ft) withcustodytransferapprovalsMax.measuringrange: 20 m(67 ft)0.5 mmaccuracy(2óvalue).Nationalapprovals(NMi,PTB) forcustodytransfer.InventoryControlVersionwithreducedaccuracy(3 mm)availablefor allinstrumenttypes.m, ft,mm, inPulseRadarGlobal Water WL 900 TDRin-situ, noncontactmeasurement10" to 50'±0.25% ofmaximumsensorrange (inair)pushbuttoncalibrationC-34

RadarUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm, inRadarKrohneOptiflex1300 CTime DomainReflectometry(TDR)in-situ4 - 35 m (13to 115 ft)+/- 3mm(+/- 0.12")whendistance 10 m (33ft)m, ft,mm, inGuidedWaveRadar(GWR)Rosemount,EmersonProcessManagementRosemount5300SeriesTime DomainReflectometry(TDR)in-situUp to 164 ft.(50 m)ReferenceAccuracy:± 0.1 in.(± 3 mm)or ±0.03% ofmeasureddistance,whicheveris greatestNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance -35

RadarUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencym, ft,mm, inguidedwave radarRosemount,EmersonProcessManagementRosemount3300SeriesTDR (TimeDomainReflectometry)in-situ77 ft (23,5 m)from upperreferencepoint± 0.2 inch(5 mm) forprobes&#8804;16.4 ft (5m); ±0.1% ofmeasureddistancefor probes> 16.4 ft(5 m)ft,metersRadarSutronRLR-0001-1 RadarLevelRecorderRLR-0001-1Radar Type:UWB Pulse-EchoOperating at5.8 GHz forunrestricted,unlicensedoperation.In-Situ60 feet (18.3meters)Resolution:0.001 ft (3mm);Beamwidth:17 degreesAccuracy:0.01 ft.RecordingIntervals:Userselectableevery 15minutesm, ft,mm, inm, ft,mm, inRadarRadarVarecVega7200SeriesVegaPuls68TDRin-situTDR in-situ 70 m±3...10mmaccuracym, ft,mm, inRadarVegaVegaPuls65TDR in-situ 30 mAccuracy+/- 10mmm, ft,mm, inRadar, KBand - highfrequencyVegaVegaPuls62TDR in-situ 35 m +/- 3 mmC-36

APPENDIX DFLOW INSTRUMENTATIONNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-1

Liquid FlowThere are numerous instrument technologies that measure liquid flow. Liquid flow instrumenttechnologies are categorized by this research project’s definition of traditional (available and inwide-spread use for many years) and non-traditional (not in wide-spread use) flow meters forwastewater treatment systems, as they pertain to decentralized wastewater treatment systems.The following tables provide liquid flow instrument technology descriptions and specifications.Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditionalArea/velocity flowmeters measure both the level and velocity to obtain a flow value that is based on the continuityequation: Q (flow) = V x A, where V is the average velocity and A is the cross-sectional area of the flow.Area/velocity flowmeters generally consist of three basic components: 1. a level sensor; 2. a velocity sensor; and3. an electronics module.The level measurement is converted to fluid area based on the geometry of the pipe. The velocity measurement isconverted to a mean velocity. Area/velocity flowmeters use electronic modules to calculate flow from measuredlevel and velocity sensor values. The technique for measuring velocity and converting the sensed velocity to amean velocity is different for the different types of area/velocity flowmeter configurations. Area/velocityflowmeter configurations vary by differing level and velocity sensors. Manufacturers of area/velocity flowmetersoffer various combinations of level and velocity sensors.Area/velocity flowmeter level sensors include but are not limited to pressure and ultrasonic technologies.Area/velocity flowmeter velocity sensors include but are not limited to Doppler/reflective, electromagnetic probe;and transmissive sonic technologies.Area-velocityPressure and ultrasonic level measurements are converted to a fluid area based on the geometry of the pipe.Doppler and electromagnetic velocity measurements are used to calculate a mean velocity and multiply the meanvelocity by the pipe cross-sectional area. Transmissive sonic velocity measurements are integrated over the pipecross-sectional area. Manufacturers offer different combinations of pressure and ultrasonic level sensorsindividually with one of the three different types of velocity sensors (Doppler/reflective, electromagnetic probe,and transmissive sonic).The electronics module and software used to operate area/velocity flowmeters are proprietary to each flowmeterconfiguration and manufacturer. Area/velocity flowmeters can be portable or fixed systems. Fixed systems requireAC power, while portable units typically use battery power. Various mounting adapters are available for customapplications. Some area/velocity flowmeters require installation, calibration, and maintenance in an enclosed orconfined space that has restricted entry and contains known or potential hazards. Area/velocity flowmeters aretypically used to measure open-channel and/or closed circular pipe gravity flow, such as partially filled pipe orchannel flow, river flows, stream gauging, wastewater collection system flows, storm drain flows, monitoring ofinflow/infiltration (I/I), and monitoring of wet weather flows such as combined sewer overflows (CSOs) andsanitary sewer overflows (SSOs).Area/velocity flowmeter wetted materials are typically constructed of corrision-resistant materials such aspolyvinyl chloride (PVC); chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC); 316 stainless steel; and marine gradealuminum. Area/velocity flowmeters can operate over a general range of the following process characteristics:• Velocity Sensor Range: -5 to 20 ft/sec (-1.52 to 6.1 m/s)• Level Sensor Range 0.1 to 12 ft (0.03 to 3.66 m)• Temperature 32 to 160oF (0 to 60oC)Area/velocity flowmeters operate linearly with respect to the volume flowrate. If Reynolds numbers above 10,000are used, the flowmeter will experience minimum affects from changes in viscosity. Flowmeter manufacturersshould be contacted to verify their respective process characteristics, operating ranges, or to discuss other specialprocess considerations. Area/velocity flowmeters’ accuracy and repeatability vary with manufacturer andoperating conditions. Typical accuracies have been reported by manufacturers as +/-2% of the flowmeter reading.Repeatability information can be obtained by reading ITA’s 1998 Area/Velocity Flowmeters for WastewaterD-2

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditionalCollection System Applications performance evaluation report (PER98FM-001).Area/velocity flowmeters require periodic maintenance and calibration. Liquid level sensor readings need to beperiodically checked to ensure that sensors are reading actual liquid depth. Verification of actual liquid depthtypically requires entering the pipe or channel and taking physical measurements. Actual physical measurement ofthe liquid level depth determines whether the level sensor needs to be recalibrated.All portable area/velocity flowmeters require periodic battery replacement. In addition, the following area/velocityflowmeter sensors require the following maintenance practices:• ultrasonic level sensors may become coated with grease and require periodic cleaning;• pressure level sensors require periodic replacement or recharging of the desiccant for use on theambient air reference tube; and• velocity sensors may be impaired or covered by heavy silts or debris and require periodic cleaning.The following lists some of the advantages and limitations of area/velocity flowmeters.Advantages• flowmeters are portable and• flowmeter software provides flowmeter readings into a downloadable format for general computer use.Limitations• confined space requirements for installation, maintenance, and calibration of flowmeters;• flowmeter readings can be affected by upstream/downstream flow blockages;• flowmeters can be affected by silt or debris buildup around the level and velocity sensors;• flowmeter software is proprietary;• area/velocity flowmeters with doppler/reflective velocity sensors may be more appropriate for pipesizes less than 3 ft (0.91 m) diameter;• area/velocity flowmeters with transit time (or transmissive sonic) velocity sensors may be moreappropriate for pipe sizes larger than 3 ft (0.91 m) diameter; and• area/velocity flowmeters with an electromagnetic probe velocity sensor may require a velocity profilefor calibration.Magnetic flowmeters are based on Faraday’s principle of electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction(Faraday’s principle) occurs when an electrical conductor (anything that conducts electricity such as water, copperwire, etc.) passes through a magnetic field (typically generated by a magnetic coil) and a voltage is produced atright angles to the magnetic field and the conductor's path.Magnetic and InsertionMagneticMagnetic flowmeters generally consist of four basic components:1. a nonmagnetic stainless steel flow tube;2. magnetic coils;3. sensing electrodes; and4. nonconductive insulating flow tube liner.Magnetic flowmeters use the principle of electromagnetic induction to generate a small electrical signal. As aconductive fluid flows through a magnetic induction field generated by magnetic coils on a magnetic flowmeter,the fluid flow or velocity acts as a moving electrical conductor.The fluid flow (moving electrical conductor) induces a voltage that is received by magnetic flowmeter electrodes.Output of the magnetic flowmeter electrodes are proportional to the velocity of the fluid flow. Magneticflowmeters use electronic modules to calculate flow from measured voltage created by magnetic induction. Thefollowing figure (courtesy of ITA) displays the basic components of a magnetic flowmeter.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-3

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditionalAll magnetic flowmeters are basically constructed using the same configuration, with the exception of thediffering voltages applied to the magnetic coils and frequency of the coil excitation. Space limitations and otherpiping considerations often require the mounting of flowmeters in less than ideal configurations. Certainly themost often abused is maintaining the desired upstream and downstream distances from pipe fittings and otherobstacles that will impact the velocity profile. Even where the ideal installation is possible, there is still noguarantee that the installation will produce ideal conditions for flow measurement.A means of calibration should be developed for magnetic flowmeter acceptance testing and periodic calibrationfor each installation. Magnetic flowmeters are used in pressurized pipe flows and may provide flow measurementsfor the following water and wastewater flows:• influent;• raw sewage;• chemicals;• pumping stations;• filtrate;• sludges;• slurries;• effluent;• return activated sludge; and• waste activated sludge.Magnetic flowmeter liners are typically constructed of• butyl rubbber;• ceramic;• kynar;• Neoprene;• PFA;• polyurethane;• Teflon; and• Tefzel.Magnetic flowmeter flow tubes are typically constructed of nonmagnetic 316 stainless steel.Magnetic flowmeter electrodes are typically constructed of• 316 stainless steel;• Hastelloy C;• monel (for salt water applications);• platinum;• tantalum; andD-4

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditional• titanium.Magnetic flowmeter magnetic coils are typically constructed of copper.Magnetic flowmeters can operate over a general range of the process characteristics are:Conductivity: 10 to 5000 uS/cm (microsiemens per cm)Velocity: 1 to 30 ft/sec (0.3 to 9 m/s)Pressure: Less than 75 psig (500 kPa)Temperature: 32 to 100oF (0 to 38oC)Flowmeter manufacturers should be contacted to verify their respective process characteristics, operating ranges,or to discuss other special process considerations. If prudent design, application, and installation practices arefollowed, the accuracy of a magnetic flowmeter will be in the range of 0.5 to 2% of total flow.Magnetic flowmeter repeatability is generally 0.5% of full-scale.Magnetic flowmeters typically require the following periodic maintenance:• calibration of flowmeter and• cleaning of electrodes to prevent fouling.Some manufacturers offer proprietary calibration verification tools.The following lists some of the advantages and limitations.Advantages• can measure a wide range of flow with minimal pressure drop or disturbance of the process stream;• requires little maintenance;• can measure a variety of process flows;• direct-buried magnetic flowmeters avoid the cost of installing a chamber/vault;• no moving parts;• relatively unaffected by non-conductive films or coatings inside spools; and• can measure corrosive liquids and slurries.Limitations• measured fluid must contain sufficient conductivity;• direct-buried magnetic flowmeters may require contingency funds for excavation of failed meters;• fluid must be grounded properly with grounding rings, grounding electrodes; and• conductive films or coatings can significantly accuracy of the magnetic flowmeter.G.B. Venturi, an Italian physicist, completed the basic theory for Venturi tube flowmeters in 1791. In 1887,Clemens Herschel furthering Venturi’s initial work, developed the first commercially available Venturiflowmeter. Venturi flowmeters were initially designed for large pipe flow applications but are recommended forall flow applications, except partially filled pipe flow, and in some cases are used to calibrate flow standards.VenturiThe Venturi flowmeter consists of a short tube with a constricted, throat-like passage that increases velocity andlowers pressure of a fluid conveyed through it. Venturi flowmeters measure flow using differential pressure. Asfluid flows through the Venturi, the decrease in the area of the inlet section causes the velocity to increase throughthe throat section. An increase in velocity causes a drop in pressure at the throat section with respect to thepressure at the inlet section. This difference in pressure between the inlet section and the throat section isproportional to the square of the flow (dp is proportional Q 2 , where dp = differential pressure and Q = flow).The Venturi flowmeter system is composed of the Venturi flowmeter tube, the differential pressure sensor, and anoptional indicator that provides display readings of calculated flow rates.There are two pipe taps on the Venturi.Both pipe taps collect pressurized fluid in the Venturi and are connected to a differential pressure sensor. One tapprovides a high-pressure reading (at the inlet section of the Venturi). The other tap provides a low-pressurereading and is located at the throat section of the Venturi. The following figure (courtesy of ITA) displays atypical design of a Venturi flowmeter.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-5

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditionalAll Venturi flowmeters have two pressure taps connected to a differential pressure sensor; however, eachmanufacturer may offer different types of pressure sensors. The type of differential pressure sensor requireddepends on the application of the Venturi flowmeter. For example, using a Venturi flowmeter in a raw sewageapplication would most likely use a "diaphragm seal" type of sensor. Application also determines Venturiinstallation.The most common design of a Venturi flowmeter tube is the Classical Herschel in which the flowmeter tube isconstructed of four distinct pipe sections:• Inlet (matches incoming pipe diameter);• Inlet section (decreasing pipe diameter);• Throat (constant pipe diameter to match the small inlet cone and outlet cone pipe diameter); and• Outlet section (increasing pipe diameter to match pipe discharge diameter).Some manufacturers of Venturi flowmeter tubes offer several variations of the Classical Herschel design byincreasing throat diameter and shortening inlet and outlet cone length. These proprietary flowmeters renderadvantages over the Classic Herschel design by decreasing head loss through the flowmeter and shortening theoverall length of the flowmeter. These features not only provide better flow characteristics but also reduceinstallation costs.Space limitations and other piping considerations often require the mounting of flowmeters in less than idealconfigurations. Certainly, the most often abused is the upstream and downstream distance from pipe fittings andother obstacles that will impact the velocity profile. Even where the so-called ideal installation is possible, there isstill no guarantee that the installation will produce ideal conditions of flow measurement. For this reason a meansof hydraulic flowmeter calibration should be developed for meter acceptance testing and periodic calibration foreach meter installation.Venturi flowmeters have the following water and wastewater applications:• custody transfer or revenue metering of clean liquids;• water filtration plants;• acceptance testing and periodic retesting of large hydraulic machinery such as pumps, turbines, andcooling towers;• influent;• raw sewage;• filtrate;• effluent; and• steam.Flowmeter manufacturers should be contacted to verify their respective process characteristics, operating ranges,or to discuss other special process considerations.Accuracy of the Venturi flowmeter is dependent on the manufacturer's predetermined accuracy of each Venturiflowmeter system component (i.e., flowmeter tube, differential pressure sensor, and indicator). Each component'sindividual accuracy introduces some error to the overall system flow reading. If prudent design, application, andinstallation practices are followed, the accuracy of the Venturi flowmeter will be in the range of 0.5 to 1% of totalflow. Typically, a 1% or better accuracy is attainable for Venturi flowmeter systems. Venturi flowmeterrepeatability has been report at +/-1% of actual flow.The most important maintenance aspect of a Venturi flowmeter system is to prevent a build up of debris in theD-6

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditionalVenturi flowmeter tube pipe taps. Routine maintenance requires flushing pipe tap connections and/or pressurediaphragm seals located at the pipe taps. In addition, the Venturi flowmeter system requires the following basicmaintenance and calibration procedures:• inspect and clean Venturi flowmeter pipe taps on a regular basis as determined by history, application,and per manufacturer recommendations;• perform annual testing of the Venturi flowmeter tube using a portable manometer;• inspect the inside surface of the Venturi flowmeter tube for imperfections every 2 to 3 years;• bleed Venturi tube pipe tap lines of trapped air on a routine basis as determined by history, application,and per manufacturer recommendations;• calibrate the differential pressure sensor on an annual basis using a portable manometer; and• calibrate the Venturi flowmeter indicator concurrently with the calibration of the differential pressuresensor.Advantages of Venturi flowmeters include a long history of use in many applications; a contoured design of theVenturi flowmeter prevents buildup of debris inside the Venturi; low maintenance; and a low total headloss due tohead recovery in the enlarging section. Limitations of Venturi flowmeters include Venturi throat size can limit theflow range and can be costly for large installations.Non-TraditionalDoppler flowmeters, named after Christian Doppler, an Austrian physicist and mathematician, who in 1842 predictedthat frequencies of received waves were dependent on the motion of the source, operate on the basis of Doppler'stheory. The Doppler flowmeter is composed of two sensors: an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver. The Dopplertransmitter sends a signal of a known high ultrasonic frequency into the flowing fluid. As the ultrasonic signal hitssuspended particles or gas bubbles in the fluid flow, the ultrasonic signal is reflected back to the Doppler receiver.The velocity of the particles and gas bubbles in the fluid flow cause the ultrasonic signal to shift in frequency. Themagnitude of the shift in frequency is proportional to the velocity of the reflecting particles or gas bubbles in the fluidflow (or the components of the velocity parallel to the ultrasonic signal path). The following figure (courtesy of ITA)displays a simplified view of Doppler flowmeter operation.DopplerDoppler flowmeter electronics are preprogrammed with assumptions to relate the particle velocity to the averageaxial velocity of the fluid. Doppler flowmeter electronics also calculate frequency differences, reject unwanted orstray signals, and provide correction for interposing materials such as pipe wall or transducer windows. Additionally,these electronics produce standard output signals or pulse trains for interfacing with control systems.Doppler flowmeter configurations vary by the different placements of the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver pair.Placements include 90 or 180 degrees around the pipe or near one another where the Doppler transmitter and receiversensors are housed together. The following figure (courtesy of ITA) displays the various Doppler flowmeterconfigurations.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-7

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditionalDoppler flowmeters require suspended solids particles or gas bubbles in flowing fluid. Mounting of the Dopplerflowmeter ultrasonic transmitter and receiver sensors may require the use of clamps, gasket materials, or silicon gel.Doppler flowmeter ultrasonic sensors are typically mounted on the surface of a pipe but can also be mounted in apipe when a pipe is constructed of materials that will not allow transmission of ultrasonic signals or when a moreaccurate flow measurement is required.The Doppler flowmeter’s surface mounted ultrasonic transmitter and receiver sensors require a pipe that isconstructed of metal or plastic that does not have the interior coated with rubber or concrete. Some Dopplerflowmeter sensors may also require that a pipe's interior is not coated with coal tar epoxy.Doppler flowmeters' ultrasonic transmitter and receiver sensors have process fluid temperature limitations.Doppler flowmeters are used in pressurized pipe flows and may provide flow measurements for the following waterand wastewater flows:• raw sewage;• filtrate;• primary sludge;• digested sludge;• slurries;• wastewater effluent;• return activated sludge; and• waste activated sludge.Surface and wetted ultrasonic sensor housings are typically constructed of corrosion-resistant materials such as• polyvinyl chloride (PVC);• chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC);• 316 stainless steel; and• aluminum (surface-mounted ultrasonic sensor housing only).Doppler flowmeters can operate over a general range of the process characteristics described in the following table.Flowmeter manufacturers should be contacted to verify their respective process characteristics' operating ranges or todiscuss other special process considerations.Velocity: 0.1 to 30 ft/sec (0.03 to 9 m/s)Temperature: -122 to 392oF (-50 to 200oC)Manufacturers of Doppler flowmeters have reported accuracies of +/- 2%. Doppler flowmeters typically require thefollowing periodic maintenance:• replacement of mounting gaskets or silicon gel material;• tightening of mounting clamps;• calibration of flowmeter; and• cleaning of wetted ultrasonic sensors.• The following lists some of the advantages and limitations.Advantages• can measure a wide range of flow with no pressure drop or disturbance of process stream and• easily mounted on existing pipe without process shutdown.D-8

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditionalLimitations• measured fluid must contain sufficient particles or entrained air;• flowmeter cannot be surface mounted on concrete pipe (as an alternative, the ultrasonic sensors must beinstalled inside a concrete pipe and will operate as a wetted sensor);• pipe cannot be lined with material that can absorb ultrasonic signals, such as coal tar epoxy, rubber, orconcrete;• moving the sensors may affect flow measurements, as well as removing and re-installing the sensorsimmediately, at the same location; and• it may be difficult to quantify the uncertainties associated with Doppler sensors, therefore making itdifficult to quantify accuracies.Transit time flowmeters were originally invented to measure clean water flows. More recently, transit timeflowmeters have been used in dirty water, air, and gases. The transit time flowmeter is composed of a pair of sensorsmounted at an angle to the side of the channel or pipe, 180 degrees apart. Each sensor pair contains an ultrasonictransmitter; ultrasonic receiver; and electronics module.The pair of sensors face each other and transmit and receive ultrasonic pulses upstream and downstream across thefluid flow. The upstream ultrasonic transmitter sends a signal of a known high ultrasonic frequency (approximately 1MHz) into the flowing fluid at an acute angle (transit time angle) across the pipe. The acute angle facilitates eachsensor to face each other at a known distance across the pipe. Immediately following the upstream signal, thedownstream ultrasonic transmitter sends a signal of the same known frequency in the opposite direction.The transit time flowmeter measures the velocity of the process flow by measuring the difference in the timerequired for the upstream transmitter to send a high-frequency ultrasonic pulse to the downstream receiver (typicallyat a specified distance through the process flow in the same direction of the flow with respect to the transit timeangle); and by measuring the time required for the downstream transmitter pulse to travel the same distance in theopposite direction to the upstream receiver.Transit-TimeThe transmission of a downstream pulse takes less travel time than a transmission of an upstream pulse. Thedifference in travel times for the pulses is proportional to the flow velocity. The time it takes for the pulses to travelalong the ultrasonic signal path between upstream and downstream sensor pairs and the transit time angle are used tomathematically determine flow velocity. The electronics module converts the calculated velocity into a flow outputreading. Sometimes the sensors are both mounted on the same side of the pipe. In such cases, the signal traversesacross the pipe twice, bouncing off the far pipe wall along the way. The following figure (courtesy of ITA) displays asimplified view of a transit time flowmeter design.Transit time flowmeters can be configured with clamp-on sensors or with wetted sensors. Wetted sensors can beeither permanently mounted within the pipe or inserted through the pipe wall, using a wet tap assembly. Mounting ofthe transit time flowmeter sensors may require the use of clamps, gasket materials, or silicon gel. Transit timeflowmeter ultrasonic sensors are typically mounted on the surface of the pipe but can also be mounted in the pipewhen a pipe is constructed of materials that will not allow transmission of ultrasonic signals or when a more accurateflow measurement is required.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-9

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditionalThe transit time flowmeter ultrasonic sensors also require a pipe that is constructed of metal or plastic that does nothave the interior coated with coal tar epoxy, rubber, or concrete. Transit time flowmeter ultrasonic sensors haveprocess fluid temperature limitations.Transit time flowmeters have the following water and wastewater applications• custody transfer or revenue metering of clean liquids;• water filtration plants;• hydroelectric power plant management;• nuclear/fossil power plant cooling water flow measurement;• acceptance testing and periodic retesting of large hydraulic machinery such as pumps, turbines, andcooling towers;• water resource management; and• raw sanitary wastewater.Surface and wetted ultrasonic sensor housing are typically constructed of corrosion-resistant materials such as• polyvinyl chloride (PVC);• chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC);• 316 stainless steel; and• aluminum (surface mounted ultrasonic sensor housing only).Transit time flowmeters can operate over a general range of the process characteristics such as• Velocity 0.1 to 30 ft/sec (0.03 to 9 m/s)• Temperature -122 to 392oF (-85 to 200oC)Flowmeter manufacturers should be contacted to verify their respective process characteristics, operating ranges, orto discuss other special process considerations. Transit time flowmeter accuracy is reported as +/- 2% for wettedsensors and +/- 5% for clamp-on sensors. Repeatability is reported as +/-1% of actual flow. Transit time flowmeterstypically require the following periodic maintenance:• replacement of mounting gaskets or silicon gel material;• tightening of mounting clamps;• calibration of flowmeter; and• cleaning of wetted ultrasonic sensors.Advantages of transit time flowmeters include:• can measure a wide range of flow with no pressure drop or disturbance of process stream;• easily mounted on existing pipe without process shutdown;• bi-directional flow measurement;• automatic signal and data testing can ensure that only accurate readings are accepted for output;• electronics can accommodate many metered sections; and• cost relatively independent of size.One of the limitations of transit time flowmeters is that they cannot be surface mounted on concrete pipe. As analternative, the ultrasonic sensors must be installed inside a concrete pipe and will operate as a wetted sensor.Surface mounted transit time flowmeters are not recommended for installation on pipes that are lined with materialthat can absorb ultrasonic signals.V-Element / V-ConeThe V-Cone Flow Meter is an advanced differential pressure instrument, which is ideal for use with liquid, steam orgas media in rugged conditions where accuracy, low maintenance and cost are important. With its DP built-in flowconditioning design, the V-Cone is especially useful in tight-fit and retrofit installations in which the long runs ofstraight pipe required by Orifice Plates, Venturi Tubes, and other technologies are either impractical or unavailable.[4]D-10

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditionalPicture Courtesy of McCrometer, USAWedge flowmeters are based on Bernoulis principle of differential pressure and consist of two basic elements:1. a flow tube and 2. a differential pressure sensor. The wedge flow tube consists of a straight pipe with a v-notchwedge-shaped constriction protruding from the top of the tube into the process pipe flow. A high-pressure tap islocated upstream of the v-notched wedge constriction and a low-pressure tap is located downstream of theconstriction.As process fluid flows past the v-notch wedge-shaped constriction, the area is decreased, causing an increase invelocity and a decrease in pressure. The differential pressure sensor measures the difference in pressure from theupstream and downstream sections of the v-notch wedge (or across the wedge flowmeter tube). This difference inpressure is proportional to the square of the flow (dp is proportional to Q 2 , where dp = differential pressure and Q =flow). The following figure (courtesy of ITA) displays a typical design of a wedge flowmeter.WedgeWedge flowmeters vary by size of the v-notch wedge constriction in relationship to the internal pipe diameter anduse of various differential pressure sensors. Wedge elements are classified by the H/D ratio. This H/D ratio is similarto the orifice plates beta ratio. The H/D ratio is the wedge meter's opening height (H) divided by the inside pipediameter (D). Wedge flowmeters can be used for process flows that are very viscous. Standard wedge sizes are ½ to12 in. (1.25 to 30 cm). Larger sizes can be custom ordered. Wedge elements are available with an assortment ofprocess connections when used with clean fluid service. Remote seals are recommended when used with slurries.Wedge flowmeters used in pressurized pipe flows may provide flow measurements for the following water andwastewater flows:• filtrate;• sludges• slurries;• return activated sludge; and• waste activated sludge.Wedge flowmeters are typically constructed of 316 stainless steel.Depending on the type of differential pressure sensor used, wedge flowmeters can operate over a general range of theprocess characteristics such as: Pressure: less than 6000 psig (41000 kPa); Temperature: -20 to 1000oF (-30 to540oC). Flowmeter manufacturers should be contacted to verify their respective process characteristics, operatingranges, or to discuss other special process considerations.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-11

Traditional andNon-TraditionalInstrumentTechnologiesInstrument Description / Principle of OperationTraditionalAccuracy of the wedge flowmeter is dependent on the manufacturer's predetermined accuracy of each wedgeflowmeter system component (i.e., flowmeter tube, differential pressure sensor). Each component's individualaccuracy introduces some error to the overall system flow reading. If prudent design, application, and installationpractices are followed, the accuracy of the wedge flowmeter will be in the range of 0.5 to 1% of total flow. Typically,a 1% or better accuracy is attainable for wedge flowmeter systems. Wedge flowmeter repeatability has been report at+/-1% of actual flow. The most important maintenance aspect of a wedge flowmeter system is to prevent a buildup ofdebris in the wedge flowmeter tube pipe taps. Routine maintenance requires flushing pipe tap connections and/orpressure diaphragm seals located at the pipe taps. In addition, the wedge flowmeter system requires the followingbasic maintenance and calibration procedures:• inspect and clean wedge flowmeter pipe taps on a regular basis as determined by history, application, andper manufacturer recommendations;• perform annual testing of the wedge flowmeter tube using a portable manometer;• inspect the inside surface of the wedge flowmeter tube for imperfections every 2 to 3 years;• bleed wedge flowmeter tube pipe tap lines of trapped air on a routine basis as determined by history,application, and per manufacturer recommendations;• calibrate the differential pressure sensor on an annual basis using a portable manometer; and• calibrate the wedge flowmeter indicator concurrently with the calibration of the differential pressuresensor.Some of the advantages of wedge flowmeters include: the contoured design of the v-notch wedge prevents buildupof debris inside the wedge flowmeter tube and low maintenance. One of the limitations of wedgeflowmeters is the v-notch wedge constriction which limits the flow range.D-12

D.1 Area-VelocityArea-VelocityUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyfps, m/s,mgdElectromagneticHach/Marsh-McBirneyFlo-Tote 3VelocityMeasurement:Electromagnetic(Faraday’s Law);LevelMeasurement:Submergedpressuretransducer.In-SituVelocitySensor: -5 to+20 feet persecond (-1.5to +6.1m/s);Level Sensor:Standard 0.4to 138 inches.(10mm to3.5m)Optional 0.4to 276 inchesVelocitysensor: ZeroStability: ±0.05feet per second(±0.015m/sec);Resolution:0.01 feet persecond (±0.003m/sec)Velocitysensor:±2% ofreading,mgdUltrasonicDopplerADSEnvironmental Services,Inc.one eachquadredundantultrasoniclevelsensor,peakvelocitysensor, andpressuredepthsensor.3500 or3600/3601UltrasonicDopplerIn-Situpresetintervalssuch as1.0, 2.0,2.5, 5.0,7.5, and15minutes.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-13

Area-VelocityUnitsmgdTechnologyUltrasonicmultiplepath/channel transittimeManufacturerNameAccusonicTechnologies,Inc.InstrumentModel7510SensorModelIntrinsicallySafeTransducersModel7657(1-MHz)or 7658(500-kHz).internalmounttransducers aredesigned forinstallation inopenchannels.MeasurementMethodUp to 8acousticpaths and4 pipes orchannelsavailable.SensorLocationIn-situMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyRepeatability:+/- 0.2% FullPipeApplicaitons;+/- 0.5%Partially FullPipe /OpenChannelApplicationsAccuracy+/- 0.5%offlowratefor fullpipesand +/-2.0% forpartiallyfull pipesandopenchannelsMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyNo recalibrationrequiredover timeD-14

Area-VelocityUnitsFlow:GPS,GPM,GPH,LPS,LPM,LPH,MGD,AFD,CFS,CFM,CFH,CFD,M3S,M3M,M3H,M3D.TotalizedFlow:gal.,ft.³,acre-ft.,L, m³.TechnologyUltrasonicManufacturerNameHachInstrumentModelSigma 920AVSensorModelSigma920 AVMeasurementMethodUltrasonicDopplersensor fordirectmeasurement ofaveragestreamvelocity.SensorLocationIn-SituMeasurementRangeRange: -5 to20 fps (-1.52to 6.10 m/s).MeasurementUncertaintyZero Stability:

Area-VelocityUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyft/s, m/s ultrasonic Greyline AVFM-IIultrasonicechorangingprinciplein-situ0.1 to 20ft/sec (0.03 to6.2 m/sec).±0.25%ofRange;±2% ofreadingcalibration -built-in 3-keyprogrammerD.2 DopplerDopplerUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyGPMorLPMGPMorLPMUltrasonic Essiflo 3000ultrasonic Greyline DFM 4.0DopplerUltrasonicex-situex- situpipefrom1/2" to180"0.3 to 10.0m/s0.2 to 40ft/sec (0.06 to12.2 m/sec)±2% of FS±2% of fullscaleGPMorLPMUltrasonic Micronics DFM 4.0UltrasonicDopplerex-situ0.08m/s to12m/sRepeatability:-+/- 0.1%.,Linearity:- +/-0.5% of fullscale.+/-2% offull scaleD-16

DopplerUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyGPMorLPMUltrasonicPulsarProcess500SeriesUltrasonicDopplerex-situ510 unit0.3m/sec to3.5m/sec± 7.5%,applicationdependentGPMorLPMft/s,m/sGPMorLPMUltrasonicultrasonicEMCOThermoScientificSono-TrakSX 40Ultrasonic Dynasonics DFXDopplerUltrasonicsonic pulseDopplerUltrasonicex-situ+/- 0.2to 18ft/s (+/-0.06 to5.5 m/s)ex-situ0.1 to 50 fps(0.04 to15.25 mps)0.15-30 FPS(0.05-9 MPS)±0.5% of fullscale, ±0.1%of full scaleTypically±1% to±3% of fullscale+/- 1% oftotal errorband±2% fullscale,overcalibratedspan1 secondor lessNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-17

D.3 Insertion MagneticInsertion MagneticUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyGPMorLPMMagneticMcCrometerMarshMulti-Magmagnetic in-situ 0.3 to 40 ft/sZero Stability:±0.03 ft/s(±.009 m/s),Linearity:0.3% ofrange,Repeatability:0.20% ofrangeAccuracy:±1% ofreadingfrom 0.3to +20 ft/s+ zerostabilityGPMorLPMMagneticMSRmagmeterMagnum Magnum magnetic in-situmin. velocity.25 inch/s,max. Velocityunlimitedprecision0.5% ofvelocity,repeatability99. 5%GPM,LPMElectromagneticSeaMetrics,Inc.EX 100 /200ElectromagneticIn-situ0.28 - 20ft/sec (0.08 -6.09 m/sec)+/- 1% offull scaleGPMorLPMMagneticGeorgFischerSignet5075TotalizingProPointFlowMonitor2552MetalMagmeterFlowSensormagneticin-situ0.05 to 10m/s (0.15 to33 ft/s)±(1% reading+ 0.01 m/s),±0.5% ofreading @25°C±2% ofmeasuredvalueD-18

Insertion MagneticUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyGPMorLPMMagnetic Dynasonics MFX magnetic in-situ0.1 to 30FPS (0.03 to9 MPS)Sensitivity±0.005 FPS(±0.0017MPS)±2% offull scale3-300seconds,userconfigured,to 100% ofvalue, stepchange inflow.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-19

D.4 MagneticMagneticUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponse TimeCalibrationFrequencyGPMorLPMMagneticSeaMetrics, Inc.WMX101ElectromagneticIn-situGallons/Minute Gallons x1000, MillionGallons/DayGallons x1000,Liters/SecondCubicMeters,Feet"+/-1%ofreadingfrom10% to100% offullscale,GPMorLPMMagnetic Rosemount 8732E 8732E magnetic in-situUp to0.15% ofvolumetric flowrateaccuracyover13:1 flowturndowns50 msfromzeroflowD-20

MagneticUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponse TimeCalibrationFrequencymgd Magnetic SparlingTigerMagTigerMagmagneticin-situBi-directionaltotalization;FM626(wafer)Availablefrom 0.1" to4"; FM656(flanged)Availablefrom 0.5" to72"Standard0.5%accuracygpm,lpmGPMorLPMGPMgpm,lpmmagnetic Yokogawa AXF magnetic in-situMagnetic Foxboro 47ElectromagenticMagneticONICONIncorporatedHoneywellF-3200SERIESVersaFlow MagElectromagneticmagneticIn-situin-situ.3 to 180,000GPM0.35% ofrate(0.2% ofrateoptional)±0.5% ofFlowRate± 0.2%ofreadingfrom 3.3to 33ft/s, ±0.75% ofreadingfrom 1 to3.3 ft/sNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-21

MagneticUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrument Model4000SensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponse TimeCalibrationFrequencym³/h [Mgal/d]ElectromagneticEndress +HauserPromagPromagW and53transmitterElectromagnetic flowmeterforbidirectionalmeasurementof liquids witha minimumconductivity of&#8805; 50µS/cmApplicationSpecificFlowmeasurementup to 4,700m³/h [30Mgal/d]Maximummeasurederror - Currentoutput: ± 5uAPulse output:± 0.5% o.r. ±2 mm/s (o.r. =of reading)RepeatabilityMax. ±0.2% o.r.± 2mm/s(o.r. = ofreading)ContinuousD-22

D.5 Open ChannelOpen ChannelUnitsgpm,lpmGPMorLPMft/s,m/sGPMorLPMgpm,lpmTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelultrasonic Pulsar Flo-PakUltrasonicUltrasonicUltrasonicultrasonicAnvensys/IscoThermoScientificAnvensys/IscoAccusonicH-ADFMSarasota2000ADFMPro207700-7720SensorModeldb15transducerMeasurementMethodUltrasonicDopplerultrasonicUltrasonicDopplerultrasonicSensorLocationin-situin-situin-situin-situMeasurementRange±15 ft/s (±5m/sec)Bi-directional;Maximumdepends onpath lengthe.g., 10 m/sfor 100 mpath (33 ft/sfor 330 ftpath)±30.0 ft/s (±9m/s), 250 psiNominalMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracy2-5% ofreadingOverallaccuracytypically2% to5% offlowreading,1-2% ofreading+ or -0.5% oftrueflowrateMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-23

D.6 Transit-timeTransit-timeUnitsGPMorLPMm/s,ft/smps,fpsGPMorLPMTechnologyUltrasonicultrasonicultrasonicUltrasonicManufacturerNameHedlandEESiFloSierraInstrumentsEndress+HauserInstrumentModelHTTFRemoteModelPortalok7SCalibrationFrequencyInnova-Sonic 206ProsonicFlowClamp On90USensorModelMeasurementMethodtransit timeUltrasonictimedifferencecorrelationprinciple anddopplerultrasonictransit timeSensorLocationex-situin-situin-situex-situMeasurementRange0.1 to 40FPS (0.03 to12.4 MPS)(0.01...25)m/s (0.003 to82 ft/s)bi-directionalFlow range of0 to 23 fpsliquids (0 to 7mps).0 to 15 m/swith thespecifiedmeasuringaccuracy forProsonicFlow WMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracy±1% ofreadingat ratesabove 1FPS (0.3MPS)VolumeFlow: ±1% ..3%ofreading ±0.02m/s(0.06ft/s)+/- 0.5%ofreading.MeasurementIntervalResponseTime0.3-30seconds,adjustable1 s (1channel)D-24

Transit-timeUnitsGPMorLPMm/s,ft/sTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationUltrasonic Dynasonics TFXM transit time ex-situUltrasonicGE SensingGC868Clamp-onultrasonic Accusonic 797 ultrasonic in-situMeasurementRange-40 to +40FPS [-12 to+12 MPS]+/-65 ft/sec(+/-20m/sec);Measures bidirectionalflowrates upto +/-65 ft/sec(+/-20 m/sec)MeasurementUncertaintyRepeatability±0.01% ofreadingAccuracy±0.5% ofreadingat rates >1 FPS[0.3MPS] forfieldcalibratedsystemsAccuracyrate of +/-1 to 2%offlowratetypicalMeasurementIntervalResponseTime1-10seconds,userconfigured,to 90% ofvalue, stepchange inflowCalibrationFrequencyNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-25

D-26D.7 V-ConeV-ConeUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencygpm,lpmdifferentialpressureflowMcCrometerVconedifferentialpressure flowin-situ10:1 andgreater+/- 0.5%D.8 VenturiVenturiUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyGPMorLPMDifferentialPressureFox VenturiProductsFoxdeltaPVenturiFlowmeterFoxdeltaPVenturiFlowmeterDifferentialPressurein-situGPMorLPMDifferentialPressureFlowmaxxVenturiDifferentialPressurein-situgpm,lpmdifferentialpressurePresoSSLdifferentialpressurein-situwithin±1.0%uncalibrated(±0.5%calibrated)GPMorLPMDifferentialPressurePrimary FlowSignalHVT-HalmiDifferentialPressurein-situ+/0.50% - 2SIGMA

D.9 WedgeWedgeUnitsGPMorLPMTechnologyDifferentialPressureManufacturerNameAmetek/SolatronInstrumentModelWedgemetersSensorModelMeasurementMethodDifferentialPressureSensorLocationin-situMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyCalibrated±1%MeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyGPMorLPMDifferentialPressurePrimary FlowSignalPFS-WMWedgeDifferentialPressurein-situ+/- 0.50% ofCoefficientAccuracy fortheCalibratedRangeGPMorLPMDifferentialPressurePreso MetersCOINFlowMeterDifferentialPressurein-siturepeatabilityof ±0.2%±3.0%(uncalibrated)and ±0.5%(calibrated)Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance D-27

D-2

APPENDIX EPRESSURE AND UV LIGHT INTENSITYINSTRUMENTATIONNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance E-1

Physical MeasurementBackgroundThis research project identified several instruments that are used to measure physicalparameters for applications in decentralized wastewater treatment systems. The physicalmeasurements of pressure, decentralized facility status and UV light intensity are physicalmeasurements that are described herein. The various technologies of pressure, decentralizedfacility status and UV light intensity are outlined in tabular format and categorized by traditionaland non-traditional technologies, as defined by this research project. Note: The physicalmeasurements of pressure, pump run status and UV light intensity only provide one instrumenttechnology and therefore are considered traditional.-2

E.1 PressurePressure instrumentation are commonly referred to as pressure transducers or pressure transmitters. The three most common types ofpressure instruments are absolute, gauge, and differential. Field configurations provide the distinction between the different types ofpressure instrumentation. Traditional types of pressure transducers/transmitters utilize a capacitance, Piezoresistive, or strain-gaugetechnology. Non-traditional technologies include micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) piezoresistive.PressureUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencypsi,barpsi,barpsi,barpsi,barpsi,barpsi,barstraingaugepressureGP:50 211/311 pressure in-situ 0-20,000 PSIRosemount,EmersonProcessMgmt3051Tpressure Honeywell RMA 3000 pressure in-situpressure ABB 265A pressure in-situpressure Ashcroft GC51 pressure in-situpressureOmegaPX2088S-150GIpressurein-situ0.3 to 10,000psi0.3 to 3000kPa abs;2.25 mmHGto 435 psia0/50 to0/7500 psigandcompound to-15/50 psi± 0.5%FSOstandard+ 0.065%of span+/- 0.5%of span±0.04%0.20%;Analog:±0.25%ofcalibratedspanNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance E-3

PressureUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencypsi,barsiliconsensorHoneywell PPTE pressure in-situ15 to 3000psiAnalog:±0.12%FS Typ.,±0.24%FS Max(1000/updaterate) +1ms,minimum17ms4

E.2 Ultraviolet Light (UV) Light IntensityWhen wastewater is to be disinfected by Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation transmission, the amount of UV radiation transmittedthrough the wastewater is affected by the particulates and dissolved matter in the wastewater and results in the range of from 40% to60% reduction of UV transmission per 1 cm of layer of water thickness. This means that 40% to 60% of the applied UV radiation isabsorbed by a water layer having a thickness of as little as 1 cm (for comparison: pure drinking water has a transmission in the range offrom about 90% to 98%, and the absorption losses are only from 2% to 10% per 1 cm of water layer thickness). The effect of the poorUV transmission is that only relatively thin layers of the wastewater around the UV radiation tube sleeve can be effectively disinfected.For wastewater layers located further away from the tube sleeve, the UV radiation time needs to be longer, and may require a reducedflow velocity past the UV disinfection equipment.In addition, the effect of the aging process of UV tubes is that the radiation output power decreases over time even though thepower consumption remains approximately the same. This requires regulating the power applied to the UV tubes in order to maintainconstant UV radiation output. The UV transmission meter measures the radiation power actually being output by the UV tubes. Thisinformation can be used to regulate the amount of electrical power delivered to the UV tubes over time. [2]Ultraviolet Light (UV) Light IntensityUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInst.ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyW/m2 Optical ZED SiC021-I absorbance%TransmissionOpticalHF ScientificAccUViewUltrasonicCleaningSystemabsorbanceex-situ210...380nm(with UV-Cfilter:220...290nm)0-100 %TTransmissionRepeatability: ±0.1%T;Resolution:±0.1%T±1.0%TWavelength: UltraViolet253.7nmUpdatedatSelectablesampleintervalsfrom 10to 60minutesNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance E-5

Ultraviolet Light (UV) Light IntensityUnits%Transmission%TransmittanceW/m2TechnologyOpticalOpticalopticalManufacturerNameMetexMetexUV-ElektronikGmbHInst.ModelMicro TUVOnlineTransmissionAnalyzerUVT-15UVPortableTransmissionPhotometerSensorModelMeasurementMethodabsorbanceabsorbanceSensorLocationex-situex-situMeasurementRangeAuto Ranging,0-100 %TTransmission0 - 100%TransmittanceRM32 UVC-SE absorbance in-situ 1000w/m2MeasurementUncertaintyResolution:±1.0% ofReading;Resolution:1%Transmittanceselectivity:above 280nm 4%Accuracy±1% ofFullScale±2%;WavelengthAccuracy:253.7nmMeasurementIntervalWavelength: UltraViolet253.7nmPathLength:10mmResponseTimeReadingisUpdatedevery 30secondsFullscaledeflection in lessthat 2secondsCalibrationFrequencyAutomatic,w/Calibration periodsUserSelectable6

APPENDIX FANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATIONNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance F-1

AnalyticalBackgroundAnalytical instruments measure the chemistry and biology of the process. For thepurposes of this research project, treatment process quality parameters measured in decentralizedsystems include the analytical instruments that measure ammonia-nitrogen, biochemical oxygendemand (BOD 5 ), chlorine residual, dissolved oxygen, nitrate-nitrogen, pH, phosphate,respirometry, and turbidity. These analytical instruments used for monitoring decentralizedsystems are listed in tabular format and are categorized by traditional and non-traditionaltechnologies with assessed cost of ownership/maintenance requirements and instrumentmonitoring capabilities. The following tables provide analytical instrument technologyspecifications.F.1 Ammonia-NitrogenAnalytical instruments that measure ammonia-nitrogen include the traditionaltechnologies of colorimetric, gas selective and ion-selective electrodes. Non-traditionalinstrument technologies use ultraviolet (UV) absorbance to measure ammonia-nitrogen.F-2

Ammonia-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurement RangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasuremeIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L ISE Applikon Alert Ion Alert IonDynamicStandardAddition(DSA)MethodEx-situ0 to 10ppmRepeatability:+/- < 3% of fullscale readingInaccuracy: +/- < 5%of fullscalereading5 min. 5 min.Automatic,Programmablemg/L Colorimetric ApplikonAlertColorimeterAlertColorimeterDifferentialAbsorbanceColorimetry(DAC)MethodEx-situ0 to 10ppmRepeatability:+/- < 3% of fullscale readingInaccuracy: +/- < 5%of fullscalereadingAmmonia:5 min.Ammonia: 5min.Automatic,Programmablemg/L UV AWACX1000-4000series1000 -4000seriesUV lightabsorptionspectrum ofammoniacgas NH3 inequilibriumwith dissolvedammoniacgas in thewatersample.Ex-situ0 – 100mg/l NH4+or (0 –4000 mg/lonrequest)Repeatability+/- 0.05 mg/lNH4+ or +/-3% of reading(whichever isgreater)5 min. to12 hours(configurable)5 min.Calibrationcheck: every6 monthsNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance F-3

Ammonia-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurement RangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasuremeIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L UV ChemScan UV-2150 2150UV MultipleWavelengthAbsorbanceDetectionEx-situ0.2 to 25mg/L as Naccuracy2 to 5% ofrange3–9999min.3 to 5 min.Calibrated toplant lab orreference atstartup,thereafterautomaticallyzeroedagainstdeionizedwaterstandard atoperator setintervals.mg/LColorimetricEndress +HauserStamo-Lys CA71 AMMicroUltraFiltrationSystemStamoClean CAT430Photometric –Indophenoleblue methodEx-situ0.02-5mg/L (AM-A) 0.2-15mg/L (AM-B) 0.2-100mg/L (AM-C)+/- 2%maximummeasured errorof measuringrange end0 to 120min, = ~ 8min3 min0 to 72 h atambienttempsF-4

Ammonia-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurement RangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasuremeIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LISE StdAdditionGlobalMeasurementTechnologies,Inc.IonChem 2005 2005Ion-SelectiveElectrodeEx-SituTrace toSaturation2%Userdefined2 min Automaticmg/LAmmoniaAmmoniumISE Hach AMTAX scExpulsionmethod withphotometricpH indicationEx-situ0.2–1200mg/LNH4-NAccuracy:± 2.5 % ofthemeasuredvalue or+/- 0.2mg/L,whicheveris greater13, 15,20, or 30minutes(selectable)13, 15, 20,or 30minutes(selectable)Autocalibration,self-priming.Every 8, 12,or 24 hours(selectable)One-pointautomaticcalibrationwithstandard.mg/L ISE MurtacOMT20-SX /DXN-NH4DXN-NH4Ion-SelectiveElectrode(gasmethod)Ex-situ0,05 -30mg/LNH4-N+/- 3% scaleend5 min 3 min1/day (freeprogrammable)mg/L ISE Myratek AD-2000 AD-2000Ion-SelectiveElectrode(ISE)In-Situ0.1– 99.9ppmResolution:0.1 ppmReproducibility: within 5%Accuracy:+/- 5 % ofmeasurement or+/- 0.5ppm(larger)10 min orgreater5 minAutomatic:Default isevery 6hours –Adjustableto 1 hour orgreaterNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance F-5

Ammonia-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurement RangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasuremeIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L ISE NEXTChemMini ChemPlus / MiniChem / OmniChemMiniChemIon-SelectiveElectrode(ISE)standardadditionmethodEx-situ0-20 ppmAccuracy:+/- 2%2 to 10minutes5 min avg 1 monthmg/L ISE Severn Trent AZTEC A1000 A1000 ISE Ex-situAutoRanging0.05–1000mg/L asNH3Accuracy:5% ofreading(or ± 0.02mg/L NH3whicheveris greater)5 minAutomatic 1/daymg/L Colorimetric Severn Trent Aztec Am1000 Am1000ColorimetricColorabsorbanceSalicylatemethodEx-situAutoRanging0–6 mg/Las NH3(0–5mg/L asNH3-N)Accuracy:Typically2–5% ofreading10–60minTwo point,automaticcalibration,withoptionalmanualinitiation.Selectablefrom 4 x’s /day to once/ weekF-6

Ammonia-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurement RangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasuremeIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L ISE TytronicsTytronicsSentinel AMM-ISETytronicsSentinelAMM-ISEISE Direct orusing singleknownadditionmethodEx-situ0-10 ppmto 0–1000ppm+/- 5% ofreading or +/-5% of full scale(whichever isgreater)5 min 5 minWeekly /Userprogrammablemg/L Colorimetric TytronicsTytronicsSentinelAmmonia-WWTytronicsSentinelAmmonia-WWColorimetricModifiedBerthelotmethodEx-situ0–1 ppmto 0-25ppm+/- 2% ofreading or +/-2% of full scale(whichever isgreater)12 min 12 minWeekly /Userprogrammablemg/L ISE Waltron uAl-8232 uAl-8232Ion SelectiveElectrodeEx-situ0.05 to5,000 ppm+/- 5% ofreading0 to 1000ppm5 minutesAutomaticcalibration 2point userprogrammablerecommended once perweekmg/L Colorimetric Waltron AI-9046 AI-9046ColorimetricDual-beamwith silicondetectorEx-situ0 to 7.5ppm+/- 2% ofreading0 to 700ppb, 0 to 7ppm byautodilution8 minutesAutomaticcalibration 2point userprogrammablerecommended once perweekNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance F-7

Ammonia-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurement RangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasuremeIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LISE / GSEWedgewoodAnalyticalPBS 1 -Process BuoySTIPProcessBuoySTIPIon-SelectiveElectrode /Gas SelectiveElectrodeIn-situ0.1 to 50mg/L NH4-N5% 3 to 5 min 5 min.Automaticcalibration(programmable)mg/LISE / GSEWedgewoodAnalyticalGENION 1(NH4)GENION1 (NH4)Ion-SelectiveElectrode /gas-selectiveelectrode(GSE)Ex-situ0.3 to1,000mg/L NH4-N5%5 min. lagcontinuous5 min.excludingsamplepreparationAutomaticcalibration(programmable)mg/L ISE WTWIQ Sensor NetAmmoLyt700IQAmmoLyt700IQIon-SelectiveElectrodeIn-Situ0.1 to 100mg/L+/- 10 % ofMeasuredValueResolution 0.1mg/LContinuous< 3 minutes ManualF-8

Ammonia-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurement RangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasuremeIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L ISE WTWTresConModule OA 100TresConModuleOA 100ISE GasSensitiveEx-situ0.1 to 10mg/L and10 to 100mg/LCoefficient ofvariation formethod +/- 3%Resolution 0.1mg/LCoefficient ofvariation formethod +/- 4%Resolution 0.1mg/LContinuous orAdjustable< 3 MinutesAutomaticevery 6, 12and 24hoursNon-Traditional Indicators of System Performance F-9

F.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)Analytical instruments use a primary traditional technology of biological media to measure the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ).BOD, Biochemical Oxygen DemandUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/lBiologicalMediaEndress +HauserBIOX-10101010truecontinuousbiologicalwith dilutionprocedureex-situ20 - 1,200mg/l BOD; 5 -1,200 mg/lBOD; 20 -100,000 mg/lBOD3 - 15 minmg/L LAR BioMonitor BioMonitor Ex-situuser -adjustablebetween 1 -50 and 1 -200.000 mg/lBODevery 3 - 4minutesF-10

F.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)Chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyzers indirectly measure the amount of organics in wastewater or surface water by determiningthe amount of oxygen consumed. COD analyzers utilize ultraviolet, high temperature catalytic oxidation and ozone oxidationtechnologies.Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/lHightemperaturecatalyticoxidationEndress +HauserPHOENIXtermcatThermcatCombustioninto CO2 andIR detectionEx-Situ4 - 1000 mg/lCOD; 40 -4000 mg/lCOD; 100 -10.000 mg/lCODReproducibility:4% Resolution:0.1 mg COD/LT90 time:3 - 15minutesAutomaticcalibrationdaily usingtwo CODstandards(two pointcalibration)mg/lOzoneoxidationEndress +HauserPHOENIX-10101010oxidation withozone -dilutionprocedureEx-Situ10 - 1,500mg/l COD; 10- 100,000mg/l COD3 - 15min.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance F-11

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyppmAbs/mUVAWACX1000-3000CX1000-3000UV lightabsorption byunsaturatedorganicmolecules at254nmaccording tothe Beer-Lambert lawEx-Situ0 - 2000Abs/mTheinstrument ispre-calibratedfor river wateron the lowrange and forurbanwastewateron the highrange.F-12

F.4 Chlorine ResidualTotal chlorine residual analyzers used for monitoring the disinfection process of decentralized wastewater treatment systems include thetraditional technologies of amperometric and colorimetric and the non-traditional technologies of iodine gas sensor or gas phase sensing andion-selective electrodes.Chlorine Residual AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyppmIodine GasSensor orGas PhaseSensingATI A15/79 A15/79Iodine GasSensor orGas phaseiodine sensor.Ex-SituProgrammable for rangesof either 0-2.000 PPM or0-20.00 PPMRepeatability:± 0.01 PPM;Linearity:0.1% of F.S.;Zero Drift:

Chlorine Residual AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LorppmAmperometricHachSigmaResidualChlorineMonitorModel8450Model50 ProbeAmperometricmembranedprobeIn-Situ0.00 to 20.0ppm(selectable)Repeatability±0.5%;Linearity±0.5%;DisplayedPrecision 0.01,0.1, 1SamplingInterval 1-90minutes,selectableintervalsDampingTimeConstant: 0- 300secondsmg/LColorimetricHach CL17 CL17ColorimetricDPDchemistrymethod ofmeasurementusing DPDindicator anda buffersolution.Ex-situ0 to 5 mg/Lfree or totalresidualchlorine.MinimumDetectionLimit: 0.035mg/LPrecision:±5% or 0.005mg/L as CL2,whichever isgreater.Accuracy: ±5%or±0.035mg/L asCL2,whichever isgreater.CycleTime: 2.5minutesF-14

Chlorine Residual AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LorppmAmperometric ElectrodeCell plus pHreagentsolutionSevern TrentAztecCL1000AztecCL1000AmperometricElectrode Cellplus pH reagentsolution.Ex-situ0-60 mg/LManufacturer’sQuotedAccuracy1% ofreading or+/- 0.002PPM,whicheveris greaterforresidualsbelow20PPM 0.5% ofreadingforresiduallevelsbetween20-60PPM(seesamplelimitation).Four (4)secondsfrom sampleentry todisplayindication.90% of fullscaleresponsewithin 1-1/2to 2 minutes.ppmIon-SelectiveElectrodeThermoScientificOrion 1770TotalResidualChlorineMonitorOrion1770TotalResidualChlorineMonitorISE - Ion-SelectiveElectrodeiodometricmethod fortotal residualchlorine.Ex-Situ0.001-10 ppmtotal residualchlorine 4-decade scalestandard.Other rangesavailable.± 10% ofreading10 min90% within2 min2 pointcalibrationNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-15

Chlorine Residual AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LAmperometric ElectrodeCellWallace &TiernanMicro 2000Micro2000ThreeElectrodeMeasuringCellAmperometricElectrode Cellwhichcontinuouslymeasures andindicates free ortotal ChlorineresidualEx-situ0-0.1 to 0-50mg/l free or totalChlorineresiduals,Chloride Dioxideor PotassiumPermanganateresidual.Sensitivity:0.001 mg/L or1% of full scale,whichever isgreater.Repeatability:0.001 mg/L or1% of full scale,whichever isgreater.Stability: Underfavorableconditions +/-1% of full-scalefor 1 month.Accuracyis 0.001mg/l or 1%of fullscalewhicheveris greater.90 sec. with2 rpm pumpmotor. 180sec. with 1rpm pumpmotor.(Sample ispumped tocell via aninternalperistalticpump.)Long termstability ofcalibrationthat isunaffectedby varyingwaterquality,changes inturbidity orconductivityF-16

F.5 Dissolved OxygenDissolved oxygen analyzers used for remote monitoring of aerated biological systems in decentralized systems utilize the traditionalinstrument technologies of galvanic and polarographic sensors and utilize the non-traditional instrument technology of opticalfluorescence.Dissolved Oxygen AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L Galvanic ABB 46429408-762EGalvanicIn-SituProgrammable 0-200%saturation,0 to 20mg/lSensitivity orResolution0.1%1%saturation, 0.1 ppm20Secondsfor 90% at20 Deg CCalibrationMethod: In airfor span or 5%sodiumsulphate forzero if required.mg/LPolarographicEndress +HauserLiquisys M COM253COS 41MembranecoveredamperometricsensorIn-Situ0 - 20ppm(mg/l) /0...200%SAT /0...400hPaRepeatabilityMax. 0.2 % ofmeasuringrange.Max. 0,5% ofmeasuring range(display).SensitivityorResolution 0.01ppm(mg/l) /0.1 %SAT/ 1 hPaOne point slopecalibration:|1) in air2) in airsaturated water3) in process bymeans ofreferencemeasurement(handheld,Winkler titrationetc).Non-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-17

Dissolved Oxygen AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LorppmPolarographicFoxboro873DOElectrochemicalAnalyzer871DO-CSensorPolarographicClark Cell witha compositemembraneenclosing fourelectrodes inpotassiumchloride (KCl)electrolyte.In-SituRepeatability:±2% of span;Drift: Less than±1% ofmeasurementspan per day innonmembranefoulingconditionsNominal90% ofstepresponse inless thanone minuteat 25oC(77oF).Air calibration.mg/L Polarographic Hach GLI D535500ClarkSeriesElectrodePolarographicClark Celltechnology thatincludes athree-electrodesystem: goldcathode, silveranode, andsilver referenceelectrodes.In-Situ0.0-40.00ppmSensitivity: ±0.05% of span.Repeatability :± 0.05% ofspan± 0.1% ofspan1-60seconds to90% ofvalue uponstepchange.ResponseTime(20°C):130seconds to90% ofvalue uponstepchange.CalibrationMethod:ComparisonSample Cal toLaboratoryinstrument orwinkler methodAir CalSaturation CalF-18

Dissolved Oxygen AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyppmOpticalFluorescenceHach LDO LDOThe sensor is anoptical typesensor thatmeasures thefluorescenceand quenchingreactionsIn-Situ 0-20 ppm HachAbove 1ppm: ±0.2ppmmg/LppmGalvanic IC Controls 855-8-32-52802-1-3-94SensorGalvanicreduction ofoxygen todirectly producemA currentIn-Situ0 to 20ppm and -5 to 105oCRepeatability±2% ofReading;Sensitivity orResolution:Standarddeviation ±2%of reading or 2digits; Stability(per 24 hrperiod): ±2 ofReadingStandarddeviation±2% ofreading or0.1 ppm,whicheveris agreaterDissolvedOxygen90% within5 minutes(default),function offlowOne point, in air,½ inch oversurface of waterwith zero checkusing A1100193Zero DOstandardmg/LorppmOpticalFluorescenceInsite IG 1000 10 ProbeThe sensor is anoptical typesensor thatmeasures thefluorescenceand quenchingreactions of arutheniumcomplex that isimmobilized in asol-gel matrix.In-situ0.00 to25.0 ppmand 0 to 50degrees CRepeatability0.01 ppm;Sensitivity orResolution: 0.01ppm; Stability(per 24 hrperiod): 0.01ppm; Non-Linearity: 1.1%1% ofreading or0.02 ppm,whicheveris greater.SensorDrift: Lessthan 1%per year90% in lessthan 60secondsNot required norrecommendduring initialstartup.Provisions forone-point inwater calibrationprovided.Non-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-19

Dissolved Oxygen AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LorppmOpticalFluorescenceInsite IG 1000 10 ProbeThe sensor is anoptical typesensor thatmeasures thefluorescenceand quenchingreactions of arutheniumcomplex that isimmobilized in asol-gel matrix.In-situ0.00 to25.0 ppmand 0 to 50degrees CRepeatability0.01 ppm;Sensitivity orResolution: 0.01ppm; Stability(per 24 hrperiod): 0.01ppm; Non-Linearity: 1.1%1% ofreading or0.02 ppm,whicheveris greater.SensorDrift: Lessthan 1%per year90% in lessthan 60secondsNot required norrecommendduring initialstartup.Provisions forone-point inwater calibrationprovided.mg/LGalvanicRoyceTechnologies9210/9220 96GalvanicOxygenMeasurementSensorIn-Situ0 to 99.9mg/L or 0to 99%Saturation+/- 0.1mg/L or1%Saturation99% ofactual fromAirCalibration= less than60 Secondswith 1 milmembraneTwice per yearwhen usingelectro-chemicalcleaningmg/LGalvanicRoyceTechnologies900 95/99GalvanicOxygenMeasurementSensorPortable0 to 99.9mg/L or 0to 99.9%Saturation+/- 0.1mg/L or 1%Saturation99% ofactual fromAirCalibration= less than30 Secondswith 1 milmembraneOnce per week(Air Calibration)F-20

Dissolved Oxygen AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LGalvanicRoyceTechnologies9100 95/99GalvanicOxygenMeasurementSensorIn-Situ0 to 99.9mg/L or 0to 99.9%Saturation+/- 0.1mg/L or1%Saturation99% ofactual fromAirCalibration= less than60 Secondswith 1 milmembraneOnce per yearwhen using jetcleaning system.mg/LGalvanicRoyceTechnologies9200 96GalvanicOxygenMeasurementSensorIn-Situ0 to 99.9mg/L or 0to 99.9%Saturation+/- 0.1mg/L or1%Saturation99% ofactual fromAirCalibration= less than60 Secondswith 1 milmembraneTwice per yearwhen usingelectro-chemicalcleaning.mg/LGalvanicRoyceTechnologies9110/9120 95/99GalvanicOxygenMeasurementSensorIn-Situ0 to 99.9mg/L or 0to 99.9%Saturation+/- 0.1mg/L or1%Saturation99% ofactual fromAirCalibration= less than60 Secondswith 1 milmembraneOnce per yearwhen using jetcleaning system.Non-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-21

Dissolved Oxygen AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L Polarographic WTW184 Sensor NetTransmitterTriOxmatic 700IQDOSensorPolarographicwith threeelectrodesIn-Situ0.0 to 60.0mg/L or0% to600%saturation,userselectableRepeatability:1% plus onedigit (analyzerplus sensor);Sensitivity orResolution:0.1mg/L1% ofreadingplus 1 digit(Transmitter);SensorDrift: 1%per month180 sec t/90Calibration every6 monthstypically.CalibrationMethod: In-Air;MaintenanceRequirements:Periodic (12months)membranechanges.F-22

F.6 Nitrate-NitrogenAnalytical instruments that measure nitrate-nitrogen include the traditional technologies of colorimetric and ion-selective electrodes. Nontraditionalinstrument technologies use advanced oxidation process using hydroxl radicals and ultraviolet (UV) absorbance to measurenitrate-nitrogen.Nitrate-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturer NameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LColorimetricApplikonAlertColorimeterAlertColorimeterDifferentialAbsorbanceColorimetry(DAC) MethodEx-situ0 to 10 ppmRepeatability:+/- < 3% of fullscale readingInaccuracy:+/- < 5% offull scalereadingNitrate: 10min.Nitrate: 10min.Automatic,Programmablemg/L ISE Applikon Alert Ion Alert IonDynamicStandard Addition(DSA) MethodEx-situ0 to 10 ppmRepeatability:+/- < 3% of fullscale readingInaccuracy:+/- < 5% offull scalereading5 min. 5 min.Automatic,Programmablemg/L UV AWANX 1000(singleparameter)UV lightdifferentialabsorption bychromophore N-Oat 210-220 nmaccording toBeer-LambertLawEx-Situ0 – 100 mg/lNO3-or (0 –3000 mg/l onrequest)Repeatability+/- 0.1 mg/lNO3-5 sec to 12hours(configurable)10 secCalibrationcheck: every 6monthsNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-23

Nitrate-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturer NameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LAdvancedOxidationProcessusingHydroxylRadicalsBioTectorBioTectorSeries4PlusBioTectorSeries4PlusPatented 2 StageAdvancedOxidationProcess.Ex-SituAutomatic RangeSelection (ARS)Valve whichselects thecorrect rangeanywherebetween 0-5mg/land 0-25,000mg/lRepeatability:± 3% ofreading or ±0.5mg/lSignal Drift:< 5% peryearBatchSamplesMinimum < 6minutesAutomaticCalibration andSample LineCleaning.MAINTENANCE: Normalservicefrequency is 6months.Separateservice kits areavailable.mg/LISEBran +LuebbeLightnin90 SIonometer90 SIonometerISE(potentiometric)Ex-situ0—2.5 mg/L 0—200 mg/LPrecision:

Nitrate-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturer NameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L UV ChemScan UV-3150 3150UV MultiplewavelengthabsorbanceEx-situNitrate (0.1 to 25mg/L as N) Nitrite(0.1 to 10 mg/Las N)accuracy 2 to5% of range1–9999 min.Immediateafter sampleflushCalibrated toplant lab orreference atstartup,thereafterautomaticallyzeroed againstdeionized waterstandard atoperator setintervals.mg/LUVEndress +HauserStamo-SensCNM750CNS70UV lightabsorptionIn-situClean water:0.2–60 mg/LNO3-N, 0–260 mg/LNO3 ActivatedSludge: 0.2–30mg/LNO3-N, 0–130 mg/LNO3Repeatability0.5 % (withhomogenousmedia)+/- 2%maximummeasurederror ofmeasuringrange end40 s 60 sAutomatic insituNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-25

Nitrate-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturer NameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L UV HachNITRATAX plus scplus scUV absorptionIn-situ orEx-situ1 mm samplemeasuring gap:0.1–100 mg/LNO2+3-N; 2 mmsamplemeasuring gap:0.1–50 mg/LNO2+3-N; 5 mmsamplemeasuring gap:0.1–25 mg/LNO2+3-NAccuracy: +/-3% ofmeasurement or +/- 0.5mg/L,whichever isgreater> 1 min. 1 min. (t100)Each probe isfactorycalibratedmg/L UV HachNITRATAX eco sceco scUV absorptionIn-situ andEx-situ1 mm samplemeasuring gap:1.0–20 mg/LNO2+3-NAccuracy: +/-5% ofmeasurement or +/- 1.0mg/L,whichever isgreater> 5 min.15 min.(t100)Each probe isfactorycalibratedmg/L UV HachNITRATAX clear scclear scIn-situ UVabsorption or exsituUVabsorptionAccuracy: +/-5% ofmeasurementor +/-0.5 mg/L,whichever isgreater> 1 min. 1 min. (t100)Each probe isfactorycalibratedF-26

Nitrate-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturer NameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L ISE MurtacOMT20-SX / DXN-NO3DXN-NO3Ion-SelectiveElectrode (ISE)Ex-situ1– 20mg/L NO3-N+/- 5% scaleend10 min 7 minEverymeasurement(3point standardaddition)mg/L ISE Myratek ND-2000 ND-2000Ion-SelectiveElectrode (ISE)In-Situ0.1– 99.9 ppmResolution:0.1 ppmReproducibility: within 5%Accuracy: +/-5 % ofmeasurement or +/- 0.5ppm (larger)10 min orgreater5 minAutomatic:Default is every6 hours –Adjustable to 1hour or greatermg/LUVS::canMesstechnikGmbH8580Constat82NNitrolyserUV-VIS spectrophotometricalanalysisIn-Situ 0.1 – 10 mg/l +/-0.1 mg/l 2 minutes 30 secondsGlobalcalibration forintendedapplicationpreloaded atfactory.mg/LISESevernTrentAztecN1000N1000Ion-SelectiveElectrode (ISE)Ex-situAuto Ranging0.05–1000 mg/Las NO3Accuracy:3% ofreading (or ±0.5 mg/LNO3whichever isgreater)5 minAutomatic1 /dayNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-27

Nitrate-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturer NameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L UV TytronicsTytronicsFPA 1100TytronicsFPA 1100UVSpectrophotometerEx-situ0–100 ppm+/- 2% ofreading or +/-2% of fullscale(whichever isgreater)ContinuouspossibleContinuousAuto or manualmg/L ISE TytronicsTytronicsSentinelNitrateTytronicsSentinelNitrateISE Direct orusing singleknown additionmethodEx-situ0–10 ppm to 0-100 ppm+/- 5% ofreading or +/-5% of fullscale(whichever isgreater)5 min 5 minWeekly / Userprogrammablemg/LUVWedgewoodAnalyticalSTIP-scanSTIP-scanUV / VisibleSpectroscopy(Vis.)In-situ0.1 to 23.0 mg/LNO3-N5% 1 to 5 min. 5 min.mg/L UV WTWTresCondModulesON210/OS210TresCondModulesON210/OS210UV absorption Ex-situ 0.1 to 100 mg/LCoefficient ofvariation formethod +/-2% Resolution0.1 mg/LContinuousor Adjustable30 sAutomatic every6, 12 and 24hoursmg/L UV WTWIQ SensorNetIQ SensorNetUV/VISspectrometricIn-Situ0.1 to 100 mg/L+/- 3% ofmeasuredvalue +/- 0.5mg/L withcheckalgorithmContinuous < 3 Minutes Not requiredF-28

Nitrate-NitrogenUnitsTechnologyManufacturer NameInstrument ModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L ISE WTWIQ SensorNetNitraLyt700 IQIQ SensorNetNitraLyt700 IQIon-selective In-situ 0.1 to 100 mg/l+/- 10 % ofMeasuredValueResolution0.1 mg/LContinuous < 3 Minutes ManualNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-29

F.7 pH, ORP, Conductivity and AlkalinitypH, ORP, conductivity and alkalinity are often measured concurrently. Manufacturers of pH, ORP and conductivity online analyzers useseparate sensors to measure each parameter, however manufacturers sometimes use the same transmitter electronics for pH, ORP andconductivity measurements.F.7.1 pHThe primary traditional instrument technology for measuring pH utilizes the electrometric method. Non-traditional pH measurement wouldinclude ion-selective field effect transistor technology.pHUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensor ModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencypHelectrochemicalpotentialpH ISE Hach si792x PKrohne MAC 080 PAS 2000 pH in-situ -2 to 16 pH-2.00 to+16.00-2.00 to +16.00pHYokogawaPH450G 4-wire-2 to 16 pH

pHUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensor ModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencypH electromechanical Hach GLIGLI P53pH/ORPController-2.0 to 14.0pH or -2.00to 14.00 pHStability:0.05% ofspan per 24hrs., noncumulative0.1% of spanCalibrationMethods: 2-point BufferMethod (pHonly):bufferfrom a selepH electrometric HoneywellAPT4000pH/ORPanalyzerelectrometricin-situ0.00 pH to+14.00 pH;ORP value:–1500 mV to+1500 mVpH: < 0.02;mV: < 1 mVpH electrometric JUMO PlusAQUIS 500pH/ORPPIDcontrollertecLine PROIndustrialHighPerformancepH Electrodein-situpH Range: -1.00 to14.00; ORPRange: -1999 to+1999 mV> 0.25% ofmeasurementrangepHRoyceTechnologies5300 55A pH in-situ 0-14 pHMeasurement:+/- .2% of fullscale.pHelectrometricPolymetron, HahcUltraPolymetron9135 pHTransmitterin-situ0 to 14 pH;redox - 1500to 1500 mV± 1% ofreadingAutocalibrationin stdbuffersNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-31

F.7.2 ORP – Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP)The primary traditional instrument technology for measuring ORP utilizes the electrometric method.ORP – Oxidation Reduction PotentialUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFre-quencymV Electrometric Siemens StrancoStrantrol880StrantrolmV Electrometric ATI Q45P/R Q22mVElectrometricEndress +HauserMycom SCPM 153OrbisintCPS12Electrometric-High ResolutionRedoxElectrometricwith adifferential sytelElectrometricIn-situIn-situIn-situmV Electrometric Hach sc 100 RC2K5N Electrometric In-situmVElectrometricRoyceTechnologies5000 55A Electrometric In-situpH 0.00 –14.0; ORPHRR -1000mV to +1000mV-1000 to+2000 mV;Sensorvoltage: ±500mV; Loopcurrent: 4.00to 20.00 mA-1500 to+1500,ORPsignal outputmax. 0.75%of measuringrange-2000 to+2000millivolts+/- 1999mVORPResolution: pH0.1; ORP HRR1mVRepeatability:0.1% of span orbetter;Resolution 1mV / 0.1%Monitoringaccuracy is ±0.05% peryearSensitivity:0.05% of span+/- .2% of fullscale6secondsto 90% ofstep inputat lowestsettingF-32

F.7.3 ConductivityConductivity analyzers measure the ion concentration of a solution. Conductivity analyzers utilize electrode technologies.Conductivity AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyµSTorodialconductivityATI Q45CT ToroidalToroidalelectrodeconductivityIn-situ0 to 2,000 µS;SensorMinimumConductivity:500microSiemensRepeatability:0.3% of span,or 0.1 ìS,whichever isgreater; Nonlinearity:0.3%of span, or 0.1ìS, whicheveris greater;TemperatureDrift: Span orzero, 0.03% ofspan/ºCSensitivity:0.05% ofspan or 0.1ìS,whicheveris greater;Stability:0.1% ofspan per 24hoursWarm-upTime: 7seconds toratedperformance6 secondsto 90% ofstep inputat lowestsetting.SensorResponseTime: 2seconds to90% of fullscaleFlexibleCalibration:Two-pointand samplecalibrationoptionsincludestabilitymonitors tochecktemperatureand mainparameterstabilitybeforeacceptingdata.µSElectrodeConductivityATIA45C4 4-ElectrodeConductivityMonitor4ElectrodeConductivity 4-electrodesensor.In-situ0.0 µS to 2000mS; 4-Electrode StyleSensor: Allowsthe sensor tobe used over 0to 2,000,000µS range.Repeatability:0.3% of span,or 0.1 ìS,whichever isgreater; Nonlinearity:0.3%of span, or 0.1ìSSensitivity:0.05% ofspan or 0.1ìS,whicheveris greater6 secondsto 90% ofstep inputat lowestsettingFlexibleCalibration:Two-pointand samplecalibrationoptions.Non-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-33

Conductivity AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyµS Electrode HachCDC401IntelliCALStandardConductivityProbeIn-situ0.01 µS/cmto 200mS/cmResolution:0.01 µS/cm(5 digits,maximum)µS/cmElectrodeEndress +HauserCondumaxW CLS21Two electrodemethod usingOhm’s law.In-situ10 µS/cm to 20mS/cm.F-34

F.7.4 AlkalinityAlkalinity analyzers measure total alkalinity using wet chemistry methods. Alkalinity analyzers utilize colorimetric, titrimetric and ionselectiveelectrode technologies.Alkalinity AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/L asCaCO3titrimetricandcolorimetricHach APA 6000titrimetric andcolorimetricmethods ofdetection todetermine theconcentrationand continuouslymonitor total andphenolphthaleinalkalinityEx-situ1 to 1000 mg/Las CaCO3 totalalkalinity; 5 to1000 mg/L asCaCO3phenolphthaleinalkalinityRepeatability:Better than 3% of reading or± 0.6 mg/L,whichever isgreaterBetter than± 5 % ofreading or± 1.0mg/L,whicheveris greater8 minutesLess than 5minutes for90%responseto setupchange atinstrumentsamplefittingself primingand selfcalibrating;autocalibrateswith set andforgetoperationNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-35

F.8 PhosphatePhosphate analyzers use the traditional technology of photometric and the non-traditional technology of advanced oxidation processusing hydroxyl radicals.Phosphate AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasuremntMethodSensorLocationMeasurement RangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/LAdvancedOxidationProcessusingHydroxylRadicalsBioTectorBioTectorSeries 4PlusOn-LineOrganicAnalyserBioTector Series4PlusPatented 2StageAdvancedOxidationProcess.Ex-SituAutomaticRangeSelection(ARS)Valvewhichselects thecorrectrangebetween 0-5mg/l and0-25,000mg/lRepeatability:± 3% ofreading or ±0.5mg/lSignalDrift: < 5%per yearBatchSamplesMinimum

Phosphate AnalyzersUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasuremntMethodSensorLocationMeasurement RangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurement IntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencymg/lPhotometricEndress +HauserSPECTRONTP - TotalPhosphateTPPhotometricquasicontinuousex-situup to 100mg/l P12 minutes(excludingtransit timefor samplepreparationsystem)mg/l Colorimetric Hach 5000 colorimetric ex-situ0 to 50mg/l P± 0.5 mg/Lor ± 5%,whicheveris greater11 minutesmg/l Colorimetric Hach Phosphax sc colorimetric ex-situLow range:0.05 to 15mg/l; HighRage: 1 to50 mg/l PLowRange:2% ± 0.05mg/L; HighRange:2% ± 1.0mg/L5 to 120minutes,adjustable(T90): Lessthan 5minutes,includingsamplepreparationNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-37

F.9 Respirometry (oxygen uptake rate)Respirometry measures the respiration rate of raw samples of wastewater by providing a continuous record of changes in oxygen use.RespirometryUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyRespirometryChallengeTechnologyOLR-300 oxygen uptake ex-situMinimumOxygenUptakeDetection: ~1.0 mg/hrMaximumOxygen InputRate :> 1,000mg/hrSensitivity: ~0.1 mghydraulicretentiontimes of 15minutes to12 hoursRespirometryRespirometryPlus, LLC026-202sensitive gasvolumetransducerex-situRange of totaloxygendemand notlimitedPrecision +/-2% asmeasured withsodium sulfiteTestresults inminutesF-38

F.10 TurbidityTurbidity measurement is a regulatory reporting requirement in the United States. The traditional technology for turbidity measurementis optical using nephelometric, per the U.S. EPA Method 180.1. The nephelometric measurement can vary by light source (either whitelight or infrared) and/or by type of scatter (side-scatter at 90 degrees or transmissive light and receiver at 180 degrees apart).TurbidityUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequencyNTU, FNU,mg/l, ppmNephelometricEndress +HauserLiquisys MCUM 223/CUM 253TurbiMaxW CUS31/ 31-Wnephelometric90° NIRscattered lightaccording toEN 27027in-situ0.00 ... 9999FNU, 0.00 ...9999 ppm, 0.0... 300 g/l(0.0...18.72lb/ft3), 0.0 ...200.0%Turbidity:Userselectable -NTU, FNU,or TE/F;SuspendedSolids: Userselectable -g/L, mg/L,ppm, or %solidsInfraredHachSOLITAXsc TurbidityAnalyzerIncludes asc100ControllerPVC t-linescTurbiditySensor(0.001 to4000NTU) withwiperdual-beaminfraredscattered lightphotometerand receptorsIn-SituModel t-line scsensorTurbidity only:0.001 to 4000NTUTurbidity Lessthan 1% ofreading;SuspendedSolids: Lessthan 3% ofreadingTurbidityLess than1% ofreading or±0.001NTU,whichever isgreater.SuspendedSolids: Lessthan 5% ofreadingSignal AverageTime Userselectableranging from10 to 300secondsInitialresponse in1 secondCalibration:TurbidityFormazin orStablCalStandard;SuspendedSolids;Basedon gravimetricTSS analysisNTU surface scatter Hach 1720E Optical Ex-situ 0 to 100Repeatability:(DefinedAccording toISO 15389):Better than ±1.0% ofreading or ±± 2% ofreading or ±0.015 NTU(whicheveris greater)Initialresponse in1 minute,15 secondsfor a fullscale stepchangeNon-Traditional Indicators of System PerformanceF-39

TurbidityUnitsTechnologyManufacturerNameInstrumentModelSensorModelMeasurementMethodSensorLocationMeasurementRangeMeasurementUncertaintyAccuracyMeasurementIntervalResponseTimeCalibrationFrequency0.002 NTU,whichever isgreaterNTUsurfacescatterHach7 scOpticalEx-situ 0 to 1000NTU infrared Hach/GLI T53 820 Infrared Ex-situ 0 to 100Repeatability:± 1.0% or 0.04NTU,whichever isgreaterRepeatability:0.1% of spanor better± 5.0% ofreading or±0.1 NTU(whicheveris greater)from 0 to2000 NTU;± 10.0%from 2000 to9999 NTU2% ofreading, allrangesInitialresponse in30 secondswith a flowrate of 2L/minuteResidenceTime: 9.5seconds at1 GPM (3.8LPMF-40

REFERENCESCagle, W. 2002. Web-Based Telemetry for Sustainable management of Onsite Systems.Orenco Internal Document.Goldman, J. et al. February 2007. Distributed Sensing Systems for Water Quality Assessmentand Management. White Paper. Center for Embedded Network Sensing, Woodrow WilsonInternational Center for Scholars.Ip, I., Jowett, EC., Kirby, S. September 2002. Remote Monitoring for Wastewater Sites.Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine.Palmer, T. 2000. Compound Costs of Instrument Inaccuracies, Water Engineering &Management, Vol. 147, No. 10, page 21. Chicago, IL, USA.Rocky Mountain Institute. November, 2004. Valuing Decentralized WastewaterTechnologies: A Catalog of Benefits, Costs and Economic Analysis Techniques. RockyMountain Institute, Snowmass, CO.Solomon, C., Kamalesh, J., Lin, L.S. 2006. A Remote Monitoring Architecture EnablingCentralized Management of Decentralized Wastewater Systems, ASABE AnnualInternational Meeting, Portland, OR.Solomon, C., Kamalesh, J., Lin, L.S. 2006. Real-time Monitoring of OperationalCharacteristics in Septic Tanks, ASABE Annual International Meeting, Portland, OR.Solomon, C., Sexstone, A., Kamalesh, J. 2007. Analysis of Remote Monitored Water UseTrends and Patterns in a Commercial facility. Conference Proceedings of National OnsiteWastewater Recycling Association.Tsukuda, S.M., Ebeling, J.M., Solomon, C. March 21, 2004. Real-Time Monitoring ofRecirculating Sand and Peat Filters. Onsite Wastewater Treatment Conference Proceedings.U.S. EPA 2005. Handbook for Managing Onsite and Clustered ( Decentralized) WastewaterTreatment Systems – An Introduction to Management Tools and Information forImplementing EPA’s Management Guidelines. EPA 832-B-05-001. Office of Water, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.U.S. Patent 6565757 - UV radiation device, especially for disinfecting liquids with reducedUV transmission, U.S. Patent Issued on May 20, 2003WERF. 2002. An Examination of Oxidation Reduction Potential vs. Residual Monitoring forEffluent Chlorination and Guidelines for Chlorine Dose Control. 99-WWF-6. WaterEnvironment Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.Non-Traditional Indicators of System Performance R-1

WERF. 2006. On-line Nitrogen Monitoring and Control Strategies. 03-CTS-8. WaterEnvironment Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.WERF. 2002. Sensing and Control Systems: A Review of Municipal and IndustrialExperiences. 99-WWF-4. Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA.R-2

WA S T E WATER UTILITYA l a b a m aMontgomery Water Works &Sanitary Sewer BoardA l a s k aAnchorage Water &Wastewater UtilityA r i z o n aAvondale, City ofGlendale, City of,Utilities DepartmentMesa, City ofPeoria, City ofPhoenix Water Services Dept.Pima County WastewaterManagementSafford, City ofTempe, City ofA r k a n s a sLittle Rock Wastewater UtilityC a l i f o rn i aCentral Contra CostaSanitary DistrictCorona, City ofCrestline Sanitation DistrictDelta DiabloSanitation DistrictDublin San Ramon ServicesDistrictEast Bay DischargersAuthorityEast Bay MunicipalUtility DistrictEl Dorado Irrigation DistrictFairfield-Suisun Sewer DistrictFresno Department of PublicUtilitiesInland Empire Utilities AgencyIrvine Ranch Water DistrictLas Gallinas Valley SanitaryDistrictLas Virgenes MunicipalWater DistrictLivermore, City ofLos Angeles, City ofLos Angeles County,Sanitation Districts ofNapa Sanitation DistrictNovato Sanitary DistrictOrange County SanitationDistrictPalo Alto, City ofRiverside, City ofSacramento Regional CountySanitation DistrictSan Diego MetropolitanWastewater Depart m e n t ,City ofSan Francisco,City & County ofSan Jose, City ofSanta Barbara, City ofSanta Cruz, City ofSanta Rosa, City ofSouth Bayside System AuthoritySouth Coast Water DistrictSouth Orange CountyWastewater AuthoritySouth Tahoe Public UtilityDistrictStege Sanitary DistrictSunnyvale, City ofUnion Sanitary DistrictWest Valley Sanitation DistrictC o l o r a d oAurora, City ofBoulder, City ofGreeley, City ofLittleton/Englewood WaterPollution Control PlantMetro WastewaterReclamation District, DenverC o n n e c t i c u tGreater New Haven WPCAStamford, City ofDistrict of ColumbiaDistrict of Columbia Water &Sewer AuthorityF l o r i d aBroward, County ofFort Lauderdale, City ofJacksonville Electric Authority(JEA)Miami-Dade Water &Sewer AuthorityOrange County UtilitiesDepartmentPinellas, County ofReedy Creek ImprovementD i s t r i c tSeminole CountyEnvironmental ServicesSt. Petersburg, City ofTallahassee, City ofToho Water AuthorityWest Palm Beach, City ofG e o rg i aAtlanta Department ofWatershed ManagementAugusta, City ofClayton County WaterAuthorityCobb County Water SystemColumbus Water WorksFulton CountyGwinnett County Departmentof Public UtilitiesSavannah, City ofH a w a i iHonolulu, City & County ofI d a h oBoise, City ofI l l i n o i sDecatur, Sanitary District ofGreater PeoriaSanitary DistrictKankakee River MetropolitanAgencyMetropolitan WaterReclamation District ofGreater ChicagoWheaton Sanitary DistrictI n d i a n aJeffersonville, City ofI o w aAmes, City ofCedar Rapids Wa s t e w a t e rF a c i l i t yDes Moines, City ofIowa CityK a n s a sJohnson County WastewaterUnified Government ofWyandotte County/Kansas City, City ofK e n t u c k yLouisville & Jefferson CountyMetropolitan Sewer DistrictSanitation District No. 1L o u i s i a n aSewerage & Water Boardof New OrleansM a i n eBangor, City ofPortland Water DistrictM a ry l a n dAnne Arundel County Bureauof Utility OperationsHoward County Bureau ofUtilitiesWashington SuburbanSanitary CommissionM a s s a c h u s e t t sBoston Water & SewerCommissionMassachusetts Wa t e rResources Authority (MWRA)Upper Blackstone WaterPollution Abatement DistrictM i c h i g a nAnn Arbor, City ofDetroit, City ofHolland Board ofPublic WorksSaginaw, City ofWayne County Department ofEnvironmentWyoming, City ofM i n n e s o t aRochester, City ofWestern Lake SuperiorSanitary DistrictM i s s o u r iIndependence, City ofKansas City Missouri WaterServices DepartmentLittle Blue Valley Sewer DistrictMetropolitan St. LouisSewer DistrictN e b r a s k aLincoln Wastewater &Solid Waste SystemN e v a d aHenderson, City ofLas Vegas, City ofReno, City ofNew JerseyBergen County UtilitiesA u t h o r i t yOcean County Utilities AuthorityNew Yo r kNew York City Department ofEnvironmental ProtectionN o rth Caro l i n aCharlotte/MecklenburgUtilitiesDurham, City ofMetropolitan SewerageDistrict of Buncombe CountyOrange Water & SewerA u t h o r i t yUniversity of North Carolina,Chapel HillO h i oAkron, City ofButler County Department ofEnvironmental ServicesColumbus, City ofMetropolitan Sewer District ofGreater CincinnatiMontgomery, County ofNortheast Ohio RegionalSewer DistrictSummit, County ofO k l a h o m aOklahoma City Water &Wastewater UtilityDepartmentTulsa, City ofO re g o nAlbany, City ofClean Water ServicesEugene, City ofGresham, City ofPortland, City ofBureau of EnvironmentalServicesLake Oswego, City ofOak Lodge Sanitary DistrictWater Environment ServicesPennsylvaniaHemlock Municipal SewerCooperative (HMSC)Philadelphia, City ofUniversity Area Joint AuthoritySouth Caro l i n aCharleston Water SystemMount Pleasant Waterworks &Sewer CommissionS p a rtanburg Wa t e rTe n n e s s e eCleveland UtilitiesMurfreesboro Water & SewerDepartmentNashville Metro Wa t e rS e rv i c e sTe x a sAustin, City ofDallas Water UtilitiesDenton, City ofEl Paso Water Utilities

Fort Worth, City ofHouston, City ofSan Antonio Water SystemTrinity River AuthorityU t a hSalt Lake City CorporationVi rg i n i aAlexandria Sanitation AuthorityArlington, County ofFairfax CountyHampton Roads SanitationDistrictHanover, County ofHenrico, County ofHopewell RegionalWastewater TreatmentFacilityLoudoun WaterLynchburg RegionalWastewater Treatment PlantPrince William CountyService AuthorityRichmond, City ofRivanna Water & SewerAuthorityWa s h i n g t o nEverett, City ofKing County Department ofNatural ResourcesSeattle Public UtilitiesSunnyside, Port ofYakima, City ofWi s c o n s i nGreen Bay MetroSewerage DistrictKenosha Water UtilityMadison MetropolitanSewerage DistrictMilwaukee MetropolitanSewerage DistrictRacine, City ofSheboygan RegionalWastewater TreatmentWausau Water WorksWater Services Associationof AustraliaACTEW CorporationBarwon WaterCentral Highlands WaterCity West WaterColiban Water CorporationCradle Mountain WaterGippsland WaterGladstone Area Water BoardGold Coast WaterGosford City CouncilHunter Water CorporationLogan WaterMelbourne WaterOnstreamPower & Water CorporationSEQ WaterSouth Australia WaterCorporationSouth East Water LimitedSunshine Coast WaterSydney Catchment AuthoritySydney WaterWannon Regional WaterCorporationWatercare Services Limited (NZ)Water CorporationWater Distribution BrisbaneCity CouncilWestern WaterYarra Valley WaterC a n a d aEdmonton, City of/EdmontonWaste Management Centreof ExcellenceLethbridge, City ofRegina, City of,SaskatchewanToronto, City of, OntarioWinnipeg, City of, ManitobaS T O R M WATER UTILITYC a l i f o rn i aFresno Metropolitan FloodControl DistrictLos Angeles, City of,Department of Public WorksMonterey, City ofSan Francisco, City & County ofSanta Rosa, City ofSunnyvale, City ofC o l o r a d oAurora, City ofBoulder, City ofF l o r i d aOrlando, City ofI o w aCedar Rapids Wa s t e w a t e rF a c i l i t yDes Moines, City ofK a n s a sLenexa, City ofOverland Park, City ofK e n t u c k yLouisville & Jefferson CountyMetropolitan Sewer DistrictM a i n ePortland Water DistrictN o rth Caro l i n aCharlotte, City of,Stormwater ServicesP e n n s y l v a n i aPhiladelphia, City ofTe n n e s s e eChattanooga StormwaterManagementTe x a sHarris County Flood ControlDistrict, TexasWa s h i n g t o nBellevue Utilities DepartmentSeattle Public UtilitiesS TAT EConnecticut Department ofEnvironmental ProtectionKansas Department of Health& EnvironmentNew England InterstateWater Pollution ControlCommission (NEIWPCC)Ohio Environmental ProtectionAgencyOhio River Valley SanitationCommissionUrban Drainage & FloodControl District, COC O R P O R AT EADS LLCAdvanced Data MiningInternationalAECOMAlan Plummer & AssociatesAlpine Technology Inc.Aqua-Aerobic Systems Inc.Aquateam–Norwegian WaterTechnology Centre A/SARCADISAssociated EngineeringBernardin Lochmueller &AssociatesBlack & VeatchBlue Water Technologies, Inc.Brown & CaldwellBurgess & Niple, Ltd.Burns & McDonnellCABE Associates Inc.The Cadmus GroupCamp Dresser & McKee Inc.Carollo Engineers Inc.Carpenter EnvironmentalAssociates Inc.CET Engineering ServicesCH2M HILLCRA Infrastructure &EngineeringCONTECH StormwaterSolutionsD&B/Guarino Engineers, LLCDamon S. WilliamsAssociates, LLCEcovationEMA Inc.Environmental OperatingSolutions, Inc.Environ InternationalCorporationF a y, Spofford, & Thorndike Inc.Freese & Nichols, Inc.ftn Associates Inc.Gannett Fleming Inc.Garden & Associates, Ltd.Geosyntec ConsultantsGHD, Inc.Greeley and Hansen LLCHazen & Sawyer, P.C.HDR Engineering Inc.HNTB CorporationHydromantis Inc.HydroQual Inc.Infilco Degremont Inc.Jason Consultants LLC Inc.Jordan, Jones, & Goulding Inc.KCI Technologies Inc.Kelly & Weaver, P.C.Kennedy/Jenks ConsultantsLarry Walker AssociatesLimnoTech Inc.Lombardo Associates, Inc.The Low Impact DevelopmentCenter Inc.Malcolm Pirnie Inc.Material Matters, Inc.McKim & CreedMWHNTL Alaska, Inc.O’Brien & Gere Engineers Inc.Odor & Corrosion TechnologyConsultants Inc.Parametrix Inc.ParsonsPost, Buckley, Schuh & Jern i g a nP r a x a i r, Inc.RMC Water & EnvironmentRoss & Associates Ltd.SAICSiemens Water TechnologiesThe Soap & DetergentAssociationSmith & Loveless, Inc.Southeast EnvironmentalEngineering, LLCStearns & Wheler, LLCStone Environmental Inc.Stratus Consulting Inc.Synagro Technologies Inc.Tetra Tech Inc.Trojan Technologies Inc.Trussell Technologies, Inc.URS CorporationWallingford SoftwareWestin Engineering Inc.Wright Water EngineersZoeller Pump CompanyI N D U S T RYAmerican Electric PowerAmerican WaterAnglian Water Services, Ltd.Chevron Energy Te c h n o l o g yThe Coca-Cola CompanyDow Chemical CompanyDuPont CompanyEastman Chemical CompanyEli Lilly & CompanyInsinkEratorJohnson & JohnsonMerck & Company Inc.Procter & Gamble CompanySuez EnvironnmentUnited Utilities North West(UUNW)United Water Services LLCVeolia Water North AmericaNote: List as of 11/10/09

WERF Board of DirectorsC h a i rAlan H. Vicory, Jr., P.E.,BCEEOhio River Valley WaterSanitation CoVi c e - C h a i rWilliam P. Dee, P.E., BCEEMalcolm Pirnie, Inc.S e c re t a ryWilliam J. BerteraWater EnvironmentFederationTre a s u re rJeff TaylorFreese and Nichols, Inc.Patricia J. Anderson, P.E.Florida Department ofHealthJeanette A. Brown, P.E.,BCEE, D.WREStamford Water PollutionControl AuthorityCatherine R. GeraliMetro WastewaterReclamation DistrictCharles N. Haas, Ph.D.,B C E E MDrexel UniversityStephen R. MaquinSanitation Districts ofLos Angeles CountyKaren L. Pallansch, P.E.,BCEEAlexandria SanitationA u t h o r i t yRobert A. Reich, P.E.DuPont CompanyR. Rhodes Trussell, Ph.D., P. E .Trussell Technologies Inc.Rebecca F. WestSpartanburg WaterBrian L. WheelerToho Water AuthorityJoseph E. ZubackGlobal Water Advisors, Inc.Executive Dire c t o rGlenn ReinhardtWERF Research CouncilC h a i rKaren L. Pallansch, P.E.,BCEEAlexandria SanitationA u t h o r i t yVi c e - C h a i rJohn B. Barber, Ph.D.Eastman ChemicalCompanyWilliam J. Cooper, Ph.D.University of California-IrvineAnn Farrell, P.E.Central Contra CostaS a n i t a ry District (CCCSD)Robbin W. FinchBoise, City ofThomas Granato, Ph.D.Metropolitan WaterReclamation District ofGreater ChicagoJames A. HanlonU.S. EnvironmentalProtection AgencyJames A. Hodges, CPEng.Watercare ServicesLimitedDavid Jenkins, Ph.D.University of California atBerkeleyLloyd W. Johnson, M.P.D.,P.E.Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.Terry L. Johnson, Ph.D.,P.E., BCEEBlack & Veatch CorporationBeverley M. Stinson, Ph.D.AECOMSusan J. SullivanNew England InterstateWater Pollution ControlCommission (NEIWPCC)

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