Liquefaction for Highest Density Hydrogen Solutions - Linde ...

Liquefaction for Highest DensityHydrogen Solutions

Hydrogen SolutionsCleaner Livingthrough Technology.Hydrogen has been a key feedstock inthe chemical industry for over 100 years.Mixtures of hydrogen and air are not onlynontoxic, tasteless and odorless, they arealso combustible – and the only combustionproduct is water vapor. Besides, unlikedwindling fossil fuels, hydrogen is availablein virtually unlimited quantities. So there aregood reasons why it is increasingly regardedas vital to the future of the energy economy.From a safety standpoint too, hydrogen haslong been considered manageable. Intensiveresearch has made Linde a standard-bearerin the development of innovative hydrogentechnology and a leader in hydrogen plantengineering, production and distribution.The core competency of Linde Kryotechnik is inthe area of liquid hydrogen. Our efforts beginwith purification and liquefaction and run allthe way to distribution. All over the world wecan point with pride to projects under constructionand others successfully completed.

PurificationHydrogen has the most varied sources: It isa byproduct of chemical processes and isobtained by electrolysis, but most of all itcomes from the steam reforming of natural gas.It almost always needs one or more stages ofpurification before further processing. Pressure-swingadsorption (PSA), for example, is ademanding process in which Linde is deemedan expert the world over, offering systems withcapacities up to 100,000 Nm 3 /h and purities ofover 99.999 vol. %.LiquefactionFor highest density and economy space storage,hydrogen must be cooled and liquefied. LindeKryotechnik has more than forty years’ experiencein building hydrogen liquefaction plants.Industrial hydrogen liquefaction uses a varietyof processes with helium, hydrogen or gasmixtures as coolant. The hydrogen feed to theprocess is first cooled by liquid nitrogen, thenfurther cooled in multi-stage heat exchangers,where the cooling power is provided by turboexpanders. Liquefaction is finally accomplishedby throttling in a Joule-Thomson valve. Theliquid hydrogen is stored in an insulated tankfor further distribution.Capacities of Linde Kryotechnik hydrogen liquefiersrange from 150 l/h more than 20,000 l/h.StorageThere are two dominant methods for the efficientstorage of hydrogen: in tanks underhigh pressure at ambient temperature, and ininsulated vessels at low pressure and extremelylow temperature (–253 °C).Cryogenic liquefied hydrogen (LH 2) has theadvantages of a much greater energy contentper unit volume and a smaller volume requirementfor storage.The challenge for long-term storage of cryogenichydrogen is to reduce the evaporationrate, which means insulating the storage vessel.The special cryotanks developed by Linde haveadvantages based on the design – doublewalledmetal vessels with a vacuum betweenthe two containers – and the use of a specialinsulation.Linde Kryotechnik offers advanced, economicalsolutions for the storage of liquid hydrogen,from mobile tanks mounted in hydrogen-drivenvehicles up to large, stationary insulated tanks(as much as 300 m 3 in capacity).

2531Liquefier (cold box)1 Vacuum-insulated cold box2 Turbo expanders3 Valve plate4 Heat-exchanger blocks5 Liquid H 2discharge4Purification and liquefaction of H 2300 m 3 storage tank for LH 2Cold box and turbo expandersFilling StationBulk shipment of hydrogen to the dispensingstation takes place in LH 2container trucks withspecial tanks for cryogenic liquefied hydrogen.The truck container is filled from the fixed LH 2tank at a filling station within the liquefactionplant.While the cost of liquefaction does affectshipping costs, the energy density of hydrogenin liquid form is much greater.Stations dispensing liquid hydrogen use a specialLH 2pump devised by Linde, which ensuresrapid delivery and is as user-friendly as the gaspumps at a conventional filling station.Linde has all the know-how for the design andsafety engineering of liquid hydrogen fillingstations, whether at the liquefaction plant or atthe final filling station.DistributionDespite strenuous efforts with high-pressuregas, the efficiency in terms of shipping densitydoes not even come close to the efficiency ofthe liquid hydrogen. This statement applies toboth road and rail shipment. Linde Kryotechnikalso supplies tanks and containers, with advancedinsulation techniques.

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Deeds, not words.References of Hydrogen Liquefaction PlantsLinde Kryotechnik brings state-of-the-art components and systems to the global market.The table below lists projects from our reference list.SmallHydrogen Liquefier150 – 600 l/hMediumHydrogen Liquefier600 – 3,000 l/hBulkHydrogen Liquefier> 3,000 l/h• Beijing, China• Mahendragiri, India• Kimitsu, Japan• Ingolstadt, Germany• Saggonda, India• Magog, Canada• Osaka, Japan• Leuna, Germany• and elsewhere• and elsewhere• and elsewhereLinde Kryotechnik strive to improve its position as the technology leader in hydrogen solutionsthrough new products and innovative processes.Service and Sales PartnersChinaLinde AG, LE DivisionBeijing Representative OfficeRoom 401, Lido Commercial BuildingJichang Road, Beijing 100 004Phone +86.106.437 67 22+86.106.437 66 34Fax +86.106.437 67 18LindeChina@vip.163.comIndiaLinde Process Technologies India Ltd.38, Nutan Bharat SocietyAlkapuri390007 BarodaPhone +91.265.233 61 96+91.265 305 67 89Fax +91.265.233 52 13kamlesh.desai@linde-le.comwww.linde.comJapanTaiyo Nippon Sanso CorporationPlant Engineering CenterSpace & Cryogenic Equipment6-2 Kojima-Cho,Kawasaki-Ku Kanagawa Pref.210-0861 Kawasaki-CityPhone +81.442.88 53 06Fax +81.442.88 27 27takashi.fukano@tn-sanso.co.jpwww.tn-sanso.co.jpUSALinde BOC Process Plants LLC6100 South Yale AvenueSuite 1200Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136Phone +1.918.477 1200Fax +1.918.477 1100cps@lindebocpp.comwww.lindebocpp.comKoike Sanso Kogyo Co.3-1 Shinden 2 Chome272 Ichikawa City, ChibaPhone +81.473.76 36 33Fax +81.473.76 70 20t.fushimi@koikeox.co.jpwww.koikeox.co.jpLinde Kryotechnik AGDaettlikonerstrasse 5CH-8422 PfungenSwitzerlandPhone +41.52.304 05 55Fax +41.52.304 05 50info@linde-kryotechnik.chwww.linde-kryotechnik.ch