The Economic Value of Virunga National Park - World Wildlife Fund

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52 The Economic Value of Virunga National Park22. CDC, Air Pollution and Respiratory Health, http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/airpollution23. Ibid 18.24. DRC Commission for the Environment. 2013. Natural Resources and Tourism DraftHydrocarbon Bill.25. Vale Columbia Center on Sustainable International Investment. 2013. Comments on DRCdraft hydrocarbons law.26. Journal Officiel de la République Démocratique du Congo. 2011. Loi n° 11/009 du 09 juillet2011 portant principes fondamentaux relatifs a la protection de l’environnement.27. Kakira, L.M. 2010. Monitoring Law Enforcement Efforts and Illegal Activity in SelectedProtected Areas: Implications for Management and Conservation, Democratic Republic ofthe Congo.28. Davies, R., Mathias, S., Swarbrick, R. and M. Tingay. 2011. Probabilistic longevity estimatefor the LUSI mud volcano, East Java. Journal of the Geological Society 168: 517–523.29. Morgan, J. 2008. BBC News. Mud eruption ‘caused by drilling’, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7699672.stm30. Human Rights Watch. 1999. The Price of Oil, p 59.31. International Crisis Group. 2006. Africa Report. Nigeria: Want In the Midst of Plenty.32. UNDP. 2011. Niger Delta Human Development Report; UNEP Ogoniland Oil AssessmentReveals Extent of Environmental Contamination and Threats to Human Health, Case study 6.33. UNDP. 2006. Ogoniland Oil Assessment Reveals Extent of Environmental Contaminationand Threats to Human Health, http://www.unep.org/newscentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=2649&ArticleID=882734. Amnesty International. 2009. Petroleum, Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta.35. CEHRD. 2008. Report on the state of human rights abuses and violence in the Niger Deltaregion of Nigeria, p 157.36. Ibid 33.37. Ibid 34.38. Stephens, C. 2009. Amnesty International, Reader in International Environmental Health,Public and Environmental Health Research Unit Department of Public Health and Policy,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.39. BBC. January 2013. Shell Nigeria case: Court acquits firm on most charges, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-2125865340. Pole Institute. April 2013. The Desire to Maintain and Need to Survive: the Case of the LandArea of Rutshuru Hunting and Virunga National Park.41. Compared to resource deficient economies. ODI. 2006. Meeting the Challenge of the“Resource Curse” International Experiences in Managing the Risks and Realising theOpportunities of Non-Renewable Natural Resource Revenues.42. Humphreys, M., Sachs, J. and J.E. Stiglitz. 2007. Escaping the Resource Curse. ColumbiaUniversity Press, NY, USA. 408pp.43. Robinson, J.A., Torvik, R. and T. Verdier. 2006. Political foundations of the resource curse.Journal of Development Economics 79: 447-468.44. Shaxson, N. 2007. Oil, corruption and the resource curse. International Affairs 83:1123-1140.45. Ikelegbe, A. 2005. The Economy of Conflict in the Oil Rich Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.Nordic Journal of African Studies 14: 208-234.46. Ibid.47. The Guardian. 2012. Trade in smuggled fuel from Nigeria oils economies of West Africa,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/oct/02/smuggle-fuel-west-africa48. Kundu, B. February 2009. Le Pétrole de Moanda au Bas-Congo: Qui en Bénéficie?49. Ibid 40.
50. Environment for Development. November 2012. Evaluating the Prospects of Benefit SharingSchemes in Protecting Mountain Gorillas in Central Africa. Discussion Paper Series.51. Additional information on the assumptions used to calculate the jobs generated is includedin the annex.52. The report is not saying that the difference between the current and potential future annualvalue is the “marginal” benefits of sustainable management and improved governance.For this we would need to compare the potential the future scenario with sustainablemanagement with the scenario without sustainable management. The latter would need totake into account consider a wide range of other external factors which could be differentfrom the current scenario.53. Languy, M. and de Merode, E. 2009. Virunga, The Survival of Africa’s First National Park,Lannoo Publishing. Tielt, Belgium.54. These resources could for example cover salary and training of rangers dedicated to theprotection of the fauna and flora in the park.55. Ibid 40.56. Current regulations include (i) minimum dimension of fish net is 4.5 inches, (ii) breadingsides need to be respected, and (iii) not more than 700 boats should be allow on the lake.57. In the 1990s, Lake Edward was also home to the world’s largest population of hippos,numbering around 27,000. Lake Edward’s hippo population is now down to around 300.Poaching for food and the bushmeat trade is the main cause of the decline of hippos in DRC.The dramatic fall in hippo numbers has resulted in a rapid decline of the Lake Edward’s fishstocks, because hippo dung provides vital nutrients for fish.58. Consultations with national and international stakeholders.59. Fisheries and aquaculture country profiles – DRC, FAO, 2009. DRC’s annual production was240,000 tonnes and employed approximately 153,000 or one job per 1.57 tonne produced.60. Shared between the DRC and Uganda, Lake Edward has an area of 2,300 km² of which1,630 km² or 71 per cent is part of DRC and 670 km² or 29 per cent is part of Uganda.61. Trans-boundary collaboration, amongst the countries sharing the Great Rift Valley Lakes,represents an opportunity to identify sustainable fisheries management approaches.Uganda and DRC need to improve collaboration in the management of the lake to guaranteesustainability. ICCN is currently working to re-build the capacity of COOPEVI (Coopérativedes Pécheurs de Vitshumbi), the cooperative in charge of managing fisheries in the lake.IUCN is working with ICCN, local fishermen communities and civil society to improve foodsecurity and sustainable livelihoods through sound ecosystem based management of fisheryresources in Lake Edward. With an estimated production potential of 520,000 tonnes peryear, the Congo basin supports Africa’s largest inland fishery. 93 per cent of North Kivupopulation lives with less than US$1 per day; within this group two in five inhabitants arefood insecure and three in five children under five are stunted. Lake Edward represents acritical source of protein for local population.62. Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature.63. Nielsen, H. and Spenceley, A. 2010. The Success of Tourism in Rwanda – Gorillas andmore. World Bank and SNV.64. Habituation is the process through which wild animals slowly accept human observers asneutral elements of their environment. This is normally part of innovative approach toassisting in the conservation of wild animals. The process is generally achieved through aseries of repeated encounters. Virunga 2010 census.65. Permit for non-residents: Rwanda (US$750), Uganda (US$450), Virunga (US$400).International tourists spend on average US$1,623 per visit in Rwanda; this includes meals,accommodation, transportation and discretionary spending. Given the higher level ofexpenditure, only international tourists were included in the valuation. Ibid 63.The Economic Value of Virunga National Park 53
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