Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT 2nd - Listening

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02 Geology1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B)4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (C)people can help preserve their ecosystems by using thismethod. It also makes sure that no one area is farmed toomuch.03 Biology03 Office Visit1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (B)4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (A)TheoryAspartame cancause cancerAspartame’s SafetySupportRats that ate more aspartame were morelikely to develop cancer1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (C)Chapter 501 GeologyOrganization QuestionsIce WeatheringStep 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4Water getsinto the crackof a rockWater freezesand expandsIce acts asa wedge toexpand thecrack1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A)Ice thaws,leaving abigger crackSummary: The professor explains that ice weathering canbreak down rocks. It needs two particular preconditions todo this: water and cold temperatures. Both of thesepreconditions are not found in the tropics. When waterflows into cracks in rocks, it first freezes and then expands.Its volume increases by nine percent, letting the ice act likea wedge and putting pressure on the crack. This expandsthe crack, so after the ice melts, there is a wider crack leftin the rock.02 AgricultureDefinitionFarmers cut down and burnareas of a forest to createfields; later the forest cangrow backSlash-and-Burn FarmingAdvantageAffordable way for low-incomefamilies to get foodPreserves the ecosystem of theforest1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C)Summary: The professor explains that farmers use slashand-burnfarming to clear forests. They cut down and burntrees and plants to fertilize the soil and then crops areplanted. After the harvest, the farmers abandon the fieldsand the forest grows back. This type of farming is firstly anaffordable way for poor families to get food. Secondly,Summary: The professor states that many food producersuse sugar substitutes in their products. These are alsofound in diet sodas and snacks. An example is aspartamewhich some propose is unsafe. These critics think the longtermconsumption of aspartame may cause cancer. Anexperiment done on rats revealed this. Those who hadmore aspartame were more likely to get sick. Many otherexperiments show different results, but recent studies dosuggest there is a link.04 MeteorologyDefinitionPieces of glasscreated whenlightning strikessandFulguritesRoleScientists study fulgurites to learn their ageScientists study fulgurites to learn aboutpast climate conditions1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C)Summary: This lecture is on fulgurites which form whenlightning strikes some sand. Though lightning seems temporary,it leaves evidence. When it strikes, the intense heat meltssand, turning it into glass. Scientists find this glass interestingbecause it carries information about past climates. Scientistslook at gas bubbles inside fulgurites to learn about this.When fulgurites are heated they glow, and the more defectsthey have, the brighter they are. This way the scientistsknow how old fulgurites are.05 BiologyCausePeople importedmongoose to Hawaiiand Jamaica, believingit would eat ratsImporting the MongooseEffectMongooses did not reduce the ratpopulationIt hunted and threatened native species40 Answer Key
Answer Key1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)Summary: The professor says introducing species notnative to a place can be risky. Animals and plants that areimported often have an unexpected effect. The professorgives the example of a mongoose brought to Jamaica andHawaii. This was done to reduce rat numbers. Peoplehoped the mongoose population would eat all the rats.They didn’t just eat rats. As opportunistic hunters, they atemany small animals they found. They decimated many ofthe natural species like the Hawaiian goose.06 BiologyCauseLow serotonin in brainAn increase ofserotonin in brainBrain Chemistry and DepressionEffectDepression: feel sadness, low energy,bad moodRecover from depression, feel betteragain1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (A)Summary: The professor says scientists now better understandthe link between brain chemistry and mood. She says abrain chemical called serotonin can regulate how we feel.Serotonin is like a thermostat that affects feelings. Whenlevels are low, people feel depressed. They become sadand lethargic and often get no pleasure from life. By gettingexercise, changing their diet, or taking medicine, people canget better.07 Fine ArtsEarlyPhotographyImitated paintingsNatural subjectsStieglitz’s Photography: Early and LateBothPhotographyas fine artLate photographyNo longer imitated paintingFocused on representingeveryday life1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)08 BiologyTheoryA meteor caused a massextinction 250 million yearsagoMeteors and Mass ExtinctionsSupportRemains of a huge 250 millionyear old meteor have been foundin Antarctica1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)Summary: The professor explains that dinosaurs disappearedvery suddenly. He says a similar mass extinction occurredbefore dinosaurs lived. Most life on Earth was wiped out.Researchers think a meteor hit the Earth, causing climatechange. This catastrophic event is what killed early lifeforms. They know this because they found metal particlesin Antarctica. These tell us that a meteor fell. Anothermeteor killed dinosaurs. We have life on Earth todaybecause new forms emerge when old ones die out.09 AstronomyWhy Pluto is No Longer a PlanetTopic Classification ExplanationWhy Plutois no longera planetmust orbit the sunmust have enoughmass to be roundmust have cleared itsorbit of other objectsPluto orbits the sunPluto is roundPluto does not haveclear orbit1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D)Summary: The professor is discussing why Pluto is notreally a planet. There is now a stricter definition of what ittakes to be a planet. There are three things a space objectmust do to be called a planet. Firstly, it must orbit the sunand secondly, it must have enough mass for a round shape.The third thing is that the object’s orbit must be unobstructed.Pluto fails because it has an erratic orbit which sometimesoverlaps with Neptune’s.10 HistorySummary: The lecture is on the great American photographer,Alfred Steglitz. His main goal was to elevate the status ofphotography. Before his time, photography was seen asless expressive than other visual arts. Stieglitz aimed toimitate the style and composition of painting. He did so bycarefully manipulating his prints. After the First World War,his style changed. He now wanted to show the chaos andmotion of everyday life.DefinitionLighttwo-wheeledvehiclesChariots in Egyptian WarfareRoleMade Egyptian armies quicker and more efficientUsed to defend armies — chariots went intobattle firstCaused Egyptian soldiers to be better trainedAnswer Key 41
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