Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT 2nd - Listening

04 Service EncounterProblemStudent can’t find a book1. (B) 2. (C)Misplaced BookSolutionLibrarian finds book in thelibrary’s databaseSummary: A student is searching the library for a biographyof poet James Wright. He asks the librarian for help so sheasks him for the book’s call number. She uses this numberto search the library catalogue for the book. The librariancannot find it there but realizes it may have been scannedas a document. By checking the computer database, shefinds it. Now the student can print it out to complete hispaper on time.05 HistoryTheoryWho Discovered America?SupportChristopher Columbus Came to America in 1492Polynesians1. (C) 2. (B)Chicken bone foundSummary: A history professor is talking about ChristopherColumbus. He believes Columbus was not the first outsiderin the Americas. He says new evidence has shown thatPolynesians came there before 1492. Scientists know thisfrom a chicken bone found in Chile. The bone was from achicken from the Polynesian Islands. One of the students isnot convinced that the bone disproves Columbus was therefirst. The professor explains that the bone predates Columbus’sarrival by more than one hundred years.06 BiologyCauseChildren inheritsickle-cell traitfrom parents1. (B) 2. (B)Sickle-Cell TraitEffectInheriting from both parents causes a deadlydiseaseInheriting from one parent helpsprotect against malariaSummary: The biology professor is discussing sickle-celldisease. This disease is genetic which means you inherit itfrom your parents. If you get it from both your parents, youwill get sick and die. If you get the sickle-cell trait from onlyone parent, you will live. You will also be immune to malaria,another dangerous disease. Malaria is a parasitic diseasecarried by mosquitoes.07 Office VisitProblemWants to take a class again1. (D) 2. (B)Retaking a ClassSolutionBecome the professor’s TASummary: Brenda is talking to Professor Brown about hisTribal Culture course. She is fascinated by it and wants torepeat the class. Professor Brown tells Brenda about hiscourse for the next semester. It will focus on a tribe ofAfrican warriors called the Masai. He also tells her she willnot get any credits for taking his class a second time. Hesuggests that she become his teacher’s assistant. Then shewill get a credit for repeating his class.08 Service EncounterParking ProblemIssue Solution 1 Solution 2 Concern RefutationStudentneedsto find aplace toparkAttendantsuggestsparking atparkingmetersAttendantsuggestsstudentuse theparkingstructure1. (C) 2. (D)Studentthinks itwill be tooexpensiveAttendantsays structurecosts less atthe time of herclassSummary: A student wants to buy a parking permit for onesemester. The student does not want to pay for the wholeyear because she is going to graduate soon. The manexplains that the university doesn’t sell semester incrementsand tells her to try the parking meters. The student says shewon’t have time to fill the meter. She is scared her car willbe towed or ticketed. The man says she could park at thevisitor’s parking structure.09 HistoryTheoryDisappeared after a seriesof droughts destroyedfood sourceMayan’s DisappearanceSupportEvidence for dry periods found insediment samples taken off thecoast of Venezuela32 Answer Key

Answer Key1. (C) 2. (A)Summary: The professor explains to his history class thatdroughts destroyed the Mayan people. They needed water toproduce corn. Without water, their major food source didnot survive and so their civilization perished. Scientists havemade some amazing discoveries to prove this. They analyzedparts or segments of the ocean floor near Venezuela. Thecores of the ocean floor are made of layers of light and darksediment. The layers show how little rain fell there hundredsof years ago.10 ZoologyThe Complex Language of Prairie DogsTheoryPrairie dogs can communicatethrough a complex languageLanguage is a learned skill1. (A) 2. (A)SupportDigital records show specificrepeated patterns of soundHave terms for differentobjectsDifferent prairie dogcommunities have differentdialectsSummary: The professor says prairie dogs may have themost sophisticated language in the animal world. Scientistsrecorded their barks and yips and analyzed them. Theyfound that these dogs use nouns, verbs, and adjectives,and distinguish between colors. Their language is not universaland they use different dialects in different areas. The dogsalso make up new words. During a test, they made up aword for an oval shape. They use their language to defendthemselves.Chapter 201 AstronomyDetail QuestionsWhy Venus is Hotter than MercuryCauseHigh amount of greenhousegasesEffectThick atmosphereKeeps heat from escaping1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (C)Summary: A professor explains to his astronomy class whyVenus is hotter than Mercury. Venus is twice the distancefrom the sun than Mercury is, yet it is much hotter. This isbecause Venus has a thick atmosphere while Mercury hasnone. The sun’s heat is thus trapped on the surface of theplanet by carbon dioxide gas. Venus used to contain waterlike Earth, but it evaporated long ago. This helped create alot of greenhouse gases which trap heat.02 BotanyPlant PartCell WallsChloroplastsFunctions of Cell Walls and ChloroplastsRoleProvides support to the plantPrevents harmful substances from entering cellGives plants their green colorAbsorbs sunlight to create food1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (C)Summary: The teacher is discussing the differencesbetween plant and animal cells. Animals have skeletons togive their bodies shape and structure. Plant cells have cellwalls to provide shape and structure. The cell walls are rigidstructures around the cell membrane. They give cells supportand stop harmful substances from getting in. Plant cellsalso contain organelles called chloroplasts which absorbsunlight. They use this light along with water and carbondioxide to make food for the plant.03 Office VisitTurning in a Late ProjectIssue Solution Concern RefutationStudent wassick andcouldn’t turnin projectStudenttries toturn it inlateIt’s against theprofessor’s policyto accept latework1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C)She’ll make anexception to theruleSummary: A student’s essay on the economic recession islate. The professor is not happy because the studentskipped class. The student tells the professor he was sickthe day the essay was due. He says he knows that theprofessor likes to enforce the rule about late work. He saysthat he worked really hard and couldn’t find a number tocall. The professor tells him it’s okay but that next time heshould email her from a neighbor’s house.Answer Key 33

04 Service EncounterProblemStudent is goingto lose herscholarshipScholarshipSolutionWrite to the scholarship committee and askif she can take a summer course for therequired credit1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C)Summary: A student must drop a class due to a workconflict. If she stops taking the class, she will lose herscholarship. It’s also too late in the semester to transfer toanother course. The registrar suggests she take a summercourse that will give her the credits she needs. To get intothis program, she needs to write a letter to the university’sscholarship committee. She must explain her situation, andthen they will review her case and decide.05 LiteratureGreek and RomanPlaysFully developed maincharactersMain character has aflaw within himselfGreek and Roman Plays vs. Morality PlaysBothPlaysHas avillainMorality PlaysMain character representshumanity as a wholeMain character actuallyencounters the villain, whichis a vice1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B)Summary: This literature class is studying morality playsfrom the Middle Ages. The professor explains that manycharacters in these plays were simple and not complex.They represented good qualities called virtues, or badqualities called vices. The most evil character representedvices like greed. He was the villain of the play. He alwaystried to make the main character, Everyman, follow him.Everyman had to choose between following him and doingthe right thing.06 GeologyFormation of the Hawaiian IslandsStep 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4A hotspot inthe PacificOceanreleaseslavaLava buildsup andforms avolcanoThe volcanogets biggerand becomesan islandThe plate carriesthis island away,and new one ismade in the samespot1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (C)Summary: The professor mentions that there is a volcanichotspot located under the Hawaiian chain of islands. Thishotspot formed these islands. How this works is that astream of hot lava erupts onto the ocean floor. The lavacools and hardens, forming a volcano. This lava keepsspewing out until the volcano builds up to such a size thatan island is produced. When this island moves, more lavaproduces more islands in the gap. Then an island chain isformed.07 Office VisitProblemDance recital scheduled atthe same time as finalReschedulingSolutionReschedule the final if departmenthead allows it1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A)Summary: Steven is a dance major who wants to reschedulehis English final. This is because he has a mandatory dancerecital on the same day as his English exam. There is ascheduling conflict between the two exams. His professortells him he will have to talk to the head of the Englishdepartment. He must prove that the dance exam conflicts withthe English one by getting notes from his dance teachers.08 Service EncounterDisenrollmentProblem Solution Concern RefutationA studenthas beendisenrolledHe needs tore-register forhis classesClass mightfill up1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A)Talk with classprofessorSummary: A student has been disenrolled from his classes.The cashier uses his student ID to check what the reasonis. She tells him this has happened because he owes $75for a yoga class which he forgot to pay. He will also have toregister again for all his classes. He has been credited forwhat he’s paid so he won’t have to pay again. To keep hisclass that’s filled to capacity, he must explain the situationto his professor.34 Answer Key

Answer Key09 BotanyHow a Strangler Vine Kills a TreeStep 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4Seed isdroppedat the topof a treeVine growsdownwardsuntil itreaches thetree’s rootsVine thickensand flattensout until itcompletelyencases the tree1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C)Vine kills the treeby squeezingit to death orby blocking itssunlightSummary: The professor is talking about the strangler vine.Plants killed by this vine experience an agonizing death. Thevine’s seeds grow on top of the leaf canopy in South Americanrainforests. They then begin to grow downward. Once theyare rooted in the ground, they merge. They get thicker andflatten out so that they can encase trees completely. Thetrees die from being squeezed or getting no sunlight. Thenthey rot away leaving the vine in their form.21. O 22. O 23. O24. S 25. Sl Mini Test 1 l01 Biology1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B)4. (C) 5. (C)02 History1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C)4. (D) 5. (B)03 Service Encounter1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D)4. (A) 5. (A)10 Fine ArtsDefinitionA period ofPabloPicasso’s artPicasso’s Rose PeriodCharacteristicUsed more happier colors, like pink and orange;used less sad colors like blueCelebrated outsiders in society, like members ofthe circus, especially the harlequin clown1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D)Summary: The professor is discussing the work of PabloPicasso. Students have learned that during his “blue” period,Picasso painted using dark, depressing colors. This wasbecause he was mourning the death of a close friend whodied in 1901. When Picasso fell in love around 1904, he becamemore optimistic. In his “rose” period, he used happy pinkpigments and joyful oranges. He started painting circusperformers in their checkered patterned clothing. Thesehappy paintings sold well.l Vocabulary Review 1 l1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A)4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (C)7. (D) 8. (C)9. (A) 10. (C) 11. (C)12. (A) 13. (D) 14. (C)15. (B)16. defend 17. parasite 18. canopy19. merge 20. encaseChapter 301 BiologyFunction QuestionsFungiTypes Role ExampleMushroomsand moldUsed as importantmedicinesUsed for food productsPenicillin1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C)Bread, soda, soy sauceSummary: The biology teacher is discussing types of fungi.Fungi are living organisms that have many uses. The professorsays that mold growing on stale food like old fruit and breadcan sometimes save lives. Some, like penicillin, fight infections.Other types of fungi are used to make breads, candy, orsoda by producing a special kind of acid. Fungi also givesoy sauce its tasty flavor. So while they may often seemdisgusting, they are really quite useful.02 AstronomyThe Process of Atmospheric DistortionStep 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4Light raysfrom starsenterEarth’satmosphereLight rays hitair pocketsAir pocketsbend lightrays indifferentdirectionsLight rays strikethe eye at differentangles, makingstar look like it’stwinklingAnswer Key 35

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A)Summary: The professor explains that when stars twinkle,it is an illusion called atmospheric distortion. When stars giveoff rays of light, the rays travel into the Earth’s atmosphere.The atmosphere is not one big uniform blanket of molecules.It is made up of air currents called “pockets” that move atdifferent speeds. When starlight enters the atmosphere andhits these pockets, the light bends in random directions.Then when it enters our eyes, it appears as if the stars aretwinkling.03 Office VisitHard to Understand Professor’s LecturesProblem Solution Reason for the SolutionStudent ishaving troubleunderstandinglecturesGo to theprofessor’swebsiteStudent will be able to reviewthe key vocabulary forthe lecture ahead of time1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (B)Summary: Anja wants help from her English professor. Heasks her to proceed, so she explains that she struggles tounderstand his English classes. This is because English isher third language. The professor understands Anja’sdilemma but says he can’t alter his lectures just for her. Hesuggests that she check the class website before lectures.The professor posts lecture notes there which Anja can useto familiarize herself with class vocabulary.04 Service EncounterProblems Registering for a ClassIssue Solution Concern RefutationStudent can’tregister forbusinesscourseRegister laterafter businessstudentsregisterClass willfill up1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C)Probably not. It’snot very popularSummary: A student tells the counselor that he tried toregister online for a course called “Marketing Strategies.” Thecourse is currently restricted for freshmen. Only sophomoresand upper class business school students can register forthis course. A freshman who has not been admitted to thebusiness school has to wait to register. First, the older studentsmust sign up for the classes they need. This ensures thatbusiness students can take the courses they need.05 Fine ArtsPop Art vs. DadaismPop Art Both DadaismCelebrates popularsocietyPlayfulRejects traditionalhigh artUses everydayobjectsCriticizes popularcultureSomber1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A)Summary: The professor is talking about Dadaism and PopArt. She says that both movements developed in oppositionto "high art." Both rejected high art concerns like beautyand technique. The two movements were also different inmany ways. Dadaists wanted to show the excesses andwastefulness of society. Their art was often somber whereasPop Art was more playful. Pop artists embraced pop cultureand its products.06 BiologyConvenientAdvantagesHappens quicklySingle-Trait BreedingDisadvantagesProduces unwanted traitsCan cause brain damage1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D)Summary: In order to increase desirable traits in animals,breeders carefully choose which animals to mate. Anexample would be to breed chickens with big muscles. Thistechnique is called single-trait breeding. This process is soquick that in one year they can breed two generations ofchickens. There are also dangers to this breeding style. Forexample, fat chickens will have deformed legs because theyare so heavy. It can also cause psychological damage toanimals.07 Office VisitProblemStudent can’t affordrequired software for classExpensive SoftwareSolutionBuy it at the bookstore, whichoffers it to students for halfprice1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C)36 Answer Key

Answer KeySummary: A student wants to take a computer graphicscourse. She is worried because the software she needs toinstall on her computer is expensive. The professor tells herthis software is required so that students can generategraphics on their computers. Without access to the software,the class will not be of much use. The professor says thestudent can purchase the software for half price at theuniversity bookstore.08 Service EncounterProblemStudent wants toattend scienceconference, but it’stoo expensiveHow to Get Funds to Attend a ConferenceSolutionScience department will contribute $100to cover expensesApply to Student Senate for sponsorship1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (C)Summary: A student wants to attend a conference inHouston but is worried about money. He wants to knowhow to raise the money to go. The woman tells him that thescience department contributes $100 to every student whogoes to a conference. She says he can also apply to theStudent Senate. They usually sponsor academic projects ortrips and they have a large budget.09 EconomicsAdvantageAllow businesses to controlindustryGive businesses more powerto influence public policyTrade AssociationsDisadvantageCan give some businesses anunfair advantage over othersCan’t punish businesses thatbehave immorally1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A)Summary: The professor is talking about trade associations.They form when businesses work together and pool resources.By doing this, they have more influence. Huge corporationshave power to act alone, but small businesses need help.Trade associations set standards for good conduct. They don’tsupport businesses that act in immoral ways. The problem withthese groups is that they sometimes stop new businessesfrom joining them. They also don’t have much power topunish offenders.10 BiologyDefinitionA strategy in which anorganism fools its prey orhost by acting like anotherharmless organismAggressive MimicryRoleUsed by predators toattract or approach preyUsed by parasites to enterhost’s body1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (B)Summary: The professor is discussing aggressive mimicrywhich is when a predator acts harmless to get near its prey.Then the organism it is hunting doesn’t get scared or runaway. Examples of this are turtles whose tongues look likeworms and help them catch fish. Sometimes parasites lookedible because they want to get eaten so that they can liveoff of their host. Examples are worms that look like smallcrustaceans. They get eaten by large fish and live off ofthem.Chapter 401 HistoryStance QuestionsHow Over-Plowing Caused the Dust BowlCauseFarmers plowed muchof the grasslandsduring the DepressionImmediate EffectThere was nothingleft to hold the soildown when thedrought and highwinds hit1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (B)Further Effect(economic)GreatDepressionbecame moreseriousSummary: The professor is discussing the causes of theDust Bowl, a period of dust storms that destroyed many cropsduring the Great Depression of the 1930s. The professorexplains that the crop failure was the result of farmers plowingthe Great Plains. By doing an excessive amount of this,grasslands were left exposed. Farmers could not alwaysafford to seed them. Without grass, there was nothing toanchor the soil. When disastrous droughts came, winds blewit away.Answer Key 37

02 BiologyAdvantageCould end starvationCould help end widespreadpovertyGMOsDisadvantageCould lessen lifespan of ladybugsEasy to contaminate other cropsSummary: A student wants some advice from her ResidentAdvisor. She lives in a dormitory and has problems with hernoisy roommate, Susan. The advisor says that if Susankeeps violating the university’s noise ordinance, she will befined $30. The advisor suggests that the girl first speak toSusan and explain things. He says Susan may not knowthat she is bugging the girl. He wants them to talk before heintervenes.1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)Summary: The biology professor is discussing GeneticallyModified Organisms, special types of plants like cotton orcorn. They have been modified in labs to grow better. Thiswas done to help countries that struggle with starvation andpoverty. The professor understands the plight of the poor.She is also worried about GMOs’ long-term effects. Sheuses the example of ladybugs that ate aphids that fed offthese plants. Their lifespan was reduced by half. GMOs alsocontaminate natural crops.03 Office VisitProblemStudent didn’tmeet a requirementfor an internshipApplying for an InternshipSolutionProfessor will meet with the internshipdirector and give the student a personalrecommendation1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)Summary: Jill wants to take an English internship heruniversity offers. In order to qualify for it, she needs to havetaken a special English course. Her professor is not thedirector of the program, but Jill thinks he can help her. Shehopes the university will make an exception for her. This isbecause her English course is very similar to the requiredcourse. Her professor agrees to give his recommendationby visiting Mr. Peterson personally.04 Service EncounterProblemA student has aroommate who likesto party; studentcan’t study and sleepNoisy RoommateSolutionResident advisor could speak to herStudent could talk to the roommate first1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B)05 BiologyDarwinian Evolution vs. Punctuated EquilibriumDarwinianEvolutionEvolution happensover long periodsof timeBothEvidence for bothappears in fossilrecords1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (A)PunctuatedEquilibriumEvolution occurs inrapid spurtsSummary: The teacher is discussing two different theoriesof evolution. One of these is Darwin’s idea. His theory statesthat adaptations happen slowly. He believed change took along time. Another theory says changes happen quickly.This theory states that gradual evolution does not happen.The professor says that Darwin’s theory is flawed but notwrong. She says fossil records show that changes usuallyhappen slowly.06 AstronomySupportTiny grooves on a rockfrom Mars appeared tobe bacteria fossilsCalcium carbonatewas found on the rockLife on MarsCriticismGrooves are much smaller than anybacteria fossils found on EarthCalcium carbonate is commonlyfound on meteoritesIt probably did not come from naturalorganisms1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)Summary: The professor is talking about the 1996 discoveryof a meteorite in Antarctica. This space rock was ejectedfrom the planet Mars about 10,000 years ago. Scientistsfound calcium carbonate in cracks on the rock. This is oftenmade by tiny living creatures called microorganisms. Thescientists got excited and looked at the rock through apowerful microscope. They found tiny grooves in the rock’scracks. They thought this showed there was life on Mars,but they were wrong.38 Answer Key

Answer Key07 Office VisitDoing Badly in a CourseIssue Solution Concern RefutationStudentneeds a B inPsychologyto get into theprogramHe can getpoints byvolunteeringforexperimentsStudentthinks thiscould beharmful1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C)Professor tellshim that allexperiments arepre-approvedSummary: Jake is a psychology student who needs toraise his grade average. He’s been having trouble graspingall the concepts and did badly on two tests. The professortells him he can earn additional points which will raise hisgrade. He can participate in psychology experiments run bythe graduate students. Jake is afraid to volunteer, but theprofessor assures him it is completely safe.08 Service EncounterProblemStudent cannot bein a harder classbecause she didn’tscore high enough onthe placement examSkipping an Introductory CourseSolutionStudent offers to take the placementexam againThe CLEP could place her out of theclass and give her credit for it1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B)Summary: A student enquires why she must do anintroductory math course. She thinks there has been a mistakewith her placement results. She wants the department headto waive her out of the course. The head asks for her collegeentrance exam score and discovers she didn’t do wellenough. He doesn’t advise her to retake the test. Instead,he suggests she takes the College Level ExaminationProgram test and receive credit.09 HistoryGilpin’s View vs. Powell’s View of the WestGilpin’s ViewLots of waterGood for agricultureWater was rarePowell’s ViewAgriculture worthless without water1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A)Summary: The history professor is telling his class abouttwo American explorers. The first, William Gilpin, had a faultyview of the American West. He described it as a paradiseand said it was ideal for human settlement. Gilpin said thisarea would be good for highly successful agriculture. Hesaid there was a lot of water. The professor says peopledepended on Gilpin’s expertise but what he said waswrong. John Wesley Powell’s views were right on target.10 PsychologyPositive ReinforcementTheory of ReinforcementPeople and animals learn when theyget rewards for actions performedNegative ReinforcementPeople and animals learn whenunpleasant objects are taken away1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C)RefutationDoesn’t take free will intoconsideration; people andanimals can choose not todo somethingSummary: The class is discussing B.F. Skinner’s theory ofbehaviorism. This is a theory about how animals and peoplelearn things. It suggests that they learn things based onwhat they receive. If they receive something nice, they dothe act again. The presentation of the object is consideredpositive. The object should reinforce their action. Theirbehavior can thus be changed or controlled. Skinnerbelieved that you could condition animals and people like this.The class thinks Skinner underestimated people and animals.l Vocabulary Review 2 l1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C)4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (B)7. (A) 8. (A)9. (D) 10. (A) 11. (C)12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (A)15. (D)16. disgusting 17. mold 18. contribute19. contaminates 20. acid21. abide 22. sponsor 23. reality24. desirable 25. fadel Mini Test 2 l01 Biology1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A)4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (B)Answer Key 39

02 Geology1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B)4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (C)people can help preserve their ecosystems by using thismethod. It also makes sure that no one area is farmed toomuch.03 Biology03 Office Visit1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (B)4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (A)TheoryAspartame cancause cancerAspartame’s SafetySupportRats that ate more aspartame were morelikely to develop cancer1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (C)Chapter 501 GeologyOrganization QuestionsIce WeatheringStep 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4Water getsinto the crackof a rockWater freezesand expandsIce acts asa wedge toexpand thecrack1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A)Ice thaws,leaving abigger crackSummary: The professor explains that ice weathering canbreak down rocks. It needs two particular preconditions todo this: water and cold temperatures. Both of thesepreconditions are not found in the tropics. When waterflows into cracks in rocks, it first freezes and then expands.Its volume increases by nine percent, letting the ice act likea wedge and putting pressure on the crack. This expandsthe crack, so after the ice melts, there is a wider crack leftin the rock.02 AgricultureDefinitionFarmers cut down and burnareas of a forest to createfields; later the forest cangrow backSlash-and-Burn FarmingAdvantageAffordable way for low-incomefamilies to get foodPreserves the ecosystem of theforest1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C)Summary: The professor explains that farmers use slashand-burnfarming to clear forests. They cut down and burntrees and plants to fertilize the soil and then crops areplanted. After the harvest, the farmers abandon the fieldsand the forest grows back. This type of farming is firstly anaffordable way for poor families to get food. Secondly,Summary: The professor states that many food producersuse sugar substitutes in their products. These are alsofound in diet sodas and snacks. An example is aspartamewhich some propose is unsafe. These critics think the longtermconsumption of aspartame may cause cancer. Anexperiment done on rats revealed this. Those who hadmore aspartame were more likely to get sick. Many otherexperiments show different results, but recent studies dosuggest there is a link.04 MeteorologyDefinitionPieces of glasscreated whenlightning strikessandFulguritesRoleScientists study fulgurites to learn their ageScientists study fulgurites to learn aboutpast climate conditions1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C)Summary: This lecture is on fulgurites which form whenlightning strikes some sand. Though lightning seems temporary,it leaves evidence. When it strikes, the intense heat meltssand, turning it into glass. Scientists find this glass interestingbecause it carries information about past climates. Scientistslook at gas bubbles inside fulgurites to learn about this.When fulgurites are heated they glow, and the more defectsthey have, the brighter they are. This way the scientistsknow how old fulgurites are.05 BiologyCausePeople importedmongoose to Hawaiiand Jamaica, believingit would eat ratsImporting the MongooseEffectMongooses did not reduce the ratpopulationIt hunted and threatened native species40 Answer Key

Answer Key1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)Summary: The professor says introducing species notnative to a place can be risky. Animals and plants that areimported often have an unexpected effect. The professorgives the example of a mongoose brought to Jamaica andHawaii. This was done to reduce rat numbers. Peoplehoped the mongoose population would eat all the rats.They didn’t just eat rats. As opportunistic hunters, they atemany small animals they found. They decimated many ofthe natural species like the Hawaiian goose.06 BiologyCauseLow serotonin in brainAn increase ofserotonin in brainBrain Chemistry and DepressionEffectDepression: feel sadness, low energy,bad moodRecover from depression, feel betteragain1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (A)Summary: The professor says scientists now better understandthe link between brain chemistry and mood. She says abrain chemical called serotonin can regulate how we feel.Serotonin is like a thermostat that affects feelings. Whenlevels are low, people feel depressed. They become sadand lethargic and often get no pleasure from life. By gettingexercise, changing their diet, or taking medicine, people canget better.07 Fine ArtsEarlyPhotographyImitated paintingsNatural subjectsStieglitz’s Photography: Early and LateBothPhotographyas fine artLate photographyNo longer imitated paintingFocused on representingeveryday life1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)08 BiologyTheoryA meteor caused a massextinction 250 million yearsagoMeteors and Mass ExtinctionsSupportRemains of a huge 250 millionyear old meteor have been foundin Antarctica1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)Summary: The professor explains that dinosaurs disappearedvery suddenly. He says a similar mass extinction occurredbefore dinosaurs lived. Most life on Earth was wiped out.Researchers think a meteor hit the Earth, causing climatechange. This catastrophic event is what killed early lifeforms. They know this because they found metal particlesin Antarctica. These tell us that a meteor fell. Anothermeteor killed dinosaurs. We have life on Earth todaybecause new forms emerge when old ones die out.09 AstronomyWhy Pluto is No Longer a PlanetTopic Classification ExplanationWhy Plutois no longera planetmust orbit the sunmust have enoughmass to be roundmust have cleared itsorbit of other objectsPluto orbits the sunPluto is roundPluto does not haveclear orbit1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D)Summary: The professor is discussing why Pluto is notreally a planet. There is now a stricter definition of what ittakes to be a planet. There are three things a space objectmust do to be called a planet. Firstly, it must orbit the sunand secondly, it must have enough mass for a round shape.The third thing is that the object’s orbit must be unobstructed.Pluto fails because it has an erratic orbit which sometimesoverlaps with Neptune’s.10 HistorySummary: The lecture is on the great American photographer,Alfred Steglitz. His main goal was to elevate the status ofphotography. Before his time, photography was seen asless expressive than other visual arts. Stieglitz aimed toimitate the style and composition of painting. He did so bycarefully manipulating his prints. After the First World War,his style changed. He now wanted to show the chaos andmotion of everyday life.DefinitionLighttwo-wheeledvehiclesChariots in Egyptian WarfareRoleMade Egyptian armies quicker and more efficientUsed to defend armies — chariots went intobattle firstCaused Egyptian soldiers to be better trainedAnswer Key 41

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (A)Summary: The professor says a two-wheeled vehiclecalled a chariot transformed ancient Egypt. People calledthe Hyksos used these to conquer Egypt in 1700 B.C.E.The Egyptians fought back and gained control of theircountry again. Then they built lighter, faster vehicles likethis, which changed their warfare style. The Egyptian armynow made war with people outside their lands becausethey could travel farther. Chariots also gave them a tacticaladvantage. One soldier drove while another shot arrows.Chapter 601 Fine ArtsContent QuestionsGreek Theaters vs. Elizabethan TheatersGreek Theaters Both Elizabethan TheatersBuilt on hillsContainedorchestrasBuilt on hillsOpen-air stagesContained “pits”Had areas forsingers anddancersSeated at least15,000 peopleOpen-air stagesGreekTheaters√√ElizabethanTheaters√Wooden constructionsContained “pits”BothSummary: This lecture is on Greek and Elizabethan theaters.Greek theaters were built outside on hillsides and had stonebenches for the audience. The stages of these theaterswere circular in shape. Dancers would perform, and singerswould narrate stories here. They were immense in size,seating about 15,000 people. Elizabethan theaters weremade of wood and their stages were roofless. They werethe same shape as Greek theaters and also seated 15,000people, but they had “pits.”02 GeologyTriggerEarthquakeMeteor ImpactCreation of TsunamisEffects of TsunamiWaves rapidly travel outwardWaves strike coastlines√Series of fast-moving wavesUnderwater earthquakeMeteor ImpactCauses ofTsunamis√√Effects ofTsunamisSummary: The professor is telling her class abouttsunamis, which are giant waves. They form whenmassive amounts of water are displaced. There are twothings that can trigger this. One is a meteor impact, whichis when a space rock falls into the ocean, making big waves.The other trigger is when earthquakes shove part of theEarth’s crust upwards. This force can also create tsunamis,and the result is often large-scale destruction.03 Office VisitProblemStudent keeps falling asleepin classHe works at night.He finds the class is boring.He stays up late studying.He does not sleep enough.Falling Asleep in ClassSolution√Change to an afternoon classReasonsGiven√Reasons NotGivenSummary: John’s professor is concerned because he oftenfalls asleep in class. John explains that this is his favoriteclass, but his delivery job is the problem. He works late hoursdelivering pizzas and doesn’t sleep enough. The professorsuggests John sign up for the afternoon section. Since theclass is in the same location and covers the same work,John can switch classes.04 Service EncounterProblemStudent needs helppaying for books andtuition√Getting Money for SchoolSolution√√Get a part-time jobApply for private scholarshipsGet an internship42 Answer Key

Answer KeyGet a work visaFind a part-time jobApply for governmentscholarshipsResearch internshipsSuggestionsGiven√Suggestions NotGivenSummary: Juan is an international student. He is not eligiblefor government scholarships or financial aid like other students.He still has a problem paying for his tuition and books becausethese are very expensive. The advisor asks Juan if his studentvisa allows him to work. Juan says it does so she suggestshe get a part-time job or he apply, for private funding.05 Geology√CalderasTopic Classification CauseVolcanic calderasCaldera can beseen todayMagma chamberscollapsedCaldera created byexplosionRemains anactive volcanoExplosiveNon-explosiveMt. St.Helens√EruptionCollapseKilauea√√√BothSummary: The professor is explaining what volcanic calderasare. He tells students there are two types of this geologicalfeature. The typical shape of a volcano is conical. It also has abig crater at the top of it which is the caldera. This type is formedwhen a volcano explodes and leaves a big hole. The othertype of caldera is formed when a magma chamber emptiesand collapses. There is no violent explosion in this case.06 PhysicsAdvantageCosts very little to produceenergyCreates no pollutionGeothermal EnergyDisadvantage√√Can only use in a few placesCan run out unpredictablyAvailable locationsCostPollution levelReliabilityAdvantages√√DisadvantagesSummary: The professor is telling his students about geothermalenergy. He says this is a good sustainable energy sourcewhich allows us to harness the Earth’s heat. It involves diggingholes in the Earth to collect steam. It has big advantagesbecause it costs very little once facilities have been built.Another advantage is that it produces no pollution. The badthing is that steam is only found in certain places and is veryunpredictable.07 Office VisitProblemStudent is not takinggood notes in classSit at the front of the classCopy the professor’s outlineWrite every word saidUse abbreviationsBad Note-Taking SkillsSolution√√Copy outline before class startsFill in subtopicsUse abbreviations and symbolsSuggestionsGiven√SuggestionsNot GivenSummary: A student is missing important information in hisnotes. His professor thinks his notes are incomplete and hisstyle needs improvement. She suggests that he copy downher outline so he can keep up with main ideas. She says thiscan also help him fill in the subtopics. She says understandinga lecture’s organization is important. She also wants him totry and abbreviate words and use symbols so his handdoesn’t cramp.08 Service Encounter√Difficulty Registering for ClassesProblemStudent cannot register fromhome using the university websiteSolution√√Download a different webbrowserAnswer Key 43

Should DoDoesn’t Need to Do10 BiologyUse a computer oncampusDownload a differentbrowserRegister in personUse her login nameand password√√√√TheoryBirds are directdescendants ofcoelurosauriandinosaursOrigin of BirdsSupportBoth have hollow bonesBoth have feathers and scalesBoth have similar skeletal structuresSummary: A student wants to register using the universitywebsite but is having trouble. When she types in her loginname and her password the server remains unavailable.The man asks her what web browser she is using on her homecomputer. He explains that this software is not compatiblewith the university’s software. He tells her about a free programshe can download to register from home.09 HistoryCauseDuke Williamof NormandyconqueredEngland in 1066Norman Conquest and English CultureEffectAnglo-Saxon nobility lost land and powerAnglo-Saxon Church leaders were replacedEnglish language adopted French and LatinwordsDinosaurs laid eggs like birdsSome dinosaurs hadhollow bonesSome dinosaurs could flyFeathers and scales growfrom similar tissueMentions asEvidenceDoesn’t Mentionas EvidenceSummary: The teacher discusses a controversial theoryabout the origin of birds. This popular theory claims birdsare direct descendants of dinosaurs. Bird bones are hollowinside just like those of certain dinosaurs. She says thatthese dinosaurs also had feathers like birds. She tells theclass that birds also have scales on their feet, making themlike dinosaurs. These grow from the same type of tissuethat produces feathers. The third similar thing is theirstructural skeletal features.√√√√ResultsNot ResultsEnglish borrowed German wordsChurch leadership changedEngland got a new kingAnglo-Saxons moved to France√√√√Chapter 701 SociologyInference QuestionsSummary: The class is discussing the Norman conquest ofEngland by William the Conqueror. This king assembled anarmy in 1066 and invaded England. The people in Englandwere called Anglo-Saxons, and their ancestors wereGerman. William took all the land and power from theAnglo-Saxon nobility. He also removed their leaders frompowerful positions in the Church. He was very thoroughbecause he wanted his conquest to last a long time. Hemade his monarchy the most powerful in Europe.CauseA bigger female takes overthe nestDivorce Among Blue TitsEffectSmaller female is forced todivorce her mateInvading female becomes newfemale of the nest1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B)Summary: The professor explains that divorce is not just ahuman phenomenon. It occurs among birds such as bluetits too. These birds are socially monogamous but have a50% divorce rate. After divorce, the male stays, and thefemale leaves the nest. Blue tits divorce because of femalecompetition, not because females leave their mates foranother male. Bigger females chase weaker females fromthe territory. In this way, the stronger female breaks up theinitial mating pair.44 Answer Key

Answer Key02 LinguisticsWomen’s Use of Intonation in StatementsAdvantageAppears cooperative to afemale listenerDisadvantageAppears to lack confidence to amale listener1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D)Summary: The professor is discussing how women userising intonation which makes them sound like they’re askingquestions. They don’t sound like they’re stating facts. In abusiness environment, this is good and bad. To females,conversations are cooperative activities. Women feel thatby phrasing statements as questions, they give listeners achance to reply. Males think rising intonation shows weakness.They think women who do this seem unsure of themselves.Men think it is good to sound assertive when speaking.03 Office VisitProblemStudent is worried about herfirst college research paperassignmentResearch Paper AssignmentSolutionProfessor offers to look overher draft to help her feel lessnervous1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C)Summary: The student talks to the professor about herresearch paper. She says she is nervous about it because itis her first paper. He says this attitude is common amongfreshmen and that writing like a senior takes time. He saysshe could write a draft before the deadline, and he will providefeedback on it. She agrees to send a draft to the emailaddress on the syllabus.04 Service EncounterProblemStudent is worried aboutpurchasing a meal plansince she is allergic to dairyproductsProblems with Meal PlansSolutionEmployee reassures her thatshe can get non-dairy meals oncampus1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D)Summary: A freshman must buy a meal plan because thisis university policy. The student is allergic to dairy productsbut does not want to buy food anywhere else. She is toldthat dining services do offer non-dairy meals. They offer soymilk and soy-based products. They also have special mealdays for international students. These feature foods fromdifferent countries. That way, all students get a taste ofhome.05 EconomicsManagement: Classical View vs. Acceptance ViewClassical View Both Acceptance ViewTop downEmployees obligatedto obeyDeal with legalauthorityBottom up1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C)Employees chooseto obeySummary: The professor discusses two ideas about howto be a manager. These ideas have to do with legal authority.The classical view of management is top down. Managersgive orders and believe workers have an obligation to followthem. They think workers should obey them. They thinkthey deserve obedience. Another view sees authority asbeing in the hands of workers. This is called the acceptanceview. A manager using this idea thinks he should gain theobedience of workers.06 PsychologyTheoryPeople willexplain resultsin one of thetwo followingways:InternalFactorsExternalFactorsThe Attribution Theory and Behavior ChangeConsequencesPeople whothink resultsare caused byinternalfactors aremore likelyto change theirbehaviorPeople whothink resultsare caused byexternalfactors are lesslikely tochange theirbehaviorSupportChildren stoppedbeing messywhen theyrealized they werethe ones causingthe messAnswer Key 45

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B)Summary: The Attribution Theory is how people explainresults. Results can be caused by either external or internalfactors. People attribute success or failure to these factors.If a person thinks something happens because of internalthings, they change their behavior. When people thinksomething happens due to externals, the reverse is true. Inan experiment teachers gave children candy. The childrenthrew the wrappers on the floor until they learned to beneat. Then they threw them in the trash can.07 Office VisitProblemStudent flunked his test andis worried about his gradeTrouble with a Math TestSolutionProfessor might throw out badtest if student does well on allfuture tests1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (B)Summary: Trey is worried he may flunk math. He asks hisprofessor if he can do some extra credit to bring his testgrade up. His history professor let him do this last semester.Trey explains that he was sick when he took the math testand has a note from the nurse to prove it. The professorsays she will think about throwing out his grade for the testif he gets better than a B-average in remaining tests.08 Service EncounterProblemA student’s clothes weredamaged by a leak in herdorm roofA Leaky RoofSolutionHousing department willcompensate the student andrepair the leaky roof1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B)Summary: A student wants to file a complaint with thehousing department because of a leak in her ceiling. Theleak caused filthy water to come into her closet. Many of herclothes were ruined and they also stink. She complains thatshe lost half of her wardrobe. The man apologizes and saysit’s because of unexpectedly heavy rain. He tells her to fillout a form so that a check can be written to compensateher for her loss.09 HistoryCauseDeforestation ofEaster IslandThe Decline of the Easter Island CivilizationEffectWithout trees for boats, fishing declinedWithout fish, people used up other naturalresourcesPolitical leaders failed to solve problemsand order broke down1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C)Summary: The professor is discussing why the greatcivilization of Easter Island ended. He says a new theorysuggests the principal cause was deforestation. Once, theisland was covered with abundant forests and palm trees.Islanders used these trees to build houses and boats. Thelatter were used for fishing which formed the core of theisland’s economy. In other words, these forests were essentialto the islanders’ survival. When the trees were gone, theycould no longer survive.10 Environmental ScienceTheoryEarth’s temperatureis getting hotterbecause of humanactivityGlobal WarmingCriticismTemperature of an important layer of theatmosphere is not getting hotterNatural causes may be responsible forany changes in the Earth’s temperature1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B)Summary: The professor is discussing global warming.This theory states that burning fossil fuels produces gases.These gases heat up the Earth. Some critics argue againstthis theory because for many years, a lower layer of theEarth’s atmosphere has not heated up. It is called thetroposphere. Critics contend that land gets hot in urbanareas because trees are cut down. They also say the Earth’stemperature always changes in cycles.l Vocabulary Review 3 l1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C)4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (A)7. (A) 8. (A)9. (D) 10. (D) 11. (C)12. (D) 13. (A) 14. (B)15. (C)46 Answer Key

Answer Key16. crust 17. crater 18. erupt19. catastrophic 20. decimate21. orchestrate 22. relaxed 23. increase24. rural 25. dirtyl Mini Test 3 l01 Psychology1. (C) 2. (B)3.Predict success in schoolReflect prior knowledgeMeasure creativitySelect good leaders4. (A) 5. (C)YES√√NO√√Practice Test01 Psychology1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D)4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (D)02 Genetics7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (A)10. (B) 11. (A) 12. (D)03 Office Visit13. (D) 14. (D) 15. (C)16. (D) 17. (B)04 Environmental Science02 Chemistry1. (C) 2. (B)3.Friction causes hydrogen atoms to fuse into helium 2Sun totally runs out of hydrogen 4Gas and dust collapse inside stellar nursery 1Sun expands to 30 times its current size 34. (B) 5. (D)18. (B) 19. (C) 20. (D)21. (D) 22. (B)23.Streambed destructionFloodingSinkholesDrought05 PsychologyMentioned√√√Not Mentioned√03 Biology1. (C) 2. (B)3.Giganto co-existed with early humans.Early humans hunted Giganto.Giganto ate bamboo.Giganto had pitted teeth.4. (A) 5. (C)FACT√√THEORY√√24. (A) 25. (D) 26. (A)27. (B)28.Acquired atbirthIndividuals rankthem differentlyFound in allindividualsLearned overlifetimePhysiologicalNeeds√PsychogenicNeeds√√Both√29. (D)Answer Key 47

06 Service Encounter30. (B) 31. (D) 32. (B)33. (C)34.Task Mentioned Not MentionedCheck the bookshelfin the library√Talk to the librarianAsk for a writtenconfirmationRegister in thecomputer lab√√√48 Answer Key