India's Ad Hoc Arsenal - Publications - SIPRI

More documents

Recommendations

Info

xiiIDSAIMFINAINCIRBMISCISROJICLCALTTEMBTMEAMODMoUMQMMRCAMTCRNALNAMNATONEFANPTOECDINDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALOPECPACPACCPPRCR&DRAPPRDFSAARCSALTSAMSEATOSLOCSLVUNInstitute for Defence Studies and AnalysisInternational Monetary FundIndian National ArmyIndian National CongressIntermediate-range ballistic missileInter-Service CommitteeIndian Space Research OrganisationJoint Intelligence Committee of the CabinetLight Combat AircraftLiberation Tigers of Tamil EelamMain battle tankMinistry of External AffairsMinistry of DefenceMemorandum of UnderstandingMohajir Qaumi MahazMulti-Role Combat AircraftMissile Technology Control RegimeNational Aeronautics LaboratoryNon-aligned movementNorth Atlantic Treaty OganizationNorth-East Frontier AgencyNon-Proliferation TreatyOrganization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopmentOrganization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesPublic Accounts CommitteePolitical Affairs Committee of the CabinetPolicy Planning and Review CommitteeResearch and developmentRajastani Atomic Power PlantRapid Deployment ForceSouth Asian Association for Regional Co-operationStrategic Arms Limitation TalksSurface-to-air missileSouth East Asia Treaty OrganizationSea lines of communicationSpace launch vehicleUnited Nations
1. IntroductionDuring the mid-1970s, military expenditures in and arms sales to Third Worldcountries began to rise significantly. Conflicts in the Middle East had persuadedthe Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) states to use oilpricing as a weapon against the West to offset continued economic, political andmatkriel support for Israel. The result was a massive increase in wealth for theOPEC states, and countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia significantly increasedtheir military expenditures and arms purchases. In addition, the Western clearingbanks, fearful of a liquidity crisis brought on by the mounting deposits of petrodollarson the one hand and domestic stagflation on the other, began to increasetheir lending to non-OPEC Third World countries.The majority of Third World countries were at that time operating defenceequipment that was obsolete, second-hand and, usually, impaired by excessivewear and tear. The credit boom offered an excellent opportunity to upgradedefence equipment, particularly as Western suppliers were increasingly keen toexport state-of-the-art equipment to offset domestic economic decline andbalance of payments difficulties, both exacerbated by rising oil prices. By the late1970s, commercial banks had become the most important source of finance forarms sales.Arms imports and military expenditures rose as a consequence throughout theThird World. According to one estimate, 20 per cent of the debt crisis in the early1980s can be explained by credits for arms imports.' The exception to the rulewas the Indian sub-continent. Procurement was low through the 1970s in bothIndia and Pakistan. They underwent dramatic modernization programmesthroughout the 1980s, however, during which time most countries were cuttingback on arms imports, and between 1987 and 1991 India imported $17.5 billionof defence equipment, $7 billion more than the second highest importer, SaudiArabia.2Accompanying these developments was a shift of attention by the researchcommunity. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, concentration had focused uponthe role and importance of military institutions, with particular reference to thedevelopment process. Abruptly, the emphasis changed and centred upon the roleof arms sales in the post-war world and the relationship between militaryexpenditure and underdevelopment. There was however little attempt todisaggregate to the country level.' Brzoska, M,, Military Trade, Aid and Developing Country Debt. Report, prepared by the SRCDepartment of the World Bank Research Symposium on Military Expenditure (World Bank:Washington, DC, Dec. 1990). p. 44.Anthony, I. et al., 'The trade in major conventional weapons', <strong>SIPRI</strong> Yearbook 1992: WorldArmaments and Disarmament (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1992), p. 273. Billion is usedthroughout to mean 1000 million.
Page 3 and 4: India's Ad Hoc ArsenalDirection or
Page 5 and 6: India's Ad Hoc ArsenalDirection or
Page 7 and 8: ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgementsAcro
Page 9 and 10: VII. India, nuclear proliferation a
Page 11 and 12: AcknowledgementsThis book is the cu
Page 16 and 17: 2 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALAs a result
Page 18 and 19: 2. India: regional security from Ar
Page 20 and 21: 6 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALefforts of
Page 22 and 23: 8 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENAL'native' su
Page 24 and 25: 10 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALThe end of
Page 26 and 27: 12 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENAL111. State
Page 28 and 29: 14 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALand Centra
Page 30 and 31: 16 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALTAJIKISTAN
Page 32 and 33: 18 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALMore likel
Page 34 and 35: 20 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALDelhiBikan
Page 36 and 37: 22 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALVI. Pakist
Page 38 and 39: 24 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALtotal is u
Page 40 and 41: 26 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALrestrained
Page 42 and 43: 28 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALwould prob
Page 44 and 45: 30 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALGovernment
Page 46 and 47: 32 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALSikkim, ea
Page 48 and 49: 34 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALlargely de
Page 50 and 51: 36 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALDefence ha
Page 52 and 53: 38 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALits sphere
Page 54 and 55: 40 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALinsecure,
Page 56 and 57: 42 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALdefence ar
Page 58 and 59: 44 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALresources
Page 60 and 61: 46 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALframework
Page 62 and 63: 48 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALbetween de
Page 64 and 65:
50 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALexpenditur
Page 66 and 67:
52 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALmended a m
Page 68 and 69:
54 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALChiefs of
Page 70 and 71:
56 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALdefence an
Page 72 and 73:
58 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALTable 3.1.
Page 74 and 75:
60 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALexporters.
Page 76 and 77:
62 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALThe procur
Page 78 and 79:
64 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALthe armed
Page 80 and 81:
66 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALsome senio
Page 82 and 83:
Table 3.2. Military expenditure and
Page 84 and 85:
70 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENAL200 lIndex
Page 86 and 87:
72 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALwas high;
Page 88 and 89:
4. From humiliation to regional heg
Page 90 and 91:
76 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALChina's mo
Page 92 and 93:
78 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALbeen order
Page 94 and 95:
80 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALernment ex
Page 96 and 97:
82 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALFor both t
Page 98 and 99:
84 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALWestern go
Page 100 and 101:
86 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALexpected.
Page 102 and 103:
88 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALfailed har
Page 104 and 105:
90 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALin 1962 we
Page 106 and 107:
92 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALA year lat
Page 108 and 109:
94 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALfigures fr
Page 110 and 111:
96 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALintended t
Page 112 and 113:
98 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALhad fallen
Page 114 and 115:
100 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALaway from
Page 116 and 117:
102 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALpoor deci
Page 118 and 119:
104 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALment had
Page 120 and 121:
106 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALcrisis, a
Page 122 and 123:
108 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALrole in t
Page 124 and 125:
110 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALWhen Indi
Page 126 and 127:
112 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALTOW (tube
Page 128 and 129:
114 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALThe use o
Page 130 and 131:
116 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALmore adva
Page 132 and 133:
118 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALMechanize
Page 134 and 135:
120 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALdesign.55
Page 136 and 137:
122 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALreplaced
Page 138 and 139:
124 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALradius. M
Page 140 and 141:
126 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALversion o
Page 142 and 143:
128 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALare diffi
Page 144 and 145:
130 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALNor does
Page 146 and 147:
132 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALof the Co
Page 148 and 149:
134 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENAL111. The
Page 150 and 151:
136 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALits princ
Page 152 and 153:
138 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALIV. The e
Page 154 and 155:
140 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALDespite p
Page 156 and 157:
142 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALand armou
Page 158 and 159:
7. Indigenous defence production: t
Page 160 and 161:
146 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALtunity co
Page 162 and 163:
148 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALity to pr
Page 164 and 165:
150 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALwhether o
Page 166 and 167:
152 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALand the T
Page 168 and 169:
154 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALprogramme
Page 170 and 171:
156 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALresponsib
Page 172 and 173:
158 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALpart the
Page 174 and 175:
160 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALrequireme
Page 176 and 177:
162 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENAL3. At no
Page 178 and 179:
164 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALThe helic
Page 180 and 181:
166 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALLa Fontai
Page 182 and 183:
168 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALIn the ev
Page 184 and 185:
170 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALand indus
Page 186 and 187:
172 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALlowed by
Page 188 and 189:
174 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALweight fo
Page 190 and 191:
176 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALhelped by
Page 192 and 193:
178 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENAL(a) The s
Page 194 and 195:
180 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALThe chang
Page 196 and 197:
182 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALeconomic.
Page 198 and 199:
184 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALproved no
Page 200 and 201:
186 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALHowever,
Page 202 and 203:
188 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALtest. The
Page 204 and 205:
190 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALany discu
Page 206 and 207:
192 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALarms cont
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
196 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALVIII. Ind
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
200 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALthe Chine
Page 216 and 217:
202 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALused beca
Page 218 and 219:
Defence decision making in India:th
Page 220 and 221:
Defence Committee of the CabinetlTh
Page 222 and 223:
208 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALThe start
Page 224 and 225:
210 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALpart of j
Page 226 and 227:
212 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALdefence d
Page 228 and 229:
214 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALare prese
Page 230 and 231:
216 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALAlthough
Page 232 and 233:
218 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALing a sin
Page 234 and 235:
220 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALtaking up
Page 236 and 237:
222 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALthe pover
Page 238 and 239:
224 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALWithout d
Page 240 and 241:
226 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALin the le
Page 242 and 243:
228 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALof the St
Page 244 and 245:
230 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENAL5. This A
Page 246 and 247:
Recipient1 Year Year($ No.supplier
Page 248 and 249:
Recipient1 Year Year(s) No.supplier
Page 250 and 251:
Recipient1Year Year($ No.supplier (
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
(81)oz(91)(OSI)(001)(OÂ£ Z)(S00 1
Page 260 and 261:
Abbreviations and acronyms:AAV(G)AA
Page 262 and 263:
248 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALAndoni, L
Page 264 and 265:
250 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENAL-'Civilis
Page 266 and 267:
252 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALIndian Na
Page 268 and 269:
254 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENAL-'Militar
Page 270 and 271:
256 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALRudolph,
Page 272 and 273:
258 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALValluri,
Page 274 and 275:
260 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALaugmented
Page 276 and 277:
262 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALassassina
Page 278 and 279:
264 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALMarut air
Page 280 and 281:
266 INDIA'S AD HOC ARSENALADA and 1
show all

India's Ad Hoc Arsenal - Publications - SIPRI

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?