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<strong>Studies</strong> on….Suvro Saha et.al.DISCUSSIONAmongst the samples used in previous work, only the orange peel had been used for antimicrobialsubstance extraction by several previous investigators 12-16 . Our studies which include a whole range ofpeels and shells indicate that, certain peels were found demonstrating higher zone of inhibition thanthe earlier studied orange peels. The above four solvents utilized in the studies, have been used earlierby Kumar et al. 13, 15 ; Amandeep et al. 14 , Akhilesh et al. 12 . After lyophilization the extracts weresubjected to antibacterial and antifungal susceptibility assay by agar well diffusion method.In Fig.1 Effect of the extracts on Escherichia coli; The zone of inhibition for methanol and cold waterextracts of orange peel were respectively 46.48mm and 33.78mm against Escherichia coli but othertwo extracts of orange peels were not effective against this bacteria. The inhibition zone for themethanol, hot water and cold water extracts of stone apple shell were respectively 55.58mm,51.56mm and 33.78mm but the acetone extracts of this sample was not effective against E.coli. Themethanol extracts of the stone apple shell demonstrated a maximum inhibition zone among all thesamples used in this work. All the extracts i.e. methanol, acetone, hot and cold water extracts of peapeel were effective, their zone of inhibition demonstrated by these four extracts of the pea peels wererespectively 33.02mm, 33.02mm, 28.70mm, 23.62mm. Amongst the four extracts of coconut shell,only methanol extracts was found effective (49.78mm). 37.08mm of inhibition zone was observed forcold water extract of jackfruit but no inhibition zone was observed for the three extracts of jackfruitpeel. 30.48mm and 43.18mm of zone of inhibition was observed respectively for the hot and coldwater extracts banana inflorescence peel and other two extracts were not effective against E.coli. Theinhibition zone for the methanol and hot water extracts of pumpkin were respectively 27.94mm and35.56mm but no zone was observed by the two extracts of pumpkin peel. Among four extracts ofwatermelon peel, only methanol extracts were capable to inhibiting the growth (32.04mm) of E.coli.The inhibition zone of the extracts of methanol and cold water extracts of black cardamom were24.38mm and 38.86mm respectively and two other extract of this sample were not observed to beeffective. In case of nutmeg, the acetone extract (43.18mm) and cold water extract (38.1mm) wereeffective but inhibition zone was not shown by other two extracts of this sample.Fig.2 Effect of extracts on Klebsiella pneumonia: 43.94mm and 38.1mm of zone of inhibition wasdemonstrated by acetone and cold water extract of orange peel against K. pneumonia and two extractsof this extract were not effective against this bacteria. The inhibition zone observed for the twoextracts i.e. methanol and cold water extracts of stone apple were respectively 43.18mm and27.94mm. Out of four extracts of pea peel and coconut shell, the inhibition zone was observed onlyfor methanol extracts (35.56mm and 48.26mm respectively). The maximum zone was produced bymethanol extracts of coconut shell against K. pneumonia. The zone of inhibition which were observedfor hot and cold water extracts of jackfruit peel, were 26.16mm and 21.84mm respectively but noinhibition zone was produced by other two extract of jack fruit. Among the four extracts of bananainflorescence peel, the inhibition zone was produced by hot water extract (27.94mm). Except coldwater extracts of pumpkin peel the inhibition zones were observed for three extracts i.e. methanolextract (38.1mm), acetone extract (21.84mm) and hot water extract (40.64mm). No inhibition zonewas observed for all four extracts of watermelon peel. Inhibition zone of 38.1mm and 34.54mm wereobserved respectively for hot and cold water extract of black cardamom and other two extracts did notdemonstrate inhibition zone. Amongst the four extracts of nutmeg, the zone was observed formethanol extracts i.e. 23.62mm.In Fig.3 Effect of extracts on Staphylococcus aureus: except the acetone extract of orange peel, theother zone of inhibition were produced by remaining three extracts i.e. methanol extracts (27.94mm),hot and cold extracts (38.86mm and 37.08mm respectively). Except the acetone extract of stone apple,1895 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B; 2013, Vol.3, No.3; 1886-1899.
<strong>Studies</strong> on….Suvro Saha et.al.the zone of inhibition were 49.78mm, 43.18mm and 35.56mm respectively for methanol whichdemonstrated a maximum zone, hot and cold water extracts of stone apple against S. aureus. None ofthe four extracts of the pea peel produced inhibition zone. The inhibition zones were producedrespectively by methanol extracts (47.75mm), acetone extracts (29.46mm) and hot water extracts(20.32mm) of coconut shell but no zone was observed for cold water extract of this sample. 30.48mmand 33.78mm of inhibition zone was observed respectively for the acetone and hot water extract ofjackfruit peel and no zone of inhibition was seen for other two extract of this sample. Among the fourextracts of banana inflorescence, the inhibition zone (32.04mm) was observed only for hot waterextract of this sample against S. aureus. Apart from cold water extract of pumpkin peel, the inhibitionzones were observed for methanol extracts (26.16mm), acetone extract (34.54mm) and hot waterextract (38.1mm). Inhibition zone of 33.02mm and 24.38mm were observed respectively for methanoland hot water extract of watermelon peel but remaining two extracts of this sample did not produceany observable zone of inhibition. Among the four extracts of black cardamom, inhibition zone(36.32mm) was observed only for methanol extract of this sample. Among the four extracts ofnutmeg, the zone was only observed for cold water extracts i.e. 42.16mm.In Fig.4 Effect of extracts on Bacillus subtilis; the zone of inhibition was observed by all four extractsi.e. methanol extract (40.64mm), acetone extract (30.48mm), hot water extract (26.16mm) and coldwater extract (45.72mm) of orange peel. Apart from acetone extract of stone apple shell, the zone ofinhibition was observed as 48.26mm, 39.62mm and 38.86mm respectively by methanol extract, coldand hot water extract of this sample; the highest zone of inhibition was shown by the methanol extractof stone apple. Among the four extracts of pea peel, the inhibition zone (40.64mm) was only observedfor methanol extract of this sample. Out of four extracts of coconut shell, only one extract i.e. acetoneextract was effective against B.subtilis; giving a inhibition zone of 21.84mm.Among the four extractsof jackfruit peel, the inhibition zone (38.1mm) was only seen for cold water extract of this sample.The inhibition zone of 42.16mm and 43.18mm was detected respectively for acetone and cold waterextract of banana inflorescence but no zone of inhibition for remaining two extract of this sample.Except cold water extracts of pumpkin peel, inhibition zone was observed for rest of the three extractsi.e. methanol extract (19.30mm), acetone extract (39.62mm) and hot water extract (38.86mm). Amongthe four extracts of watermelon peel, the inhibition zone (33.78mm) was only seen for hot waterextract of this sample. The zone of inhibition of 47.24mm and 38.1mm was shown by two extracts i.e.hot and cold water extracts of black cardamom out of four extract and no zone was detected forremaining two extracts of the sample. Among the four extracts of nutmeg shell, the inhibition zone(27.94mm) was only seen for methanol extract of this sample.Fig.5 Effect of extracts on Proteus vulgaris; the zone of inhibition of 23.62mm and 28.70mm wereobserved respectively for acetone and cold water extract of orange peel but the other two extractswere not to be effective against the organism. Except the acetone extract of the stone apple shell, theinhibition zone was observed as 41.40mm, 40.64mm, 36.32mm respectively for the methanol, hot andcold water extract of the sample. In case of pea peel, the inhibition zone (38.1mm) was only detectedfor methanol extract of pea peel. Apart from cold water extract of coconut shell remaining threeextracts are effective against P. vulgaris; the zones were observed as 49.02mm, 28.70mm and39.62mm respectively for methanol, acetone and hot water extract of the sample. Among the fourextracts of jackfruit peel, the inhibition zone (84.58mm) was only observed for cold water extract ofthis sample. The inhibition zone was not observed for all extracts of banana inflorescence and watermelon peel against P. vulgaris. In case of pumpkin peel, the inhibition zone (36.32mm) was onlydetected for methanol extract of pumpkin peel. Except the acetone extract of the black cardamompeel, the inhibition zone was observed as 75.18mm, 35.56mm, 48.26mm respectively for themethanol, hot and cold water extract of the sample. The zone of inhibition of 40.64mm and 38.1mm1896 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B; 2013, Vol.3, No.3; 1886-1899.
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