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Continued from page 19 – Malaria Drug Contributing toAntibiotic ResistanceResistance to ciprofloxacin could be an importantpublic health problem in areas where malaria isendemic - and therefore chloroquine use common –because ciprofloxacin and other fluroquinolones couldbe less effective, write the authors.Silverman stressed that the study highlights the need tocontinue to try to prevent malaria through the use ofinsecticide-treated bed nets, along with thedevelopment of an effective vaccine.☻☻☻☻☻☻Malaria Fuels HIV/AidsSpread In AfricaBy Will DunhamDecember 8, 2006Note - What the story ISN'T saying is that mosquitoesare SPREADING HIV. Every time a mosquito or ANYbiting insect takes blood from an infected human andthen bites the next person, scores of viruses andbacteria are transmitted. To write a news story withoutpointing to the obvious disease-vectoring reality ofmosquitoes is gross deception at the least. This is aparticularly odious statement: "Higher viral loadcauses more HIV transmission, and malaria causeshigh HIV viral load.” Mosquitoes are already KNOWNto transmit over 70 different retroviruses. HIV is aretrovirus...but there is no mention of any of this in thefollowing story. - edWASHINGTON (Reuters) - Malaria may be helpingspread the AIDS virus across Africa, the continenthardest hit by the incurable disease, scientists said onThursday.The way the two diseases interact greatly expands theprevalence of both among people in sub-SaharanAfrica, a team of scientists said in a study in the journalScience.Malaria, a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite,greatly boosts viral load -- the amount of humanimmunodeficiency virus in the blood of infected people-- making them more likely to infect a sex partner withHIV, they stated."Higher viral load causes more HIV transmission, andmalaria causes high HIV viral load," said lead studyauthor Laith Abu-Raddad of the Fred HutchinsonCancer Research Center in Seattle and the University ofWashington.Abu-Raddad, an AIDS researcher, estimated that-20- Traditional African Clinic October 2008malaria has helped HIV infect hundreds of thousandsand perhaps millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa.AIDS was first identified a quarter century ago.At the same time, HIV fuels malaria's spread becauseHIV-infected people are more susceptible to malaria asa result of HIV ravaging the immune system, the body'snatural defenses, the researchers said.AIDS and malaria are concentrated in sub-SaharanAfrica. Abu-Raddad said scientists were puzzled whenthey realized that the risky sexual behavior by people inthe region was not by itself sufficient to explain theswift spread of HIV, so other factors must be involved.They focused their work on Kisumu, a Kenyan city byLake Victoria where HIV and malaria are bothcommon. They said 5 percent of HIV infections can beblamed on the increased HIV viral load due to malaria,and 10 percent of adult malaria cases can be blamed onHIV.Since 1980, 8,500 more people got HIV infections, andthere were 980,000 more episodes of malaria (a personcan get it more than once) in a city whose adultpopulation is 200,000, the study found.PUBLIC HEALTH EFFORTSThe findings have implications for public health efforts,Abu-Raddad said, showing the importance forauthorities to tackle these diseases together.Of the 39.5 million people worldwide infected withHIV, 24.7 are in the poor countries of sub-SaharanAfrica. About 2.1 million of the world's 2.9 millionAIDS deaths in the past year were in this region.Malaria kills more than a million people annually,mostly young children in sub-Saharan Africa.The researchers produced their results with amathematical model using HIV and malaria infectiondata gathered in Malawi by James Kublin of theHutchinson Center. This enabled them to quantify forthe first time the synergy between malaria on HIV andits toll on people.Scientists previously determined that a lack of malecircumcision and the incidence of genital herpes alsowere facilitating the spread of HIV. Abu-Raddad notedthat circumcised men are much less likely to get HIV,and that genital herpes opens a door for HIV to infect aperson.Abu-Raddad said malaria now can be considered athird serious factor facilitating the spread of HIV.The two diseases drive one another even though theyhave different modes of transmission-- malaria by mos-Continued on page 21
Continued from page 20 – Malaria Fuels HIV Spread inAfricaquito and HIV predominantly by sexual intercourse,Abu-Raddad noted.Abu-Raddad said once an HIV person gets malaria, hisor her viral load goes up and stays higher for six toeight weeks, making the person far more infectious toothers.http://www.rense.com/general74/mala.htm☻☻☻☻☻☻Continued from page 15 - Common Gene MakesAfricans More Vulnerable to HIVAIDS- related deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa,where there are eight countries in which adult HIVprevalence exceeds 15% of the population.Ironically, scientists believe that the genetic variant isat such high levels in Africa because it conferredresistance to a now extinct form of malaria.A team of British and US researchers studied a groupof 3,484 people in the US Air Force, of whom 1,266were infected with HIV. They tested each for a genevariant called Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines(DARC), which has been extensively studied in the pastbecause of its ability to confer resistance to one form ofthe malaria parasite. The gene is known to be commonamong people of African descent.The team report in the journal Cell, Host and Microbethat subjects who were DARC-negative were morelikely to be infected with HIV. The gene variantappeared to make them 40% more susceptible toinfection.By extrapolating this figure to the number of people inAfrica with the same genetic variation, the researchersestimate that 11% of all HIV infections in the continentare due to this increased susceptibility."The mystery of variable infection and progression wasoriginally thought to be mainly the result of viralcharacteristics, but in recent years it has becomeevident that there is a strong host genetic component,"said team member Dr Sunil Ahuja of the University ofTexas Health Science Center in San Antonio."The big message of this paper is that something thatprotected people against malaria in the past is nowleaving them more susceptible to HIV," said RobinWeiss of University College London, who also workedon the study.http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/jul/17/hiv.aids/☻☻☻☻☻☻-21- Traditional African Clinic October 2008Scientists Map Genomes ofMalaria ParasitesDiscovery will help in creating new treatments,vaccines, researchers sayReutersOctober 8, 2008WASHINGTON - Scientists have mapped the genomesof the parasite that causes most cases of malaria outsideAfrica and a monkey parasite that is emerging as animportant cause of malaria in people in Southeast Asia.This information should help guide efforts to developnew drugs and vaccines to fight the mosquito-bornedisease, two teams of researchers wrote in the journalNature on Wednesday."It's going to be a very powerful tool," Jane Carlton ofNew York University Langone Medical Center said.A team led by Carlton worked out the complete geneticsequence of the parasite Plasmodium vivax, whichcauses malaria in Latin America and Asian countriesincluding India, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia,Melanesia and the Korean peninsula.It accounts for up to 40 percent of malaria globally,with an estimated 2.6 billion people threatened by theparasite.Although the malaria it causes is only occasionallyfatal, it triggers severe symptoms such as repeatedepisodes of high fever followed by headache, chills andprofuse sweating, vomiting, diarrhea and enlargementof the spleen.The vivax parasite can remain dormant in the liver onlyto re-emerge and cause relapses months or years afterthe initial illness. The researchers found genes that maybe responsible for this dormancy, perhaps paving theway for scientists to find ways to disrupt it.The researchers identified genes in the parasite thatseem to help it invade a person's red blood cells andevade the immune system. The parasite is becomingresistant to some antimalarial drugs.A team led by Arnab Pain of the Wellcome TrustSanger Institute in Britain deciphered the full geneticsequence of the monkey parasite Plasmodium knowlesi.This parasite is rapidly establishing itself as the fifthhuman-infecting malaria parasite and has emerged as aconsiderable health problem in Southeast Asia, Painsaid.The researchers also found a trick used by the knowlesiparasite to avoid detection by the immune system.Continued on page 32
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