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Under the guidance of our visionary chairman Shri Devi Charan Agarwal what started asa humble glass manufacturing unit in the year 1989 has today evolved into aconglomerate of many companies under it’s banner.Pooja Group of Glass IndustriesPOOJA GLASS WORKS PVT LTD (AN ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 CERTIFIED COMPANY)HIND GLASS INDUSTRIES (AN ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 CERTIFIED COMPANY)BAJRANG GLASS EMPORIUMBAJRANG GLASS INTERNATIONAL (100% EOU) (AN ISO 9001:2004 CERTIFIED COMPANY)DURGESH BLOCK & CHINA WORKS LTD. (AN ISO 14001:2004 CERTIFIED COMPANY)SUN GLASS WORKS PVT LTD.Product Range:-Glass Container, Bottles, Cosmetic Bottles, Various Jars with lid, Pitchers, glass tumblers,bowls, cups & saucers, decanters, juice mugs, beer mugs, jars, coffee mugs, dish plates,lemon sets and wine glasses.Latest Technology:-O.90 Olivotto Press & Blow Machine, Italy. Lynch T-T-50 Machine, USA and Various ISMachines with 6 & 8 Section Based on Emhart & Maul Technology also Presses forTable-wares.Future PlansDeveloping a 'C' Class repairing Center For IS 6, 8 & 10 Section machines for SG, DG etc.Erection & Commissioning 8 & 10 Section machine with electronic control system.Developing IS machine spare facilities in house.Increasing the capacity of our glass furnaces.Planning for pilot production of Bone-China crockery and plastic wares (Household)with latest shape & design are to be commenced soon.Target Turnover to increase up to 150 Crore in coming year.CONTACT ADDRESS:POOJA GLASS WORKS PVT. LTD.‘BAJRANG HOUSE’, S.N. ROAD,FIROZABAD-283 203 (UTTAR PRADESH) (INDIA)Phone # 0091-5612-243695Fax # 0091-5612 242695Mobile 0091-98370 35392 (Mr. Nitin Bansal)E-mail poojaglass@gmail.com / info@bajrangglass.comWebsite: www.lazerinternational.in

CMYKRolling Machinesfor Low IronSolar GlassVial & SyringeForming MachinesEmail info@mascot.inWebsite www.mascot.inCMYKKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 1

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AIGMFMember AssociationsUP GLASS MANUFACTURERS’SYNDICATE (UPGMS)C/o General Traders, A-10,Industrial Estate, Firozabad - 283203(UP)President - Mohan Lal Agrawal1 st Vice President -Raj Kumar Mittal2 nd Vice President- Dharmendra Mohan GuptaHon. Secretary - Sanjay AgrawalJt. Secretary - Munna Lal JainTreasurer- Deepak GuptaNORTHERN INDIAGLASS MANUFACTURERS’ASSOCIATION (NIGMA)C/o Hindustan National Glass & Inds. Ltd.PO Bahadurgarh - 124507, Dist. Jhajjar(Haryana)President - J P KaseraVice President - S C VishwakarmaSecretary & Treasurer -D S PurushothamanSOUTH INDIAGLASS MANUFACTURERS’ASSOCIATION (SIGMA)C/o AGI glaspac, Glass FactoryRoad, Off Motinagar, P B No. 1930,Sanathnagar, PO Hyderabad - 500018President - Sandip SomanyVice President - Arvind NandgopalHon. Secretary - Prashant SomanyKanchQuarterly Journal ofTHE ALL INDIA GLASSMANUFACTURERS’ FEDERATION1 From President’s Desk 52 About the AIGMF 73 AIGMF Glass Recycling Seminar 84 Membership of AIGMF 95 dkap iqujkorZu laxks"Bh (,d fjiksVZ) 10pg.6 AIGMF Executive Committee 13Meeting7 AIGMF Study Tour- 22 nd China Glass 158 AIGMF izfrfuf/ eaMy dk 22osa phu Xykl dk nkSjk 179 New Members 2110 AIGMF’s Team Visit to Firozabad 2311 fQjkstkckn dk¡p m|ksx dk nkSjk 2512 Indian Glass Directory 2713 Glass Bangles of Firozabad 28Vol. 4, No. 3, April - June 2011CONTENTS14 Glass News - India 32pg.15 Glass News - Worldwide 3716 Environmentally Friendly and New 39Generation Glasses for Plasma TV17 Use of Sodium Sulphate in Glass 47Batch Part III- Redox and formation ofAmber Glass18 Advertise in Kanch and website 5519 Special Feature $1 Billion Worth 56Indian Container Glass IndustryGearing up to Meet Demand20 Environment Section 5821 Glass Terminology 5922 Optimise Coatings for Narrow Neck 61Plungers23 Advertisers Index 6224 Upcoming Events 64WESTERN INDIAGLASS MANUFACTURERS’ASSOCIATION (WIGMA)C/o Pragati Glass Works (P) Ltd.111, Damji Shamji IndustrialComplex, 9, LBS Marg,Kurla (W), Mumbai – 400 070President – H.R. BhandariHon. Secretary – G.K. SardaEASTERN INDIAGLASS MANUFACTURERS’ASSOCIATION (EIGMA)C/o Ashoke Enamel &Glass Works (P) Ltd.34-A, Metcalfe Street, 1st Floor,Kolkata - 700013President - Dinesh JhunjhunwalaHon. Secretary - Pradeep JhunjhunwalaPrice (Excluding Bank Charges):Indian Companies :Rs. 75 per CopyAnnual Subscription Rs. 300Individuals :Rs. 25 per CopyAnnual Subscription Rs. 100Foreign Companies :US$ 15 per CopyAnnual Subscription US$ 45• AIGMF President MUKUL SOMANY• Sr. Vice President S.C. BANSAL• Vice President SANJAY GANJOO• Hony. General Secretary ARUN KUMAR D.• Hony. Treasurer AJIT KUMAR GUPTA• Member Editorial Board DR. J MUKERJIQuarterly Journal of the glass industry, published & printedby Secretary, Manohar Lal on behalf of the All India GlassManufacturers’ Federation from 812, New Delhi House,27 Barakhamba Road, New Delhi – 110 001,E-mail : info@aigmf.com and printed at New United Process,A-26, Ph-II, Naraina Indl. Area, New Delhi 110028; Ph.:25892512; nup1972@gmail.comEditor MOHAN LALVANIKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, aPRIL-JUNE, 2011 3

4 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

The All India Glass Manufacturers’ FederationDear Readers,January-March 2011 issue of KANCH was our 1 st attempt to make KANCH broad based and to increase itscirculation with introduction of e-edition and browsing of our updated website.I am glad to inform members that our efforts have brought fruit and response received is very satisfying. Increasein circulation has helped AIGMF in establishing contacts with new companies including those from other parts of theglobe. Some of these have shown interest for advertisement in KANCH. Enquires for memberships of the AIGMFhave also been received.It is because of publicity through this media that quite a few non-members registered themselves for GlassRecycling Seminar held in Hyderabad on June 29, 2011.I invite readers to participate in our endeavor to increase readership of KANCH, increase in membership ofthe AIGMF and to contribute Glass News / Views and Technical / Informative articles, which could be publishedin KANCH. With member’s cooperation, we hope to publish some data regarding exports / production of glass,glassware in the forthcoming issues. This will be of interest to all whether manufacturers/traders or others wanting tokeep themselves abreast with developments in various industries.With a view to give international exposure to the AIGMF Team, for the 1st time an AIGMF Delegation was sentto visit 22 nd China International Glass Industrial Technical Exhibition (China Glass 2011) from 11-14 May, 2011 atShanghai, People’s Republic of China. The delegation was led by Mr. Suresh Chandra Bansal, Senior Vice-President,AIGMF and Managing Director, Adarsh Kanch Udyog Pvt. Ltd., Firozabad. A brief report on this has been given inthis issue.We hope to add more value to KANCH in the times to come.Warm greetings and good wishes to one and all.Mukul SomanyPresidentJune 2011and Vice Chairman and Managing DirectorHindustan National Glass and Industries Ltd.812 New Delhi House, 27, Barakhambha Road, New Delhi - 110001 IndiaTelephone : 23316507 Fax :23350357 E-Mail : info@aigmf.com Website : www.aigmf.comKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 5

€ TIMING SYSTEM WITH €-VALVE BLOCKTiming System Panel with input / outputconnectors alongwith MMIComplete assembled Timing System Panel viewfor an I.S. 8 Sec. m/cCartridge Block,N/C & N/O CartridgesforElectronic Valve BlockAssembled view of PLC unit, output cards withrelays & MCB for Single Section of Timing SystemPanelAssembledElectronic Valve BlockConsisting ofControl, Cartridge &Solenoids BlockOFF. L.B.S. MARG, 249-BALRAJESHWAR ROAD,VAISHALI NAGAR, MULUND (W), | MUMBAI - 400 080. INDIA.TEL.: (+91-22) 21646527-30 FAX : 21641711E-mail : sales@shamvikglass.comWebsite : www.shamvikglass.comISO 9001 : 2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY6 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

The All India Glass Manufacturers’ FederationThe All India Glass Manufacturers’ Federation was founded in 1944. The Federation is made up of five RegionalAssociations viz., Western India Glass Manufacturers’ Association- Mumbai, Eastern India Glass Manufacturers’Association- Kolkata, U.P. Glass Manufacturers’ Syndicate- Firozabad, Northern India Glass Manufacturers’Association- Bahadurgarh (Haryana) and South India Glass Manufacturers’ Association- Chennai. The Federationwas incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 (No. 1 of 1956) as a Limited Company on 15.06.1970. The mainaims & objects of the Federation are: -a) To encourage, promote and develop the manufacture of glass articles of all kinds and to safeguard and protect theinterests of glass industry and glassware business in Indiab) To form a common link amongst Glass Manufactures’ in India and thus develop a spirit of mutual help and cooperationwith one anotherc) To promote the study and research in Glass Technologyd) To consider all matters relating to the manufacture and marketing of glass articles in India and the question ofexport and import thereofe) To devise ways and means for securing necessary supply of raw materials required for the manufacture of glassarticles at comparatively lower prices and thus to decrease the cost of production and increase the nationalwealthf) To collect necessary information and data and propagate it for the benefit of Glass Industry and trade in Indiag) To make representations whenever necessary to the Union Government or any unit of the Union of India for theremoval of difficulties that might hamper the trade of glass articles or for grant of special facilities for the glassindustryh) To draw Government or public attention to the difficulties in the way of Glass Industry and to solve otherproblems confronting it and to solicit their help and support through concerted actioni) To organize a united front on behalf of all glass manufacturers and thus strive to gain all those advantages whichmay not be possible through individual effortAll those engaged in the manufacture of glass and glass articles are enrolled as ‘Ordinary’ members of theAIGMF and those associated with the Glass Industry are enrolled as ‘Affiliate’ members of the Federation. Almostall glass manufacturers including many in the small scale sector are ‘ordinary’ members of the Federation. Articlesof Association of the AIGMF were amended in September, 1992 to enroll foreign companies as Affiliate Members ofthe Federation.AIGMF SECRETARIATKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 7

AIGMF Glass Recycling Seminar(A Report)Along with meeting of the Executive CommitteeAIGMF Secretariat organized a ‘Glass Recycling Seminar’on June 29, 2011 at Hotel Taj Krishna, Hyderabad.The seminar drew 51 participants from Industry andInstitutions, which provided an ideal platform for fruitfuldiscussions.Mr. S C Bansal, Sr. Vice President, AIGMFwelcomed delegates to the seminar and stressed onthe importance of increasing use of cullet in glassmanufacturing. In his opening remarks Mr. MukulSomany, President, AIGMF stated that there is dire needto increase use of cullet in the batch. Seminar has beenorganized to arrive at some collective thinking as to howcan this be achieved.kept to facilitate sorting of the waste. He also stressed oncreating awareness among the public at large about theadvantages of recycling glass. Support of NGOs will goa long way in increasing awareness about the usefulnessof Glass Recycling.In his presentation Mr. G K Sarda of Vitrum GlassIndustries stated that 10 % increase in cullet in batch cansave about 2 % fuel. Quality problem like seeds bubblecan also be controlled by using more cullet, upto 20 %,more glass can be drawn. Unlike plastic, glass madefrom cullet is as good as that made by use of virginraw material and with reduced emission of undesirablegasses. It was further stated that around 50 % cullet isused by glass industry in India, out of which 10-15 %Audience in the SeminarSeminar started with a presentation of Mr. VinaySaran of Hindusthan National Glass & Inds. Ltd. Hegave an overview of glass industry and elaborated onadvantages of use of glass for end users. He stressed thatin packaging; glass gives higher shelf life and retainspurity/flavor of the contents. Its use in buildings, etc.,gives a glassy look to the environment and reduces loadon the mother earth.While making his presentation Mr. Arun Kumarof AGI glaspac (An SBU of HSIL Ltd) stated that glasswaste needs to be separated by chemical composition,depending on the end use and local processingcapabilities. Municipal corporations and other localbodies need to be convinced that glass waste should notbe allowed to go for land filling. Separate containers beis self-generated. He suggested that Industry shouldwork closely with waste management departments ofMunicipal Corporations, local bodies for better collectionof cullet. Cullet suppliers be prevailed upon to mechanizethe process of sorting and washing.Dr. S K Bhadra agreed with the speakers thatmore use of cullet will result in energy saving, lesseremissions of undesirable gasses. All steps thereforeneed to be taken for better collection, washing, etc. Preheatingof cullet will give better results. He advocateduse of photovoltaic systems and energy efficient LEDsparticularly for solar panels, mobile and TV displays. Healso gave an overview on transparent solar cell panels orenergy efficient solar glass windows which derive energyas well as reduce internal energy requirement.8 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

Some of the major companies/institutions whoparticipated in the seminar include: AGI glaspac (AnSBU of HSIL Ltd), Associated Ceramics Ltd., CentralGlass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), CeraconEngineers (P) Ltd., Fosbel India Pvt. Ltd., Glass andFrames, Govt. Institute of Ceramic Technology, Gudur,HNG & Inds. Ltd., Hoganas India Pvt Ltd., La Opala RGLtd., Messe Dusseldorf India (P) Ltd., Piramal Glass Ltd.,Planet Ceramica Pvt. Ltd., RIICO, Sibelco India MineralsPvt Ltd., Sri Ganesh Bottles (P) Ltd., Tata ChemicalsLtd., Triveni Glass Ltd., Vitrum Glass Industries, SamyuGlass. We are thankful to Media representatives whojoined us and reported in their news bulletins.The interactive sessions / presentations canbe viewed / downloaded from our website link:http://www.aigmf.com/past-events.phpConcluding the deliberations President AIGMFstressed that to meet growing demand the Glass Industryshould aim to increase recycling to 60 % in the next fiveyears by making intensive recycling efforts and reducingcost of production.An event on Glass promotion is proposed to beorganized on September 22, 2011 at New Delhi involvinginternational participation citing their best practices andsuggesting way forward for the benefit of Indian GlassIndustry. For more details and participation, please sendmail to info@aigmf.comMembershipMembers of the federation are classified into twocategories; manufacturers of Primary Glass articles areenrolled as Ordinary Members of the Federation andsuppliers to glass industry viz., suppliers of machinery,raw materials.Consultants and others connected with glassindustry are enrolled as Affiliate membersForeign Companies supplying machinery etc., toglass industry are also enrolled as Affiliate members.The membership forms can be downloaded fromhttp://www.aigmf.com/membership.php Members of theFederation are enrolled on the recommendation of ZonalAssociations viz.:• Western India Glass Manufacturers’ Association• Eastern India Glass Manufacturers’ Association• U.P. Glass Manufacturers’ Syndicate• Northern India Glass Manufacturers’Association and• South India Glass Manufacturers’ AssociationMembership of AIGMFAdmission Fee / Annual Subscription AffiliateMembers:The admission fee and annual subscription isRs. 2,000/- and Rs. 5,400/- respectivelyApplicants for enrollment for a period of five yearsmay pay a consolidated amount of Rs. 27,000/- (includingadmission fee)Affiliate members from Countries other than Indiai. The admission fee and annual subscription is US $100/- and US $ 200/- respectively.ii. Applicants for enrollment for a period of five yearsmay pay a consolidated amount of US $ 1000/-(including admission fee)Ordinary Members:Admission fee Rs.550/-.Annual subscription:i. Single Unit: Rs. 13,600/-ii. More than one Unit: Rs. 50,000/-KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 9

dkap iqujkorZu laxks"Bh(,d fjiksVZ)AIGMF lfpoky; us viuh dk;Zdkjh lfefr dhcSBd ds lkFk 29 twu 2011] d¨ dkap iqupZØ.k lax¨"Bhdk vk;¨tu g¨Vy rkt Ñ".kk gSnjkckn esa fd;kAbl lax¨"Bh esa m|¨x txr vkSj vU; laLFkkvksa ds 51çfrHkkfx;¨a us Hkkx fy;kAJh ,l lh caly] ofj"B mik/;{k] AIGMF, uslax¨"Bh ds çfrfuf/k;¨a dk Lokxr djrs gq, dgk fddkap ds fuekZ.k esa dYysV ds vf/kd mi;¨x ij egRofn;k tkuk pkfg,Ai;kZoj.k ds fy, ykHknk;d g¨rk gSAAGI glaspac ds Jh v#.k dqekj us dgk fdvuqi;ksxh dkap jlk;fud lajpuk ls vyx fd;ktk ldrk gS] vr% uxj fuxe¨a vkSj vU; LFkkuh;fudk;¨a d¨ vk'oLr djuk pkfg, fd vuqi;ksxh dkapdk ç;¨x Hkwfe Hkjus ds mi;¨x esa u g¨A vr% dkapdh NaVkà ds fy, vyx daVsuj j[ks tkus pkfg,AmUg¨aus dkap iqujkorZu ds ykHk ds ckjs esa turk ds chptkx:drk iSnk djus ij Hkh cy fn;kA mUg¨aus dgk fdvius mn~?kkVu Hkk"k.k esa Jh eqdqy l¨ekuh] v/;{k]AIGMF us Hkh cSp esa vf/kdre dYysV ds mi;¨x dhvko';drk ij egRo fn;kAfganqLrku us'kuy Xykl ,aM baMLVªht ds Jh fou;lju us viuh çLrqfr esa dkap dh tkx:drk ds fo"k;ij Hkk"k.k fn;kA mUg¨aus dgk fd dkap iSdsftax mPp'kSYQ thou] 'kq)rk] lkexzh Lokn cuk;s j[krk gSAJh lju us dgk fd Hkou¨a esa dkap dk mi;¨x] vkfn]lax¨"Bh ds n’kZdxSjljdkjh laxBu¨a dk leFkZu dkap iqupZØ.k ds fy,cgqr vko';d gSAviuh çLrqfr esa Vitrum Xykl baMLVªht ds Jhth- ds- 'kkjnk us dgk cSp esa dYysV dh 10% o`f) ls2% Ãa/ku cp ldrk gSA cht vkSj cqycqys dh xq.koÙkkleL;k Hkh vf/kd dYysV ds mi;¨x djus ls fu;af=rdh tk ldrh gS ftlls 20% vf/kd dkap dk mRiknufd;k tk ldrk gSA mUg¨aus dgk fd dYysV ;k dPps10 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

eky ls cuk;k x;k uohu dkap xq.koÙkk esa ,d lkekug¨rk gSA dYysV ds mi;¨x }kjk vokaNuh; xSl¨a dkde mRltZu g¨rk gSA mUg¨aus vkxs dgk fd yxHkx50% dYysV Hkkjrh; dkap m|¨x esa ç;¨x fd;k tkrkgS] ftlesa ls 10&15% QSfDVª;kas esa Lo;a mRiUu gksrkgSA mUg¨aus lq>ko fn;k fd m|¨x txr d¨ dYysVds csgrj laxzg ds fy, LFkkuh; uxj fuxe¨a ds lkFkfeydj dke djuk pkfg,AMk- ,l- ds- Hkæk us oDrkvksa ds lkFk lgefr O;Drdjrs gq, dgk fd dYysV ds vf/kd mi;¨x ls u dsoyÅtkZ dh cpr cfYd vokaNuh; xSl¨a dk mRltZu Hkhde g¨rk gSA vr% bl fo"k; esa vko';d dne mBk,tkus pkfg,sA mUg¨aus Q¨V¨o¨fYVd ç.kkfy;¨a] l©jiSuy]e¨ckby vkSj Vhoh ds fy, fo’ks"k :i ls ÅtkZ dq'ky,y à Mh ds mi;¨x ds ckjs esa Hkk"k.k fn;kA mUg¨ausInstitute (CGCRI), Ceracon Engineers (P) Ltd., FosbelIndia Pvt. Ltd., Glass and Frames, Govt. Institute ofCeramic Technology, Gudur, HNG & Inds. Ltd., HoganasIndia Pvt Ltd., La Opala RG Ltd., Messe DusseldorfIndia P Ltd., Piramal Glass Ltd., Planet Ceramica Pvt.Ltd., RIICO, Sibelco India Minerals Pvt Ltd., Sri GaneshBottles (P) Ltd., Tata Chemicals Ltd., Triveni Glass Ltd.,Vitrum Glass Industries and Samyu Glass.AIGMF mu lHkh ehfM;k çfrfuf/k;¨a dk vHkkjhgS] ftUg¨aus bl lax¨"Bh dk izpkj vius lekpkj cqysfVu¨aesa fd;kA lax¨"Bh dh çLrqfr;k¡ gekjh osclkbV ds blfyad ij ns[kh tk ldrh gS%http://www.aigmf.com/past-events.phpfopkj & foe'kZ ds lekiu ij AIGMF ds v/;{kus cy fn;k fd c

OUR Proudct RangeMechanicalI. S. Machines : (Mechanical / Electronic)0Feeder : 944 & 944 type with or without 360 differential.Gear driven Revolving Tube Mechanism upto 10” tube.Ware Transfer (178 type)Stacker : Narrow, Wide and Super Wide withfree standing conveyorRemanufacturing of old I. S. m/cs. / ‘C’ class overhaulingSpares for aboveElectronic€ - Timing System & € - Valve BlockMulti motors Inverter Drive090 € - Pusher with PLCOperator’s Assistant II.Retrofitting of € - Timing System withValve Blocks into I. S. m/c.Spares for aboveI.S. Parts / Variables / MechanismsQuick Change Plunger MechanismsNeck Ring Mechanism (Std.)CAMS (std. & heavy duty) for Funnel, Baffle & Blow Head mechanism.Constant cusion Invert & Take Out Mechanism with upper & lower cushion cartridges.ON / OFF Control Valve on Blank side (replacing spacer & nozzles)Pneumatically contolled individual Wind Cooling systemOil immersed MOC linkagesNaviculoid Deflectors - 18000 SeriesDelivery equipments : (Scoop, Trough & Deflector) for 4 1/4” & 5” cc SG & DG &85mm & 4 1/4” cc TG I.S. m/c.Variables : 4 1/4” & 5” cc for SG & DG, 85mm & 4 1/4” cc for TG I.S. m/c.Blow Mould Cooling Mechanism & Vacuum on Blow sideVarious Conversion kits :(I) I.S.m/c from SG to DG & Vice Versa0(ii) Feeders from 944 to 994 with 360 differential.Quick Change PlungerMechanism PartsOil-immersedMOC linkageDelivery EquipmentsConstant Cushion Invert& Take Out CartridgesNeckring Mechanism(Std.)€ - Valve BlockMold Holder ArmsPiston Rod, Rack,Spline ShaftHinge Back-up VariableCams, Driving Ring, Piston Rod,Arm Stud andQuick Change Funnel ArmI. S. Machine SparesQuick Change VariablesSGPL’S Radial WareTransferISO 9001 : 2008 CERTIFIED COMPANYFeeder Mech.I. S. 10 Sec. M/C. with € Timming SystemT. G. VariablesOFF. L.B.S. MARG, 249-BALRAJESHWAR ROAD, VAISHALI NAGAR, MULUND (W),MUMBAI - 400 080. INDIA. TEL.: (+91-22) 21646527-30 FAX : 21641711E-mail : sales@shamvikglass.com | Website : www.shamvikglass.com12 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

AIGMF Executive Committee Meeting(June 29, 2011, Hyderabad)AIGMF Executive Committee Meeting was held on June 29, 2011 at Taj Krishna Hotel, Hyderabad.Interactive sessions / presentations made by conveners of sub committees were:a) Raw Materials & Fuels Sub-Committee - Mr. GK Sarda, Empire Inds. Ltd.,(Particularly anti-dumping duty on soda ash) Vitrum Glass, Mumbaib) Technical Sub-Committee – Upgradation of technical education by AIGMF SecretariatMr. Rama Mohana Rao, Principal, Government Institute ofCeramic Technology, Gudur, Andhra Pradesh (Special Invitee)Discussions were held on qualitative improvement of technical education with Mr. Rao and Dr. S.K. Bhadra, Senior Scientist, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata. Thepurpose was that students passing out from technical institutes meet the requirements of the industryc) Presentation by AIGMF Secretariat- Mr. Manohar Lal / Mr. Vinit Kapur(Status update since March 2011 meeting and way forward)d) Presentation by Mr. Vinay Saran, Hindusthan National Glass & Inds. Ltd., Kolkata on Life CycleAnalysis of GlassNext AIGMF Executive Meeting will be held in New Delhi along with Annual General Meeting onSeptember 22, 2011. For more details please write to info@aigmf.comKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 13

14 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

AIGMF Study Tour – 22 nd(A Report)The AIGMF delegation visited 22 nd ChinaInternational Glass Industrial Technical Exhibition (ChinaGlass 2011) from 11-14 May, 2011 at the Shanghai NewInternational Expo Centre (SNIEC), Shanghai, People’sRepublic of China.China Glass was supported by nationwide tradeassociations in China, including China Building materialsFederation, China National Light Industry Council,China Association for Science and Technology, ChineseArchitectural and Industrial Glass Association and ChinaNational Association for Glass Industry.The delegation was led by Mr. Suresh ChandraBansal, Senior Vice-President, AIGMF and ManagingDirector, Adarsh Kanch Udyog Pvt. Ltd., Firozabad.Apart from members of the AIGMF, Manohar Lal, Secretary and Vinit Kapur, Joint Secretary, AIGMF were partof the delegation:Mr. Suresh Chandra Bansal (Delegation Leader)Mr. Sanjay Prakash MittalMr. Lavu Kodanda RamaiahMr. Ritesh MittalMr. Balbir SinghMr. Premkumar Prakasdev MalhotraMr. Sachin Vasant KadaveMr. C J KohliMr. Manohar LalMr. Vinit KapurAdrash Kanch Udyog Pvt. Ltd., FirozabadFarukhi Glass Inds., FirozabadFarukhi Glass Inds., FirozabadMeera Glass Inds., FirozabadMohan Mech (India), New DelhiGlacera Engineers, PuneBMT Machines Pvt Ltd, PuneBMT Machines Pvt Ltd, PuneAIGMF, New DelhiAIGMF, New DelhiKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 15

Delegation went around the exhibition on May 11& 12 and visited a factory on May 13, 2011.Registration of visitors was extremely efficient.Inspite of big crowds there were no long queues and thewhole process was orderly.Many well-known companies came to displaytheir latest machinery & equipment as also to showcasetechnological developments and development trends inrelation to low-carbon emissions, energy-saving and newenergy technologies. Besides, a number of technicalsymposia and seminars were organised concurrentlywith the show.Some of the well-known glass machinerymanufacturing companies such as Bottero, Lisec,Bystronic, Ctriulzi, etc., exhibited their latest designmachines and products.Large majority of exhibitors as also visitors wereChinese companies in the business of processing flat glassand manufacturing tools for glass processing industry.Energy-saving products e.g. solar glass andinsulating glass machinery were widely focused. Theentire exhibition was very well covered under differentsegments which were spread out in 10 halls at theShanghai New International Expo Centre (SNIEC),which is one of the most attractive venues worldwide.Factory Visit: (Zhejiang Engineering Glass Co.Ltd., Yangxunqiao Township)AIGMF delegation visited Zhejiang EngineeringGlass Co. Ltd., located in Yangxunqiao Township, whichis about 3 hours one way drive from Shanghai city onMay 13, 2011.AIGMF Meeting with Chinese Ceramic Society(main organisers of China Glass)The Chinese Ceramic Society (CCS) is an academic,non-profit-making corporate and social organization forprofessionals engaged in the science and technology ofinorganic nonmetallic materials.We met Mr. Joe Zhou, Secretary General, ChineseCeramic Society and had a detailed discussion withhim. We were informed that the exhibition reached anew plateau with exhibition area of about 67,500 squaremeters. It attracted 761 exhibitors, including 205international companies, coming from 26 countries: China,Germany, Italy, USA, Belgium, UK, France, Finland,the Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, Czechoslovakia,Austria, Australia, Israel, Japan, Korea, India, Indonesia,Singapore, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan andMonaco.CONCLUSIONOn the whole visit to 22 nd China Glass waseducative and informative. Entire process startingfrom Registration/exhibition premises, transportationarrangements for general visitors, basic facilities i.e.food stalls, information kiosks, security, management byvolunteers/paid staff, toilets, etc., were flawless.In spite of large crowd particularly on the first day,the whole show was orderly and no chaos was seen. It wasan eye opener to witness such an excellent arrangementinspite of large no., of visitors in the early hours.All arrangements made by M/s Orbitz Corporate &Leisure Travels (I) Pvt. Ltd., were commended includingthat of local guide, translators (whenever required), sightseeing,excellent variety of Indian vegetarian (includingGujarati) food during breakfast and dinner at Guamon hotel,which were part of the package offered by M/s Orbitz.The AIGMF delegation was taken around afloat glass production line by factory representative.The delegation was shown entire process of floatglass manufacturing starting from batch mixer,batch charger, melting tank, rolling, sizing, cuttingto required size, annealing and packaging. Thefactory produces 0.4 to 1.9 mm of clear floatglass.We were also shown the plant where laminated/insulated/reflectiveglass is manufactured.Members of the delegation were informedthat the factory has 10 float glass production lineswith aggregate daily melting capacity of 5000tonnes.16 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

AIGMF çfrfuf/ eaMy dk 22osa phu Xykl dk nkSjkAIGMF çfrfuf/k eaMy us 22oaaas phu varjZk"Vªh;dkap vkS|¨fxd rduhdh çn’kZuh 2011 dk n©jk fd;kA;g çn’kZuh 'ka?kkà ds uà varjZk"Vªh; dsUæ ¼SNIEC½ esa11&14 eà d¨ vk;¨ftr dh xÃA22ok¡ phu Xykl] phu Hkou fuekZ.k lkexzh la?k]phu ds jk"Vªh; ykbV m|¨x ifj"kn] phu ,l¨fl,’kuds fy, foKku vkSj ç©|¨fxdh] phuh okLrqdyk vkSjvkS|¨fxd dkap ,l¨fl,’ku vkSj dkap m|¨x ds fy,phu ds jk"Vªh; ,l¨fl,’ku }kjk lefFkZr fd;k x;kAJh lqjs'k pUæ caly] ofj"B mik/;{k AIGMFvkSj çca/k funs'kd] vkn’kZ dk¡p m|¨x çkbosV fyfeVsM]fQj¨tkckn us çfrfuf/k eaMy dk usr`Ro fd;kAAIGMF çfrfuf/k eaMy ds fuEufyf[kr lnL;¨a us22osa phu varjZk"Vªh; dkap vkS|¨fxd rduhdh çn'kZuh]2011 dk n©jk fd;k%KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 17

ÛÛÛÛÛJh lqjs'k pUæ caly] vkn'kZ dk¡p m|¨x çkfyfeVsM]fQj¨tkcknJh lat; çdk’k] feÙky Qk#[kh Xykl baMLVªht]fQj¨tkcknJh ykow d¨naMk] jeS¸;k Qk#[kh Xykl baMLVªht]fQj¨tkcknJh fjrs’k feÙky] ehjk Xykl baMLVªht] fQj¨tkcknJh cychj flag] e¨guesd ¼bafM;k½] uà fnYyhvkxarqd¨a dk iathdj.k vR;ar dq'ky FkkA vf/kd HkhM+ds g¨us ij Hkh ogk¡ d¨Ã yach drkj vkSj vkO;ofLFkrçfØ;k ugha FkhAçn~Z'kuh esa dà çfl) daifu;¨a us viuh uohuree'khujh vkSj midj.kksa d¨ çnf'kZr fd;kA çnf'kZre'khujh;¨a esa dkcZu mRltZu] ÅtkZ dh cpr vkSj uÃÅtkZ ç©|¨fxfd;¨a ds laca/k esa rduhdh fodkl vkSjfodkl ds #>ku çeq[k FkhA blds vfrfjDr çn'kZuh esavusd rduhdh lax¨f"B;¨ dk vk;¨tu fd;k x;kAÛÛÛÛÛJh çse dqekj çdk’knso eYg¨=k] Xysljk bathfu;lZ] iq.ksJh lfpu olar dM+os] ch ,Ek Vh e’khu çkbosVfyfeVsM] iq.ksJh ts lh d¨gyh] ch ,Ek Vh e'khu çkbosV fyfeVsM] iq.ksJh eu¨gj yky] AIGMF] uà fnYyhJh fouhr diwj] AIGMF] uà fnYyhçfrfuf/k eaMy us 11 vkSj 12 eà d¨ çn'kZuh esaHkkx fy;k vkSj 13 eà d¨ ,d phuh ySV Xykl QSDVªhdk n©jk fd;kABottero, Lisec, Bystronic, Ctriulzi vkfn çfl)dkap e'khujh dh fofuekZ.k daifu;¨a us vius uohuree'khu¨a vkSj mRikn¨a dk çn'kZu fd;kAçn’kZd¨a dk fo’kky cgqer phuh dkap daifu;ksadk FkkAÅtkZ dh cpr mRikn] l©j dkap vkSj dkap e'khujhij fo'ks"k :Ik ls /;ku dsafær fd;k x;kAiwjs çn’kZuh esa dkap m|¨x ds fofHkUu oxks± d¨ 10fo'kky gky¨ esa vk;¨ftr fd;k x;kA18 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

Zhejiang bathfu;fjax Xykl daa fyfeVsM] QSDVªhdk nkSjkAIGMF çfrfuf/k eaMy us Zhejiang bathfu;fjaxXykl da fyfeVsM dk 13 eÃ] 2011 d¨ n©jk fd;kA;g QSDVªh Yangxunqiao Vkmuf’ki esa fLFkr gS] t¨ dh'ka?kkà 'kgj ls ,Dlçsl os }kjk 3 ?kaVs dh nwjh ij gSAçfrfuf/k eaMy d¨ dkj[kkus ds çfrfuf/k }kjk,d y¨V Xykl mRiknu ykbu ls voxr djk;kx;kA çfrfuf/k eaMy d¨ y¨V Xykl cSp feDlj] cSppktZj] j¨fyax] vko';d vkdkj d¨ dkVus] annealingvkSj iSdsftax ls 'kq: fuekZ.k dh iwjh çfØ;k ls voxrdjk;k x;kA QSDVªh 0-4&1-9 feeh ds Li"V y¨V Xykldk mRiknu djrh gSAçfrfuf/k eaMy ds lnL;¨a d¨ lwfpr fd;k x;kfd QSDVªh esa dqy 5000 Vu nSfud fi?kykus fd {kerkds lkFk 10 y¨V Xykl mRiknu ykbusa gSAAIGMF dh phuh fljsfed lkslk;Vh (phuXykl ds eq[; vk;kstd) ds lkFk cSBd%phuh fljsfed l¨lk;Vh ¼lhlh,l½ ,d’kSf{kd] xSjykHk dekus okyh vkSj ç©|¨fxdh ds {ks= esa yxs is’ksoj¨ads fy, d‚iksZjsV vkSj lkekftd laxBu gSAJh t¨ >¨m] egklfpo] phuh fljsfed l¨lk;Vh dslkFk 22osa phu Xykl laEcfU/kr ppkZ dh xÃA Jh >¨mus crk;k fd çn'kZuh dk dqy{ks= 67]500 oxZehVj gSAftles 26 ns'k¨a ¼phu] teZuh] bVyh] vesfjdk] csfYt;e]fczVsu] Ýkal] fQuySaM] uhnjySaM] fLoV~tjySaM] LohMu]psd] vkWLfVª;k] vkWLVªsfy;k] bljkby] tkiku] d¨fj;k]Hkkjr] baM¨usf’k;k] flaxkiqj] rqdhZ] lÅnh vjc] felz]t‚MZu vkSj e¨ukd¨½ ls dqy 761 çn'kZd¨a vkSj 205varjjk"Vªh; daifu;ks us Hkkx fy;kAfu"d"kZ%22ok¡ phu Xykl dk n©jk f'k{kkçn vkSj tkudkjh iw.kZFkkA vkxarqdks a ds fy, fo’ks"k lkoZtfud lqfo/kk;s a miyC/kFkha] tSls fd iathdj.k@çn’kZuh ifjlj] lkekU; n’kZd¨ads fy, ifjogu O;oLFkk] Hk¨tu LVky¨a] lwpuk fd;¨Ld]lqj{kk] Lo;alsod¨a }kjk çca/ku] 'k©pky;] vkfnAigys fnu ij fo’ks"k :Ik ls vf/kd HkhM+ g¨us dsIk’pkr iwjh rjg ls 'k¨ vuq’kkflr Fkk vkSj vkxarqd¨a dsfy, lEiw.kZ O;oLFkk;as ç'kaluh; FkhaAM/s Orbitz }kjk dh xà vusd O;oLFkk;sa tSlsdh LFkkuh; xkbM] vuqoknd] Hkze.k] 'kkdkgkjh idoku¼xqtjkrh lfgr½ vkSj Guamon g¨Vy esa jgus dhO;oLFkk] dqy iSdst dk fgLlk FksAThe use of recycled glass in new containershelps save energy. It helps in brick and ceramicmanufacture, and it conserves raw materials,reduces energy consumption, and reduces thevolume of waste sent to landfillKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 19

Http://www.ridhisidhiglasses.com/GLASSES (INDIA) PVT. LTD.(Manufacturers of Toughened Glass & Insulated Glass)WORKS : E-217-217- A, RIICO Industrial Area, Jhotwara (Extn.) Sarna DoongarDist. Jaipur Fax : +91 141 2762501(M) 97999 98601-02 E-mail : sales@ridhisidhiglasses.comWebsite : www.ridhisidhiglasses.comNCR OFFICE : 346, Sultanpur, Mehrauli Gurgaon Road, Near Metro Pillar No- 28 B,New Delhi - 110030 (M) 093113 13234, 098295 85122E-mail : sales@ridhisidhiglasses.comManufacturers ofHigh Performance Glasses• TOUGHENED GLASS• INSULATING GLASS • LAMINATED GLASSYouareSafe with Us20 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

AIGMF Welcomes its New Member (April-June, 2011)Company Name and Address Product Recommended byMidas Autosoft Engineers Pvt. Ltd.204 to 206, 2 nd Floor, R Square, Opp. AtulNagar, Warje, Pune - 411 052, Maharashtra(India)Telefax: +91 20 2523 5781 / 82Contact person: Mr. Sunil DalviManager (Projects)E-mail: projects@midasautosoft.comWeb: http://www.midasautosoft.comEngineering company in processautomation and turnkey projects.WIGMAEnergy costs drop about 2-3 % for every 10 %recycled glass used in the glass making processPLATINUM / RHODIUM THERMOCOUPLESSPARE KER-710 TUBES , OMEGA CONNECTORSGLASS LEVEL PROBES , PAPERLESS RECORDERSBUBBLER TUBESCOMPENSATING CABLESBATCH LEVEL SENSORSPlease contact:NAVIN CORPORATION,304, Rupa Plaza, Opp. Ghatkopar Rly. Stn. (E),Mumbai: 400 077, India.Ph.: + 91 22 2501 2101 / 2501 2102;Fax: + 91 22 - 2501 2108.Email: mail@navincorp.com / navincorporation@vsnl.comKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 21

22 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

AIGMF’s Team Visit to Firozabad (Glass City of India)(A Report)Team consisting of Manohar Lal, Secretary, VinitKapur, Joint Secretary and Dilip Kumar, AIGMF officevisited Firozabad on April 28, 2011. Apart from meetingwith members of UPGMS, team visited some factoriesas well. Following points emerged from the discussionduring these visits:Pooja Glass Works Pvt. Ltd. – The factory isspread over an area of about 20 acres in Raja Ka Tal areaFirozabad. Glass table and kitchenware including glasstumblers, bowls, jugs, pudding sets, in different shapes,sizes, colours and designs are manufactured in the factoryby press and blow method. We went around the factoryand saw the production process.After going around the factory the team had adiscussion with Mr. Devicharan Agrawal, ManagingDirector, Pooja Glass Works Pvt. Ltd. Mr. Agrawalstarted as an entrepreneur trading in glass and glasswarein 1970. At a stage when he found that he could notget the requisite quantity/quality of the material to meetmarket requirements of the required products, he wentinto glass manufacturing. His unit named ‘Pooja Glass’commenced production in 1990. Since then there hasbeen no looking back and he is presently one of theleading manufacturers of glass table and kitchenware inIndia. He is quality conscious and company is exportingglass and glassware worth about Rs. 15 crores per annum.Mr. Agrawal informed that entire production technologyis indigenous.Mr. Agrawal further stated that this is a labourintensive industry and a large proportion of population inFirozabad, known as glass city of India, earns its livingthrough Glass industry maybe directly or indirectly.There is a canteen which serves lunch etc., to staff atsubsidized rates.Supply of gas is the biggest problem faced by theindustry to implement its expansion plans. Industryrequested GAIL to increase supply of CNG to enablethem to increase capacity. GAIL has responded witha proposal that industry may use as much CNG asrequired by them during a period of six months. Theirquota will be increased to maximum amount used duringthis period. Mr. Agrawal mentioned that setting up of aglass manufacturing unit is not possible with in a periodof 6 months. Thus many entrepreneurs may not beable to use this offer to meet their requirement for theintended expansion of their capacity. He also stated thatincrease in prices of natural gas is pushing up their costof production which will make it difficult for them tocompete with China and other countries, in the local asalso international market.Ganesh Beads Industries –Mr. B.K. Garg, Partner,Ganesh Beads Industries took AIGMF team round thefactory. He explained that in this unit bangles in differentsizes and colours are manufactured in pot furnace.Coloured Bangles are manufactured by either preparingcoloured molten glass by adding the required colour inthe batch itself or by using block glass of the requiredcolour. Another method is to manufacture bangles inflint glass and spray required colours on these bangles.This is a well-managed unit having enough open spacefor heat to go out. Thus there was no excessive heat inthe premises. Temperature in the factory was close to thetemperature outside.Akashwani Glass Works–Mr. Parsa stated thatinitially his forefathers started production of glassbangles in village Urmara and Jasrana, presently indistrict Firozabad. Bangles were manufactured throughsmall furnaces called ‘Chhal ki Bhatti’ and ‘KaraChhal Bhatti’. Thereafter these were made through daytank furnace and pot furnace. Manufacture of banglesthrough Regenerative tank furnaces commenced in 1975.Luster polish was first of all done on bangles at theirmanufacturing stage in his father’s factory M/s ShardaGlass Works during the year 1969. Consumption of Gasper tonne of glass melted in regenerative tank furnacesis much less than gas consumed in ordinary pot furnaces.Another important factor in favour of glass banglesindustry is that capital employed per tonne of glass meltedis much less than in other segments of glass industry.Akashwani Glass works has come a long way bynow. They have regenerative tank furnaces. During themanufacturing of glass bangles, the coloured moltenglass is spread over on molten glass drawn from the pot/regenerative furnace. In this way bangles may have twoor more built in colours.KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 23

Meeting with UPGMS Members held on April 28, 2011(at Hotel Aroma, Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh)UP GLASS MANUFACTURERS’SYNDICATE (UPGMS)President, UPGMS welcomed members of AIGMFteam.Secretary AIGMF stated that one of the importantitems of work assigned to AIGMF team by Mr. MukulSomany, President, AIGMF is to explain to members theneed for supply of data regarding purchased cullet usedby them in the glass batch. This information is vital toimpress upon the Government that by using cullet, glassindustry is saving virgin raw materials, many of whichare mineral based.Energy used in glass manufacturing by usingbroken glass (cullet) is much less than when virgin rawmaterials are used. According to researches, every 10%increase in cullet components results in 17% reduction incarbon dioxide (CO 2) and 2.5% reduction in electricityand natural gas.The current recycling level is 25-30% of the batchcomposition which has been achieved with the effort ofthe industry alone. The main reason for such low usage ofcullet is its low availability due to unhygienic and illegalreuse of containers not designed for reuse particularlyin segments like processed food, pharmaceutical andliquor. Quantum of carbon dioxide and other pollutantgasses produced by usage of furnace oil or other fuelsare minimized by use of cullet. By giving this data wewill try to convince the government that glass is an ecofriendlyindustry and should be given concessions inexcise duty etc.Another purpose is to inform UPGMS membersabout new look of KANCH, quarterly journal of theAIGMF, and introduction of Hindi pages therein. JointSecretary, AIGMF stated that apart from advertisementsupport being given by members they are also requestedto give articles/news regarding expansion etc., forpublication in KANCH, both in Hindi and English. It wasalso mentioned that AIGMF website has been updatedand members can advertise on website.Many members of UPGMS protested against 1%central excise duty imposed in central budget 2011-12on glass items produced by mouth blown process, whichis highly labour intensive. Most of these items are inhandicraft category and are meant for exports. Impositionof excise duty on such items is not justified.Secretary, AIGMF thanked President, UPGMSfor arranging this special meeting for discussion withAIGMF team.Meeting ended with a vote of thanks to President.Every metric ton (one long ton or 1,000 kg) of waste glassrecycled into new items saves 315 kilograms of carbondioxide from being released into the atmosphere during thecreation of new glass24 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

fQjkstkckn dkap m|ksx dk nkSjkAIGMF dk;kZy; ds lfpo] eu¨gj yky] la;qDrlfpo] fouhr diwj vkSj fnyhi dqekj us 28 vçSy] 2011d¨ fQj¨tkckn dkap m|¨x dk n©jk fd;kA UPGMSds lnL;¨a ds lkFk cSBd ds vfrfjDr Vhe us dqNQSDVªh;¨a dk Hkh nkSjk fd;kAiwtk Xykl oDlZ çkbosV fyfeVsM % ;g QSDVªhfQj¨tkckn ds jktk dk rky {ks= esa yxHkx 20 ,dM+Hkwfe esa Qsyh gqà gSA bl QSDVªh esa çsl vkSj Cy¨ fof/k}kjk dkap ds fofHkUu vkdkj vkSj jax ds crZu] dV¨jsbR;kfn dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA AIGMF Vhe usQSDVªh dh mRiknu çfØ;k d¨ ns[kkAblds mijkar Jh nsohpj.k vxzoky] çca/k funs’kd]iwtk Xykl oDlZ çkbosV fyfeVsM ds lkFk ppkZ;s dhxÃA Jh vxzoky us dkap vkSj dkap ds cus inkFkksZ dkO;kikj o"kZ 1970 esa 'kq: fd;kA iwtk Xykl dk mRiknuo"kZ 1990 esa vkjaHk gqvk t¨ fd vkt Hkkjrh; dkapm|ksx ds vxz.kh fuekZrkvksa esa ls ,d gSA Jh vxzoky uscrk;k fd og dkap dh xq.koÙkk ij fo’ks"k /;ku nsrs gSaaaftlds QyLo:i çfro"kZ 15 dj¨M+ #i, dk mRiknuLons’k¨a esa fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gSAJh vxzoky us vkxs crk;k fd ;g ,d Je ç/kkum|¨x gS vkSj fQj¨tkckn ¼t¨ dh Hkkjr ds dkap m|¨xdk eq[; dsaæ gS½ dh tula[;k dk ,d cM+k fgLlktqM+k gqvk gSAiwtk Xykl esa ,d dSaVhu gS t¨ mfpr nkeksa ijdeZpkfj;¨a d¨ Hk¨tu vkfn çnku djkrh gSAmUg¨aus crk;k dh xSl dh vkiwfrZ lcls cM+hleL;k gS ftlds fy, mUg¨aus xsy lh,uth d¨ vuqj¨/kfd;kA xsy us ,d çLrko ds lkFk çfrfØ;k O;Drdh gS fd m|¨x txr Ng eghus dh vof/k ds n©jkuvko’;drkuqlkj vf/kd ls vf/kd lh,uth dk mi;¨xdj ldrk gSA ftlds mijkar mudk xSl d¨Vk c

AIGMF dh UPGMS lnL;kas ds lkFk cSBd28 vçSy] 2011g¨Vy vj¨ek] fQj¨tkckn] mÙkjçns'klfpo AIGMF us lnL;ksa dks crk;k fd v/;{kAIGMF us dYysV ds ckjs esa MsVk dh vkiwfrZ dk,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z AIGMF Vhe d¨ l©aik gSA lfpoAIGMF us vuqj¨/k fd;k dh og cSp esa dYysV dsmi;¨x dk MkVk çnku djs ftlls ljdkj d¨ crk;ktk,xk dh dkap m|¨x vf/kd dYysV ds mi;¨x lsdPps eky vkSj [kfut inkFkZ dh cpr dj ik jgk gS]tks fd Ik;kZoj.k fd fy, mRre gSaAVwVs gq, dkap ¼dYysV½ ds mi;¨x ls uohu dkapds fuekZ.k esa dPps eky dh rqyuk esa ÅtkZ dk demi;¨x g¨rk gSA ,d 'k¨/k ds vuqlkj] cSp esa dYysVdh 10% o`f) ls dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM esa 17% dh deh¼CO 2½ vkSj fctyh vkSj çkÑfrd xSl esa 2-5% dh dehg¨rh gSAorZeku jhlkbfDyax dk Lrj cSp lajpuk dk25&30% gS t¨ m|¨x txr vius ç;kl ls Lao;eçkIr djrk gSA dYysV ds de mi;¨x dk eq[; dkj.kbldh de miyC/krk gS] voS/kkfud :Ik ls [kk|] nokvkSj efnjk tSls {ks=¨a esa iqjkuh dkap dh cksry¨a dkmi;¨x fd;k tk jgk gSA dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM vkSjvU; çnw"kd xSlsa t¨ dh Ãa/ku ds mi;¨x ls mRiUug¨rh gS] cSp esa vf/kd dYysV ds mi;¨x }kjk de dhtk ldrh gSA lfpo AIGMF us dgk dh bl MsVkd¨ nsdj ge ljdkj d¨ crkus dk ç;kl djsaxs fddkap m|¨x i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy gS] vkSj dkap m|¨xdks mRikn 'kqYd vkfn esa vkSj vf/kd NwV nh tkuhpkfg,AcSBd esa AIGMF lfpo us UPGMS lnL;¨a d¨=Sekfld if=dk dkap ds fgUnh i`"B¨a ls voxr djk;kAmUg¨aus lnL;¨a ls vuqj¨/k fd;k fd og dk¡p esa çdk’kuds fy, foKkiu ys[k @ foLrkj @ fgUnh vkSj vaxzsthHkk"kk esa lekpkj vkfn esa leFkZu nsA lnL;¨a d¨ ;g Hkhcrk;k x;k fd os AIGMF osclkbV ij Hkh foKkiu nsldrs gSaA ftl ij çfrfnu yxHkx 70&80 vkxqUrdLOG ON djrs gSaAUPGMS ds dà lnL;¨a us 1% dsaæh; mRikn'kqYd dk fojks/k fd;k t¨ dh dsaæh; ctV 2011&12 esaekmFk Cy¨ou çfØ;k ls cus dkap ds mRikn¨a ij yxk;kx;k gSA lnL;¨a us crk;k fd ;g mRikn gLrdykoxZ ds varZxr vkrs gS vkSj bu oLrqvksa ij mRikn 'kqYdyxkuk mfpr ugha gaSAlfpo AIGMF us bl fo’ks"k cSBd dh O;oLFkkvkSj ppkZ;¨ ds fy, UPGMS v/;{k dk /kU;okn fd;kAcSBd dk lekiu v/;{k d¨ /kU;okn ds lkFk gqvkARecycling one glass bottle saves enoughenergy to power a 60-watt bulb for fourhours, a computer for 30 minutes or atelevision for 20 minutes26 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

Indian Glass Directory 2011AIGMF will soon publish revised edition of IndianGlass Directory.It will include details of manufacturers of primaryglass products and others connected with the GlassIndustry, e.g. suppliers of raw materials, refractories,chemicals, machinery and equipment, consultant etc.The Directory will also include details of secondaryglass products such as products manufactured byprocessing of flat glass, i.e. toughened / automotive glassand other articles made from flat glass, decorative glassarticles, ophthalmic glasses, fiber glass products etc.You can also advertise your products in theDirectory. The Advertisement Tariff is given below:IndianCompanies(Rs.)ForeignCompanies(US $)Front Cover 50,000 2,500Back Cover 40,000 2,200Inside Cover (Back) 25,000 1,400Inside Cover (Front) 25,000 1,400Extra Inside Cover (Back) 20,000 1,200Extra Inside Cover (Front) 20,000 1,200Full Page Coloured 15,000 1,000Centrespread(2 pages opp. to each other)50,000 2,500Full Page Black & White 10,000 600Half Page Black & White 8,000 400The print area is 18x25 cm for full page advertisement and 20x21cm for the glossy front-cover four colour advt.Good quality advertisement material in highresolution along with a Demand Draft / Cheque ofthe requisite amount payable to “The All India GlassManufacturers’ Federation” at New Delhi may be sentto Secretary AIGMF at the registered office of theFederation.It would be ideal if you could send youradvertisement in PDF high resolution format (with autoenabled e-mail ID / website address, if any) helpingreaders to reach you directly on a single click in e/CDversion.A complimentary copy of Indian Glass Directoryalong with the invoice will be sent to all advertisers.Those wanting more than one copy are requested to sendtheir request in advance.Foreign companies are requested to send theDemand Draft of the requisite amount in US Dollars.Demand Draft be made in the name of “The All IndiaGlass Manufacturers’ Federation”, New Delhi, payableat New York.For convenience, payment can also be remittedthrough wire transfer. Our bank details are as under:Remittance from abroad to:Bank of Baroda, New York, SWIFT BIC :BARBUS33, FEDWIRE/ROUTING NUMBER:026 005 322, giving full particulars of Beneficiary i.e.Account No. : 05860200000294Name : The All India Glass Manufacturers'FederationBank : Bank of BarodaBranch : Parliament Street, New DelhiCity : New Delhi, IndiaPayment Instruction Message i.e. MT - 103 is to besent to Bank of Baroda, IBB, New Delhi, SWIFT BIC -BARBINBBPARRemittance from India to: (deposit cash or makeNEFT- online payment)Account No. : 000701239715Name : The All India Glass Manufacturers'FederationBank : ICICI Bank LimitedBranch : 9A, Phelps Building, ConnaughtPlace, New DelhiIFSC Code : ICIC0000007A copy of bank advice may please be sent to AIGMF Secretariat forreconciliation.KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 27

Glass Bangles of Firozabad(A Preview)Firozabad, known as Glass city of India, is in thestate of Uttar Pradesh.The bangle industry of Firozabad is about 300 yearsold. Glass industry in Firozabad is one of the country’sbiggest glass industry clusters in India.All sorts of glass articles, including bangles, kitchenwares, table wares, jars, candle stands, tumbler, flowervases, and decorative lights, bulbs and every other sort ofglass articles are manufactured in this city. These articlesare painted with vivid colours and innovative patterns.Etching is done on some products to enhance theirbeauty. Decoration work is also done on some products.With technical manpower available in the city they canmanufacture almost anything which has a demand.Glass bangles, the type that dominates the shops ofthe bangle market, have their prime source in Firozabad.The industry employs directly and indirectly about fivelakh persons, manufacturing various items such as glassbeads, lamps and multicoloured bangles. The bangleindustry alone employs about one lakh workers includingwomen, engaged in the Sadai (straightening out of thebangles) and Judai (welding the joints of the bangles).The process of manufacturing these bangles is longand intricate, involving extremely precise and detailedwork. The raw glass that is used is the same as the oneused for all the other glass products made in the factories.The molten glass is passed through furnace pipes, and thisglass is beaten into equal dimensions without removingthe pipes. This molten glass, still within the pipes, ispassed through automated rollers, which stretches it outlike a thread. This thread, like molten glass wraps itselfaround the roller and a spring of glass is thus formed.This spring is cut with the same cutter as is used ondiamonds.The next step of the process is called Sadai, wherethe jagged joints of the bangles are smoothened out andmade to look like one continuous ring. The glass is madeto melt a little and by applying pressure on both ends,the joint is straightened out. This part of the process isusually carried out by women workers.The last and final step of the process is called Judai.These open-ended springs of glass need to be joined28 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

to form bangles. This part of the process happens in aseparate unit. The process of joining bangles is termed‘judai’. Using a chimney of kerosene that is connected toan air compressor, known as ‘pankha’ by the workers, thetwo ends of the glass spring are joined.It still has to pass through almost 10 to 15 hands,before it appears on the stalls. This is the part where thebangle is decorated, using ornamental pieces of mirrors,glitter and various other embellishments.Making a kada has the same process, but here,several bangles are melted together to make a thick banglethat is called a kada. With a thin glass stick, designs aredrawn on this kada and sometimes engravings are alsodone using rotating grinders. The process also changesslightly in the case of multi-coloured bangles. Sometimes,a hardener and resin are mixed in equal quantity, makinga paste that is then coated on the bangle. After this, thebangles are collectively rolled over Zari powder.Firozabad has earned the sobriquet of Suhag Nagri(the city that supplies bangles for married women). Thesecolourful and shiny bangles are a symbol of marriage andprosperity of the women who wear them.Glass Recycling is the process of turning waste glass into usableproducts, which help Conserving Natural ResourcesKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 29

FORMA GLAS GmbHHandel mit Waren aller Art - Trading CompanySalzburgerstr. 1A-5145 Neukirchen/E.Austriawww.formaglass.comThe company FORMA GLAS GmbH Austria is a well known producer for machines forstemware lines, tumblers and pressed glass. Since the foundation of FORMA in 1968 andthe first installation of a stemware line in 1970 more than 75 production lines have beensold and started up worldwide until now.The new Generation of blowing machines has come - 2010the first machine with FORMA segment construction methodis used in operation.The segment design offer many advantages to yourtraditional construction: an economic production with Siemens Simotion Control system single station drive - including front control panel servo raising station easy assembly and repair processes great time saving when changing the station - fromthe current 2 hours only 10 min our highlight - we are able to melt the glass inFORMA machine with a very high quality - nodifference form traditional manufacturing methodsProduct range:The new agent for India:SMJ BUSINESS ENTERPRISES PVT. LTD.A 201,ROHAN TAPOVAN,GOKHALE NAGAR,PUNE- 411016. INDIA.Contact Person : SUDEEP JINDAL.Pune: +91 9049988754 / +91 (0)20 2566 1969.Email- sudeepjindal2001@yahoo.co.in Blowing machines – Type IBS with 8to 32 stations for production ofstemware, tumbler, Presses - Type ISP with 8 to 20stations for stems, optical glassesand small gift. Blowing Machines for big items up todia 240 mm, hight 350 mm and 3 kggob weight Type ISP 12/14 double-gob-press Press type RPH with 3 to 24 stationsfor tumbler, tea cups, bowls, vasesand gift items Feeder units - mechanical and servotechnology, ball gatherer type Platinum feeder Handling devices Conveyors Washing conveyors Fire polishing machines Melting machines Scissors Spinning machines Crack off machine with 12 to 40stations for finishing stemware andtumblers.30 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

Busellato Glass Moulds means innovation and technologies. Thanks to its well- trained staff, the company isable to satisfy the most demanding client request.The strong commitment to the work, along with the use of sophisticated machinery and research are the strongpoints of this Italian company, together with its aim of being a leading company and not a follower.Busellato Glass Moulds’ range of productsMoulds in: Cast iron Bronze SteelWelding in: Plasma TIG HVOFNeck rings in: Cast iron Cast iron, fully metalized Bronze- aluminium Bronze- aluminium with metalized edges Bronze- aluminium fully metalizedWe also manufacture: Blow heads BB plungers PB plungers with cooling tubes Guide plates Vertiflow plates Pliers Sleeves FunnelsFor further information, please visit our website www.busellatoglassmoulds.com.Our Agent in INDIA,SRILANKA and NIGERIA:SMJ BUSINESS ENTERPRISES PVT LTD.A-201,Rohan Tapovan,Gokhale Nagar, Pune 411016INDIA.Contact Person : Sudeep JindalPh: 020-2566 1969M: 090 4998 8754Email : sudeepjindal2001@yahoo.co.inKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 31

Glass News- IndiaGlass-Makers Line Up Rs 7,000-Cr Investment overnext 2-3 YearsAnticipating a surge in domestic demand, Indianglass manufacturers are ramping up their capacitiesand infusing new technologies, having lined up a totalinvestment of over Rs. 7,000 crore for the next two tothree years.In the last three years, the industry has investedabout half this amount for capacity-building owing torelatively slower demand growth.The domestic glass industry, estimated to be aboutRs. 18,000 crore, expects per capita consumption tonudge up from the current levels of 1.2 kg in the containerglass segment and 0.8 kg in the float glass segment. Theper capita consumption in other developing countries isabout 8-9 kg in both the categories, while that in the USis estimated at 35 kg.The Indian glass industry currently produces about7,000 tonnes per day of container (or hollow) glass and4,500 tonnes per day of float glass (used in buildings,automotive and other sectors), besides a range ofspeciality glass, including those used for solar panels.HNGIL has lined up a Rs. 1,500-crore expansionfor the next 12 to 18 months to add a capacity of 1,000TPD through a new plant at Naidupetta and brown-fieldexpansion of its Nasik facility. Besides, its subsidiary,HNG Float Glass Ltd, is investing another Rs. 850 croreto expand the capacity of its existing facility by 300 TPDin the next two years.Similarly, AGI Glaspac is investing Rs. 600 crore toadd 450 TPD capacities.Float glass manufacturers are estimated to havelined up investment of over Rs. 3,000 crore. Leadingin this category is Saint Gobain Glass India, which ispumping in Rs. 1,000 crore in various projects in the nexttwo years. This includes Rs. 800 crore for its new facilitycoming up in Bhiwadi in Rajasthan, which is expectedto be commissioned in the first quarter of 2012, and Rs.100 crore each in its existing facility in Chennai and therecently acquired Sezal plant in Gujarat.In an effort to bring down costs, the industry isplanning to switch over to natural gas from furnace oil.Solar Energy Biz Hits New FrontiersThe national solar mission is bringing in a wholenew set of businesses associated with solar energy. Themission, under which investors bid to build solar powerplants, is likely to attract an overall investment of about$70 billion according to government estimates. The planseeks to boost green power generation from near zero to20 gigawatts (GW) by 2022.Ancillary industry is developing around low ironglasses, which is used in the production of photovoltaicsolar panels, which in turn are used to generate energyfrom sunlight. According to government estimates, thedemand for low iron glass is expected to surge by over85% over in the next 5 years from the current 4 millionsquare meters per year.Till date, most solar project developers wereimporting the glass from China. However, the gamechanged with the entry of low iron producer GujaratBorosil. “Thanks to huge demand from manufacturesand other glass firms, we have gained tremendousmarketshare,” said Phiroze J Masters, executive director(marketing), Gujarat Borosil.Others seem to be following suit.Hindusthan National Glass (HNG) has lined upplans to venture into manufacturing of glass for solar PVcells. “We expect the requirement of glass for the Indiansolar industry to grow by 30-40% CAGR by 2020,” saidKailash C Jain, president, HNG Float.Saint-Gobain Glass India Ltd is also keen toestablish a solar glass complex with an investment ofRs. 500-600 crores. The plant is likely to come up inTamil Nadu or Andhra Pradesh.Tata Refractories Krosaki Stake AcquisitionTata Refractories has been renamed TRL KrosakiRefractories after Japan’s Krosaki Harima Corporationacquired 51% equity stake in the company from TataSteel recently.The change in the name of the company, basedat Belpahar in Jharsuguda district of Orissa for whichnecessary approvals have been obtained from theRegistrar of Companies, Orissa.Krosaki Harima Corp, which got inducted intoTRL, is an associate of Japan’s Nippon Steel. The dealwas valued at Rs. 576.3 crore, going by Tata Refractories’valuation at Rs. 1,130 crore. This makes it one of thelargest foreign acquisitions in the domestic refractoriessector.32 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

One of the largest refractory companies in thecountry, Tata Refractories caters to refractory consumingindustries such as steel, glass, cement, non-ferrousand petrochemicals, both in India and abroad. It alsohas operations at Salem in Tamil Nadu, Jamshedpur,Samkhiyali (Gujarat), Jhansi and Hyderabad. It has anoverseas manufacturing unit at China. In a notification tothe Bombay Stock Exchange, Tata Steel said the companyhas completed the transaction and received the relevantconsideration for the transfer of 51% equity shares ofTRL out of its current stake of 77.46% stake.Saint-Gobain Plans Rs.1,200-Cr InvestmentSaint-Gobain Glass India Ltd (SGGI), a 100 percent subsidiary of France-headquartered float glassmanufacturer, Saint-Gobain, has decided to invest nearlyRs.1,200 crore in various projects over two years.It is also planning to invest an additional Rs.100crore in Sezal Glass, the newly acquired float glassbusiness in Gujarat.The company would invest Rs.100 crore in andaround the existing Sriperumbudur facility located nearChennai to manufacture float glass for the architectureand automotive industry.Sezal Glass Sells Unit to Saint-Gobain IndiaSezal Glass, a glass-processing company, sold itsfloat-glass business to Saint-Gobain Glass India for 6.86billion rupees ($152.4 million).The deal was a slump sale, a term that refers toa company selling its assets and liabilities for a singlelump sum without assigning separate values to each.Sezal Glass, in a notification to the National StockExchange, said the sale was approved by the company’sshareholders.The floating glass facility in Jhagadia IndustrialEstate in the western state of Gujarat has the capacity toproduce 550 tons per day.HSIL to Invest Rs. 650 Cr on Capacity Expansion in 3YearsHindustan Sanitaryware & Industries Ltd (HSIL)has plans to invest Rs. 650 crore for capacity expansionin the next three years.The company, which has two divisions - buildingmaterial and container glass, plans to invest in both newas well as existing facilities.“We plan to invest Rs. 650 crore in capacityexpansion in the next three years. Our existing plants aswell as the new plants will be covered under this capex,”HSIL President RB Kabra told PTI.The company will invest Rs. 200 crore on itssanitaryware and ceramics business, while Rs. 350 crorewill be on its container glass business. Another Rs. 100crore will be invested on the bathroom fittings business.“We plan to invest Rs.75 crore in augmentingsanitaryware capacities in our plants in Bibinagar andBahadurgarh and Rs.125 crore for the first phase of a newplant at Jhagadia in Gujarat,” said Mr. Kabra.The company had recently signed a memorandumof understanding with Gujarat government to set up theplant at Jhagadia.The company aims to touch 5 million pieces a yearmark by 2013-end from the current 2.8 million piecesannually after the capacity expansions.It also plans to invest Rs. 90 crore to set up a newfacility at Bhiwadi. The facility will focus on chromeplated faucets and is expected to be completed byDecember, 2012. The company has already acquired 10acres land for the purpose.“Another Rs. 10 crore would be go in augmenting thecapacities of the existing plant there,” said Mr. Kabra.HSIL will also invest Rs. 300 crore on its Bhongirfacility in Andhra Pradesh. HSIL also plans to spendanother Rs. 50 crore on its Sanatnagar facility nearHyderabad. The two facilities will produce containerglass.“Our glass melting capacity will rise to 1,500 tonneby January, 2012 from the present 1,125 tonne a day,with these expansions,” said Mr. Kabra.The company posted a net profit of Rs. 87.35 crorefor the year ended March 31, 2011. Its net sales forthe year crossed Rs. 1,000 crore mark and stood at Rs.1,035.33 crore.HNG Announces Acquisition of Agenda Glas Ag,GermanyFirst international acquisition with an investmentof ~ 50 million euro (Rs. 321Cr) over next one yearwill drive vision to becoming one of the top 15 glasspackaging companies globallyHindusthan National Glass (HNG), one of thefrontrunners in the Indian packaging industry and India’sleading glass container manufacturer with ~ 55% marketshare in the Indian glass packaging segment, acquiredAgenda Glas, AG situated in Gardelegen, Germany,entailing an investment of ~ 50 million euro (Rs. 321 Cr)KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 33

over next one year. The acquisition will act as a steppingstone to the Company’s global growth plans and will driveHNG’s vision of becoming one of the top 15 global glasspackaging companies. Agenda Glas went into bankruptcyproceedings in February 2011, and its assets are beingacquired by HNG Global GmbH (a 100% subsidiaryof HNG) through an international bidding process. Theacquired company is a new facility catering to the alcobevsegment, with state-of-the art technology and has aproduction capacity of 320 tonnes per day (tpd). It hadstarted its commercial production in February 2010. Thisacquisition shall be funded by a combination of the debtand equity.Mr. Mukul Somany, Vice Chairman and ManagingDirector of Hindusthan National Glass and IndustriesLtd. said “Through this acquisition, we plan to set ourfoot into the container glass manufacturing segment inthe international market and we will also be followinga high growth path in the next 3 years. In India, wehave been looking at aggressive organic growth throughgreenfield and brownfield expansions with an investmentof Rs. 2500 crores. The inorganic growth in building upmanufacturing presence in the international market isalso crucial to the Company’s strategic global expansionplans and vision to becoming one of the top 15 globalglass packaging companies.”Exports to over 23 countries in Europe, USA,UAE and Africa already contribute a portion of HNG’sRs. 1500 Crore annual turnover. HNG Global GmbHwill enhance HNG’s technical capabilities in terms ofadvanced technology and production processes, enablingthe company to penetrate into European market, one ofthe largest markets with food and alco-bev industries asmajor demand drivers.In the domestic market, HNG’s total productioncapacity of 7.85 lakh tons in the last fiscal, is expectedto go up to 12 lakh tons in the financial year 2011-12. Itsmajor expansion and capacity enhancement plans includethe greenfield Naidupeta plant complex with a capacityof 650 tpd, the brownfield expansion at Nashik plant witha capacity to produce 650 tpd. The flagship company ofHNG Group, HNG is a pan-India company, with a multilocationalspread of plants and also the largest player inoverall glass industry in India in capacity terms. HNGoffers the widest range of bottles ranging from 5 mlto 3200 ml with downstream applications in the liquor,beer, beverages, pharmaceuticals processes, foods andcosmetics industries.Now Even Glass Window Can Generate Solar PowerThe engineering, procurement and construction(EPC) arm of Moser Baer Solar has installed a solarapplication that converts glass windows, front facadesand exteriors into solar panels that capture sunlight andconvert it into power.Using this technology, called building integratedphotovoltaic (BIPV), the Moser Baer arm has convertedthe exterior façade on the front of the Jubilee Hillsshopping complex in Hyderabad into solar panels toerect a 1.8 kwp solar application.These panels generate electricity to meet thepower requirements in the corridors of the shoppingcomplex. The commissioning of the building integratedphotovoltaic application in India heralds the arrival ofthis new age technology which would allow commercialbuildings to increase the use of renewable source energyin an aesthetic manner.KN Subramaniam, chief executive of Moser Baersaid, “The photovoltaic applications were no longerstand alone solar panels but could be a combination ofsun and structures that led to opportunities to convertwindows, exteriors and other integrated applications intosolar panels in a commercially viable manner.34 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

HiPERFORMFORMING TECHNOLOGY FOR EFFICIENT PRODUCTION• High performance equipment for Hot End• IS Machines, ware handling, from feeder to stacker• Assortment production for more flexibility• NNPB lightweight standard set by Heye International• Integrated solutions combining equipment and forming expertiseHeye International GmbHLohplatz 1, 31683 Obernkirchenwww.heye-international.comKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 35

HiTRUSTPROJECT MANAGEMENT AND SERVICE EXPERTISE• Expert services from project defi nition to production support• Project management for new plants or modernisations• Technical assistance with plant audit to improve effi ciency• Training center and on-the-job training in glass plants• Expertise by Glass People from Glass People since 1799Heye International GmbHLohplatz 1, 31683 Obernkirchenwww.heye-international.com36 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

AGC Develops World’s Thinnest Sheet FloatGlass at Just 0.1 MMGlass News- WorldwideAGC has developed ultra-thin sheet glassmanufactured using the float process, measuring just0.1 mm, roughly the thinness of a sheet of paper. Madefrom alkali-free glass, which is used as a glass substratefor TFT-LCDs, AGC’s unprecedentedly thin sheet floatglass will be used in next-generation displays, lighting,touchscreens and high-tech applications such as medicaldevices. Recent shifts towards increasingly thin andenergy saving displays and OLED lighting are now beingtaken to the next level with the development of nextgenerationflexible displays and OLED lighting. Thisis creating more demand for glass materials, includingglass substrates and cover glass for touchscreen panelsand glass substrates for displays. Thin sheet glass isexpected to be used in such products due to its flexibleshaping and light weight, as well as basic characteristicsof glass such as transparency, electrical insulation andresistance to heat, chemicals and gasses.AGC has extensive experience with the productionof thin sheet glass. Over five years ago, the companybegan mass producing and shipping 0.4 mm, alkali-freeglass as a TFT glass substrate. Later, the thickness wasreduced to 0.3 mm. In April of this year, AGC beganselling the world’s thinnest, 0.28 mm, soda-lime glasssubstrate for touchscreens.AGC is contributing to more environmentallyfriendly and comfortable lifestyles by developing newtechnologies and expanded applications for glass underits Grow Beyond strategy of building new foundationsfor growth through innovative solutionsO-I Working To Bring Back The Glass Milk BottleThe Australian arm of the glass making giant, O-I,has released results of new consumer research that showsAustralian consumers would seriously consider buyingtheir milk in glass bottles if it was back on the shelves.The research commissioned by O-I and conductedby Ipsos Australia, showed 50% of all white milk buyersand 51% of flavoured milk buyers found the concept ofmilk packaged in glass bottles appealing.The study also revealed 42% of white milk buyersand 28% of flavoured milk buyers believed milk wouldtaste better in glass versus other packaging types.O-I conducted the research to examine the habitsof Australian milk buyers and the attitudes of consumerstowards milk packaged in glass bottles. Availability ofmilk in glass is currently limited but O-I believes it is onthe verge of a comeback.Other key research findings included:• 58% of white milk buyers cited the 100%,recyclability of glass as a benefit of milk packagedin glass.• 46% of flavoured milk buyers identified the abilityof glass to keep milk colder for longer as a benefitof milk packaged in glass.• 63% of 30-34 year-olds found white milk packagedin glass appealing.• 68% of 25-39 year-olds found flavoured milkpackaged in glass appealing.• 49% of white milk buyers were considered mediumusers and purchased three to seven litres of whitemilk per week.• 42% of flavoured milk buyers were consideredmedium users and purchased two to four bottles orcartons of flavoured milk per week.Brian Slingsby, General Manager O-I Australia,said the research identified increasing consumer desirefor more milk to be packaged in glass.“Australians love a comeback and we expect to seethe application of glass packaging across a number ofmilk brands in the near future,” said Mr. Slingsby.“The research indicates milk packaged in glass isassociated with a wholesome, quality image due to theability of glass to keep beverages colder for longer andnot interfere with taste.”KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 37

In response to the consumer research whichhighlighted milk as a regular, habitual purchase, O-I haslaunched a new 750 ml glass bottle for the milk industry.The bottle has been designed to fit standard Australianand New Zealand milk crates ensuring convenientstorage and transport.“Glass packaging presents a significant opportunityfor brands to differentiate their products by using amaterial that is 100% infinitely recyclable in a closedloop, from milk bottle to milk bottle,” said Mr. Slingsby.Single-Stage Forming Research ProjectHeye International is proud to be an integral part ofthe new, government-sponsored EinFormGlas researchproject, exploring the viability of single-stage forming.Dr. Michael Kellner, Heye’s Director of Research &Development and a key advisor on the project, suggests thatthe goal should be a modular system, capable of integrationinto existing production lines, as the development of astand-alone machine could take 5-10 years.One of the biggest challenges to glass as a packagingmaterial is weight reduction. Traditional container glassmanufacture employs a two-stage forming process, whichuses a generous amount of glass and has the advantagethat heat-retention allows minor surface imperfections toheal during production.This self-healing does not occur in single-stageforming, leading to a lower overall consistency ofproduction quality. Therefore, a primary goal of thisproject is to optimise the integrity and stability of the finalproduct by, for example, eliminating sand accumulationor dust build-up in the furnace. This allows the creationof totally homogeneous batches. A further challenge is toavoid the occurrence of asymmetries in the gob, whichrequires an even temperature distribution within the glass.New advances in other areas, such as mould lubrication,are also important.This first stage of the EinFormGlas project aims toreduce wall thicknesses by a third to only 0.7-0.8 mm. Itfurther consolidates the position of German glass machinemanufacturers as global leaders and advances the meritsof glass as the most healthy and environmentally friendlypackaging solution in the world.38 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

Environmentally Friendly andNew Generation Glasses for Plasma TVAnal Tarafder, Shiv Prakash Singh and Basudeb Karmakar*Glass Science & Technology Section, Glass Division, CSIR - Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute196, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, IndiaAbstract: Glass plays an important role in the manufacturing of plasma display panel (PDP), thatis, plasma TV. Glass is not only used there as front and back panel substrates, but also in its severalcomponents, such as front panel transparent dielectric (TD) layer, back panel opaque or whitedielectric (WB) layer, barrier rib (BR) and sealing material in between front and back panels.In all the later cases, presently PbO is used in the tune of 60-80 wt% as a glass constituent. It is,therefore, essential to replace the PbO from glass compositions due to health and environmentalissues keeping their existing properties unaltered. In this paper, an overview on the available PDPglasses and some of their key properties are reported. In addition, recent development carriedat this institute on environmentally friendly lead-free dielectric glasses for plasma TV is brieflydescribed. A low softening and dielectric constant lead-free ZnO-P 2O 5based glass composition wasalso developed for manufacturing plasma TV in consideration of cost-effectiveness. We believe thatthis work will open up a new horizon in the plasma TV research and reduce its manufacturing costsignificantly as well.Keywords: Plasma display panel (PDP), Plasma TV, Glass, Lead-free glass, Low softening pointlead-free glass, Low dielectric constant glass1. IntroductionIn recent past, the commercial uses of flat paneldisplays (FPDs) have increased enormously, especially incase of consumer electronics such as televisions, laptopcomputers, digital clocks, cell phones, telephones etc.In such cases, the most widely used flat panel displaysare the liquid crystal display (LCD) and organic lightemitting diodes (OLED's). OLED’s are mostly used forsmall displays in MP3 players and mobile phones andLCD is competing with plasma display (PDP) for sub 42inch TV's and is being the display of choice for computerscreens. But PDP is one kind of flat panel display whichhas emerged to be a potential display material for largedimension (> 100 inches) high definition TV. Significantquality differences remain between PDP and other flatpanel displays (LCD, OLED etc.) while they offer someshared benefits. It is true that with the advent of moreaffordable LCDs and the competition from the latestLED TVs, the plasma television market has shrunkrecently. This is mostly as the sales representativescontinue to favor LCD and now the latest LED TVs overplasma with their hype regarding burn-in and excessivepower consumption. PDP has always remained the TVtechnology of choice for videophiles, home theaterenthusiasts, sports fans and consumers desiring a largerscreen size. PDPs are characterized by larger screensizes (greater than 100 inches), wide viewing angle,more accurate image reproduction with better colouraccuracy, contrast and brightness, superior ability todisplay moving images without motion artifacts andbetter pixel reliability over LCDs or LEDs. The shareof 3D PDP TV is expected to represent over 86% of allPDP TVs in 2013. Depending on the type of voltage thatis used to generate the plasma, AC and DC PDPs can bedistinguished. Almost all the PDP companies have nowadopted the AC PDP.In plasma display panels, its front and back panelsare made up of glass. Besides, some of its componentsare also composed of glass frits and ceramic fillers (e.g.,TiO 2, SiO 2, ZrO 2, Al 2O 3, MgO and cordierite) reinforcedglass microcomposites, viz., white back dielectric layer,barrier rib etc. Presently various glass powders suchas PbO-ZnO-B 2O 3and PbO-ZnO-SiO 2[1-3] are beingused which contain large amount (60-80 wt%) of leadoxide (PbO). Lead oxide is used in glasses due to itslow melting temperature and property tailoring ability.However, it creates hazardous effect on health andenvironment. The compositions and some key propertiesof PD200 glass substrate and different PDP glasses arepresented in Table 1 and Table 2. As per the July 1, 2006* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 33 2473 3496; fax: +91 33 2473 0957.E-mail address: basudebk@cgcri.res.in (B. Karmakar).KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 39

legislation European Commission (EC), all applicableproducts in the European Union countries must complywith Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)and Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS). Thescope of the WEEE and RoHS legislations cover varioushouseholds’ appliances, information technology andtelecommunication equipment, consumer equipment,lighting equipment, electrical and electronic tools, toysand leisure equipment, and automatic dispensers. Sincethe RoHS legislation came into effect, technologicalchanges have continued and our understanding of thereliability questions associated with lead-free glasses hasimproved. However, these technologies have yet to reacha stage of reliability and technical viability.In this paper, a brief overview of differenttypes of glasses used in plasma TV is presented. Inaddition, environmentally friendly lead-free plasma TVcomponent glasses recently developed by the authors arealso discussed.2. Brief History about PDPThe very first prototype for a plasma displaymonitor was invented in 1964 by Donald Bitzer, GeneSlottow, and Robert Willson. These three researchers atthe University of Illinois concentrated their efforts onconstructing the next generation of computer displayscreens. Donald Bitzer, H. Gene Slottow, and graduatestudent Robert Willson invented the original monochromepanels for Bitzer's PLATO Computer system, one of thefirst computer-assisted instruction systems in the world.The original neon orange monochrome Digivue displaypanels built by glass producer Owens-Illinois were verypopular in the early 1970s because they were ruggedand needed neither memory nor circuitry to refresh theimages. A long period of sales decline occurred in thelate 1970s because semiconductor memory made CRTdisplays cheaper than the US$2500 512 x 512 PLATOplasma displays. Nonetheless, the plasma displays'relatively large screen size and one inch thickness madethem suitable for high-profile placement in lobbies andstock exchanges. The present major manufacturers ofplasma display are Panasonic Corporation, SamsungElectronics, LG Electronics, etc.3. Brief about PDP StructureA sectional view of plasma display panel (PDP)structure is represented in Fig. 1. The PDP uses twopanels of glass that have been coated with the twodifferent dielectric layers such as transparent dielectric,TD (in front panel glass) and rear dielectric (also knownas white back, WB) layer that sandwich a thin layerof gas in several millions of tiny cells (fine dischargespaces). The plasma in each cell of an alternative current(AC) PDP is generated by dielectric barrier discharges(DBDs) operating in a glow regime in a rare gas mixture(typically 500 Torr, 100 μm gap). Each tiny cell is knownas ‘pixel’ and each pixel is divided into three sub-cells.Phosphors in the three colours (red, green and blue(RGB)) are deposited on three sub-cells respectively.Varying the voltage of the signals to the cells thus allowsFig. 1: Sectional view of a PDP discharge cells illustrating its structure40 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

different perceived colors. Especially in plasma displaypanels (PDPs) various types of glass powders are usedfor sealing purpose, barrier ribs, dielectric layers of frontand back panels. Therefore, glass plays an important rolein the manufacturing of plasma TV. Glass is not onlyused as front and back panel substrate of plasma TV, itis also used in PDP as front and back panel dielectriclayer or as barrier rib in between front and back panel oras sealing material. The functions of the dielectric layerare to limit the discharge current and to stabilize theplasma in the discharge cell. This dielectric layer shouldhave high dielectric strength and good transparency.These two glass substrates are separated by a materialcalled ‘barrier rib’, i. e., the partition. In PDP a rear glassdielectric layer (popularly known as white back) is usedas the insulating film of the address electrodes on therear glass substrate and also gives mechanical supportto the barrier ribs (the partitions between the phosphorcavities). The dielectric layers (~30 µm thick) and barrierribs (~120 µm height and ~80 µm thick) are formed by‘screen printing’ on glass substrates in order to get thepattern. The dielectrics and barrier rib materials of PDPsystems require a low dielectric constant (less than 15),low softening temperature (less than the strain point ofPDP glass substrate which is 610°C for PD200) and lowcoefficient of thermal expansion (less than 83 x 10 -7 /K)with respect to use of PD200 glass as substrate [4, 5].4. Glasses and Its Microcomposites Used in PlasmaDisplay Panels (PDPs)Commonly three major components in PDPs otherthat two substrate plate glasses are made up of glasspowders and its microcomposites. They are transparentdielectric, TD (front glass dielectric layer), white back,WB (rear glass dielectric layer) and barrier rib, BR(partition between phosphor cavities). It is technologicallychallenging to develop process technology as well asthe befitting glass compositions to meet all the desiredproperties for PDPs application.4.1. Glass Substrate for Plasma Display PanelIn PDPs, the two substrate glasses are used tocoat the transparent dielectric (in front panel glass)and rear dielectric (in back panel glass) layers thatsandwich a thin layer of gas in several millions of tinycells (fine discharge spaces). The (Li 2O+Na 2O+K 2O)-(CaO+MgO+SrO+BaO)-Al 2O 3-SiO 2based glasses havebeen widely used for the substrate glass in PDP owing toits high strain point which is in excess of 600°C. Thereare several patents [6-15] in this regard which disclosethe compositions and some key properties like strainpoint, glass transition temperature, coefficient of thermalexpansion etc. A typical high strain point PDP substrateglass composition (PD200) developed by Asahi GlassCompany Limited, Tokyo is presented in Table 1. Therelevant properties are shown in Table 2. Therefore, itis important to develop the low softening point glasspowders and its microcomposites without PbO so thatthe deformation of substrate glass could be avoided.4.2. Transparent Dielectric (TD)In PDPs, the transparent dielectric material isimportant since it maintains the discharge, and protectsthe electrodes of the device. Moreover, its transmissioncharacteristics affect the image quality of the display. Sucha dielectric layer is formed by screen printing repeatedlyabout three or four times. For the development of aTable 1: Chemical Compositions (wt%) of PDP Glass Substrate and Existing Different Lead-Containing PDPComponent GlassesComponentHigh Strain PointPDP Glass SubstrateBarrier Rib (Opaque) White Back TransparentDielectricSiO 260 37.2 21.6 8.0Al 2O 35 0.7 0.6B 2O 36.8 6.8 16.2ZnO 7.5PbO 62.1 71.6 67.7SrO 7CaO 8MgO 2ZrO 27Na 2O 4K 2O 7Total 100 100 100 100KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 41

Table 2: Some Key Properties of PDP Glass Substrate and Existing Different Lead-Containing PDP ComponentGlassesPropertiesHigh Strain Point PDPGlass SubstrateBarrier Rib(Opaque)White BackTransparentDielectricStrain Point (°C) 582 - - -Annealing Point (°C) 626 450 461 495Softening Point (°C) 836 484 492 580CTE (x 10 -7 K -1 ) 83 73 78-80 75Dielectric Constant(1MHz)10.3 9.5 14 9.5reasonable dielectric layer for a PDP, several propertiesare required, such as: high transparency (above 80%after firing), low firing temperature of about 550-580°C,dielectric constant below 15, and a reasonable thermalexpansion coefficient (8-9x10 -6 K -1 ) to match the glasssubstrate. Low melting and firing temperatures requiredfor price competitiveness and may affect market sharefor PDPs since it is in competition with LCD technology.Therefore, it is important to obtain a low dielectricconstant and firing temperature without impeding otherrequirements such as thermal, optical, and morphologicalproperties. The PbO-B 2O 3-SiO 2-ZnO glasses havebeen widely used for the transparent dielectric layer inPDP owing to its low firing temperature below 580°C.However, the use of Pb should be terminated because ofits toxicity to the human body and environment.4.2. Rear Dielectric or White Back (WB)In PDP white back dielectric (rear glass dielectric)is used as the insulating film of the address electrodes onthe rear glass substrate and gives support to barrier rib.Glass powders are widely used as white back materialswith addition of various types of ceramic oxide (e.g. SiO 2,TiO 2, etc) as filler for adjustment of its desired propertiesas well as improvement of its mechanical strength. Lead(Pb) based frits of PbO-B 2O 3-ZnO and PbO-B 2O 3-SiO 2glasses are very popular as the commercial materials forPDP. For white back, reflection is another most importantproperty other than other properties. Therefore, lead isused in this type of glass due to its low softening point(T s) as well as high refractive index. Here, lead oxide(PbO) is used to the extent of 60-80 wt%.4.3. Barrier Rib (BR)Recently, glasses reinforced by ceramic fillers, suchas Al 2O 3, SiO 2, TiO 2etc. have been used as the barrier ribsof plasma display panels (PDP). The barrier rib, in essence,is a glass matrix composite reinforced with ceramicfillers. The compositions (wt%) of the glass matricesused are generally in a range of (60-75)PbO-(2-25)SiO 2-(2-20)B 2O 3with minor components, such as Al 2O 3, ZnO,TiO 2, and MgO. The ceramic fillers are added to the glassmatrix primarily to prevent slumping of the ribs duringsintering. The addition of filler generally improves thedimensional stability of the ribs during sintering but alsoinfluences the physical properties of the ribs, such as thedielectric constant, thermal expansion coefficient, andviscosity. As these properties affect the performance ofPDP, it is crucial to select a proper combination of glassmatrix and filler material for the ribs. As a filler material,Al 2O 3powder is most commonly used because of itsphase stability and chemical inertness. Al 2O 3powder,however, has a moderately high relative dielectricconstant (8.8-10.1) and thermal expansion coefficient(8.0x10 -6 K -1 ). For a fast signal response characteristicof the PDP, the dielectric constant of the ribs needs tobe 10. The dielectric constants of currently used leadborosilicate glasses fall in a range of 10 to 15. Therefore,a filler material with a lower dielectric constant isrequired to further reduce the dielectric constant of theribs. It is well-recognized that the addition of inert fillersreduces the rate of sintering and increases the possibilityof generating flaws in the sintered body. The sinteringtemperature of glass filled with inert ceramic powdersis significantly higher that of the glass matrix, whichlimits the use of the easily available and low-pricedsoda–lime glass substrates. The sintering temperatureof glasses containing Al 2O 3powder as the filler is in therange of 560° to 590°C, and the softening temperature ofthe soda–lime glass is 570°C. This demands the use of aglass substrate with a higher softening point, potentiallyincreasing the cost of the PDP. Among the other oxideceramics, fused quartz has a combination of desirablephysical properties for a filler material. It has a dielectricconstant of 4 and a thermal expansion coefficient of 11x10 -6 K -1 . The use of fused quartz as a filler should be moreeffective in reducing the dielectric constant of the barrierribs. In addition, a reasonable difference in the thermalexpansion coefficients between the filler and the matrixshould make modification of the thermal expansioncoefficient of the rib material more manageable.42 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

There are several kinds of conventionalmanufacturing process for barrier ribs having each ofshortcomings. Sandblasting method laminating selectiveprotecting layer over glass paste takes severe materialconsumption rates. Screen printing method of laminatingeach glass paste layer is easy and common technique.4.4. Sealing GlassSealing glass compositions is used for bonding thefront and back plate substrate of PDP. For this purpose,high lead containing glasses are widely used for whichthe sintering temperature is leas than 400°C. The sealingglass prevents the deformation and cracking of a substratecaused by thermal and mechanical stress and reduces thesintering temperature to thereby enhance the air-tightnessof the sealing glass.5 Lead as an Environmental and Health IssueLead is one of the oldest industrial poisons.Contamination by industrial lead has occurred everywhereon the earth. Recently, the release of environmentalcontaminant PbO have increased enormously due tolarge production and uses of electrical and electronicsgadgets which contain a large volume of lead components.A wide variety of adverse health effects arise fromexposure to lead. It primarily affects the peripheral andcentral nervous systems, the blood cells and metabolismof vitamin D and calcium. There are many chroniceffects like anaemia arising from inhibition of haemsynthesis, chronic encephalopathy, cognitive impairment,sleeplessness, headaches, aggressive behaviours,convulsions, disruption of motor system and renal effectsetc. arising from lead exposure.6. CGCRI Contribution towards Lead Reductionfrom PDPsCentral Glass and Ceramic Research Institute,Kolkata recently developed the process and fabricationtechnology of some lead-free environmentally friendlyglass frits for barrier ribs, transparent dielectric and whiteback of PDPs in collaboration with the M/s Samtel ColorLimited, Ghaziabad under CSIR/NMITLI project.6.1 Replacement of PbO from TDLead-free transparent dielectric (TD) layer attractedmuch attention of various researchers. In this context,Bi 2O 3, B 2O 3, BaO and ZnO are potential glass constituentsto satisfy various requirements for TD. Recently, BaO-B 2O 3-ZnO, Bi 2O 3-B 2O 3-BaO-ZnO [16, 17] glasses werestudied as a PbO free, low firing transparent dielectriclayer for plasma display panels (PDP). The transparencyof the Bi 2O 3-B 2O 3-BaO-ZnO glass system could beimproved to a great extent by adding desirable amountof CuO and/or CeO 2in these glass systems to eliminateyellowish or brownish color during PDP manufacturing.Table 3 shows the compositions of CGCRI developedlead-free TD glasses and Fig. 2 shows the TD coatedPDP substrate (heat-treated).Table 3: Composition and Properties of CGCRIDeveloped Lead-Free PDP Component (TD, WB, BRand BR) GlassesComponent andpropertyChemical composition (wt%)TD GlassWB & BR BaseGlassSiO 20-6 6-9.5B 2O 317-33 17-29ZnO 2-46 42-51Bi 2O 30-72 0-22Al 2O 30-2 1K 2O 0 0-0.5Li 2O 0 0.5-2.5CaO 0-5 0-5MgO 0 0-4BaO 0-45 0-14T s(°C) 505-546 547-551CTE (x 10 -7 /K -1 ) 73-101 71-84Transmission(%T) at 550 nm,t = 2 mmDielcetricConstant (1MHz)76-84 -8.9-11.2 8.6-13.2Fig. 2: CGCRI developed lead-free TD coated PDPsubstrate (heat-treated)6.2 Replacement of PbO from WB & BRRecently, some Pb-free glasses in the systems BaO-ZnO-B 2O 3, Bi 2O 3-B 2O 3-BaO-ZnO, BaO-B 2O 3-SiO 2[18-21] etc. have been reported as alternate white back andbarrier rib materials for PDP. The effects of various typesof crystalline fillers (e.g. SiO 2, TiO 2, Al 2O 3, ZrO 2, MgO,etc) in some of these lead-free glasses are reported. Butonly a very few glass compositions have been reportedfor white back and barrier rib application. Bismuth oxidebased glass could be selected as a substitute of leadKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 43

which can be used as dielectric layer and barrier rib forthe front and back panels of PDP made of an ordinarysoda lime silicate (SLS) sheet glass. Compositions andproperties of CGCRI developed low softening (500°C)and dielectric constant glasses for low cost PDP ispresented in Table 4.Fig. 3: CGCRI developed lead-free WB coated PDPsubstrate (heat-treated)Fig. 4: CGCRI developed lead-free BR coated PDPsubstrate (heat-treated)oxide based glasses as it is next to lead in the periodictable which has low melting temperature (820°C) andhigh refractive index (n = 2.5) as lead oxide (meltingtemperature = 880°C, n = 2.24). In this respect, CGCRIhas developed the lead-free environment friendly lowmelting BaO-ZnO-B 2O 3and Bi 2O 3-ZnO-B 2O 3basedglass systems which can be used for the development ofopaque dielectric and barrier ribs glass microcompositeswhen added with some crystalline filler such as TiO 2,Al 2O 3and SiO 2etc. Table 3 shows the compositions ofCGCRI developed lead-free WB and BR glasses and Fig.3 and Fig. 4 show the WB and BR coated PDP substrate(heat-treated) respectively.7. PDP-What Is Next?Recently, it has been observed that there is growinginterest to develop low softening point low dielectricconstant transparent glass composition that can be usedon the commercially available soda-lime silica glasssubstrate. Moreover, lower temperature processinghelps achieve lower energy consumption leadingto lower cost of production making the PDP morecompetitive in comparison to other flat panel displayslike LCD. To develop the low softening point (

AcknowledgementsThis work has been supported by the NMITLI/CSIR,New Delhi under the sanctioned no. 5/258/49/2006-NMITLI. The authors gratefully thank Director of theinstitute for his kind permission to publish this paper.References1. W. Hiromitsu, O. Hiroyuki, O. Masahiko and H. Kazuo,US patent 6010973 (2000).2. G-H Hwang, W-Y Kim, H-J Jeon and Y-S Kim, J. Am.Ceram. Soc. 85 (2002) 2961.3. T. Shiro, M. Hideaki, U. Tadahiko and K. Koji, JP patent10338547 (1998).4. J. S. An, J. S. Park, J. R. Kim, K. S. Hong, H. Shin, J. Am.Ceram. Soc., 89, 3658(2006).5. H. Shin, S. G. Kim, J. S. Park, J. S. An, K. S. Hong, H.Kim, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 89, 3258 (2006).6. N. El Khiati, R. Gy, E. L. Bourhis, US6063718 (2000).7. K. Maeda, S. Ohara, T. Nakashima, Y. Nakao,US6297182B1 (2001).8. T. Nakashima, K. Maeda, Y. Nakao,US6313052B1(2001).9. K. Nagai, T. Nakashima, K. Maeda, EP2202207A1(2010).10. K. Maeda, Y. Nakao, H. Kushitani, S. Ito, US5599754(1997).11. K. Maeda, H. Onoda, Y. Nakao, J. Sehgal, US5858897(1999).12. K. Maeda, H. Onoda, Y. Nakao, J. Sehgal, US5908794(1999).13. T. Nakashima, Y. Nakao, US6949485B2 (2005).14. K. Nagai, T. Nakashima, K. Maeda, US2009/0137379A1(2009).15. K. Nagai, T. Nakashima, US2010/0210443A1 (2010).16. R. R. Tummala, Borate Glasses: Structure, Properties andApplications, edited by L. D. Pye, et.al., Plenum PublishingCorp., 1978.17. S. G. Kim, J. S. Park, J. S. An, K. S. Hong, H. Shin, H.Kim, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 89, 902 (2006).18. E. S. Lim, B. S. Kim, J. H. Lee, J. J. Kim, J. Electroceram.,17, 359 (2006).19. S. G. Kim, H. Shin, J. S. Park, K. S. Hong, H. Kim, J.Electroceram., 15, 129 (2005).20. J. S. Park, J. H. Hwang, C. Y. Kim, T. Masaki, D. K. Choiand K. J. Hong, Proc. IDW/AD ’05, 1507-1510.21. S. Lee, S. Hwang, M. Cha, H. Shin and H. Kim, J. Phys.Chem. Solids, 69 (2008) 1498-1500.22. R. Morena, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 263&264 (2000) 382-387.23. R. K. Brow and D. R. Tallant, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 222(1997) 396-406.24. B. Zhang, Q. Chen, L. Song, H. Li and F. Hou, J. Am.Ceram. Soc., 91 (2008) 2036-2038.Glass preserves flavor, maintains health, enhances quality,protects the environment and builds brandsGlass in particular, can be recycled an infinite numberof times without any loss of qualityKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 45

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Use of Sodium Sulphate in Glass Batch Part III- Redox andformation of Amber GlassJ. Mukerji*(Ex-scientist Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute Jadavpur, Calcutta 700 032)Abstract: In this part of the review a brief account has been given of the concept of redox and whatdetermines the redox state of a glass. The method of ascertaining the redox state of a glass melthas been discussed. Sulphur solubility changes with the oxidation potential of the melt showing aminimum at an oxygen partial pressure between 10 -6 to 10 -4 atm. While S 6+ is the species at highoxygen partial pressure sulphide is the species at reduced pressure. In between, S is present as S +5 .The observations have been generalized in a curve of variation of sulphur solubility with batchredox number and dividing the various regions where clear flint reduced flint, green, light amberand dark amber glass may be produced. S in conjunction with iron in the 3+ state can producedifferent shades of amber.Introduction: In the first two parts of the review theeffect of salt cake on the glass batch reaction and refiningof glass were discussed. In this part the oxidation nature,sulphur solubility, redox and the formation of ambercolour are presented.Redox: This term is an abbreviation for theoxidation- reduction state of the glass and is mostlyused to describe the oxidation potential of the glass melt.Considering the basic concept of oxidation as loss ofelectron and reduction as gain of electron the oxidationreduction may be written in a general form as:M (x+m)+ + me ↔ M x+ (1)Where, M represents an element and x and m arethe number of positive charge and me is the numberof electron that has to be transferred if the oxidationreduction reaction has to take place..Oxygen in glass melt may release or may takeelectrons2O 2 - ↔ O 2(g) + 4e (2)Combining equations 1 and 2M (x+m) + m/2 O 2- = M x + + m/4 O 2(g) (3)The equilibrium constant may be written asa Mx+ . f O2 m/4K = ———————— (4)a M (x+m) . a O 2- m/2where a represents the activity and f the fugacity ofthe gas, and K the equilibrium constantThe oxygen ion activity for a glass of a givencomposition is constant. The metal ion concentrationis low and the activity may be taken as equal to itsconcentration, cSimilarly, assuming that oxygen behaves as aperfect gas the fugacity may be taken as equal to thepartial pressure, p. Equation 4 may be rewritten as:c M x+ . p m/4O2K = ——————— (5)c M (x+m) .c M (x+m) .orm/4————— = K’ p O2(6)c M x+where, K’ is another equilibrium constantTherefore, the ratio of the oxidized to the reducedspecies will depend on the oxygen partial pressure.This is for a given glass composition and for a giventemperature. Experimentally a plot of the concentrationof the oxidized to reduced species versus the logarithmof oxygen partial pressure measured under equilibriumcondition has yielded a slope of m/4.The equilibrium constant for a reaction changeswith the temperature exponentially asK = Exp. ( -ΔG 0/RT ) = Exp -(Δ H 0– T Δ S 0)/RT)Where, ΔG 0and ΔS 0are the standard free energyand entropy changes for the reaction, R is the gas constantand T is the absolute temperatureFree oxygen ion activity and non-bridging oxygenion activity: In the glass melt the oxygen potential maybe a contribution of both the free oxygen ion activity andthe basicity of the melt which depends on the amount ofsingle bonded oxygen in the network and the nature ofthe modifier cation. If the glass melt is considered as asolvent for different polyvalent elements then the glassmelt may be characterized as an acid –base mediumaccording to the classical concept. To understand thiswe may look at the simplified glass network structureKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 47

and how the structure breaks down with the addition ofmodifier cation.The classical glass structure as given by Zachariasenis shown below (Fig. 1). In crystalline silica the buildingunit is SiO 44-tetrahedral with one oxygen placed ateach apex of the tetrahedron and shared with anothertetrahedron. This continues and a network of SiO 44-tetrahedra are formed in three dimensions. In crystallinesilica this has a well arranged structure. As the temperatureis raised defects form in the crystalline structure and theordered structure is destroyed and is able to flow whenthe defect formed is such that the network breaks intounits capable of flowing. On cooling the liquid , becauseof its high viscosity, it does not have time to reorganizeand forms a glass with random network as shown fin Fig.1 (middle). In SiO 2the Si:O ratio is 1:2. As oxygen isadded to the melt via modifier cation like Na 2O the Si:Oration increases and some -Si-O-Si- bonds must break.This breaking of bond should continue as more and moreoxygen is added (Fig. 1, right). It is possible that discretegroups of partially bonded –Si-O-Si- tetrahedra prevailsFig. 1. structure of crystalline silica (left), vitreous silica(middle) and glass (right).in the melt when sufficient modifier oxide is added. Theproperties of the melt like viscosity, thermal expansionetc. change.The melt may be considered as a solvent and it maybe considered as an ionized melt having positive andnegative character like the acid-base concept. As shownbelow:2SiO 2↔ SiO 3/2 + + - OSiO 2Or 2O- Si- O-Si-O ↔ 3O≡ Si + + - OSiO 2The O≡ Si + unit is proton rich and may be consideredas an acid and the - OSiO 2may be considered as the baseas per classical concept of acid and base. The alkali oxidewhich is easily ionized may be incorporated as3SiO 2+ M 2O ↔ O≡ Si + O - + 2 M + - OSiO 2where’ M is an alkali cation.As the alkali concentration in the silica networkincreases resulting in breaking of Si-O-Si- bond the acidand base character of the melt increases. The degree ofionization also depends on the field strength (proportionalto z/r 2 where z is the electric charge and r the radiusof the cation) of the basic oxide and hence the basicitycharacter also increases with the field strength as followsfor example with alkali cationsLi > Na > K > Rb > CsSimilar effect will occur with the addition of thealkali earth cations. This basicity therefore, increaseswith the increase of single bonded oxygen.Free Oxygen ion activity : Gases like O 2, CO 2,SO 2H 2O, nitrogen and inert gases dissolve in silicatemelt. That dissolved gases exist in silicate melt may beobserved by degassing it. The dissolution of gases maybe of two types namely chemical dissolution and physicaldissolution. In chemical dissolution the gas reacts withthe glass chemically and becomes a part of the structurelike water vapour dissolves in glass and the OH- replacesan O and breaks the Si-O-Si bond. The low viscosity ofmagma is due to the breaking of bond by OH- ion. Whenmultivalent cations are present in the glass it undergoesoxidation reduction reaction and is fixed in the matrix bythe reaction.M m+ + n/4 O 2(g) ↔ M ( m+n) + + n/2 O 2-Similarly SO 3, SO 2and S may dissolve in the glassas sulphate, sulphite and sulphide. The same is true forCO 2. The amount of chemically dissolved gas may bequite high and alter significantly the glass properties.On the other hand the physical dissolution ofgases is only the lodging of the gases in the holes in theglass structure and can be easily taken out. The amountdissolved may not be very high as their placement islimited to the open space in the glass structure. Thedissolution of the gas depends on the partial pressure ofthe ambient gas and follows Henry’s law.S = C .phere, S is the solubility of a given gas in mole per Litrep is the partial pressure of the particular gas in the ambientatmosphere in atm.C is the solubility constant in mole per litre per atm.In the case of glass melts this law is found to beobeyed at low pressure deviating from straight relation athigh pressure due to the compressibility of the gas.The oxidation potential of the glass melt is acombination of single bonded oxygen as conceived byacid base concept and by the dissolution of the gas in themelt especially chemical solubility.48 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

Measurement of the oxidation potential of theglass melt: The measurement of the oxidation potentialwas so far indirect. Since the oxidation potentialinfluences the redox state of the transition metal ionsthe ratio of the reduced to the oxidized species wasconsidered as a measure of the redox state of the glassand since Fe is a common occurrence in glass the ratioof Fe ++ to Fe +++ was taken as a measure of the redox state.The amount of the two valency states could be estimatedchemically or spectrochemically. A direct measurementof the oxygen activity of the glass melt can now be madeby the use of zirconia solid electrolyte electrolytic cell.On line measurement of the activity by electrolytic cellis now available and details of such equipment have beenpublished in Vol 1, April-June 2007 of Kanch. A briefaccount of how such a cell works will only be givenhere.Principle of measurement of oxygen potential byzirconia solid electrolyte electrochemical cell: Yttriastabilized cubic zirconia allows oxygen ion to passthrough the solid at high temperature of around 1000 o Cand above. This transport of ion through the solid creates apotential difference between the two sides of a c-zirconiawall. The potential difference between the two sides is ameasure of the difference in concentration of the Oxygenin the two sides of the wall. The cell may be written asPt. p 1O 2׀ZrO 2 ׀p 2 O 2.PtWhere, the electrolyte is cubic zirconia. Two Ptelectrodes may be soldered on the two sides of a Yttriastabilized cubic zironia tube. One side may be in the zonewhere oxygen potential is to be measures and the otherside at a constant reference oxygen pressure which maybe air for example.When equilibrium is attained an emf is generatedbetween the two electrodes obtained by Nernst equationand may be expressed in terms of the equilibrium constantK of the cell reaction.nF E T= -Δ F = RTLnK= RT ln p 2O 2/ p 1O 2or E T= RT/nF ln p 2O 2/ p 1O 2where, ET is the emf generated at temperature T.n is 4, F is 96500 Coulobms/mole, Δ F is the changein free energy, and R is the gas constant. Therefore themeasurement of the e.m.f at a given temperature (E T)across the cell wall gives a measure of the oxygen partialpressure inside the tube if the outside is kept at a constantoxygen pressure. For measurement of oxygen partialpressure in the melt one electrode is dipped in the meltand the other is kept at a reference oxygen partial pressureoutside the melt with a supply of gas from a cylinder.The location is usually at the forehearth. Therefore E is ameasure of oxygen potential of the molten glass. Howeverany counter voltage generated due to the difference intemperature between the melt and reference electrodewhich is kept outside the melt has to be corrected for.Sulphur solubility in glass: Solubility of sulphurand phosphorous in silicate slags were the subject ofelaborate studies in the decade of 1950 in connectionwith desulphurisation and dephosphorization of steel 1 .Calcium silicate and calcium aluminosilicate slagsof interest to steel melting were equilibrated undercontrolled oxygen pressure obtained by using gasmixtures. The temperature range was from 1420 o C to1550 o C. The solubility of sulphur was reported as weightpercent SO 3as it is also done today in glass science andit was observed that solubility increased in oxidizingatmosphere and also in reducing atmosphere there beinga minimum at an oxygen pressure of around 10 -4 to 10 -6atm.Fig. 1: Total equilibrium sulphur content expressed as wt.% SO 3As per the work of ref 1. Calcium alumino silicatemelt (CaO-Al 2O 3-SiO 2in the wt % ratio of 37:27: 36)(ref. 1)Work on soda-silica melts under reducing andoxidizing condition 2 showed the same phenomenon ofa minimum solubility and around the same value foroxygen partial pressure. This is shown in Fig. 2. Sulphatesulphur is present at more oxidizing condition that isabove a partial pressure of oxygen of greater that 10 -6 . Thesulphide sulphur starts appearing as the partial pressurebecomes reducing i.e. at a partial pressure of 10 -6 atm.and lower. As the temperature rises and the basicity ofthe melt rise due to increase in Na 2O content the sulphateappearance shifts to higher oxidizing conditionValency states of S in glass. Most of the previousworkers have identified two main valency states namelysulphate (S 6+ ) and sulphide (S 2+ ). However sulphur mayassume valency states of S 4+ (sulphite), S 5+ (sulphonates).KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 49

and of ferrous iron has to be used because of the overlapof the effect of S in the former and Cr in the later glass at380nm. Extinction coefficient values may be used.The ratio of Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ for a soda-lime- silica glassapproximating the composition of industrial glass hasbeen given in terms of optical density as 40.133 [( OD 1000-0.036) /( OD 380-0.036)]Where, OD at a given wave length is log 10(1/Tλ), where Tλ is the transmittance and λ is the wavelength at which the transmission is measured. A simplespectrophotometric measurement of the polished sampleis sufficient to measure the ratio. Instead of the partialpressure of oxygen the reduced to total iron may betaken as a measure of oxidation potential of the glass. Asoda-lime-silica glass was studied for sulphur solubilityby adding Na 2SO 4for sulphur species 5 . The glass wasallowed to go from the oxidizing to the reduced conditionby the addition of carbon or aluminium. The Fe 2+ /Fe totalwas measured at regular intervals as the glass becamemore and more reducing.Fig. 2: Solubility of total sulphur expressed as wt.% SO 3forSiO 2- Na 2O melt of 3:1, 2:1 and 1:1 molar ratio (ref. 2).Presence of S 4+ (sulphite ) in silicate glasses was revealedby many researchers. Similarly S 5+ was detected in silicateglasses. However it appears that these two valency statesare non-equilibrium phases and change to more oxidizedand reduced species as the glass becomes more oxidizingor reducing. Even if they are present in commercialglasses the region of stability will be very narrow.Commercial glasses may be colourless, light olive, darkolive, light amber and dark amber. This happen when onemoves from oxidizing to reducing atmosphere. Recently 3using sophisticated experimental tools on commercialglasses it has been possible to identify the species S 4+and S 5+ in the olive green glasses that appear at theminimum sulphur solubility region i.e. at the transitionbetween oxidised to reduced state. It has also been foundthat sulphide sulphur in glass may not have the samesurrounding as in crystalline sulphide.The Fe 2+ / Fe 3+ ratio in melt and the sulphursolubility: The reduced to oxidized Fe ratio in glassmay be measured on cooled glass chemically afterdecomposing the glass with hydrofluoric acid. It can alsobe measured by determining the optical absorption of theglass spectrophotometrically after grinding and polishingof a piece of cooled glass. Usually the absorption peaks at380 nm for Fe 3+ and 1000nm for Fe 2+ are used. In case ofamber and iron chromium green the 1050 nm absorptionThe sulphur content measured against the reducingcondition as measured by the amount of Fe 2+ is shownin Fig. 3.Fig. 3. Total sulphur solubility as SO 3with the increase ofFe 2+ /total Fe Or with the increase of reducing potential ofthe glass. (ref. 4)It has similar eatures as described above. Thesolubility is high when the glass is very oxidising andit decreases as the glass becomes more reducing and aminimum is attained at Fe 2+ of 70 percent. As the glassbecomes more reducing the sulphur solubility increasesrapidly because of the formation of Fe 3+ -S complexwhich is the chromophor responsible for the ambercolouration. The values given in Fig. 3 are not absolutevalues but depend on the glass matrix as well. A more50 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

efined Fig.ure has been established later showing theeffect of Na 2O on the glassy matrix and sulphur solubilityagainst equilibrated oxygen pressure. The general featurehowever remains the same.More recently 6 the sulphur solubility has beenmeasured in industrial glasses with Na 2O varying from13.8 wt% and 16 wt% at 1400 o C and 1500 o C againstthe oxygen partial pressure. The result is shown in Fig.4. Sharp solubility of s occurs at p O2of less than 10 -6producing amber colour and flint appears at PO 2of greaterthan 10 -4 . In between a reduced flint appear and sulphite(S 4+ ) is found to be the species. This measurement showsa broad minimum that shifts to higher oxygen potentialas the temperature rise.Fig. 5: The total sulphur concentration as SO 3Vs. Redoxstate as measured by Oxygen pressure in atmosphereplotted as Log pO 2(ref. 7)Fig. 4: Sulphur solubility Vs. oxidation potential fordifferent Glasses refined at 1400 o C (series 1,2, 3) andhaving 16 wt.% Na 2O (series 1 and 2) and 1500 o C (series4) (Ref: 6)Mathematical modeling 7 has been carried out onsulphate – carbon system considering the followingreactions occurring simultaneously in the melt.2-SO 4(m) ↔ 2SO 2(g) + O 2(g) + 2O 2- (m)2/3SO 2(g) + 2/3 O 2- (l) ↔ 2/3S 2- (m) + O 2(g)2-SO 3(m) ↔ SO 2(g) + O 2- (m)CO 2(g) ↔ C(m) + O 2(g)The temperature dependence of the equilibriumconstant were measured or taken from literature.Calculation of the sulphur retention with Oxygen partialpressure is shown in Fig. 5. A shift in the minimum of thecurve towards higher po 2is evident at two temperaturesof 1300 o C and 1500 o C.The amber chromophore. The chromophor istetrahedrally coordinated Fe 3+ with three oxygen and onesulphur in the sulphide state 8 . This chromophor absorbsat 400-425 nm. In producing the amber colour more ofcarbon has to be added than needed for sulphate refining.This carbon preferentially reduces the sulphate ratherthan the iron as per following reactionsNa 2SO 4+ 1/2 C → Na 2O + SO 2+ 1/2CO 2Na 2O + SO 2+ 3/2 C → Na 2S + 3/2 CO 2The excess part of the sulphate acts as an oxidizingagent and oxidizes the Fe in the Fe3+ state6Fe 2+ + SO 2- 3→ 6Fe 3+ + S 2- + 3O 2-The amber colour depends mainly on the redoxstate of the glass and does not depend on the type ofraw material in the batch used to introduce sulphur forexample pyrites, elemental S or Na 2SO 4.The calculation of sulphur solubility and redox hasbeen done under controlled laboratory condition andcannot be exactly equated with the industrial condition ofmelting. However the trend of sulphur solubility remainsthe same although the absolute values may differ. Inindustry a redox number is often calculated from the batch.Batch materials are classified as oxidising and reducingas per their chemical characters and a numerical valueis assigned. This is done by considering the chemicaloxygen demand during melting. Fig.ure 6 shows therelation of batch redox with sulphur solubility and theFe 2+ /Fe tot.KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 51

Conclusion: Solubility of sulphur in silicateglasses is low and plays an important part in refiningand formation of colour in glass. Sulphur in conjunctionwith iron in the oxidized state forms a chromophor thatis responsible for production of amber colour. Here theiron is surrounded by three oxygen and one sulphur inthe sulphide state in a tetrahedral geometry. There is aminimum solubility of sulphur at a given redox of theglass after which the solubility rises sharply formingamber colour. Between the amber and reduced flint anolive green colour may appear due to the formation of S 5+and S 4+ . The very much reduced side of the curve has asteep slope and great care is needed to maintain a stableamber colour.Fig. 6: Plot of batch redox Vs. percentage Fe 2+and solubility of S as SO 3A summary of sulphur solubility, redox and theregion of commercial glasses is presented in Fig. 7.The X-axis gives the redox number the negative siderepresents reducing and less negative side representsoxidizing condition of melting. The area where differenttypes of glasses are melted and the valency states ofsulphur has been indicated. The value on the X axiscorresponds to a particular Fe 2+ / Fe 3+ Or Fe 2+ / Total Feratio (see Fig. 6).Fig. 7: A summary of Sulphur solubility and redox state ofthe glass showing areas of interest in glass melting.References:1. Finchman, C.J.B and Richardson, F.D, The behaviour ofsulphur in silicate and aluminate melts. Proc. Roy. Soc ofLondon A223 (1954), p 40-632. Nagashima, S and Katsura T., The silubility of sulphur inNa 2O-SiO 2melts under various oxygen partial pressures at1000 o C, 1250 o C and 1300 o C. bull of chem.. Soc. of Japan-46, (1973), 3099-21033. Bingham, P.A., Conelly, A.J., Hand, R.J., Hyatt, N.C.,Northrup, P.A., Alonso Mori, R., Glatzel, P., Kavecic, M.,Ziytnik, M., Bucar, K. and Edge R.- A multispectroscopicinvestigation of sulphur speciation in silicate glasses andslags- Glass Technol. Eur. J. Glass Sci. Technol A 51 (2)63-80, 2010.4. Bamford, C.R, Colour Generation and Control in glass,Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York (1977)5. Budd S. –Oxidation-reduction equilibrium in glass withspecial reference to sulphur Presented at the AmericanCeramic Society symposium in Glass Philadelphia,Pennsylvannia, 19656. Beerkens R.G.C. Sulphate decomposition and sulphatechemistry in glass melting process, Glass Technol, 46 (2)39-46 20057. Klouzek J, Arkosiova M, and Nemec L – Redox equilibriaof sulphur in glass and melts Ceramics-Sillikaty 50 (3)134-139, 20068. Douglas R.W. and Zaman, M.S –The chromophor iniron sulphur amber glass, Phys.Chem. Glass10, 125-132,(1969).52 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 53

Glass Plant Design EngineeringConsultancyTroubleshootinge-mail: glacera@gmail.comprempmalhotra@gmail.com54 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

Advertise in KANCHKANCH is the leading choice for advertisingwithin the glass industry. With several years publishingexperience, unrivalled coverage for the worldwideglass manufacturing community with up-to-date news,editorial and features, as well exhibitions; KANCH is thebest medium to communicate with stakeholders.The advertising options range from front cover tohalf page advertisements, loose and bound inserts, plusmuch more. We understand your needs as an industry andare committed to assist you in making your advertisingmost profitable. Raise awareness of your brand andproduct portfolio by establishing contacts to suit yourcompany's requirements.Advertisement Tariff:ColouredIndianCompanies(Rs.)ForeignCompanies(US $)Ordinary full page 8000 450Extra Inside Cover Page 9000 500Inside Cover Page 10000 525Back Cover Page 20000 700Front Cover Page 25000 1000Centerspread (two pages) 20000 900Black & WhiteFull page 6000 300Half page 3500 250The print area is 17x23 cm for full page advertisement and 11.5 x17cm (Rectangular) for the glossy front-cover four colour advt.Good quality advertisement material in highresolution along with a Demand Draft / Cheque of therequisite amount – payable to ‘The All India GlassManufacturers’ Federation’ at New Delhi may be sentto Secretary AIGMF at the registered office of theFederation.It would be ideal if you could send youradvertisement in PDF high resolution format (with autoenabled e-mail ID / website address, if any) helpingreaders to reach you directly on a single click inKANCH’s e-version / AIGMF website.A complimentary copy of KANCH along with theinvoice will be sent to all advertisers. Those wantingmore than one copy are requested to send their requestin advance.Foreign companies are requested to send theDemand Draft of the requisite amount in US Dollars.Demand Draft be made in the name of ‘The All IndiaGlass Manufacturers’ Federation’, New Delhi, payable atNew York.For convenience, payment can also be remittedthrough wire transfer. Our bank details are as under:Remittance from abroad to:Bank of Baroda, New York, SWIFT BIC :BARBUS33, FEDWIRE/ROUTING NUMBER:026 005 322, giving full particulars of Beneficiary i.e.Account No. : 05860200000294Name : The All India Glass Manufacturers'FederationBank : Bank of BarodaBranch : Parliament Street, New DelhiCity : New Delhi, IndiaPayment Instruction Message i.e. MT - 103 is to besent to Bank of Baroda, IBB, New Delhi, SWIFT BIC -BARBINBBPARRemittance from India to: (deposit cash or makeNEFT- online payment)Account No. : 000701239715Name : The All India Glass Manufacturers'FederationBank : ICICI Bank LimitedBranch : 9A, Phelps Building, ConnaughtPlace, New DelhiIFSC Code : ICIC0000007A copy of bank advice may please be sent to AIGMF Secretariat forreconciliation.Advertise on AIGMF WebsiteAIGMF website: www.aigmf.com is an invaluable resource for visitors and offers a vast array of advertisingopportunities. The website is promoted across entire Glass fraternity bringing many visitors to the site providingexcellent exposure to your company's products and services. Advertisement will provide direct link to your company'swebsite.For more information on the available advertising options please send e-mail to info@aigmf.comKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 55

Special Feature$1 Billion Worth Indian ContainerGlass Industry Gearing Up To Meet Demand(Vinay Saran, HNG, Kolkata)Glass packaging industry in India is buoyant withdownstream demands from food & beverages, alcobev,pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries. The industryis experiencing a huge surge in demand owing to thegrowing awareness about health and hygiene amongthe consumers. Continuous efforts by manufacturingcompanies to highlight the benefits of glass are alsoworking wonders for the promotion of glass industry inIndia.Indian container glass industry, which is currentlyestimated to be worth US$1 billion, is progressing withan approximate growth rate of 12%. Market analysis andresearch indicate that the trend will continue or evenimprove in the times to come due to rising disposableincome and GDP rate. The Indian economy has been amajor aid for the container glass industry enabling theindustry to foster even during the worst financial crisisin history.Indian container glass industry has long been acottage industry resorting to rudimentary mouth- blownprocesses. The late 19 th century saw the introduction ofautomated process wherein the glass industry evolvedinto a modern and hi-tech industry. The industry atpresent is one of the fastest growing segments in Indiawith production strength of ~7,000 tons per day.The Indian container glass industry is served bynearly 10 medium and large container glass manufacturersthat contribute a sizeable share to its production strength.Many small manufacturers having petite furnaces (inthe semi-unorganised sector) also add up to the installedcapacity by over 500-600 TPD.The container glass industry in India is a maturesector occupying more than 10 large and mediumcontainer glass manufacturers that supply packagingsolutions to the various food and beverage, liquor, beer,pharmaceuticals, soft drinks and cosmetics companies.A key player in this segment is Hindusthan NationalGlass & Industries Ltd producing more than 15 millioncontainers a day. We have an installed capacity of 2,825TPD at present and plan to expand further with newfacilities (both greenfield and brownfield) coming up inAndhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.Naidupeta is one of the upcoming projects by HNG,which is set to be the largest glass hub in southeast Asia.The project is being set up with an initial cost of Rs. 700crore and will house three container glass and two floatglass plants.Besides the large producers, Indian glass packagingindustry also includes manufacturers from the semi/unorganised sector. These manufacturers possess smallfurnaces contribute to over 500-600 metric ton per day.Glass packaging remains a hot favourite owing tothe several health benefits it has on the customers. Glassis chemically inert and does not pose any hazard on thehealth of the consumer is a major advantage that outranksglass among other modes of packaging available to themarket.Glass is also 100% natural and does not leacheven when it is exposed to harsh chemicals. It is 100%recyclable; hence saves the earth from repeated Co 2emissions. Glass also provides a premium image andenhances the visual appeal of the content, therebyfostering demand.Glass has a longer shelf life and keeps the contentsafe and fit for consumption for a longer period of time.The transparency of glass allows the consumers theopportunity to see through the content and determinewhether it suits their criterion.Besides, glass is the only material rated as GRAS(Generally Regarded As Safe) by the US Food andDrug Association. It is deemed as an absolute choice forpackaging edibles like food & beverage and soft drinks.Glass is also considered to be best packaging material forpharmaceuticals, alcobev and cosmetic production.The Indian container glass industry is rapidlyexpanding owing to lower per capita consumption of glass.(The writer is Senior Vice President, Hindusthan National Glass & Industries Ltd (HNG), a leading producer ofcontainer glass in India)56 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

The industry is slated for even better performance in thecoming years with new technologies and breakthroughinnovations in the pipeline.HNG is gearing up to address the rapidly increasingdemand. We are building up capacities through greenfieldand brownfield projects, as well as refurbishing our oldfurnaces to meet the market with full strength. We arealso considering global technology tie-ups, in order tobring the latest technologies in India.The latest launch from the HNG stable is the NarrowNeck Press & Blow (NNPB) technology, a revolutionarytechnology whereby the production of lightweightbottles with higher strength and better finish is possible.The NNPB technology facilitates the production of glassbottles which are over 20% lighter. It also ensures bettercontrol over glass distribution together with energyefficiency resulting in reduced carbon footprint andtransportation cost of the finished materials.After NNPB, we are planning to launch theAdvanced Blow & Blow technology in India. It is anotherradical technology that is being successfully employedinternationally for the production of glass container. AtHNG, we are committed towards providing customisedsolutions to our clients and it is our enhanced customercentricitythat has strengthened our organisational focustowards market-driven innovations and transformations.Glass Recycling uses less energy than manufacturingglass from sand, lime and sodaKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 57

Environment SectionSuccessful Continuation of “Solar Meets Glass”ConferenceThe conference “Solar Meets Glass – 2 nd IndustrySummit for Quality, Logistics and Material” receivedpositive feedback among over 150 delegates from theglass and solar industries on April 13, 2011.The event, which had been organised by MesseDüsseldorf GmbH and Solarpraxis AG, formed part ofthe Photovoltaics Thin-Film Week, the world’s biggestof its kind, which was held at the Berlin AdlershofTechnology Park, from 11 to 15 April.Other modules during this week were the Thin-FilmIndustry Forum, organised by Solarpraxis AG, the 2ndInternational Workshop on CIGS Solar Cell Technology,set up by PVcomB (the Thin-Film and NanotechnologyCompetence Centre for Photovoltaics in Berlin), and theVDMA Annual Conference for Photovoltaics ProductionEquipment.As well as providing an overview of the marketand technology, “Solar Meets Glass” focused on thesubjects of quality, logistics and materials – each withthe purpose of discussing interfaces between the glassand solar industries. “This year we consciously decidedto put the emphasis on thin-film PV, as glass is a materialof absolutely vital importance for a variety of reasons.Thematically, this added up to an excellent eventwhere delegates at the ‘Solar Meets Glass’ conferencealso benefited from the added value of other eventsat the Photovoltaics Thin-Film Week,” said HansWerner Reinhard, Deputy Managing Director at MesseDüsseldorf.“We are pleased that by bundling various eventsduring the Thin-Film Week this year we could createadditional synergies, so that even more delegates cameto Adlershof than last year. PVcomB, Messe Düsseldorfand VDMA complemented each other very well in theway in they worked together and addressed various targetgroups, so that the Photovoltaics Thin-Film Week is noweven more widely known in the industry,” said Karl-Heinz Remmers, CEO of Solarpraxis AG.Delegates explicitly praised the “Solar Meets Glass”conference for providing a platform for an exchangebetween the solar and glass industries where burningissues and solution proposals could be discussed. Glassis one of the key elements for any future increase inefficiency and for cost reductions in photovoltaics.Messe Düsseldorf and Solarpraxis AG areplanning to work together again in 2012, when the next“Solar Meets Glass” conference will be held as part ofthe Photovoltaics Thin-Film Week at the AdlershofTechnology Park in Berlin.O-I Campaign Promotes Use Of Glass PackagingCEOs, environmentalists, parents join “Glass IsLife” to share their love for glass and encourage brandsto choose glass Owens-Illinois, Inc., the world’s largestglass container manufacturer, announced the launch ofGlass Is Life. This ground breaking marketing campaignis designed to showcase the unique and unmatchedqualities of glass packaging to build successful foodand beverage brands. A first-ever global initiative, O-I’sGlass Is Life campaign also highlights the inherent loveconsumers have for glass.“O-I’s extensive research shows a strong demandfor glass among consumers, but the marketplace doesnot adequately reflect this interest. We aim to influencethe food and beverage industry’s packaging decisions byshowing the power of glass,” said Al Stroucken, Chairmanand CEO of O-I. “As the leading maker of the purest andmost sustainable packaging, O-I is excited to spearhead amovement that demonstrates the unique attributes of glasspackaging and brings brands back into glass.”Voices for GlassCEOs, brand managers, environmentalists,designers, parents and other thought leaders around theworld have rallied behind the campaign to share theirpassion for glass.These voices for glass include:Sanpellegrino S.p.A. Chairman and CEO StefanoAgostini, who says glass showcases the quality of the S.Pellegrino brand.Monini Olive Oil CEO Zefferino Monini, whochooses glass because it best preserves the flavor of theproduct.Environmentalist Celine Cousteau, granddaughterof Jacques Cousteau, who prefers glass because it isnatural, healthy and sustainable.True fruits Cofounder Nic Lecloux, who saysglass demonstrates the quality and sophistication of hispremium product.Bundaberg Brewed Drinks CEO John McLean, whobottles his drinks in glass so it stands out on the shelf.58 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

Agua del Nacimiento CEO Juan Gabriel Gonzalez,who says glass is the only packaging that shows theclarity and purity of Colombia’s best water.Consumers Know Glass is BetterBased on years of extensive business and consumerresearch, O-I has determined that taste, quality, health andsustainability represent the glass attributes that resonatemost strongly with consumers around the world.In a global study first commissioned by O-I inNovember 2008, consumers said that when faced withthe option between glass and other packaging, theywill choose glass first and would like to see more glasspackaging options. For example, in the food category,91 percent of consumers around the globe indicatedthey prefer glass, but only about 10 percent of foods arepackaged in glass. O-I is working closely with customersaround the world to increase the availability of food andbeverage products in glass.In the U.S., as recently as April 2011, nearly 70percent of 1,000 Americans surveyed said that if theycould purchase their favorite food or beverage in anycontainer, they would choose glass. Additionally, 90percent said they agree with the statement that glass is thehealthiest packaging available because it does not leachinto the product. And 85 percent said food and beveragestaste better when packaged in glass containers.“It’s time to tell the world about the benefits of glass,”said Erasmo Schutzer, vice president and chief marketingofficer for O-I. “The thought leaders featured in O-I’s GlassIs Life campaign are instrumental in helping us launch amore aggressive marketing strategy. Together we’ll showhow glass preserves flavor, maintains health, enhancesquality, protects the environment and builds brands.”Anneal:Binder(Fibrous Glass):Check:Devitrification:Fusion:Glass Ceramic:Lampworking:Seed:Stone:Glass TerminologyTo prevent or remove objectionable stresses in glassware by controlled coolingSubstances employed to bond or hold the fibers togetherAn imperfection; a surface crack in a glass articleCrystallization in glassJoining by heatA material melted and formed as a glass, then converted largely to a crystalline formby processes of controlled devitrificationForming glass articles from tubing and rod by heating in a gas flameAn extremely small gaseous inclusion in glassAn imperfection; crystalline contaminations in glassTempered Glass: Glass that has been rapidly cooled under rigorous control from near its softeningpoint to increase its mechanical and thermal strengthWeathering:Attack of a glass surface by atmospheric elementsKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 59

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Optimise Coatings for Narrow Neck PlungersContributed by (Höganäs India Pvt.Ltd.)Coating hollow glass moulds offers a rangeof benefits in bottle production, but finding the bestcombination of powder consumable and process forspecific moulds is a complex challenge. In this article,Höganäs offers insight on an economical solution forcoating narrow neck plungers.Applying an optimised coating to a glass mouldprovides protection against wear and corrosion in anaggressive, high-temperature production environment.Protective coating is a cost-effective procedure, asincreased wear resistance boosts productivity byextending the mould’s operating life. However, eachshape in glass production requires a unique mouldwith specific requirements for an optimised protectivesurfacing. Mould coatings may require not only differentpowder consumables, but also different applicationtechniques. This is especially true for plungers andnarrow neck plungers for the glass bottle industry, whichcome in a huge variety of different shapes.A range of coating techniques is used to protectmoulds. Thermal spraying methods such as flame sprayingand HVOF (High Velocity Oxygen Fuel) techniques arecommonly used on plungers. With a diameter of lessthan 25 mm, narrow neck plungers require hard anddense coatings. HVOF is normally chosen to coat narrowneck plungers. The technique uses a more concentratedflame than flame spraying, delivering powder particlesat high speed to create high-density coatings. As HVOFis also an easily automated process requiring minimummachining before polishing, it offers a range of benefitsto make it the most economical solution for coatingnarrow neck plungers.The powder consumable and process parametersmust be considered together to achieve excellent mouldperformance over an extended service life. Höganäs haslong experience as a partner in the worldwide glass mouldindustry, helping to match the right power consumableand process for each application.Find the right powder consumableChoosing the right high-purity powder consumableis particularly important, as the HVOF process requiresvery fine powder. The most common solution is a powderwith a particle size range of 20-53 micron, although someHVOF systems require even finer powders such as 15-45micron.Powder consumables with round particles can playan important role in achieving the required propertiesand efficiency for mould coating processes. As well asbetter flow, spherical particles enable processes withfewer fines and less clogging. Höganäs powder productsare characterised by spherical particles without satellitesand free from hollow spheres. The company hasdeveloped the Surfit range of powder consumablesto cover the special requirements of thermal surfacingapplications.Optimise process parametersThe basic three-stage HVOF process is describedbelow. However, optimising this process for specificmoulds can be a complex challenge requiring widerangingexpertise and research resources. Höganäs assistscustomers in the glass mould industry with servicesincluding metallographic analysis, extensive physicaland chemical lab testing facilities to ensure excellentmould performance.HVOF process for narrow neck plungers1. PreheatingFor optimum results, preheat the coarsest sectionsof the plunger to 200-300°C to remove surfacemoisture.2. SprayingStarting at the top of the plunger, spray several layersof powder – about 8-10 passes are required to reachthe normal coating thickness. The gun movementshould be smooth, even and continuous – if the gunstops at any point, the coating will overheat.3. FusingAlthough fusing is not required for most HVOFcoatings, fusing of coatings for narrow neckplungers is still recommended.Selecting a fusing burner of the right size isimportant, e.g. a 1,000 l/min. burner capacity for smallplungers and up to 4,000 l/min for large plungers. Aninadequately sized burner may lead to an excessivelylong fusing time, resulting in an oxidized layer. A largerthan required burner will overheat the layer, leading tofailures such as sagging of the deposit, dilution, distortedbase material and excessive fluxing.KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 61

Heat the plunger to about 900°C or slightly belowthe alloy melting temperature. Adjust the flame toacetylene gas surplus to produce a “soft flame”. Startthe fusing about 30 mm from the top. When the coatingbegins to shine like a mirror, move the flame towards thepoint of the plunger, and fuse that section first. Return tothe starting point and complete the fusing of the plunger.Recycling two bottles saves enough energy toboil water for five cups of tea.Pooja Group of Glass IndustiresInside Front CoverBaba Minerals & Group’s 46Empire Industries - Vitrum Glass 53Glacera 54GLASSPEX INDIA 2013 4Heye International GmbH 2,35,36Hindusthan National Glass & Industries Ltd. Front CoverSMJ Business Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., 30,31Lubitech EnterprisesInside Back CoverHonganas India Pvt. Ltd.,Back CoverPlanet Ceramica Pvt. Ltd. 22List of AdvertisersR D Ashar Pvt. Ltd. 57Raj Mesh Belt Co. 60Pyrotek India Private Ltd. 14Shamvik Glasstech 6,12Ridhi Sidhi Glasses (India) Pvt. Ltd. 20Mehndiratta & Associates 38Zenith Metals 29Navin Corporation 21Mascot Engineering Co. 1Calcutta Communication Media 6362 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

ccm.newdelhi@gmail.comcalcommedia@gmail.comccm.calcutta@gmail.comKANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011 63

Upcoming EventsGlass Build America 2011Vitrum 2011Date: 12-14, September 2011Location: Atlanta, GeorgiaContact: Glass Build America Show Management8200Greensboro Drive, Suite 302, McLean, VA 22102-3881Tel: +1 703/442-4890, ext. 300Fax: 703/442-0082Website: www.glassbuildamerica.comGlassman Turkey 2011International trade show specializing in equipmentand systems for flat, bent and hollow glass, with thisedition focusing on the 'Green Economy'Date: 26 – 29, October 2011Location: Milan, ItalyContact: VitrumWebsite: www.vitrum-milano.itGlasstech Asia 2011New addition to the Glassman series, featuring anexhibition of primary glassmaking equipment andservices and an accompanying conferenceDate: 22 – 23, November 2011Location: Sheraton Hotel, Istanbul TurkeyContact: Quartz Business MediaTel: +44 (0)1737 855 133Email: tammybreese@quartzltd.co.uk,kenclark@quartzltd.co.ukWebsite: www.glassmanevents.com/turkey8th international glass products, glassmanufacturing, processing and materials exhibitionDate: 23 – 25, November 2011Location: Jakarta, IndonesiaContact: Conference & Exhibition ManagementServices Pte LtdEmail: steven@cems.com.sg; aubrey@cems.com.sgWebsite: www.glasstechasia.com.sgGlass Tech International 2011Date: 8-11, December 2011Location: MMRDA Exhibition Centre, Bandar Kurla Complex, MumbaiWebsite: www.zakglasstech.com3rd GLASSPEX India 2013Date: 20-22, March 2013Location: MMRDA Exhibition Centre, Bandar Kurla Complex, MumbaiWebsite: http://www.glasspex.comE-mail: info@aigmf.com64 KANCH Vol. 4, No. 3, APRIL-JUNE, 2011

Regd. No. R.N. DELENG/2007/25145Compliments of OMCO Powder is our business Experience the difference with spherical, satellite free particles for improvedflow and cleaner finish. Höganäs, a dedicated powder supplier, meets yourneeds with a full range of high quality thermal spray products. Technicalservice, product support and application development are available for ourvalued partners.www.hoganasthermalspray.com | info@hoganasthermalspray.comdef_180x250_juin_2011.indd 1 13/06/11 10:45:45