EN - English Grammar for the Utterly Confused.pdf

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32ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR THE UTTERLY CONFUSEDOverview of Verb FunctionsRecall from Chapter 1 that verbs are words that name an action or describe a state of being.There are four basic types of verbs: action verbs, linking verbs, helping verbs, and verbphrases. Verbs also convey information through changes in their form. Here are the five differentthings we find out from a verb:●●●●●Tense (when the action takes place: past, present, or future)Person (who or what experiences the action)Number (how many subjects act or receive the action)Mood (the attitude expressed toward the action)Voice (whether the subject acts or is acted upon: the active or passive voice)The Six Verb TensesThe tense of a verb shows its time. English has six verb tenses. Each of the six tenses has twoforms: basic and progressive (also known as “perfect”). The basic form shows action, occurrence,or state of being that is taking place right here and now. The basic form also is the basefor the future form (i.e., I will sleep; they will sleep).The following chart shows the six forms for the verb to walk:Tense Basic Form Progressive FormPresent walk am walkingPast walked was walkingFuture will walk will be walkingPresent perfect have walked have been walkingPast perfect had walked had been walkingFuture perfect will have walked will have been walkingThe tense of English verbs is formed from helping verbs and principal parts. Each Englishverb has four main parts, as shown in the chart on the next page.
Using Verbs Correctly33Principal Verb PartsPresent Present Participle Past Past Participlelook looking looked lookeddance dancing danced danced1. The present tenseThe present is used to form the present tense (“I look”) and the future (“I will look”).English uses the helping verb will to show the future tense.2. The present participleThe present participle forms all six of the progressive forms (“I am looking,” “I was looking,”and so on).3. The past tenseThe past forms only one tense, the past. As with the present tense, the principal partstands alone.4. The past participleThe past participle forms the last three tenses: the present perfect (“I have looked”), thepast perfect (“I had looked”), and the future perfect (“I will have looked”). To form thepast participle, start with a helping verb such as is, are, was, has been. Then add the principalpart of the verb.Quick TipWhen you conjugate a verb, you list the singular and plural forms of the verb in aspecific tense.Regular and Irregular VerbsEnglish verbs are divided into two classes: regular and irregular. These classifications comefrom the way the verb forms its past tense and past participles.● Regular verbs: The past tense and past participle forms are created by adding -d, -ed, or -tto the present form, but the vowel doesn’t change; for example, walk, walked, walked.●Irregular verbs: No pattern is followed when the past and past participle are formed.Instead, there are many different forms. For example, with some irregular verbs the vowelchanges and an -n or -e is added, as in begin, began, begun. With other verbs, the vowelchanges and a -d or -t is added, as in lose, lost, lost.
Page 2 and 3: Want to learn more?,We hope you enj
Page 5 and 6: AcknowledgmentsIwould like to thank
Page 7 and 8: xContentsUsing Who, Which, That 26I
Page 9 and 10: xiiContentsCommas 150Dashes 153Elli
Page 11 and 12: PrefaceIhave the world’s nicest s
Page 13 and 14: PART 1Welcome toGrammarlandCopyrigh
Page 15 and 16: 4ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR THE UTTERLY CO
Page 21 and 22: 10ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR THE UTTERLY C
Page 29 and 30: CHAPTER 2Using Pronouns CorrectlyDo
Page 31 and 32: Using Pronouns Correctly21I like to
Page 33 and 34: Using Pronouns Correctly23Answer: T
Page 35 and 36: Using Pronouns Correctly251. A pron
Page 37 and 38: Using Pronouns Correctly27Use that
Page 39 and 40: Using Pronouns Correctly29(c) When
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 4Using Adjectives andAdverb
Page 58 and 59: Using Adjectives and Adverbs Correc
Page 70 and 71: CHAPTER 5Agreement: MatchingSentenc
Page 72 and 73: Agreement: Matching Sentence Parts6
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER 6The 25 Most CommonUsage Pr
Page 88 and 89: The 25 Most Common Usage Problems79
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The 25 Most Common Usage Problems83
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PART 3SentenceSenseCopyright 2003 b
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102ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR THE UTTERLY
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CHAPTER 8Writing Correct andComplet
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Writing Correct and Complete Senten
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CHAPTER 9Sentence Coordination andS
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Sentence Coordination and Subordina
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CHAPTER 10PunctuationDoI Needto Rea
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Punctuation1492. Use an apostrophe
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Punctuation151Here’s the overall
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Punctuation153Confusing: Luisa dres
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Punctuation155Periods1. Use a perio
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Punctuation157It’s a Wrap✔ Punc
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Punctuation1593. Why is there a com
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Punctuation161Completion Questions1
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PART 5Struttin’Your Stuffwith Sty
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CHAPTER 13Diction and ConcisenessDo
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Diction and Conciseness199Notice al
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Diction and Conciseness2012. Choose
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Diction and Conciseness203Redundant
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Diction and Conciseness205Wordy:Bet
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Diction and Conciseness2077. (Verna
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Diction and Conciseness209(c) Intel
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CHAPTER 14Words and Expressionsto A
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Words and Expressions to Avoid213Bi
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Words and Expressions to Avoid215Bu
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Words and Expressions to Avoid2173.
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Words and Expressions to Avoid2199.
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Words and Expressions to Avoid221(c
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Words and Expressions to Avoid223Co
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IndexCopyright 2003 by The McGraw-H
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228Indexalthough, as subordinating
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230IndexEditorial clarification, br
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232IndexNegative prefixes, 55neithe
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234IndexPronouns (Cont.):adjectives
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236IndexTitles of people (Cont.):no
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