ITT's Place in the Cycle of Water - Water Solutions

ITT’s Placein the Cycle of WaterEverything But The Pipes - 6 th Edition

Meeting Basic Needs• While 70 percent of the world’s surface is covered by water, only one percent of thetotal water resources on earth is available for human use.• There are 1.1 billion people, or 18 percent of the world’s population, who lackaccess to safe drinking water.• About 2.6 billion people, or 42 percent of the total, lack access to basic sanitation.• Every week an estimated 42,000 people die from diseases related to low-qualitydrinking water and lack of sanitation. More than 90 percent of these diseases affectchildren under the age of five.• By 2025, it is estimated that about two thirds of the world’s population - about 5.5billion people - will live in areas facing moderate to severe water stress.• It is estimated that an additional investment of US$ 11.3 billion per year would beneeded to achieve the U.N’s goals for drinking water and sanitation at the mostbasic levels.• Water withdrawals for irrigation have increased by over 60 percent since 1960.• About 70 percent of all available freshwater is used for irrigation in agriculture.• Water use increased six-fold during the 20th Century, more than twice the rate ofpopulation growth.• People in slum areas have very limited access to safe water for household uses.A slum dweller may only have five to 10 liters per day at his or her disposal, whilea middle- or high-income person in the same city may use some 50 to 150 litersper day.• Up to 30 percent of fresh water supplies are lost due to leakage in developedcountries, and in some major cities, losses can run as high as 40 to 70 percent.• About 90 percent of sewage and 70 percent of industrial wastes in developingcountries are discharged into water courses without treatment, often polluting theusable water supply.• 1.1 billion people gained access to safe drinking water between 1990-2002.Source – WHO/UNICEF, 20053

ForwardWater is the essential element of life on earth. We come from water, consist mainly ofwater, live through water, and depend on water for our lifestyle and livelihoods. How weuse this precious resource and return it for reuse will help define the future of humanity.ITT is deeply involved in the cycle of water use and reuse. We are committed to the wiseand sustainable development and utilization of the world’s water resources. Through theefforts of our scientists and engineers and the use of our products and systems, ITT and itscustomers play a very important role in the flow of this vital natural resource.With a fixed amount of available water (and thedemand for this water expected to double over the next20 years), how will the world’s growing populationsatisfy its basic water needs? Who will take the lead inaddressing the critical issue of our worsening globalwater shortage?The world’s growing population in developed anddeveloping regions is placing a heavy burden onthe delivery, consumption and treatment of healthy,affordable water. Increasing demand, unsustainablewithdrawal rates, lack of new sources and increasinglywidespread contamination are creating freshwatershortages. Meanwhile, as global demand increases,the world’s water infrastructure is continuing to age,creating a looming crisis for managing this valuableresource. It is clear that the world’s population cannotsurvive, nor can its economies thrive, without greatadvancements in the conservation, treatment andmovement of water. This in turn requires a substantialinvestment not only in new water and wastewatertechnology but also in the world’s aging, and oftenobsolete, water infrastructure.The solution to our water problems requires aneffective collaboration among industry, education andgovernment. Industry must create and implementnew products and systems through the application ofnew technologies. Educators must foster engineeringand science curricula and research relevant to ourwater issues. Governments must plan for the growingwater and environmental needs of their constituentsby focusing on the investment required in their watersystems and implementing the rate increases necessaryto undertake this investment and provide incentivesfor conservation efforts. Together, these groups mustdevelop an effective regulatory framework to insure theadequacy and quality of our water assets.“We forget that the water cycleand the life cycle are one.”– Jacques Cousteau5

ForwardWhere We Are –Where We Need to GoOver the past decade, significant progress has beenmade in developing new technologies and practicesto address the world’s fresh water availability. In thedeveloped world, these technologies are focusing onthe use of salt water and the reuse of water throughenhanced treatment and purification rather than thedrilling of additional wells or construction of largediversion and storage projects. These technologies,though still developing rapidly, have become muchmore efficient and cost effective in recent years. Forexample, in desalination, advances in membranetechnology have dramatically increased theperformance of reverse osmosis systems in removingsalts and other contaminates from water.Still, costs remain prohibitively high for manyapplications, especially in the developing world.Funding for additional research and development isrequired to increase the efficiency and reduce theenergy and capital requirements of these technologiesto make them affordable alternatives. Promising newtechnologies must also be pursued to insure we havethe capabilities to address our future needs. On onehand, advances in conservation techniques are beingimplemented to increase the availability of freshwater. In agriculture, which consumes approximately70 percent of our global water, drip irrigation, moreefficient sprinklers and better irrigation practiceshold the potential for enormous water savings. Inthe commercial and industrial sectors, low-volumeplumbing fixtures, improvements in water-coolingequipment and advances in pollution control andsewage treatment are already contributing to betterwater conservation practices. On the other hand,leaking water collection and distribution systemsand inadequate wastewater treatment continueto be a problem for municipalities worldwide.Additional resources must be devoted to improvingour water efficiency and developing the world’s waterinfrastructure.Unfortunately, a significant obstacle to improving ourwater shortage lies in the very price we pay for water.Throughout the world, direct and indirect governmentsubsidies distort the true cost of providing water andtreating wastewater. Artificially low prices encouragegreater consumption and restrict the funds necessaryfor new investment in infrastructure and technology.We believe that charging the real cost of providingsafe water and wastewater handling will lead to betterallocation of water and allow us to manage waterresources more effectively.Gretchen W. McClainPresident, ITT Fluid TechnologyITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

ForwardChanging Nature of theWater BusinessWhile the challenge of insuring adequate waterresources for the future is formidable, significantopportunity and rewards will accrue for thosebusinesses that are able to supply the necessarysolutions. Currently, the water industry largelycomprises companies that specialize in niche productsor markets such as pumps or filtration. Organizationsfacing challenging water issues are increasinglyturning to experts that have the breadth of capabilityto own and resolve such challenges by employingholistic solutions that incorporate a range of skillsencompassing both technical and commercialinnovation. A few companies are developing a breadthof experience and applications knowledge coveringthe entire cycle of water use and reuse. ITT is at theforefront of this transition.Recognizing the need for broad-based applicationsand new technology, ITT began to expand its corecompetencies beyond the pump industry years ago.To meet the demands of the changing water market,ITT focused on developing and integrating into itsbusiness innovative technologies in such areas asbiological treatment, instrumentation, clarification,media filtration, membrane filtration, desalination,and UV and ozone disinfection. ITT’s water businesshas become recognized as a leader in the global waterindustry.Our CommitmentITT is committed to the wise and sustainabledevelopment and utilization of the world’s waterresources. Our focus is on providing innovativeequipment, systems and applications knowledge tousers of water throughout the water cycle. We are alsodedicated to preserving the environment and nurturingknowledge and awareness of the world’s water issues.While there are many challenges ahead in providingadequate, safe water to the world’s growingpopulation, we believe the international community,working together, can achieve this goal. We must notshy away from these challenges. Instead we mustembrace the opportunity and establish a legacy wecan be proud of for the future. At ITT, we will continueto generate the new ideas, products and knowledgenecessary to make this happen.Good News & Bad NewsThere is a lot of fresh water in the world ... It is not always where people need itWater is free ... Infrastructure needed to deliver water is expensiveIn many areas, water is easily accessible at a low cost ... People assume it will always be available & take it for grantedNature is constantly recycling & purifying water in rivers & lakes ... People are polluting water faster than nature can recycle itThere is a huge amount of water underground ... People are using this water faster than nature can replace it5 billion people have reasonable access to fresh water ... More than 1 billion do not3.8 billion people have at least basic sanitation ... 2.4 billion do notMillions are working their way out of poverty ... Affluent people use more waterThe pace of industrialization is increasing ... Industry will require more fresh waterIndustry is becoming more efficient in its water use ... Many industries are still using water unsustainably/inefficientlyAwareness of water issues is increasing ... Translating awareness into action can be slow7

The Cycle of WaterITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The “cycle of water” is a good place to trulyappreciate the range of fluid handling andtreatment systems from ITT.ITT Clean Water SolutionsOur pump systems draw water from the ground and from lakes, rivers and seas. Ourmembrane filtration systems treat it, and desalinate it. Our media filtration and clarificationsystems treat the water and can also pre-treat it for desalination by membrane systems.Our UV, ozone and chlorine dosing systems disinfect water, making it safe to use. Ourpump systems move water to and from treatment plants to storage facilities and onthrough the distribution system to industrial, commercial, municipal and residentialconsumers. Inside those buildings, homes and factories, ITT pump packages equippedwith intelligent control systems move water to heat and cool buildings, provide utilityservice and power thousands of industrial applications. Our packaged fire pump systemsstand ready to power water for emergency use. And for those homes, farms and industrialapplications off the distribution grid, ITT’s wide range of submersible and turbine pumpssupply water from underground wells.ITT Wastewater SolutionsOnce clean water has served its human needs, effluent stations equipped with ITT pumpsand mixers move wastewater to treatment facilities where our submersible pumps,monitoring & control equipment and mixers are integral to wastewater treatment andsludge processing plants. The fundamental task of biological wastewater treatment – thebreaking down and removal of contaminants – is then achieved using ITT’s advancedaeration, sequence batch reactor and membrane bioreactor systems. Before the water isreturned to nature, our ozone, ultraviolet and chlorine disinfection systems are employedto protect users of our water environment. ITT’s media filtration removes suspendedsolids efficiently while clarification systems treat wastewater lagoon systems. ITT’s tertiarytreatment and reverse osmosis membrane systems can also be used to re-purify the water,making it suitable for recharging groundwater aquifers or reuse in a wide variety ofapplications.In the cycle of water, ITT provides everything except the pipes – and sometimes eventhe pipes!9

POTABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION• Skid-mounted packaged waterbooster pump stations.• Dry-mount pump systems.• Submersible pump systems.RESIDENTIAL• Booster pumps.• Hot water hydronic systems.• Boiler steam controls.• Irrigation pumps.• Pool and spa pump packages.ELEVATED WATER STORAGE• Pressure boosting pump packages and stations.• Water control valves.COMMERCIAL / MUNICIPAL• HVAC hydronic systems.• Pressure-boosting pump packages and stations.• Intelligent variable speed control systems.• Fire pump packages.• Flood control and dewatering pumps.INDUSTRIAL PRE-TREATMENTUltra-pure water is crucial to many industrialprocesses. ITT’s reverse osmosis filtration systems areemployed in industries ranging from food processing,to pharmaceuticals to nuclear power.INDUSTRIALITT provides the widest range of pumps, valves, intelligent controlsystems and applications expertise for industrial water applications -with millions of installed products around the world.11

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterWATER AND WASTEWATER MARKET AND FORECASTS, 2005-2012• The expenditures for municipal water andwastewater applications were $8,066 million in2005, $9,575 million in 2006, and $11,290 millionin 2007. They are expected to grow at compoundannual growth rate (CAGR) of 22.2% and reach$39,709 million by 2012.• The infrastructure applications market was $6,611million in 2005, $7,862 million in 2006 and willexceed $9,287 million in 2007. This is expected togrow at a CAGR of 22.6% to reach $32,041 millionby 2012.• The market for industrial water and wastewaterequipment was $3,256 million in 2005, $3,926million in 2006 and will exceed $4,696 million in2007. On its current trajectory it will grow at aCAGR of 14.2% to reach $10,111 million.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterRAW WATER INTAKEWater from lakes, rivers, streams, the rain, the sea orthe ground either flows by gravity or is pumped into awater treatment intake facility. Through a combinationof actions such as sedimentation, natural coagulation,and chemical interactions, storage can improve water’sphysical and microbiological characteristics, andtherefore, help defend against the transmission ofwaterborne diseases.Groundwater is also utilized by drilling a well ofappropriate depth to reach an underground aquifer.Most commonly, a submersible pump is placed inthe well to pump the water to the surface; or for ashallow well, a surface mounted jet pump can performthe same function. This subsurface water is typicallya relatively pure source but can require treatmentto remove bacterial or heavy metal contamination,to filter out sand that infiltrates into the well, or toperform a softening treatment that reduces mineralsand improves taste. Groundwater is generallydisinfected to guard against pathogens and to ensureits continuing purity while it resides in distributionnetworks.CASE STORY:Arkansas City Makes the Mostof Modular PumpsFacing a water shortage during peak usagetimes, the city of El Dorado in Arkansasturned to ITT to design and manufacture anefficient, modular, skid-mounted pumpingsystem to draw water from five new deepwells.13

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterDESALINATIONDesalination utilizes either thermal or membranetechnologies to remove dissolved solids from varioussources of water, including the sea, brackish resources,“fresh “ water intended for high purity applicationsand wastewater intended for reuse. Thermal plantsuse distillation techniques to vaporize water, leavingsalt and other contaminants behind. Membrane plantsoperate by pushing water through ultra-thin, semipermeablemembranes. Both technologies producewater of very high quality by removing a wide range ofpotential contaminants.Distillation is a very energy-intensive process.Membrane technology in the forms of reverse osmosis(RO) and nanofiltration (NF) have improved rapidlyduring recent years, and are now considered by themajority to be the technology of choice. Utilizingeffluent from a pre-treatment scheme is essential toprolonging the life of the membrane system.Current estimations of the membrane desalinationmarket show that it will generate $3 billion per yearin new business over the next decade, which is theresult of the increasing demand for desalinated waterdue to the pressure on freshwater resources and thefalling cost to produce it with RO systems. Membraneprocesses are expected to take share from thermalprocesses – approximately 59% of new plants will bemembrane-based between 2005 and 2015 (Source:Global Water Intelligence).CASE STORY:Virginia Water Utility YieldsFresh Water on Short NoticeWith a pending shortage of drinking water,a municipal water utility in Newport News,Virginia employed a relatively new technologyfor a reverse osmosis system to tap abrackish groundwater supply. With design,technical support and operator trainingfrom ITT, the municipality was able toquickly augment its safe drinking watersupply and enhance the quality of its overallwater supply as well.Contracted capacity of new desalination plants doubledbetween 1998 and 2001, from 400 million gallons peryear to 800 million gallons per year (1.5 to 3 billionliters). Forecasts suggest a greater than 100% increasein installed capacity (global) from 2005 to 2015,creating a total market worth of $95 billion over thenext decade (Source: Global Water Intelligence. Fastestgrowth around Mediterranean (mostly Israel, Algeriaand Libya).Worldwide, approximately 9,500 desalination plantshave an aggregate capacity of 8.5 billion gallons perday (32 billion liters).ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterDESALINATION15

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterClarification – Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)Potable water treatment plants process raw watersources through the treatment plants to produce aproduct that meets all of the regulatory requirementsfor consumption. Surface water treatment plantsusually will first remove solids in a clarification processprior to filtration. In this process, the treatment plantsgoal is to provide a consistent water quality to optimizethe filtration process and produce and collect solidsthat are easily dewatered and disposed. Those solidsconsist of inorganic suspended or colloidal material,soluble material that has been precipitated by addingoxidant or changing pH range, and biological material(algae or pathogens) such as Cryptosporidium andGiardia.Traditionally, the clarification process consisted of somemethod to settle solids out of the raw water supply.With the new Dissolved Air Flotation technology, theraw water particles are flocculated and separated outof the water by floating them to the surface, ratherthan settling them to the bottom of the basin. DAFis particularly effective in removing low-density solidssuch as turbidity, color, algae, Giardia/Cryptosporidium,and precipitated organics and metals. These are allcontaminants that do not settle well due to particlesize and/or density. These same smaller and/orlow-density flocculated particles can be removed inthe flotation process due to the millions of bubblesthat are released in the reaction zone to capture theparticles and float them to the surface. DAF can alsobetter handle rapid changes in raw water temperatureand water quality provided that the coagulationchemistry is optimized.Due to short flocculation mixing times and loadingrates as high as 20 gpm/ft2 (48m/hr), the footprint forthe process is significantly smaller than conventionalsettling processes. In addition, the improved captureof solids results in more efficient operation of thefiltration process, while delivering significantly highersludge solids to be sent for further processing than anysettling process.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterClarification – Low-Pressure Membrane PretreatmentMicrofiltration and Ultrafiltration (MF/UF) membranesuppliers are producing low-pressure membranes thatare applied in current treatment process schemes toenhance the water quality effluent required to meetadditional regulatory guidelines. The performanceof these membranes can be improved when apretreatment system is utilized to reduce the potentialcontaminants such as algae, color, organics, anddissolved contaminants that can foul the membrane.Simple membrane filtration is inadequate to fullymeet the requirements of the Safe Drinking WaterAct because the water supply contains dissolvedcontaminants that exceed regulatory levels. Althoughthey offer many benefits, MF/UF systems alone do noteffectively control dissolved contaminants. In additionto expanding plant treatment capabilities, thesepretreatment processes have been found to optimizemembrane performance and reduce capital and wholelifecosts.CASE STORY:Greenville, South CarolinaReduces Raw Water TurbidityWith Dissolved Air FlotationThis ITT Leopold brand dissolved airflotation (DAF) system installation hasa total flow capacity of 75 MGD. It iscurrently the largest operating potablewater treatment dissolved air flotationsystem in the United States, consistingof twelve trains at 6.25 MGD each. Thereduced turbidity from the raw waterinfluent to the Clari-DAF effluent is aconsistent 90%.A high rate dissolved air flotation clarification processprovides one of the best membrane pretreatmentalternatives. The process is designed with the conceptthat it is easier to float small diameter, low-densitysolids than to settle them. Typical of those floc solidsare ones created from color, organics, soluble metals,algae, or colloidal solids by adding inorganic chemicals.Flotation is preferable to sedimentation for these small,low-density hydroxide floc removals because solidswith hundreds of microns in size are required to settle,while particles of tens of microns in size can be floated.Removing the potential fouling material prior tomembrane treatment will result in the ability toincrease the flux rate, which will reduce the numberof membranes required to treat the water, as well asreduce the frequency of backwashing and chemicallycleaning the membranes, prolonging the life of themembranes.17

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterMembrane FiltrationFiltration is the process of holding back impurities ina liquid by passing it through a permeable barrier.Traditionally, this has often been achieved usingbeds of sand through which the water is allowed topercolate, usually preceded by coagulation, flocculationand settlement stages to reduce the load of impuritiesrequiring filtration and to enhance the removal ofvery fine particles. Other types of media can be usedin place of (or in combination with) sand to addressspecific impurities, an example being the use ofCASE STORY:Nanofiltration Perfect Fit forCooper City, FloridaWhen the municipal water supplier inCooper City, Florida was faced with a challengeto meet regulations imposed by theEnhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, itbegan the process of implementing a newtechnology called nanofiltration. With productsand technical support from ITT, theywere able to successfully implement a newand cost effective water filtration technologythat enabled them to conform to thenew regulations.activated carbon to absorb chemical contaminants.This type of filter is typically cleaned by backwashing,whereby the flow of water is reversed to lift depositsout of the bed. Introducing air into the backwashwater enhances the scouring effect. Media filters canbe operated using a head of water or can be containedin pressurized vessels.Membrane technology is increasingly being used toseparate contaminants from both drinking water andwastewater, with various drivers having an influence,such as reduced plant footprints, ease of integrationinto existing infrastructure, protection againstpathogens and superior treatment performance.Four categories are commonly recognized, which arebased on the size of particle or molecule retained –microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration(NF) and reverse osmosis (RO). RO is the finest form ofmembrane separation, retaining most dissolved speciesincluding monovalent salts. The pressure in RO systemsmust exceed the osmotic pressure of the dissolvedspecies to force the liquid fraction across the semipermeablemembrane. NF bridges the gap between ROand UF, as it is capable of retaining solutes greater than300 Daltons, such as organic carbon and divalent salts.UF covers a relatively broad spectrum of particle sizes,retaining macro-solutes, colloids and viruses. MF is thecoarsest form of membrane filtration, bordering onconventional particle filtration, and provides a barrierto turbidity, cryptosporidium and bacteria.Developments in system design and membranematerials are continuing to increase the efficiency andperformance of membrane technology, reducing wholelife costs and increasing throughput.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterMembrane FiltrationThe advanced filtration system market (watertreatment) is currently $4 to $5 billion per year, with a10% - 12% CAGR. Due largely to reduced capital costsand performance improvements resulting in betterenergy efficiency, the overall membrane market - acomponent of the overall filtration systems market – isexpected to grow from $2.5 billion in 2003 to nearly$4 billion in 2007. Of that, the ultrafiltration (UF) andmicrofiltration (MF) market is expected to grow fromapproximately $600 million in 2003 to about $1 billionin 2007 with a CAGR of more than 15%.19

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterMembrane FiltrationITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterdisinfectionThere are three methods of disinfection within theclean water industry, namely Ozonation, Ultraviolet andChlorination. ITT supplies products and systems forOzonation and Ultraviolet water disinfectionThere are two essential criteria to supplying safedisinfected water to the customer:1.2.All living organisms must be destroyed inthe source water before the water leavesthe treatment plant.A residual disinfectant must be available in thewater supply to destroy any organism collectedbetween the treatment plant and the consumer.OzonationOzonation is a water disinfection method first usedin Nice, France in the early 20th century to improvedrinking water taste and odor. Ozonation uses thesame kind of ozone gas found in the atmosphere,which is one of the strongest oxidants that can beproduced on an industrial scale. The ozone moleculeconsists of 3 oxygen atoms. At normal temperatures,ozone is an unstable gas. By adding ozone to thewater supply water suppliers inactivate disease-causingmicrobes including Giardia and Cryptosporidium,both of which are extremely resistant to chlorinedisinfection, and can pose serious – even fatal –digestive problems.Advantages:• Ozone is the strongest means of oxidation anddisinfection for water treatment.• Ozone decomposes to oxygen.Disadvantages:• Due to the large amounts of electricitynecessary for treatment, the cost of ozonationis approximately four times greater than that oftraditional chlorine disinfection.• Ozone disinfection dissipates quickly in watersupplies, leaving no residual, and contaminantsentering an ozonated water supply after treatmenthas occurred will be left unaffected.• Ozone is corrosive and can be hazardous to healthif leaked into the atmosphere.ChlorinationChlorine is a disinfectant added to drinking waterto reduce or eliminate microorganisms, such asbacteria and viruses, which can be present in watersupplies. Chlorine, like ozone, is an oxidant whichkills the microorganisms or renders them incapable ofreproduction. Chlorine remains the most commonlyused drinking water disinfectant, used on morethan 90% of the world’s drinking water, either asthe primary source of disinfection or as a secondarydisinfection to leave a residual after an ozone orultraviolet primary disinfection.Advantages:• Very effective, widely available and cost effective.• Leaves an essential residual after treatment,ensuring that microorganisms cannotrecontaminate the water supply after leaving thetreatment plant.Disadvantages:• Chlorine can react with any organic matterpresent in the water supply to form by-productssuch as THMs.• Chlorine is corrosive and can be hazardous tohealth if leaked into the atmosphere.21

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterDISINFECTIONUVDrinking water disinfection is one of the mostimportant segments for ultraviolet disinfection. Aswell as water disinfection in large municipalities,drinking water on board ships and trains is extensivelydisinfected using ultraviolet light.In many drinking water applications, UV replaceschlorine as the primary disinfectant to meetmicrobiological requirements according to drinkingwater regulations.The UV disinfection process takes place as water flowsthrough an irradiation chamber. Microorganismsin the water are deactivated when the UV light isabsorbed. A photochemical effect is created and vitalprocesses are stopped within the cells, thus makingthe microorganisms harmless. UV light deactivatesmicrobes by damaging their nucleic acid, therebypreventing the microbe from replicating. When amicrobe cannot replicate, it is incapable of infecting ahost.Advantages:• UV disinfection is faster than chlorine disinfection,taking just seconds to deactivate the microbes.• UV disinfection adds no chemicals to the watersupply and decreases the requirement forchlorination (needed just for residual disinfection),thereby reducing the formation of disinfection byproducts.Disadvantages:• Like ozone, UV leaves no residual. Contaminantsentering the UV disinfected water supply aftertreatment has occurred will be left unaffected.• Effective UV disinfection requires a water supplywith very low TSS (total suspended solids) figure.Suspended solids can cause ‘shadows,’ givingcontaminants a degree of protection.CASE STORY:UV Disinfection SystemUsed by Helsinki, Finland toEliminate Organic ResiduesIn order to improve low-quality drinking water,Helsinki, Finland installed the world’s largestUV disinfection system with ITT’s WEDECObrand. In addition to improving water quality,the UV system eliminated organic residues thatwere produced from large doses of chlorinethat previously had been used.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterlegislativeLegislativedrivers ofDriverstreatmentof TreatmenttechnologyTechnology1970s 1980s 1990s 2000 - BeyondLegislation1981: Surface Fresh Water 1989: LT 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule1974/1996: Safe Drinking Water Act 1998: Disinfectants andDisinfection Byproducts RuleNorth AmericaEUChina1991: Surface Fresh Water Methods1991/1998: Urban WastewaterTreatment Directive1988: The Water Act1988: Urban Wastewater Conservation2002: LT 2 EnhancedSurface WaterTreatment Rule1998/2003: Quality ofDrinking Water Directive1997/2000: WaterFramework Directive2001: Chinese Guidelineson Drinking QualityImplicationsUSEPA Regulated Contaminants1976: 20 1985: 25 1990: 30 1995: 85 2004: 95 Plus (51)More on EPAWatch ListFiltration Levels To 1.0m To 0.1m To 0.005M Below 0.005m(Micrometers)Common Materials- Basic Solids - All Bacteria,- Limited Bacteria& ParasitesAsbestosCryptosporidium& Giardia- All Viruses,Hormones& Pesticides- Endocrines &Aqueous SaltsTechnologyFiltration Technology DevelopmentFiltration Process >1000m to 1.0mParticle Media(Sand)To 0.1mMF(Microfiltration)To 0.005mUF(Ultrafiltration)Recommended Membrane Process to Meet US EPA Regulations:US Regulation/Rule MF UF NF ROBelow 0.005mNF(Nanofiltration)Below 0.001mRO(Reverse Osmosis)- Surface Water Treatment Rule- Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule- Coliform Rule- Lead & Copper Rule- Synthetic Organic Chemical Rule- Ground Water Disinfection Rule- Disinfection By-Products RuleYES YES YES YESYES YES YES YESYES YES YES YESNO NO YES YESYES YES YES YESYES YES YES YESNO NO YES YESUF/MF Membrane TechnologyMeets Most Current RegulatoryStandards & Provides CostEffective Pre-Treatment for RO23

The Cycle of Water: Clean Waterpotable water distributionThe Safe Drinking Water Act defines “public watersystem” as “one that serves piped water to at least 25persons or 15 service connections for at least 60 daysper year.” Distributing water from the treatment plantto the users is done through a complicated network ofpipes, treated water reservoirs, pumps, and valves.All distribution systems have losses due to leakage.A sophisticated microphonic instrument called acorrelator is used to pinpoint leaks in pipes.Operation of the water distribution network focuses ontwo main areas: customer service and leakage control.Many systems operate with a combination of gravityfed and pumped supplies; in some cases, both on thesame main. Large pipes called “mains” move the waterfrom the tank to the user. Customers are connected tothese distribution mains via individual house servicelines.Pump stations move water from one location toanother through the water distribution network. Waterdistribution networks can be valued at around 80% ofa water company’s assets.Pressure-reducing valves are used to control pressureat the user’s faucet. If pressure is too high, water willcome out of the faucet too fast and possibly damagetaps and pipes. If the pressure is too low, flow will betoo slow and could present fire fighting problems.CASE STORY:ITT Turbine Pumps inJamaican Water ProjectIn a long-anticipated municipal water supplyapplication in Jamaica, ITT’s Goulds Pumpsbrand supplied the pumps and the expertiseto bring running water for the first time tothe communities of Withorn and Darliston.This new water supply project will improvethe health and the economic outlook ofthese communities by providing clean,potable running water.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterELEVATED WATER STORAGEWater towers come in all shapes and sizes but all haveone thing in common: height. Elevation helps conserveenergy by using gravity to move water through thepipes to the users. In this manner, constant waterpressure is maintained. In flat regions, elevated waterreservoirs are a necessity in order to provide sufficientpressure for delivery into the distribution system. Largepipes called “mains” move the water from the tank tothe users.Water from the treatment plant is fed into thesestorage units by centrifugal pumps. The pumps arecritical in maintaining a constant level of fluid. Ancillaryequipment, including booster pumps and valves, isusually contained inside the cylindrical shaft of thestorage vessel. As systems are expanded, booster setsmay need to be added to the distribution network tocompensate for customers at higher elevations or atthe end of long piping runs with high friction losses.CASE STORY:Aquavar-Equipped PumpsSupply Water to MassachusettsHousing DevelopmentIn a new housing development on a hill inMassachusetts, pumps from ITT’s GouldsPumps brand were equipped with theAquavar variable speed control system,providing an economical and reliable waterpressure solution from large water storagetanks to elevated customer locations.25

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterRESIDENTIALResidential water service usually refers to the supplyof potable water or wastewater and effluent removalthrough a distribution network. Homes are connectedto the main supply pipe via household connections.For homes not on the municipal distribution system,private sources of water are required, such ashousehold wells using submersible or jet pumps. Inaddition to pumping, private systems often requiredisinfection to protect against pathogens andtreatment to remove pollutants. Some homes on thedistribution network may also require booster pumpsto supply water to rooftop storage tanks, multipleappliances or irrigation systems.Household water may require some form of advancedtreatment for disinfection, heavy metals removal orother contaminants. The use of special cartridge filters,membrane filters or ultraviolet disinfection systems isrequired for these situations.CASE STORY:ITT Well Water PumpsGrow Along with U.S.Even with the huge public utility infrastructure in theUnited States, there are many buildings that require waterservice that are outside the infrastructure grid of publicwater supply systems. Today there are more than 15 millionhousehold wells in the United States and more than 380,000public and community wells. In more than a quarter of thesewells, you’ll find an ITT Goulds brand pump.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterAGRICULTUREAgriculture is the biggest user of water by far –approximately 70% worldwide. In Asia and the MiddleEast, irrigation uses up to 85% of available watersupplies. Notable water-rich crops are cotton andrice. Agricultural use of water can involve a farmerdrilling his own well and pumping water using avertical turbine or borehole pump to a pivot or otherspray distribution system. More sophisticated systemschannel surface water to farms via elaborate irrigationchannels.Once “in the pipe,” water has many uses on thefarm. Irrigation for crops is the most common. Manytypes of irrigation systems are used dependingon the topography and the crops being irrigated.Common systems include automated mechanizedcenter pivot systems where a portable header systempivots about the well head located in the center pointproviding effective and even distribution of water tomaximize crop yields and to minimize water wasteand soil erosion. In some cases today, these irrigationsystems are being fed by treated water as a means ofconservation. Reusing wastewater through agriculturalirrigation not only helps “take the waste out of water,”which can lower cost for municipalities, but it alsohelps preserve the world’s freshwater supply throughthe beneficial reuse of an increasingly scarce naturalresource – water.Water has other uses in agriculture; such as drinkingwater for livestock and for environmental coolingcontrols, which help to maintain healthier herds andproduce higher yields and quality. Manure handlingand treatment are also important applications inagriculture.The use of water in agriculture does not stop atthe farm on land. Fish farming and hydroponics(aquaculture) are being used throughout the world tohelp develop food supplies in places never suited todo so before. Also, once the food staple is harvested,water continues to play an integral role in the “foodchain” in food processing and beverage bottlingplants.CASE STORY:Hydrovar-Equipped PumpsHelp Produce PremiumStrawberries in AustraliaOn a new strawberry farm in Queensland,Australia, the grower was faced with multipleand varied demands on water requirementsfor crop irrigation and other tasks on thefarm. Helping to cope with a wide varietyof water needs is a set of all stainless steelITT Lowara brand pumps equipped with theHydrovar variable speed control system.27

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterCOMMERCIAL WATER USECommercial water service includes the supply ofpotable water to larger users; e.g., offices, hotels,malls, or public buildings, often requiring boosterpump systems to supply utilities, HVAC and firecontrol systems within the buildings. The handlingof wastewater requires non-clogging pumps fortransportation to the sewer system and furthertransport to wastewater treatment plants.In the commercial space, water is being used withgreater frequency as an art form in water featuresand fountains to establish a tranquil and pleasantenvironment.Outside these commercial buildings, automatedirrigation systems are supplied with water to maintainthe green spaces. In the case of sports stadiums andrecreational water parks, large dedicated pumpingsystems are used on-site to maintain the facilities.In commercial use, a higher quality of water is oftenrequired for processing and manufacturing needs.From producing water for a spot free rinse, toproducing water for hotels and resort developments,reverse osmosis is a key technology for the supply ofpotable and drinking water.CASE STORY:ITT Pumps Provide Waterand HVAC Service toNew Denver StadiumIn the city of Denver, Colorado, the new“Mile High” Stadium hosts the NationalFootball League’s Denver Broncos. Providingthe water supply and HVAC needs of thishuge edifice - including a heating system forthe playing field - are pumps and ancillaryproducts from ITT’s Bell & Gossett brand.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Clean WaterFLOOD CONTROLOutside of fires, floods are the most common andwidespread of all natural disasters. With many citiesand municipalities located on or near bodies of water,there is a need for large, reliable pumping systemsstanding by to handle significant volumes of waterwhen rivers, lakes or seas are in flood stage.The number of floods has increased dramatically, asenvironmental conditions have deteriorated and globalclimate conditions continue to change. The number ofsignificant flooding disasters in the 1990s was higherthan in the three decades combined from 1950 to1979.Flooding during that period affected more than 1.5billion people worldwide, killing 318,000 and leavingmore than 81 million homeless.Communities particularly at risk are those in lowlyingareas, coastal areas, or those downstream fromlarge bodies of water. Flash floods can be caused byfast-melting mountain snows. When heavy rainfall ormelting snow causes a river to overflow its banks, avast expanse of shallow water can rapidly cover theadjacent flood plain. Rainfalls produced by monsoons,typhoons and hurricanes are other natural sources offlooding. More than 75% of flood damage is caused byless than one foot of water.CASE STORY:ITT Helps PumpNew Orleans DryAfter the levee break that flooded thecity of New Orleans in the aftermath ofHurricane Katrina was repaired, huge floodcontrol pumps from ITT helped to pumpthe city dry.29

The Cycle of Water: Clean Waterindustrial water supplyIndustrial process water must be of an appropriatequality to ensure that products comply with therequired quality standards and that the manufacturingprocess is both efficient and controllable. Usingwater directly from municipal supply pipes does notalways achieve this goal, and therefore, requiresfurther treatment applications to purify the water.Some requirements for purified water are commonto many industries, such as the removal of dissolvedsolids from water supplied to boilers. Others are morespecific to certain industries, such as the use of ultrapurewater for rinsing applications in the electronicsmanufacturing industry. In some cases, the needfor purified water is driven by regulators of specificindustries, as can be the case in the production ofpharmaceuticals, whereas in others, it is driven bythe need to ensure a consistent product (e.g., in themanufacture of foods and beverages).A number of technologies can be used to provide ultrapurewater including reverse osmosis, nanofiltration,ion exchangers, ultraviolet and ozone systems. Theresulting water is extremely pure and contains lowor no concentration of dissolved solids (e.g., salts) orparticulates.CASE STORY:ITT Filtration System FindsNew Application in IrelandPharmaceutical ProcessWhen a pharmaceutical manufacturingfacility in Ireland looked for a new way toprovide process water to its manufacturingfacility, as well as feedwater to a purifiedwater generation system, it turned to ITT fora novel application of its “Fyne” filtrationtechnology which removes color and othertrihalomethane precursors from organic-richriver water.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Clean Waterindustrial water useWater in industry is most often used for cooling,transfer, and washing, and sometimes enters thecomposition of the final product. Every manufacturedproduct requires water use during some part of itsproduction process. For example:• 39,000 gallons (148,200 liters) of water arerequired to manufacture a car including the tires.• 1,800 gallons (6,840 liters) of water are neededto process one barrel of crude oil.• 62,000 gallons (235,600 liters) of water are usedin the manufacture of one ton of steel.Worldwide, industrial water withdrawal amountedto 22% of global water use. High-income countriesconsume 59% of that total while low-income countriesconsume 8%. Annual industrial water consumption isexpected to reach 281 cubic miles/year (1,170 km3)by the year 2025 and increase to 24% of total globalconsumption.As the need for water in industry grows, it becomesmore and more impractical for firms to obtain theirwater needs from the municipal supply. For instance,one of the world’s largest water treatment plants inChicago, Illinois produces 1,440 million gallons perday, but a heavy user like a steel mill could requireabout 390 million gallons per day. As a result, there isa trend in industry for on-site, raw water treatment,water recycling and reuse.Water MeteringWater metering is common for residential andcommercial drinking water supply in many countries,as well as for industrial self-supply. However, it is lesscommon in irrigated agriculture. Water metering is alsouncommon for piped drinking water supply in ruralareas and small towns, although there are examplesof successful metering in rural areas in developingcountries, such as in El Salvador.Metering of water supplied by utilities to residential,commercial and industrial users is common in mostdeveloped countries, except for the United Kingdomwhere only about 30% of users are metered. In somedeveloping countries metering is very high, such as inChile where it stands at 96%.There is disagreement as to the effect of meteringand water pricing on water consumption. The priceelasticity of metered water demand varies greatlydepending on local conditions. The effect of volumetricwater pricing on consumption tends to be higher if thewater bill represents a significant share in householdexpenditures. There is evidence from the UK that thereis an instant drop in consumption of some 10% whenmeters are being installed. In Hamburg, Germany,domestic water consumption for metered apartmentswas 18% lower than for un-metered apartments.The benefits of metering are that:• In conjunction with volumetric pricing, it providesan incentive for water conservation.• It helps to detect water leaks in the distributionnetwork, thus providing a basis for the reductionof non-revenue water.• It is a precondition for quantity-targeting of watersubsidies to the poor.31

ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Wastewater Solutions from ITTRESIDENTIAL / COMMERCIAL• Sump, effluent, sewage removal anddrainage pump systems.• Packaged grinder systems.• Turnkey micro-pump/grinder stations.STORMWATER & WASTEWATER COLLECTION /LIFT STATIONS / EQUALIZATION TANKS• Hydroejectors and air / water ejectors.• Compact mixers.• Submersible pump systems.• Solids-handling, dry-pit non-clog pumps.• Chemical handling pumps.• High-rate chlorine dosing, control & measurement systems.[ MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM ]WATER RETURN / WATER REUSE• Skid-mounted, packaged water booster pumps and stations.• Submersible and dry-mount pump systems.PRIMARY TREATMENT• Submersible and dry-mount pumps and submersible mixersfor a wide range of applications including raw influentpumping, settling tanks, digestion tanks, aeration tanks,clarifiers, storage tanks and chemical polishing.• Monitoring and control systems to supervise plant operations.• Circular clarifiers for primary clarification.SLUDGE• Submersible,dry-pit non-clog, andprogressive cavity pumps, submersiblemixers and submersible macerators forcomplete sludge handling solutions.• Interface level and sludge densitymonitors.SECONDARY TREATMENT• Ceramic and membrane fine bubble aeration systems,stainless steel coarse bubble diffusers and in-placecleaning systems.• Submersible pump and mixer systems.• Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) systems.• Dual-stage Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) system.• Waste and return activated sludge pumps.• Air/water ejectors.• Dry-pit non-clog pumps for transfer of activated sludge.• Monitoring and control instrumentation.• Floating siphon secondary clarifier.TERTIARY TREATMENT• Mixed liquid recirculation (MLR) high-flow head propeller pumps for optimaladvanced biological process control.• Ozone and ultraviolet systems for non-chemical disinfection.• Chlorine dosing, control & measurement systems.• Tertiary membrane filtration using microfiltration and ultrafiltration.• Wide range of chemical pumps for chemical injection and transfer applications.• Monitoring and control of suspended solids.• Tertiary filtration using gravity filters.• Deep bed filtration for phosphorus removal and denitrification.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

[ INDUSTRIAL/AGRICULTURE WATER REUSE ]A wide range of ITT technologies helps treat complex industrial /agricultural waste streams on-site, allowing companies torecover valuable materials and reduce costs associated withtraditional disposal options.CONVENTIONALBIOLOGICAL TREATMENT• Technologies including ceramicand membrane fine bubbleaeration systems, stainless steelcoarse bubble diffusers andin-place cleaning systems.• Submersible and dry-pit non-clogpumps and mixer systems used intraditional activated sludge process.DISINFECTION• Ozone and ultraviolet systemsfor non-chemical disinfection.Water reuse systempowered by ITTpump systems.SBRFull scale Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)systems for single-basin waste treatment.DUAL-STAGE MEMBRANEBIOREACTOR (MBR) SYSTEMSITT’s MBR systems are used foradvanced treatment of industrialwastewater and can deliver a higherquality effluent in a smaller footprintthan conventional systems.O 3UVReverse Osmosis or NanofiltrationMEMBRANE FILTRATIONStandard and custom engineered reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltrationand microfiltration membrane systems provide further “polishing” to provideusable process and potable water.GRAVITY FILTRATIONDependable and consistent conventionaltreatment for water reuse that provides effluentquality to meet a variety of reuse applications.35

The Cycle of Water: WastewaterRESIDENTIAL / COMMERCIAL WASTEWATERResidential and commercial wastewater refers to theremoval of wastewater or effluent from homes andbuildings through either a municipal collection systemor on-site septic or treatment systems. Effluent is gray(dirty) water. Wastewater is effluent containing solidwaste.Wastewater is collected either in a septic tank whereit is broken down by anaerobic action or it is collectedin sewage basins constructed of steel, concrete,fiberglass or plastic. Wastewater pumps move thewaste from the collection basin to a municipal sewagetreatment plant for treatment.A new and fast-growing process is on-sitewastewater treatment, which is more effective andenvironmentally friendly than a typical septic systemand less expensive than a municipal collection andtreatment system.CASE STORY:ITT Supplies WastewaterPumps to Asia's LargestConstruction ProjectsAt some of the highest-profileconstruction projects in Asia, theconstruction engineers decided to specifyreliable submersible pumps from ITT’sFlygt brand for wastewater applications.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Wastewaterindustrial WASTEwater, TREATMENT AND REuseIndustrial wastewater streams are often complex anddifficult to treat, resulting in municipal wastewatertreatment facilities being unable to accept the load dueto the consequences upon their treatment processes.Pollutants that can cause problems in this regardinclude salinity, toxicity and color, hence industrialistswith such effluent must often undertake specializedon-site treatment to remove such materials, either byemploying strong oxidants (such as chlorine dioxideor ozone) or by dosing other targeted chemicals or byemploying specialized physical and biological treatmentmethods. On-site industrial wastewater treatment canbe driven by the ability to recover valuable materialsthat would otherwise incur a disposal cost; or simply,by cost effectiveness compared to other disposaloptions such as via a municipal treatment facility.Industrial wastewater treatment processes encompassall those used for municipal sewage treatment,together with some more specialized methods thatare more specific to particular industrial pollutants.High strength (in terms of oxygen demand) organiceffluents, usually just associated with sludgetreatment, are often treated using anaerobicdigestion (which is also used for municipal sewagesludge treatment), which employs microorganismsto convert a considerable proportion of the organicmaterial into methane, thus providing a source of fuel.Specific cultures of microorganisms can be used totreat specific pollutants, such as fuel hydrocarbons,using either aerobic or anaerobic systems (a processsometimes used to remediate industrial contaminationof groundwater bodies). Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)is another common process often used in the foodindustry for removing fats, oils and greases by liftingsuch pollutants to the surface through the attachmentof very small air bubbles, from where they are scrapedoff. Flow balancing is a common initial requirementfor numerous industries to provide a consistent loadto subsequent treatment processes, with pH correctionalso being necessary where biological processes areemployed.Following on-site treatment, the wastewater isgenerally discharged either directly to a surface waterbody, or to a municipal sewage treatment plant (theon-site treatment in this case can reduce the costof such discharges and overcome any difficultieswith specific pollutants). Treating wastewater to arelatively high standard can enable it to be reused.The standard required will depend upon the reuseapplication; however, there is an increasing number ofsites where wastewater is treated to potable standards(often using RO membranes) enabling it to be reusedfor almost any application. The concept of a “zerodischarge” facility where water continually circulateswithin a single site is becoming ever closer to reality,particularly given the increasing pressure on waterresources and the resultant cost increases.CASE STORY:ITT pumps in water service forCanadian Oil SandsSeparating oil-bearing bitumen from oilsands takes a lot of water. Durable andreliable ITT Goulds brand pumps movewater efficiently throughout the extractionprocess to control the flow of everythingfrom coarse slurry to fine froth.37

The Cycle of Water: Wastewaterindustrial WASTEwater, TREATMENT AND REuseWater Reuse“Reused water” refers to recycled wastewater treatedto improve its quality. Water recycled for reuse canserve in many capacities where it is unnecessary to usehigh-quality potable (or drinkable) water. Non-potableuses include irrigation, wetland restoration, industrialwashing and cooling, fire protection, geothermicenergy production and car washing.Water reuse for non-potable purposes has been awidely accepted practice around the world for decadesand eases pressure on water supplies and conservespotable water reserves.Increased population and development have ledsome communities to supplement their potable waterresources with appropriately treated reclaimed water.Supplementing potable water supplies with reclaimedwater is known as “potable water reuse.”There are two kinds of potable water reuse; directand indirect. Direct potable water reuse refers to themerging of potable and reclaimed water supplies inthe distribution system after both supplies have lefttheir respective treatment plants. Indirect potablewater reuse refers to the insertion of reclaimed waterresources into existing natural resources, such asrivers, lakes, streams or aquifers. Media filtration is aneffective method for treating water for reuse.Membrane Biological Reactor (MBR)in Water ReuseDual-stage membrane bioreactors (MBR) for advancedtreatment of industrial wastewater can deliver ahigher quality effluent in a smaller footprint thanis normally associated with conventional activatedsludge processing systems. Dual-Stage MBR systemsare a complete and continuous process, acceptingwastewater with high loadings of BiochemicalOxygen Demand (BOD), suspended solids and othercontaminants and yield an excellent quality effluentthat can be suitable for direct discharge to surfacewater bodies (depending on local regulations) and“low grade” reuse applications such as vehiclewashing. The water can be further treated withpolishing processes (for instance, reverse osmosis) toyield potable water.CASE STORY:ITT Process Cleans ComplexWaste Stream for IndustrialPlant in SpainThe DuPont Corporation operates a worldclasschemicals and fibers manufacturingcomplex on the north coast of Spain.Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) technologyfrom ITT’s Sanitaire brand was selectedto meet the challenging waste treatmentneeds for this growing site, which has hadenvironmental protection as a core objectiveand operating principle from its inception.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Wastewaterindustrial WASTEwater, TREATMENT AND REuseCASE STORY:ITT Membrane Filtration toHelp at Zero-Discharge TextileFactory in IndiaMoving to comply with new regulations,a textile plant in India installed ITT MBR,granular activated carbon and membranefiltration technologies to provide a totalsolution that deals with a complex wastestream, allowing recovered chemicals andtreated water to be reused.The growth of membrane bioreactors in the globalmarketplace is a direct result of water scarcity andthe increasing need to reduce levels of solids andnutrients in effluent to meet more stringent treatmentrequirements and to allow for water reuse.In general, any wastewater source that can be treatedusing activated sludge can be treated using the MBRprocess. Until recently, traditional activated sludgeprocesses have been used for most applicationsbecause of their relatively low cost. However, MBRcosts have been dropping and can be comparableor less than conventional treatment, especially wheneffluent quality requirements are more stringent.MBR is also suited for higher-strength wastes, whereconventional treatment is inappropriate.In a traditional activated sludge process, wastewateris introduced into a biological treatment tank whereorganic contaminants are reduced and nutrientsremoved. The resultant biomass or sludge then flowsto a clarifier or settling tank where solids separateout and effluent can be taken off and filtered prior todisinfection. Where a higher degree of effluent qualityis required before disposal or reuse, an additionalmicrofiltration or ultrafiltration step may be required.Membrane bioreactors, on the other hand, usethe physical barrier provided by an ultrafiltrationmembrane instead of a settling tank to separatesolids from liquid. Thus the effluent is of significantlyhigher quality and little, if any, additional treatment isrequired prior to disposal or reuse.Wastewater Lagoon TreatmentWastewater lagoons typically are used as the preferredmethod of treatment where there is domestic waste,sufficient land, and low flow rates. Typically theprocess involves one or two aeration ponds where thewaste is exposed to biological treatment followed by apond where solids are settled out.The Federal Clean Water Act regulates both BiologicalOxygen Demand (BOD) and Total SuspendedSolids (TSS) under the National Pollution DischargeElimination System (NPDES) standards. The regulationsplace limits on discharges into surface waters, as wellas what minimum technologies must be in place byindustry. Industry and Municipalities are issued permitsthat allow them to discharge at specific regulatedlevels. Due to the regulated discharge limits, manysystems are now required to add treatment practicesto comply with their permit limits.39

The Cycle of Water: Wastewaterindustrial WASTEwater, TREATMENT AND REuseOne method that will improve the discharge effluentwater quality is to further clarify the lagoon effluentto improve BOD and TSS removal. The clarificationequipment to be used has a major impact on twoareas: the effluent water quality to the receivingstream, and the solids content of the sludge leavingthe process, which will affect the volume of sludge tohandle. The effluent quality must meet the requireddischarge limits while the sludge volume affects thecost associated with energy, chemicals, cake solidsand disposal.conditions are appropriate. In the DAF process,particles are flocculated and separated out of thewater by floating them to the surface, rather thansettling them to the bottom of a basin. Because theprocess removes very small particles, the resultantwater quality allows the plant to meet all dischargeregulatory requirements for BOD and TSS. In addition,the process provides the highest solid content for anyclarification process so that there is the least volume ofsludge solids to process.Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) is an excellent choice forthis clarification process equipment application. Thesolids to be removed mainly comprise low-densitybiological solids that did not settle in the basin,or algae that grow in the basin when temperatureITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: WastewaterSTORM WATER & WASTEWATER COLLECTION / LIFT STATIONConventional sewer systems are appropriate in denselypopulated areas. Most wastewater travels by gravitythrough a system of sewers and pumping stations.Alternatives include cluster systems, where sewerstransport wastewater to a neighborhood treatmentfacility. These can be economical and suitable forsmaller communities distanced from the centraltreatment system. Since most sewage is carried bygravity, lift stations are used when a neighborhood islocated at a lower elevation than the nearest collectionsystem. Sewage is pumped “uphill” to the treatmentplant for processing.Recent environmental legislation and public worksprojects are beginning to deal with combined sewers,which combine residential, commercial and industrialwastes and carry pollutants in the form of sewage,solids, metals, oil, grease and bacteria. During periodsof heavy rain, storm water will be mixed with the waterin the combined sewers, creating a condition knownas Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO). The combinedsewer then becomes overwhelmed with the volumeof water, forcing it to discharge untreated or partiallytreated wastewater into community watersheds.Growing concerns over this matter are promptingincreased investment, either to address the capacityof the sewerage network or to provide a basic level oftreatment, such as coarse screening and disinfection.As part of storm water and wastewater collection,equalization tanks used just before primary treatmenthave become more common. By collecting incomingwastewater at high peak hours and feeding the plantat low flow hours, the load on the plant of wastewaterand contaminating substances can be spread over theday.CASE STORY:Indiana Town StopsSanitary Sewer OverflowWith ITT PumpsAn expansion at an Indiana wastewatertreatment plant - including 30 energyefficientsubmersible pumps from ITT’sFlygt brand - will support the community’sgrowth while eliminating sanitary seweroverflows that occurred during heavystorm events.41

The Cycle of Water: WastewaterWASTEwater - Preliminary and primary treatmentPreliminary treatment is the first stage of thewastewater treatment process focusing on themechanical removal of large solids. After preliminarytreatment, primary treatment begins and it typicallyconsists of screening, grit removal, rough filtering,clarification and oil skimming. Screening removes thelarge objects such as sticks, leaves and other floatingdebris. Grit chambers eliminate sands, ash and otherdense particles.Rough filters further reduce the volume of solidmaterials in the wastewater stream. Clarification settlesout the minute suspended solids by slowing the rate offlow to a point at which gravity will drop the solids outof suspension. Oil skimming removes fats and oils thatare less dense from the surface of the wastewater flowin order to protect downstream processes.Primary treatment generally removes 40-70% of thesuspended solids, 30% of the organic material and upto 50% of the pathogens.Large numbers of wastewater treatment plants wereconstructed in the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980swhen large sums of federal money were available forimplementation of the Clean Water Act. Much of thisequipment and infrastructure is reaching the end ofits useful life. This aging infrastructure in the U.S. andelsewhere around the world, coupled with massivewaste treatment construction in China and astrengthening regulatory environment in theEuropean Union and India will continue to drive newconstruction for treatment plants.CASE STORY:New Waste Treatment Plant inFast-Growing Missouri CountyPowered by ITT PumpsWith a flood of high-tech businessexpansion, the sewage treatment facilitiesfor a sleepy rural area of Missouri werequickly outstripped. Plenty of forethoughtwent into devising a system that includedpumps and systems from ITT’s Flygt brandthat would efficiently meet the area’s needsfor years to come.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Wastewatersecondary treatmentPrimary treatment alone is seldom sufficient to meetthe demands for environmental protection. The primarypurpose of secondary treatment is to remove thesoluble organic material, (biochemical oxygen demand- BOD) that escapes primary treatment and to providefurther removal of suspended solids.Secondary treatment typically utilizes biologicaltreatment processes whereby microorganisms convertnon-settling solids into a form in which they canbe removed. A proportion of the resulting “sludge”is returned to the aeration stage to maintain highconcentrations of organisms. Recently, membranefilters have been used in place of clarification tanksto separate solids from the wastewater flow. Thesesystems, known as Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) areconsidered to provide various advantages comparedto conventional activated sludge with clarification,including smaller footprints, better effluent qualityand easier operation.The microorganisms are sustained by the oxygenlevels found in the wastewater stream. Oxygen maybe transferred from air into water by pressurizeddiffused aerators or self-aspirating mechanical devices.The proliferation of the microorganisms drives thebiodegradation of the organic compounds found in thewater, and subsequently forms harmless by-products,which include water, carbon dioxide and solids thatsettle out of the wastewater. The activated sludgeprocess is typically continuous; however, a batch typevariation (known as a Sequential Batch Reactor system– SBR) can be suitable where influent loads vary and/orwhere enhanced control/treatment flexibility is requiredto ensure high effluent quality. To meet ever-increasingstandards, removal of TSS and BOD from wastewaterlagoons can be accomplished with a Dissolved AirFlotation system.Although the activated sludge process is nowcommonplace, secondary treatment is also undertakenby trickling filters, where microorganisms areencouraged to grow on beds of granular media (ormodern engineered alternatives that provide a highsurface area). Air currents are passively induced in thebeds providing the microorganisms with the oxygenrequired to metabolize the pollutant load. Wastewateris trickled over the surface of the beds using rotatingarms, with excess microorganisms being scoured offby the flow and subsequently allowed to settle out ina sedimentation stage (referred to as humus tanks).Although trickling filters have low operating costs,their considerable land requirements often make themunattractive compared to the more intense activatedsludge process. A fairly recent development insecondary treatment techniques, known as BiologicalAerated Filters (BAF), combines elements of theactivated sludge and trickling filter processes. The BAFprocess employs submerged media within an activatedsludge-type aeration vessel, which gives the benefitof a surface upon which microorganisms can reside.BAF processes are claimed to be more efficient thanalternative techniques.CASE STORY:ITT SBR Provides Large Cleanupon Small Dublin Bay SiteOne of the largest capacity wastewatertreatment plants in Europe is on a small plotof land at Ringsend on Dublin Bay in Ireland.Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) technologyand 100,000 diffusers from ITT’s Sanitairebrand were selected to meet the challengingwaste treatment needs for this site.43

The Cycle of Water: Wastewatertertiary treatment / disinfectionEffluent discharge standards in the early days ofwastewater treatment focused on the removal of solidsand materials that imposed an oxygen demand prior toreturning the water to the environment. Nowadays it ismore common that discharge permits dictate maximumconcentrations of nutrients, principally nitrogen, butincreasingly often include phosphorous. They canbe removed biologically, by introducing anaerobic/anoxic stages where microorganisms are starved ofoxygen. Phosphorus can also be removed by dosingappropriate chemicals to render it insoluble. Nitrogenis further removed by biologically active media filters.Some denitrification systems utilize the advantagesof deep bed, mono-media filters to effectively andefficiently remove nitrogen in wastewater effluent. Inaddition to nitrogen, these denitrification systems cansimultaneously remove suspended solids.Following the primary and secondary treatmentprocesses, the wastewater is typically treated furtherusing advanced filters, chlorine, ozone or ultravioletlight. Natural purification systems, such as reed beds,have also attracted interest due to their sustainablenature. However, these are generally only suitable forsmall systems with sufficient land area. As wastewaterdischarge standards become increasingly stringent,many wastewater plants are incorporating tertiarytreatment processes to their conventional treatmentprocess.Advanced filters, gravity media filters, fine screens orsemi-permeable membranes are a physical barrier usedto remove much of the remaining suspended organicand inorganic solids, as well as many pathogens.Chlorine is the most common method of chemicaldisinfection, injected into the wastewater stream as aliquid or gas. Depending on the characteristics of thewastewater, insufficiently treated flows may containTHM precursors which, when reacted with chlorine,have an increased probability of forming carcinogeniccompounds. Flows not containing THM precursors cansafely and effectively be treated with chlorine.Ozone is a very powerful oxidant that is generated onsitefrom either pure oxygen or air. Ozone inactivatescritical enzymes in the remaining pathogens and itsoxidizing power can also be useful for breaking downpollutants that cannot be biologically degraded, suchas residual pharmaceutical or endocrine-disruptingcompounds.CASE STORY:ITT UV System KeepsNew Zealand Waters SafeTo protect the environment of the flora andfauna in coastal waters as well as safeguardthe health of bathers, the city of Manukauin New Zealand turned to a UV disinfectionsystem from ITT’s WEDECO brand, theworld’s largest such system.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: Wastewatertertiary treatment / disinfectionUltraviolet light at a wavelength of 254 nanometersinactivates pathogenic organisms by destroying theorganism’s DNA, thus not allowing the organism toreproduce. Because UV is a physical disinfection (i.e.light), no chemicals are added to the water, whichmay need to be removed or could cause by-productformation. As a result, UV is increasingly preferred bymany regulatory boards worldwide.Wastewater disinfection has been commonplace inthe U.S. for a number of decades, being considereda fundamental element of wastewater treatment toprotect recreational users of surface water bodies andto reduce pathogen loads on drinking water treatmentplants. The EU introduced the Bathing Water QualityDirective (EU/76/160) in 1976 to address disinfection ofeffluent discharges. The use of chlorine for wastewaterdisinfection is forbidden in many U.S. states and is notnormally used in Europe. Concerns over the potentialfor chlorine to form carcinogenic by-products uponcontact with organic materials is prompting increasedinterest in the use of UV. Hence, UV is forecast to bethe most rapidly growing disinfectant for wastewatertreatment.CASE STORY:Filtration System Provides 400Million Gallons Per Day Treatmentfor Washington D.C. PlantThe Blue Plains Advanced WastewaterTreatment Plant, operated by the Districtof Columbia Water and Sewer Authority(WASA), is the world’s largest advancedwastewater treatment facility. Total plantcapacity exceeds 400 million gallonsof water a day with some of the moststringent treatment requirements in theUnited States. Forty ITT Leopold brandwastewater gravity media filtration systemswith Type S® underdrain with IntegralMedia Support (IMS®) Cap comprise nearly82,300 ft2 of filtration area and play acritical role in achieving compliance to allplant discharge regulations.45

The Cycle of Water: Wastewatersludge treatmentSludge is the by-product of wastewater treatment andis generated from:• Primary treatment – primary sludge.• Secondary treatment – includes the portion ofthe return activated sludge that is removed(wasted) so that the biological populationfunctions properly.• Tertiary treatment – secondary sludge (wasteactivated sludge) when biological nitrogen orphosphorus removal is applied or chemicalsludge when phosphorus is precipitated withinorganic chemicals.Biosolids are primarily organic, accumulated solidsseparated from wastewater that has been stabilized bytreatment and can be beneficially used. Sludge is theunstabilized solids separated from wastewater, a termnot interchangeable with biosolids. Sludge may alsobe formed from clean water processes and is typicallycomposed of minerals and chemicals from coagulation/flocculation.Sludge treatment is of vital interest to wastewatertreatment plant operators because this aspect of theprocess tends to consume up to 50% of a plant’soperating budget.Sludge treatment involves primarily thickening,stabilization and dewatering. Thickening is normallyperformed in gravity thickeners but can also beachieved or enhanced by different mechanical methodssuch as belt filter thickeners, drum thickeners orcentrifuges. Stabilization is most often achieved eitherby aeration (aerobic stabilization), anaerobic digestion(with biogas production) or lime stabilization.Dewatering follows stabilization and is achieved eitherby solar drying, belt filter presses, chamber filterpresses or centrifuges.Traditionally, sludge was disposed either to farmlandor to landfill, but methods of reusing sludge haveincluded land reclamation or agriculture, incorporatingit into construction materials and soil and soilimprovers. However, the wastewater industry is movingaway from the quickest and cheapest route for sludgedisposal to a more holistic concept to accommodatethe type of product that end users will purchase orthat might be more beneficial to the environment.In countries all over the world there are laws thatcontrol or limit the use and disposal of sludge as wellas the contents of pollutants in sludge. In addition,worldwide, the sludge volumes are increasing due tohigher output from secondary treatment facilities.CASE STORY:ITT's N-Pumps Provide Solutionfor Digested Sludge in GermanWastewater PlantA wastewater plant in Germany wasexperiencing continual pump stops dueto digested sludge containing rags andabrasive mineral sand. Replacing a screwpump with an N-pump from ITT’s Flygtbrand has resulted in a more reliablecirculation process and substantially loweroperating costs.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Cycle of Water: WastewaterSensingOn-line water quality sensing and analysisinstrumentation at wastewater treatment plants isbeing used increasingly to provide operators withcritical, real-time data to make informed processadjustments and to automate critical plant processesto achieve improved effluent quality, optimize plantperformance, and reduce operating costs. As sensingsystems have become more advanced, accurate andreliable, plant operators have become confident intheir use to achieve what is increasingly being termedas “a better economical effluent.”While up to 70 percent of a plant’s budget is allocatedto energy just for aeration, many plants are todaysuccessfully reducing these costs while improvingmicrobial efficiency by using advanced on-line sensorsto automate and optimize the aeration phase ofsecondary treatment. New digital on-line sensorsare now giving plants the ability to perform “taperedaeration,” to precisely control the quantities of airinto different parts of an aeration basin based on thecurrent dissolved oxygen levels in these areas, and inapproximate proportion to the oxygen demand of themixed liquor under aeration.Reducing the power costs associated with ultraviolet(UV) disinfection can also now be achieved using newon-line sensing technologies. On-line turbidity sensorscombined with new ultraviolet absorbance sensorscan automatically control the power applied to UVsystems, optimizing UV disinfection while eliminatingunnecessary power consumption and extending thelife of expensive UV lamps.Advanced on-line instrumentation and analyticalsystems are being increasingly used to reduce solidshandlingcosts, including automating sludge agecontrol for precise wasting. Continuously monitoringsuspended solids throughout a plant’s solids handlingtrain can help optimize operations by providing acontinuous feed of solids (controlling load) going intodigesters, reducing costly upsets and bottlenecks. Inaddition, today’s more accurate and rugged turbidityand suspended solids sensors are monitoring real-timesolids loadings in dissolved air flotation thickeners tomore precisely control polymer dosing during sludgethickening operations, reducing polymer consumptionby 20 percent and more.CASE STORY:ITT Sensors Help AutomateFluctuating Sludge RetentionTimesWhen a water utility in Cornborough,England was experiencing problems withincreased filamentous growth in the coldermonths due to fluctuating sludge retentiontimes, they turned to ITT for an automatedsolution.Implementing the ITT Royce brand Model7700 SRT Controller helped to solve thisproblem and improve the wastewater plant'soperational capability.47

The Cycle of Water: Wastewaterwater returnAt the end of the wastewater treatment process, thetreated effluent is returned to the environment viapumping stations or reused in applications such asagriculture, golf courses or municipal irrigation. Theconcept of reusing water within a single manufacturingfacility is becoming increasingly viable due to pressureon resources, with the idea of a zero discharge sitebecoming ever closer to reality.“Indirect potable reuse” is the introduction ofhighly treated reclaimed water to a surface wateror groundwater system that ultimately is used as apotable water supply. Current engineering practicescan provide treatment systems that are capable ofreliably eliminating pathogens and reducing organicand inorganic contaminant concentrations to very lowlevels in reclaimed water. Although many communitiesalready practice indirect potable reuse because theirdrinking water intake lies downstream of anothermunicipality’s wastewater plant, “direct potable reuse”is technically demanding because wastewater requiresmore extensive treatment prior to re-introduction inthe drinking water plant. Indirect reuse is commonin many European cities. It is estimated that potablewater consumed by Londoners has already beenthrough eight people.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water IntakeITT and The Cycle of WaterClean water for everyone - that’s our goal. With innovativesystems in almost every area of water handling, control,treatment and distribution, ITT is deeply involved inthe cycle of water.WastewaterTransportWaterTreatmentWater UsageWastewaterTreatmentRESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRYWater Return49

ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water WorriesThe following information has been sourced from a January 2008 reportfrom Citigroup Global Markets Equity Research: Water Worries, ClimacticConsequences: Update #3ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

The Supply-Demand BalanceIn many regions of the world where the supply of wateris increasingly an issue — in large part because of climatechange — there is also growing demand for water.Water Demand: key factorsAmong the factors driving water demand:• A thirsty consumer sector in emerging markets - water withdrawal rises with livingstandards.• Water-intensive industrial processes in developed economies.• Climate-related issues are key swing factors in the supply-demand balance for this finiteresource.Water Supply: The BasicsBy the estimates of the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO), the world contains approximately 1,386 million cubic kilometers (km) of water:• 97.5% of this is salt water.• 2.5% is fresh water.• More than two-thirds of the fresh water is in the shape of ice and permanent snowcover in the Antarctic, the Arctic, and mountainous regions. About one-third is underthe ground, with some of this groundwater accessible for withdrawal — the UnitedNations has cited three estimates that groundwater represents about 20% of globalwater withdrawals.• Only 0.26% of the total amount of fresh water (about 90,000 cubic km) is potentiallyavailable above ground in lakes and river systems.To facilitate human activities there are two distinct water supply sectors:• The drinking water sector, which focuses on the treatment of raw source water toingestible (“potable”) standards for distribution to consumers.• The wastewater sector, which focuses on the collection and treatment of liquid wastefor re-use in a number of ways, including drinking water.53

Water WorriesWater Demand: The Long-Term TrendThe chart below illustrates that, at a global level, thereare three main uses of water resources (although,sector demand differs by region):• Agricultural — water is used primarily forirrigation.• Municipal — water use is directly related towithdrawal by the populations of cities andtowns. While the absolute amount of waterdirectly consumed per capita might not change,water withdrawal increases with urbanization,and the construction of offices, schools,shopping malls, etc.• Industrial — water is used for a number ofpurposes in industry, including cooling. Theelectricity generation sector is a particularlylarge consumer. In addition, note that a notinsignificant amount of water has typically beenlost to evaporation during reservoir construction.Total global water withdrawal in 2010 is estimated atabout 4,430 cubic km. So, it would seem that waterwithdrawal is not that great, amounting to about 10%of renewable global water resources.Importantly, however, water resources are distributedvery unevenly. As the figure on the next pageillustrates, unpopulated areas of the earth — includingSiberia and the northern part of the Americancontinent — have large water resources, but littlewater withdrawal. By contrast, densely populated areas— including large parts of Asia, as well as SouthernEurope — have high levels of water withdrawal relativeto the available resources.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water WorriesThis issue of uneven water distribution is also truewithin specific countries:• The bulk of the Australian population isconcentrated on the eastern side of the continent,which has become progressively drier becauseof climate-driven precipitation change that isdelivering more rain to the sparsely-populatedwestern side.• The two fastest-growing states (in terms ofpopulation growth) in the U.S. — Arizona andNevada — also rank as the driest in terms ofannual precipitation.• China, which has roughly 20% of the world’spopulation, has only about 7% of the world’swater resources, with about four-fifths of thatwater supply concentrated in the south of the vastcountry.55

Water WorriesClimate Change and Water:The Physical Science BasisBelow are summarized some of the key findings ofthe most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climatechange (IPCC) report that have significance for theissue of water supply.PrecipitationPrecipitation is the general term for rainfall, snowfalland other forms of frozen or liquid water falling fromclouds. As climate changes, several direct influencesalter precipitation amount, intensity, frequency andtype:• Warming accelerates land surface drying, andboosts the potential incidence and severity ofdroughts.• The water-holding capacity of the atmosphereincreases with rises in temperature. At the sametime, a consequence of warming is increasedevaporation. Because precipitation comes mainlyfrom weather systems that feed on the watervapor stored in the atmosphere, these trends havegenerally increased precipitation intensity and therisk of heavy rain.• The warmer climate, therefore, increases risks ofboth drought — where it is not raining — andfloods — where it is — but at different times and/or places. For example, in the summer of 2002,Europe experienced widespread floods; that wasfollowed a year later by heat waves and drought.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water WorriesObservations of long-term trends from 1900 to 2005show that changes are occurring in the amount,intensity, frequency and type of precipitation:• It has become significantly wetter in eastern Northand South America, northern Europe, and northernand central Asia.• It is drier in southern Africa, the Mediterranean,and southern Asia.• More precipitation now falls as rain rather thansnow in northern regions. (Reduced snow cover isa key issue for water supply in the western U.S.)• Widespread increases in heavy precipitation eventshave been observed, even in places where totalamounts have decreased.Overall trends in precipitation are indicated by thePalmer Drought Severity Index, which measures thecumulative deficit (relative to local mean conditions)in surface land moisture — see Figure prev. page.With regard to the deficit in moisture that hasoccurred since the 1980s, the IPCC noted that ”evenas the potential for heavier precipitation results fromincreased water vapor amounts, the duration andfrequency of events may be curtailed, as it takes longerto recharge the atmosphere with water vapor [italicsadded].”DroughtFor the reasons outlined above, the extent of regionsaffected by droughts has increased, given thatprecipitation over land has marginally decreased whileevaporation has increased due to warmer conditions.(In simple terms, drought is an imbalance betweenprecipitation and evaporation.)* A Global Dataset of Palmer Drought Severity Index for 1870-2002: Relationship with Soil Moisture and Effects of SurfaceWarming, Aiguo Dai et al., Journal of Hydrometeorology, December 200457

Water WorriesOn that point, a 2004 analysis* by scientists at theNational Center for Atmospheric Research found that“the global very dry areas...have more than doubledsince the 1970s, with a large jump in the early 1980s”(see Figure below). In particular, “most parts of Eurasia,Africa, Canada, Alaska, and eastern Australia becamedrier from 1950 to 2002.”Snow CoverSatellite measurements capture most of the earth’sseasonal snow cover on land, and reveal that NorthernHemisphere snow cover has declined, especially since1980 and with an increasing trend during the pastdecade (see Figure next page top.). In many places, thesnow cover decrease has occurred despite increasesin precipitation. Of course, ice melts when the localtemperature is above the freezing point.A decline in the amount of snow and ice on earth hassignificant implications for many regions of the world:• Dams and reservoirs were built across the westernU.S. to exploit snowmelt in a fast-growing regioncharacterized by low annual rainfall. However,climate change is dramatically reducing snowcover.• Of the 2,500 square kilometers of glaciers in thefour countries of the tropical Andes — Bolivia,Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru — 70% are in Peru,and 20% in Bolivia. That the area covered byglaciers is shrinking is particularly worrying forPeru: after decades of migration down from theAndes, two out of three Peruvians now live on itsdesert coast, which irrigation projects have madehabitable. But the increasingly irregular flow ofglacier-fed rivers is threatening the supply of bothwater and hydro-generated electricity. Similarly, inBolivia, glacial melting threatens water supplies toLa Paz and its satellite city, El Alto.• The Indus river basin spans parts of four countries— Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and China — inan area that is more than 30% arid. The Indusis particularly critical for Pakistan’s 160 millionpeople, as it irrigates 80% of the country’sagricultural land. Because of the high portion ofits flow derived from glaciers, the river is extremelysensitive to climate change — Himalayan glaciersprovide the Indus with 70-80% of its water, thehighest proportion of any river in Asia. Climatechange aside, the World Wildlife Fund recentlypointed out that “the Indus basin is alreadysuffering from severe water scarcity due to overextractionfor agriculture.”** World’s Top 10 Rivers at Risk, March 20, 2007PollutionAs per the IPCC:*• Higher water temperatures, increased precipitationintensity, and longer periods of low flowsexacerbate many forms of water pollution, withimpacts on ecosystems, human health, watersystem reliability and operating costs.Specifically,• Higher water temperatures: Increasing watertemperature affects the self-purification capacityof rivers by reducing the amount of oxygen thatcan be dissolved and used for biodegradation.• Increased precipitation intensity: Increasesin intense rainfall result in more nutrients,pathogens, and toxins being washed into waterbodies. (Enhanced precipitation has resulted inincreased nitrogen loads of up to 50% in rivers inthe Chesapeake and Delaware Bay regions.)• Longer periods of low flows: Lower wateravailability reduces dilution of toxins in waterbodies.As the figure on the bottom of the next pageillustrates, developing nations, such as the “BRICIT”countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, Indonesia,Turkey), seem most at risk from climate-related waterpollution, given that their pollution levels are alreadyhigh, even though their economies, while growingrapidly, are still relatively small. (The U.S. and EU-15each account for about 28% of global GDP; the sixBRICIT countries combined only account for 14%.) Ina subsequent section, we discuss measures that someof those BRICIT countries are taking to reduce waterpollution levels.* Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation andVulnerability.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water Worries59

Water WorriesPrecipitation Patterns ChangingSome of the manifestations of climate change outlinedabove, including changes in precipitation amounts, arealready an issue for the global financial community.That is especially true for Australia — the driestinhabited continent on earth.Snow Cover DecreasingWe pointed out that (i) more precipitation now fallsas rain rather than snow in northern regions and (ii),along with rising temperatures, Northern Hemispheresnow cover has declined. The steady decrease in highaltitudewinter snow is particularly worrisome for theU.S., given that the melt of mountain snowpack eachspring has provided the western U.S. with most ofits water. (Snowmelt is considered the best source ofwater because it requires little chemical treatment tobring it up to drinking standards.)Water Shortages in the Western U.S.Dams and reservoirs were built across the western U.S.in order to exploit snowmelt in a region characterizedby low annual rainfall. However, it appears that thesupply of fresh water in the region may well havepeaked:• The snowpack in the Sierra Nevada, which providesmost of the water for Northern California, was atits lowest level in nearly 20 years (and less than40% of average) in the spring of 2007.• The flow of the Colorado River, which largelyconsists of snowmelt from the Rocky Mountains,was exceptionally low in the five-year period2000-2004.*• Lake Powell, the reservoir in Arizona and Utahthat was created by the damming of the ColoradoRiver, is at about 50% of capacity.• Lake Powell feeds Lake Mead, the reservoir inArizona and Nevada that supplies nearly all thewater for Las Vegas. It, too, is also half-empty.Not only are these two reservoirs threatened byreduced snowmelt, but higher temperatures alsocause them to lose significant amounts of waterto evaporation — the Colorado River basin is twodegrees warmer than in 1976.In total, the Colorado River serves the needs of 30million people in seven western states: Arizona,California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, andWyoming. Somewhat ominously then, a recentquantitative analysis* by scientists at the NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration concludedthat:• The Southwest is likely past the peak waterexperienced in the 20 th century… A decline in LeesFerry flow will reduce water availability belowcurrent consumptive demands within a mere 20years — see Figure at right.*A point near Lees Ferry in northern Arizona is where theannual flow of the Colorado River is measured. Measurementunits are “acre-feet,” which is the volume of water necessaryto cover one acre of surface area to a depth of one foot.* M. Hoerling and J. Eischeid, “Past Peak Water in theSouthwest,” Southwest Hydrology, January / February2007Supply-Increase and Demand-ManagementInitiativesNot only are key regions of the U.S. faced with areduced water supply, it is also the case that manyof those regions are experiencing burgeoning waterdemand spurred by rapid population growth. Indeed,the two fastest-growing states (in terms of populationgrowth) in the U.S. — Arizona and Nevada (see Figurebottom left) — also rank as the driest in terms ofannual precipitation (see Figure bottom right).In terms of responding to these challenges, U.S. policymakers can look to increase supply (by, for example,piping in water from other sources, desalinizingseawater, or recycling), and/or reduce demand (e.g.,promoting conservation by automated water meters).ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water Worries61

Water WorriesPipelinesOf all the metropolitan areas in the U.S., Las Vegasis likely the most vulnerable to water shortages. Thatis partly a result of the city’s explosive growth. Moreimportantly, however, is that the state of Nevadareceives a smaller share of Colorado River water thanany of the other six states with which it signed a watersharingcompact in the 1920s. Furthermore, Nevada’sshare of that water, along with water destined forSouthern California, Arizona and northern Mexico,is stored in Lake Mead, which, as noted above, iscurrently half-empty.While water may be an issue for Las Vegas, cash ismuch less of a problem. On that point, the SouthernNevada Water Authority has filed an application withthe federal Bureau of Land Management to build amulti-billion dollar water pipeline. The 285-mile conduitwould run from the east-central part of the state,where the Authority has identified groundwater (i.e.,water deep underground) that can be extracted andtransported to metro Las Vegas. A hearing is scheduledfor February, 2008. (Note here that, in contrast tosome other projects such as dam construction, layingpipelines is generally quite straightforward, anddoes not require specialized engineering skills. Inaddition, piping water a few hundred miles across thesouthern U.S. is much more feasible than piping waterthousands of miles across the Australian outback.)DesalinationAnother possibility that has been raised is that LasVegas might pay for a desalination plant on the PacificCoast that would transform seawater into potablewater for use in California and Mexico; in exchange,Nevada would get a portion of their Colorado Riverwater in Lake Mead.The concept of processing seawater is nothing new;Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other Middle Eastern stateshave been using desalination for more than half acentury, and desalination meets 70% of Saudi Arabia’sdrinking water requirement. Until recently, however,desalination had been too expensive for use in the U.S.Advances in technology have significantly lowered thecost of desalination in recent years, so that Citi analystshave pointed out that, in many countries, “the cost ofconverting seawater into drinking water is now roughlyin line with the price already paid by consumers”(although, as noted above, desalination is still veryenergy-intensive and, consequently, not particularlyclimate-friendly.)With costs falling rapidly, more coastal water systemsin the U.S. are implementing desalination facilities.On that point, the Pacific Institute has pointed outthat, as of 2006, more than 20 proposals had beenput forward for large desalination facilities along theCalifornia coast.* The Institute observed that “if all ofthe proposed facilities were built, the state’s seawaterdesalination capacity would increase by a factor of70, and seawater desalination would supply 6% ofCalifornia’s year 2000 urban water demand.” Uponits completion in 2010, a plant in Carlsbad will be thelargest desalination facility in the Western hemisphere,producing 50 million gallons of water each day, oras much as 10% of the surrounding region's drinkingwater.*See Australian Special Research February 7, 2007, report,“Turning on the Tap: Opportunities in Water.”*Desalination, With A Grain of Salt, June 2006Automated Water MetersThe U.S. Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires states toinvestigate the use of advanced utility metering. Atthe local level, California and Texas are pioneeringprograms to promote use of automated meter reading(AMR).AMR technologies take traditional meter readingsystems to the next level by removing the costly anderror-prone process of having a human “meter reader”interact directly with the meter to retrieve and recorddata. Typically, AMR systems transmit data (often viaradio frequency) to an electronic device, with thosedata then being recorded by either a “walk-by” or“drive-by” reader. AMR systems can also be taken tothe next level, with data transmitted directly to utilityheadquarters in order to enable near real-time dataanalysis and dissemination.While electric utilities have led the way in the adoptionof AMR, penetration of AMR systems within the U.S.water industry has gained considerable traction overITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water WorriesMunicipal Wastewater Treatmentthe last few years. Although water remains markedlycheaper than electricity, increasing awareness of waterscarcity issues is driving a tendency to view water asa valuable resource that must be priced according toits true value, a key driver of increased penetration ofwater AMR systems. As the figure above illustrates,just over 20% of water meters in the U.S. are nowautomated.AMRs offer utilities a number of ways to influencewater usage, including:• Graduated pricing structures that increase pergallonpricing for heavier users, discouragingwaste.• Monitoring of consumption trends in order toenforce restrictions on certain types of usage, suchas lawn irrigation, in times of drought.(An analysis of 8,000 households in the U.K.calculated that metering resulted in anaverage 9% reduction in water consumption.)Pollution RisingA number of developing nations, including China andIndia, seem most at risk from climate-related waterpollution, given that their pollution levels are alreadyrelatively high.In China, rapid economic expansion has led to waterfundamentals being pressured at both ends: not onlyis demand surging from agriculture, industry, and anincreasingly urbanized population, but supplies areshrinking, in part because of unchecked pollution. Onthat point, the Asian Development Bank recentlynoted that:• The water in most of the length of China's fivemajor rivers is unsafe for direct human contact,about half of China's lakes are polluted and nearlytwo-thirds of China's large cities are experiencingserious wastewater pollution… Water shortagesare also a growing concern. Water availability isdeclining, in particular in northern [China], where40% of the country's total population has accessto only 20% of the country's water resources. Ofa total of over 30 provinces and regions, 10 arewater-short, and eight of these are in the north.Nationwide, about 60% of [China’s] 669 cities areexperiencing water shortages, and 114 cities arefacing severe shortages.*Similarly, a recent Citi Investment Research report*pointed out that:• On the water front…freshwater resources areincreasingly becoming polluted in China, reducingthe availability of water of suitable quality andincreasing the costs of treatment. Little access tosanitation [i.e., a poor sewage infrastructure] andhigh rates of urbanization in China, together withlimited or declining treatment of wastewater, haveadded to the load of organic pollutants emitted…While industrial wastewater was a main pollutantin the 1990s, the situation has been worsenedby domestic sewage. According to the U.N.,from 1998 to 2002, the volume of wastewaterdischarged from domestic sources increased byalmost 20% — see figure top of next page.* Environmental Protection in China: Challenges andSolutions, March 18, 2007* See Clement Wong’s May 15, 2007, report, “ChinaEnvironmental Services.”63

Water WorriesThe Chinese government has realized the scale of theproblem, and started a major policy push under theEleventh Five-Year Plan 2006-2010 (passed in 2005)to improve management of the country’s naturalresources. A key focus here is wastewater treatmentof 661 cities in China at year-end 2005. Forty percent(278) had no wastewater treatment facilities. Thecentral government’s target is to raise the municipalwastewater treatment rate from 52% in 2005 to 70%by 2010. The treatment rate in big cities is targeted atmore than 80%, while that for small and medium citiesis targeted at 60-70% — see figure at right.In India, too, there is a huge potential for wastewatertreatment as a growing population, urbanization andindustrialization have intensified water pollution:Domestic sewage• refers to waste water that isdiscarded from households. Only about 25% ofdomestic wastewater in India is treated.To achieve a treatment rate of 70%, analysts projectthat China’s municipal wastewater treatment capacitywill have to increase to 156 million tons per dayby 2010, from 81 million tons per day in 2005. Toachieve this, China will need to build more than 1,000wastewater treatment plants between 2006 and 2010,while old treatment plants will require a significantupgrade in capacity. Not surprisingly then, the Citianalysts believe that operating municipal wastewatertreatment plants will become a big business, and theyare forecasting 26% compound annual growth in thesector between 2005 and 2008.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water Worries• Industrial wastewater is generated bymanufacturing and chemical processes. About57,000 polluting industries in India generateabout 13 billion liters of wastewater per day, ofwhich roughly 60% is treated.Water Demand: Emerging Market ThirstAt a global level, the largest consumer of water byfar is the agricultural sector — see figure at right.However, as the figure at right illustrates, sectordemand differs by region so that, in the U.S. andEurope, the industrial sector is the largest consumerof water.Moreover, while the agricultural sector is currentlythe largest consumer of water in Asia, the waterwithdrawal of the municipal and industrial sectors isforecast to grow rapidly — see figure below.65

Water WorriesDriving increasing water withdrawal by municipal andindustrial sectors in Asia will be a number of factors,including:• Population growth• Quality of life aspirations and changing diets.• Urbanization and industrialization.Population GrowthThe world’s population is forecast to expand by 12%over the next decade, with relatively fast growth indeveloping regions, and relatively slow growth indeveloped areas.More mouths means increased demand for water, bothfor drinking and to grow food. While the daily drinkingwater needs of the average adult are between 3 and 9liters, depending on climatic conditions, the productionof foodstuffs involves much greater consumptionof water — scientists estimate that, for an averagevegetarian diet, 360 cubic meters of water per capitaper year is needed. So, with one cubic meter equalingone thousand liters, the annual drinking waterconsumption of even the thirstiest vegetarian wouldstill represent just 1% of the water required for foodcultivation.For an average vegetarian diet, 360 cubic meters ofwater per capita per year is needed; a diet containing20% meat doubles that consumption, to roughly1,000-1,300 cubic meters (reflecting water consumeddirectly by animals, and water used in the productionof food for livestock).Urbanization and IndustrializationIn part reflecting population growth, the UnitedNations estimates that, by 2010, there will be 21urban agglomerations with populations of ten millionor more, up from just 10 such agglomerations in1990. Seventeen of those cities will be in developingeconomies.Urbanization leads to increased water demand:Water for household needs.• Activities such asflushing a toilet, watering flowers, or washinga car increase daily per capita water needs by80 to 250 liters.Quality of Life Aspirations and Changing DietsDrinking water and food are basic humanrequirements. Other needs include personal hygiene,which requires water, as does cooking and cleaning. Inthat regard, the World Health Organization considersthat a minimum of 30–50 liters per day is necessaryfor keeping up basic personal hygiene, for cooking,and for cleaning. This amount (which does not includewater for flushing toilets), plus the amount consumedas drinking water, has been labeled the “basic waterrequirement.”Most humans aspire to more than just the basics,especially when it comes to the food they eat. Onthat point, although per capita meat consumption indeveloping countries is still less than half the levels ofdeveloped countries, along with rising living standards,that gap is forecast to continue narrowing.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water Worries• Water for services. Hospitals, restaurants, hotels,and other institutions use considerable amountsof water. The actual numbers vary from 20 litersper capita per day in Africa, to 100 liters in Europe,and 400 liters in North America.Urbanization can cause the demand for waterto increase five-fold beyond the “basic waterrequirement.” (Note that these figures do not includewater used in power generation or other industrialactivities that typically accompany urbanization.)Sources of SupplyIn order to meet this rising emerging market demand,water supply can come from a number of sources,including:• Infrastructure development and wastewatertreatment.• Desalination.• Bottled water.DesalinationHalf of the world’s desalination capacity is in theMiddle East/Persian Gulf/North Africa regions; as thefigure at top-right illustrates, Middle Eastern countries,which are located in “Western Asia,” have high levelsof water withdrawal relative to the available resources.Figure 33 shows other countries with more than 1% ofglobal desalination capacity.Bottled WaterDesalination removes the salty taste from seawater.Taste aside, a key water supply issue is the availabilityof drinking water at ingestible standards. On thatpoint, a Citi report pointed out that:• The UN estimates that 1.1 billion people do nothave access to an improved source of drinkingwater, which is a major cause of child mortality.Child mortality rates in India are still high at 65 per1000, versus 30 in China and 6.4 in the U.S.As these statistics highlight, clean drinking water is aparticular issue in India; indeed the Citi report pointedout that the country’s Prime Minister recently observedthat “un-cleaned dirty water is a major cause of childmortality.”Reflecting, in large part, that many countries lack safedrinking water, sales of bottled water in emergingmarkets have been growing rapidly. Developingcountries already occupy half of the world’s 10 largestwater markets by volume, although in most of thesecountries per capita consumption remains relativelylow (see figure top of next page). So, for example,if China’s annual per capita consumption doubledfrom three gallons to six gallons, it would become thesecond largest market in absolute size.67

Water WorriesWater Demand: Developed EconomyEfficiency InitiativesWater demand differs by region so that, in the U.S. andEurope, the industrial sector is the largest consumerof water. A key reason for this is that many industrialprocesses are water intensive. While it takes about80,000 liters of water to produce one ton of sugar,it requires more than twice as much (200,000 liters)to produce one ton of steel, and two hundred timesas much (16 million liters) to produce one ton ofsemiconductors.So, with water supply increasingly an issue, it’s likelythat there will be greater focus on the efficient use ofwater in developed economies, involving:• Demand management• Water recycling and reuse• Public-private partnerships that facilitate theupgrade of aging infrastructuresDemand ManagementThe industrial sector currently accounts for about10% of global water withdrawal. However, followingsteadily rising demand in the four decades 1950-1980,the growth in global water withdrawal for industrialuse has stabilized at around 2% per annum. This isdespite a decline in the industrial sector’s share ofglobal GDP. Combined, the two statistics suggestthat the overall water intensity of the global industrialsector has been increasing.That the industrial sector could use water moreefficiently was highlighted in a recent United Nationsreport, which noted that:• Given proper incentives, it is generally foundthat industry can cut its water demand by 40 to90 percent, even with existing techniques andpractices.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water WorriesWater efficiency is a particular issue for Europe giventhat densely populated Southern Europe has high levelsof water withdrawal relative to the available resources.That situation is only likely to worsen because, asthe European Union environment commissionercommented* recently:• The major impact of water scarcity and droughts isexpected to be made worse by climate change.Stressing the need for water efficiency in the region,a 2007 European Commission report on water issuesnoted that:• There is huge potential for water saving acrossEurope. Europe continues to waste at least 20%of its water due to inefficiency. Water saving mustbecome the priority and all possibilities to improvewater efficiency must therefore be explored.69

Water WorriesWater Recycling and ReuseOnce water is used by industry (for a variety ofpurposes, including cleaning, heating, and cooling), theresulting liquid wastes require specialized treatment,in contrast to the relatively straightforward treatmentof wastewater from residential sources. In anenvironment where the supply of water is increasinglyan issue, a greater emphasis will likely be placed onwater recycling and reuse:• Water recycling normally involves only one user,with the effluent from the user being captured andredirected back into the activity.• Water reuse is the use of treated wastewater forbeneficial purposes, such as agricultural irrigationand industrial cooling.Public-Private PartnershipsEven if water is consumed efficiently and wastewateris recycled, it is still the case that, in many parts of theworld, a significant percentage of distributed waternever reaches the final user because of leakageSuch problems are most acute in long-establishedurban areas with aging infrastructures. Drinking waterpipes can be expected to last between 50 and 100years (depending on their quality, the type of groundthey are laid in, and climate conditions), which meansthat 1% to 2% of the network must be replaced everyyear. In developed countries, including the U.S., mosturban pipe networks were laid at the beginning of thetwentieth century, but replacement work has oftenbeen neglected.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Water WorriesWhile significant capital expenditures on waterinfrastructures are now required in many countries, akey issue is financing given that many municipalitieshave charged only nominal amounts for water.One response to the financing issue has been privatesector involvement, a strategy that has been activelypursued in Europe, a region that has relatively highwater prices (see Figure at right).Instead of full privatization of a water system, onepopular option is public-private partnerships. In someof these arrangements, a private operator signs acontract with a government agency to supply services,and a regulator sets the standard for price and quality.Among the advantages of such an arrangement is thatthe private company has the resources to maintainthe water infrastructure, and also has the technicalexpertise to manage the network efficiently.71

GlossaryITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Glossary of Key TermsActivated-Sludge ProcessBiological wastewater treatment process that convertsnonsettleable (suspended, dissolved, and colloidalsolids) organic materials to a settleable product usingaerobic and facultative microorganisms.Advanced Wastewater TreatmentAny physical, chemical, or biological treatment processused to accomplish a degree of treatment greater thanthat achieved by secondary treatment.Aeration(1) The bringing about of intimate contact betweenair and a liquid by; (a) spraying the liquid in the air,(b) bubbling air through the liquid, or (c) agitatingthe liquid to promote surface absorption of air. (2)The supplying of air to confined spaces under nappes,downstream from gates in conduits, and so on, torelieve low pressures and to replenish air entrained andremoved from such confined spaces by flowing water.(3) Relief of the effects of cavitation by admitting air tothe affected section.AlumAluminum sulfate is used as a coagulant in clarificationand/or filtration. Dissolved in water, alum hydrolyzesinto aluminum hydroxide adn sulfuric acid. Toprecipitate the hydroxide, as needed for coagulation,the water must have sufficient alkalinity.Anaerobic(1) A condition in which free and dissolved oxygenis unavailable. (2) Requiring or not destroyed by theabsence of air or free oxygen.AnoxicCondition in which oxygen is available in the combinedform only; there is no free oxygen. Anoxic sections inan activated sludge plant or tertiary filtration plant maybe used for denitrification.Bar ScreenA screen composed of parallel bars, either vertical orinclined, placed in a waterway to catch debris. Trappedmaterials (screenings) are raked from it either manuallyor automatically. Also called bar rack.Biological Process(1) The metabolic activities of bacteria and othermicroorganisms, as in during the breakdown ofcomplex organic materials into simple, more stablesubstances during sludge digestion and secondarywastewater treatment. (2) Any chemical processinvolving living organisms and their life activities. Alsocalled biochemical process.BiosolidsThe solid organic matter recovered from wastewatertreatment processes and used, especially as fertilizer.Brackish WaterTypically ground or surface water with a mediumto low salt content, often defined as less than

Glossary of Key TermsCollection SystemIn wastewater, a system of conduits, typicallyunderground pipes, that receive and convey sanitarywastewater or storm water.Combined Sewers Overflow (CSO)Traditional utility/municipality sewerage systemscombine domestic waste and surface water runoffdrainage which is channeled through the conventionalwastewater treatment plant. Extreme wet weatherconditions with heavy rainwater or snow melt runoffcan overload older sewage treatment plants whichhave triggered regulatory review and recommendedactions to address “CSOs.”ConcentratorA solids contact unit used to decrease the watercontent of sludge or slurry.ConditioningThe chemical, physical, or biological treatment ofsludges to improve their dewaterability.Continuous-Flow TankA tank through which liquid flows continuously at itsnormal rate of flow, as distinguished from a fill-anddrawor batch system.Conventional TreatmentWell-known or well-established water or wastewatertreatment processes, excluding advanced or tertiarytreatment. It typically consists of primary andsecondary treatment. Conventional water treatmentconsists of sedimentation and filtration.DecantTo draw off the upper layer of liquid after the densermaterial (a solid or another liquid) has settled.DecompositionThe breakdown of complex material into simplersubstances by chemical or biological processes.DenitrificationThe removal of nitrate-nitrogen from wastewatereffluent by the biological conversion of nitrate (NO3) tonitrogen gas in an anoxic environment.DesalinationThe removal of dissolved inorganic salts from asolution such as water to produce a liquid whichis free from dissolved salts. Desalination is typicallyaccomplished by distillation, reverse osmosis, orelectrodialysis.Dewater(1) To extract a portion of the water present in asludge or slurry. (2) To drain or remove water from anenclosure. A structure may be dewatered so that it canbe inspected or repaired.Diffused AerationInjection of air under pressure through submergedporous plates, perforated pipes, or other devicesto form small air bubbles from which oxygen istransferred to the liquid as the bubbles rise to thewater surface.Digestion(1) The biological decomposition of the organicmatter in sludge, resulting in partial liquefaction,mineralization, and volume reduction. (2) The processcarried out in a digester.DisinfectionThe treatment of water to inactivate, destroy, and/or remove pathogenic bacteria, viruses, cysts andother microorganisms for the purpose of making thewater microbiologically safe. Disinfection may involvethe use of disinfecting chemicals such as chlorine,iodine, ozone or hydrogen peroxide: or it may involvephysical processes such as distillation, microfiltration,ultrafiltration, membrane filtration boiling, orultraviolet radiation.Dissolved Air FlotationA clarification process whereby solids in the influentstream are removed by floating them to the surfacerather than settling them. This is accomplished usingmicrobubbles that are mixed with the influent solids,attaching to the solids, causing them to rise to thesurface along with the bubbles. As the blanket formson the surface, the solids are skimmed off.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Glossary of Key TermsDistribution SystemsIn a water supply, a system of conduits or canals usedto capture a water supply and convey it to a commonpoint.Dry WellA dry compartment in a pumping station, near orbelow pumping level, where the pumps are located.EffluentWastewater or other liquid, partially or completelytreated or in its natural state, flowing out of a reservoir,basin, treatment plant, or industrial treatment plant, orpart thereof.EjectorA device for moving a fluid or solid by entraining it in ahigh-velocity stream of air or water.Equalizing BasinA holding basin in which variations in flow andcomposition of a liquid are averaged. Such basins areused to provide a flow of reasonably uniform volumeand composition to a treatment unit. Also calledbalancing reservoir.FiltrationThe process of contacting a dilute liquid suspensionwith filter media for the removal of suspended orcolloidal matter or for the dewatering of concentratedsludge. Also see “Membrane Filtration.”Final EffluentThe effluent from the final treatment unit of awastewater or water treatment plant.Final SedimentationThe separation of solids from wastewater in the lastsettling tank of a treatment plant.FlocculationIn water and wastewater treatment, the agglomerationof colloidal and finely divided suspended matter aftercoagulation by gentle stirring by either mechanical orhydraulic means. For biological wastewater treatmentin which coagulation is not used, agglomeration maybe accomplished biologically.Flotation ClarificationThe release of air bubbles to float solids to the surfacerather than settle them.GritThe heavy suspended mineral matter in water orwastewater, such as sand, gravel, or cinders. It isremoved in a pretreatment unit called a grit chamberto avoid abrasion and wearing of subsequenttreatment devices.HeadworksThe initial structures and devices of a water orwastewater treatment plant.Jet AerationA method of adding dissolved oxygen to mixed liquorby injecting an air-water mixture through nozzles intothe reactor.Lift StationA structure that contains pumps and appurtenantpiping, valves, and other mechanical and electricalequipment for pumping water, wastewater, or otherliquid. Also called a pumping station.Membrane FiltrationMembrane filtration involves the removal of particulatematter from water that passes through the semipermeablemembrane known as permeate. Theliquid containing the retained constituents is knownas the concentrate. Membrane processes includemicrofiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration(NF), reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED).Municipal Wastewater TreatmentTypically includes the treatment of domestic,commercial, and industrial wastes.Oil Separation(1) Removal of insoluble oils and floating greasefrom municipal wastewater. (2) Removal of soluble oremulsified oils from industrial wastewater.OsmosisThe process of diffusion of a solvent through asemipermeable membrane from a solution of lowerconcentration to one of higher concentration.75

Glossary of Key TermsOxidation ProcessAny method of wastewater treatment for the oxidationof the putrescible organic matter.Ozone(O 3) Oxygen in a molecular form with three atoms ofoxygen forming each molecule, used in disinfectionprocess.Potable WaterWater that is considered safe for human consumptiondue to its low or undetectable concentrations ofchemical or biological contamination.Preliminary TreatmentUnit operations, such as screening, comminution,and grit removal, that prepare the wastewater forsubsequent major treatment.Pretreatment1. Treatment of industrial wastewater at its sourcebefore discharge to municipal collection systems.2. Treatment of source water prior to membranes.Primary EffluentThe liquid portion of wastewater leaving primarytreatment process.Primary Sedimentation TankThe first settling tank, used for the removal ofsettleable solids through which wastewater is passed ina treatment works. Sometimes called a primary clarifier.Primary Treatment(1) The first major treatment process in a wastewatertreatment facility, used for the purpose ofsedimentation. (2) The removal of a substantialamount of suspended matter, but little or no colloidaland dissolved matter. (3) Wastewater treatmentprocesses typically consisting of clarification with orwithout chemical treatment to accomplish solid-liquidseparation.Pump PitA dry well or chamber, below ground level, in which apump is located.Pumping Station1. A facility housing relatively large pumps and theirappurtenances. Pump house is the typical term forshelters for small water pumps.2. A facility containing lift pumps to facilitatewastewater collection or reclaimed waterdistribution.Raw SludgeSettled sludge promptly removed from the primarysedimentation tanks before significant decompositionhas occured.Raw WastewaterWastewater before it receives any treatment.ReactorThe container, vessel, or tank in which a chemical orbiological reaction occurs.Receiving WaterA river, lake, ocean, or other watercourse into whichwastewater or treated effluent is discharged.Recycle1. To return water after some type of treatment forfurther use; typically implies a closed system.2. To recover useful materials from segregatedsolid waste.Return Activated Sludge(RAS) Settled activated sludge returned to mix withincoming raw or primary settled wastewater. Alsocalled returned sludge.ScreeningA preliminary treatment process that removes largesuspended or floating solids from raw wastewater toprevent subsequent plugging of pipes or damage topumps.Scum RemovalSeparation of floating grease and oil from wastewatertypically during preliminary or primary treatment.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Glossary of Key TermsSDISilt Density Index (SDI) testing quantifies the amountof particulate contamination in a water source.SDI is widely accepted for estimating the rate atwhich colloidal and particulate fouling will occur inmembrane treatment systems. An SDI of less thanfive is considered acceptable for the reverse osmosissystems. This means that at values of SDI of less thanfive, the membranes should foul at a very low rate.Even though the concept works most of the time, thereare exceptions when a lower SDI (less than three) isdesirable due to the nature of the suspended solids inthat feed water.Secondary Treatment(1) Typically, a level of treatment that producessecondary effluent. (2) Sometimes usedinterchangeably with the concept of biologicalwastewater treatment, particularly the activated-sludgeprocess. Commonly applied to treatment that consistschiefly of clarification, followed by a biological processwith separate sludge collection and handling.SedimentationThe process of subsidence and decomposition ofsuspended matter or other liquids by gravity. It istypically accomplished by reducing the velocity of theliquid below the point at which it can transport thesuspended material. It can be variously classified asdiscrete, flocculent, hindered, and zone sedimentation.It may be enhanced by coagulation and flocculation.Also called settling.SettlingSettling takes place in a tank or basin in which water,wastewater, or other liquid containing settleable solidsis retained for a sufficient time, and in which thevelocity of flow is sufficiently low to remove by gravitya part of the suspended matter. See sedimentationtank.Sludge(1) Accumulated solids separated from liquids duringthe treatment process that have not undergone astabilization process. (2) Removed material resultingfrom chemical treatment, coagulation, flocculation,sedimentation, flotation, or biological oxidation ofwater or wastewater. (3) Any solid material containinglarge amounts of entrained water collected duringwater or wastewater treatment.Sludge ThickeningThe increase in solids concentration of sludge resultingfrom gravitational force in a sedimentation ordigestion tank.SlurryA watery mixture of insoluble matter, such as limeslurry.SumpA tank or pit that receives drainage and stores ittemporarily and from which the discharge is pumpedor ejected.Tertiary TreatmentThe treatment of wastewater beyond the secondaryor biological stage; term typically implies the removalof nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, and ahigh percentage of suspended solids. Term now beingreplaced by advanced wastewater treatment.WastewaterSpent or used water of a community or industrycontaining dissolved and suspended matter.Wet WellsA component of a pumping station that creates areservoir of the fluid from which the pumps draw theirsuction.Skimming(1) The process of diverting water from the surface ofa stream or conduit by means of a shallow overflow.(2) The process of removing grease or scum from thesurface of wastewater in a tank.77

ITT: An In-Depth LookITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

ITT is a multi-industry company engaged in thedesign and manufacture of a wide range ofhighly engineered products and related services.A truly global company with about 40% of sales and 50% ofemployees outside the United States, ITT’s approximately 40,000employees sold more than $9 billion dollars of goods and servicesto customers around the world in 2007.With a focus on engineered solutions and a disciplinedmanagement process, ITT has strong positions in itsserved markets including:Defense Electronics & Services:ITT is a major supplier of sophisticated military defensesystems and provides advanced technical products andsystems and operational services to a broad range ofgovernment agencies and allied nations.Motion & Flow Control:ITT produces engineered systems and components fora number of industrial and niche markets, includingtransportation, leisure marine, construction andaerospace.Fluid Technology:ITT is the world’s largest provider of water andwastewater treatment solutions, and a leading providerof pumps and related technologies for industrial,commercial and municipal customers.ITT Fluid Technology – Fast Facts:• Sales and revenues for ITT’s Fluid Technologydivision were approximately $3.5B for 2007.• Major ITT Fluid Technology production and assemblyfacilities are located in Argentina, Australia, Austria,Brazil, Canada, China, England, Germany, Italy,Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, South Korea,Sweden, Poland and the United States.• Principal customers are in North America, Europe,the Middle East, Africa, Latin and South America,and the Asia/Pacific region. Sales are made directlyto customers or through independent distributorsand representatives.• As one of the world’s leading producers of fluidhandling equipment and related products fortreating and recycling wastewater, ITT activelypromotes more efficient use and re-use of water,and endeavors to raise the level of awareness ofthe need to preserve and protect the earth’s waterresources.79

ITT: An In-Depth LookFluid technology: Market-based solutionsITT Fluid Technology brings its product and servicesportfolio to market through three market-orientedbusiness units:Water and WastewaterITT’s Water & Wastewater value center providesa complete offering to municipal and industrialwastewater transport and treatment customersincluding a full range of wastewater and dewateringpumps, secondary biologic treatment, filtration anddisinfection products.Industrial ProcessITT’s Industrial Process value center brings to marketthe most complete portfolio of pumps, valves andcontrol systems for industrial markets includingchemical, water and wastewater, pulp & paper,hydrocarbon processing, power generation, mining,and niche industrial applications.Residential and Commercial WaterITT’s Residential & Commercial Water value centermanufactures and markets pumps, systems andaccessories for residential, municipal and commercialapplications including water, wells, HVAC systems,pressure boosters, boiler controls and fire protection.Improving Plant ProfitabilityOptimizing pump life cycle performance providesa path to help reduce plant operating cost and hasthe potential to achieve 30% to 70% improvementsin energy and maintenance cost, while improvingboth pump and process reliability. Leveraging 150+years in process machinery design, manufacture, andoperation, ITT’s Monitoring and Control solutionshave one goal – improving plant profitability. ITT hasproducts and services that target important issues ofprocess uptime, maintenance, and energy costs.ITT’s ProSmart systems provide continuous, predictivemonitoring for all rotating equipment at anexceptionally low price. With ProSmart, the focus ofa Predictive Maintenance Program (PdM) can changefrom data collection to analysis and improvementactivities. In addition, by continuously monitoring plantequipment, ProSmart can proactively warn of onsettingmachinery problems.PumpSmart pump control systems provide real-timecontrol and protection for centrifugal pumps whilealso providing valuable process insight. By protectingagainst unplanned pump failure due to process upsets,PumpSmart can keep plant processes running longerand eliminate unplanned repair activities. By rightsizingpumps, PumpSmart can help reduce not onlyenergy consumption, but also wear and tear on aprocess system.Reducing Pump Energy Consumption is HighPriority for ITTITT's PROsmartTM predictive condition monitoringsystem provides protection for all types ofmunicipal and industrial pumps and rotatingequipment, 24/7, and also has the ability to alert/alarm treatment plant operators remotely.Energy consumption is a huge concern in everymarketplace served by pumps. Because pumps areespecially intertwined with water use, lowering energycosts has become a guiding priority for ITT engineers.ITT’s new generation of vertical turbine pumps forthe residential and commercial water markets vividlyillustrates that point. The pump’s two percent boostin base efficiency translates into a very significant 10percent reduction in lifecycle costs for the customer.The N-pump, designed for wastewater applications,reflects similar synergies, using 20 to 30 percent lessenergy and lowering life-long maintenance costs. AsITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

ITT: An In-Depth LookFluid technology and the cycle of waterenergy conservation measures become critical tocustomer’s operations, ITT’s smart pumping systemssuch as the Hydrovar provides microprocessorcontrol of any centrifugal pump, reducing energyexposure.The comprehensive lifecycle assessment associatedwith ITT’s focus on reducing pump energy exposureminimizes every aspect of its environmental impact,both internally and at the customer site.Raw Water Intake• Skid-mounted, packaged water booster pumpstations.• Large, submersible propeller and mixed flowpumps.• Dry-mounted pumping applications, includingLarge End Suction Pumps, Chemical Feed, VerticalTurbine Pumps and Single-Stage Double SuctionPumps.• A wide range of centrifugal, cast iron centrifugaland submersible pump systems and accessories, aswell as submersible borehole pumps and line shaftturbines.• Stainless steel centrifugal and submersible pumpsystems and accessories.Desalination• Pretreatment prior to membrane filtrationof seawater is a process for efficient andcost-effective desalination. Pretreatment isaccomplished using dissolved air flotation inconjunction with media filtration or mediafiltration alone.• Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF)membrane technologies including standardsystems, custom engineered systems andproducts/components to produce high purity orpotable water from brackish water and seawatersources. ITT’s RO systems are used for pure waterproduction for commercial development andITT's Lowara brand specializes in producing allstainless steel and multi-stage booster pumps for avariety of market applications.various industries, often followed by UV, ozoneand/or DI (deionization) for further purification inhigh-purity applications.• End suction centrifugal, horizontal split-case,multistage vertical and multi-stage booster pumpsas well as monitoring and control systems fordesalination services.• Seawater RO systems for offshore drinking andprocess water systems, crude oil desalting, andmore.• Ozone systems for oxidation of raw watercontaminants (e.g. taste, odor, and color-causingcompounds) to enhance overall treatment process.CLARIFICATION• Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) provides efficientprimary treatment of surface waters for theproduction of potable water. DAF produces ahighly filterable effluent.81

ITT: An In-Depth LookFluid technology and the cycle of waterFiltration and Advanced Filtration• Reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF),ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF) membranetechnologies including standard systems, customengineered systems and products/components.The membrane is chosen to match the sourcerequirements. Where the challenge is primarilypathogens, or turbidity, MF or UF is appropriate,but where the requirement is to reduce salinity,RO or NF would be selected depending on thetype of salt, and the level of desalination required.NF is also used for the removal of dissolvedorganic contaminants. MF and UF are effectivepretreatments to RO where particulates arepresent.• Media Filtration can be accomplished using acombination of anthracite and sand employingefficient air scour backwash. Additionally, ITTprovides filter equipment for GAC contactors thatare used to treat for organics, and taste and odor.• To treat poor quality water sources for potablestandards (particularly those containing organiccolor or pathogens), the Fyne® process is aproven simple, single stage process that employsadvanced membrane filtration technology,together with coarse screening and disinfection.The Fyne process does not require coagulantsas the membranes operate at a molecular level;hence the process does not generate sludge and isresistant to both sudden and substantial changesin raw water quality.• A complete line of pumps and monitoring andcontrol systems for filtration applications includingaxial flow pumps, vertical submersible pumps,vertical turbine pumps, single stage, doublesuction pumps, chemical process pumps, solidshandling, self-priming and multi-stage diffusertype pumps.• A wide range of stainless steel end suction andmultistage pressure boosters and submersiblepump systems and accessories as well assubmersible borehole pumps and line shaftturbines. Metallurgy available to meet waterquality requirements.Disinfection• Ultraviolet (UV) and ozone technologies andsystems for water disinfection.• Chlorine dosing, control and measurementproducts and systems for water disinfection.Advanced membrane filtration systems, like theone seen here from ITT's membrane filtration unitprovide customers with the ability to treat water/wastewater for industrial and municipal purposes.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

ITT: An In-Depth LookFluid technology and the cycle of wateRPotable Water Distribution• Skid-mounted, packaged water booster pumpstations for applications throughout a municipalwater distribution system such as pressurizingwater supply mains.• Dry-mounted pumping applications within a waterdistribution system including large-end suctionpumps, process pumps, vertical turbine andborehole pumps and single stage double suctionpumps.• Stainless steel centrifugal, cast iron centrifugaland submersible pump systems and accessories,as well as stainless steel and cast iron submersibleline shaft turbine pumps. Variable speed drives,and complete pump stations are also available.Products are typically used when mainline systempressure is inadequate to serve outlying customersor high-rise buildings.Elevated Water Storage• High pressure pumps including two-stage,horizontally split-case pumps and single-stagedouble suction pumps and horizontal end suctionpumps.• A wide range of stainless steel centrifugal endsuction and multistage pressure boosters andsubmersible pump systems and controls as well assubmersible borehole pumps and line shaft andsubmersible turbines. Metallurgy available to meetwater quality requirements.• Valves to provide durable and dependable controlof water in elevated water storage tanks.Residential Water• For single family and multi-family homes,circulators, booster pumps, valves, controls,tanks, air management controls, heat exchangersand other products used in hydronic heatingsystems, recirculating potable hot water, plumbingapplications, and for increasing water pressure.• For residential water purification systems, highflow reverse osmosis systems are used for underthe-sinkapplications or at the main inlet pipe tothe house.• Submersible pumps for use in cellar/garagedrainage as well as effluent handling.• For use in residences not on the municipal watergrid, a wide range of water systems productsincluding submersible pumps for water supply, jetpumps for shallow or deep wells, and self-primingcentrifugal pumps for use in lawn sprinkling.• Cartridge filters are used for thereduction of sediment, taste and odor,and other contaminants.Agriculture• Submersible pumps including small and mediumcentrifugal pumps, large centrifugal pumps, andlarge submersible mixed flow pumps.• Water systems products including jet pumps forshallow or deep wells, self-priming centrifugalpumps for use in lawn sprinkling, irrigation, watertransfer and dewatering applications, cast iron andstainless steel centrifugal pumps and submersibleand line shaft turbine pumps for water supply andirrigation.• UV disinfection to avoid recontamination withmicroorganisms.• Dissolved oxygen analyzers for the aquaculturemarket.• For residences on the municipal water distributionsystem - a complete line of variable speed drivecontrols, cast iron and stainless steel centrifugal,multi-stage, sump, booster and jet pumps.83

ITT: An In-Depth LookFluid technology and the cycle of waterCommercial Water UseIndustrial Water Supply• A wide range of centrifugal pumps, valves, suctiondiffusers, heat exchangers, and control systems forHVAC system operation.• Packaged systems for water pressure boosting andskid-mounted, packaged water booster pumps, setand stations (variable speed) for pressure boostingin applications with insufficient pressure.• Hydrovar® Control System for maintaining watersupply system pressure.• For pressure-boosting applications, a completeline of variable speed drive controllers, cast ironand stainless steel centrifugal multi-stage and jetpumps.• Fire pumps and packaged fire pump systems• Submersible drainage, dewatering and effluentpumps for all large infrastructure, construction andtunneling projects.• Self-priming, centrifugal, sump, effluent andsewage pumps in a variety of sizes and materials.• Fully-packaged water lift and booster pumpstations and controls for turf irrigation.• Standard RO and UV systems respectively for pointof entry or point of use requirements in largercommercial application.• Chlorine dosing, control and measurementproducts and systems for water disinfection.• Pumps for commercial pools and water parks.• Reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF),ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF) andmembrane systems. Membranes are often used incombination to reduce turbidity (MF or UF) andthen reduce or remove salts (NF or RO).• ITT membrane filtration systems are used forindustrial processing (e.g., fruit juice clarification,food & beverage, pharmaceutical industries) andwastewater applications as well as for pure waterproduction for industries (e.g., boiler feed waterfor power plants).• Clarification and media filtration for treating largevolumes of process water for high volume waterusers.• Pumps for advanced filtration applicationsincluding axial flow pumps, vertical submersiblepumps, vertical turbine pumps, single stage,double suction pumps, chemical process pumps,and multistage diffuser-type pumps.• UV and ozone systems are used for industrial waterdisinfection (UV) and industrial water treatment(ozone).• Parts per Billion Range Dissolved Oxygen analyzers/controllers and pH/ORP analyzers/controllers forwater quality and control.Flood Control• Mixed flow and axial flow pump, wet pit columnand submersible propeller pumps designed forpumping large capacities over a wide range of liftrequirements.Desalination systems from ITT purify seawaterand brackish water for human and industrialconsumption.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

ITT: An In-Depth LookFluid technology and the cycle of waterIndustrial Water UsePump systems, mixers, valves and controls from ITTbrands including Goulds Pumps, Flygt, Lowara, Vogel,Bell & Gossett, ITT Standard and Engineered Valvesare used in a tremendous range of industrial waterapplications including Oil & Gas, Chemical Processing,Pulp & Paper, Power, Mining, Biopharm Manufacturingand Mineral Processing. ITT’s Goulds Pumps brandhas the distinction of providing the widest range ofindustrial pump systems with millions of installedproducts around the world. ITT’s disinfection unit hassystems for ozone oxidation of contaminated water(organic pollution) and for water disinfection using UVlight. ITT’s membrane filtration unit provides filtrationsystems for the steel industry and power industries.For a more comprehensive look at ITT’s range ofproducts and systems for the industrial market log onto http://www.ittindustrial.com.Residential / Commercial Wastewater• Packaged grinder systems designed for high headsewage applications where a gravity system is notpractical.• A complete line of stainless steel sump, effluentand sewage products for wastewater removal, anddrainage.• Micro pump stations and turnkey pump stationscombined with grinder pumps system for pressuresewage handling requirements.• Packaged membrane water treatment plants forsmall communities using private sources.Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse• From main effluent sump to discharge, mid-sizedsubmersible centrifugal pumps and mixers, andaeration systems.• Conventional biological treatment systems andtechnologies including energy efficient ceramicand membrane fine bubble aeration systems,Aeration systems from ITT provide biologicalwastewater treatment for municipal and industrialcustomers around the globe.stainless steel coarse bubble diffusers, and in-placecleaning systems as well as full-scale SequencingBatch Reactor (SBR) systems and circular clarifiersfor primary clarification.• Targeted at industrial wastewater applications,the ITT Dual-Stage Membrane Bioreactor Systemaccepts wastewater with high loadings of BOD,suspended solids and other contaminants andyields an excellent quality effluent that can besuitable for direct discharge to surface waterbodies and reuse applications. The water canbe further treated with polishing processes (forinstance, reverse osmosis) to yield potable water.• Media Filtration equipment for effluent polishing.• Reverse osmosis (RO), microfiltration (MF),ultrafiltration (UF), and nanofiltration (NF), andmembrane systems.• Ozone oxidation and UV disinfection systems.• Chlorination dosing products and systems forwater disinfection.• Process/cooling water recycling and industrialfiltration requires sump pumps, process pumps,double-suction and vertical turbine pumps.85

ITT: An In-Depth LookFluid technology and the cycle of waterStorm Water & Wastewater Collection / LiftStation• Two different types of ejectors, the hydroejectorsand air/water-ejectors, and compact mixers providebulk flow in equalization tanks, keeping solids insuspension. By using the air/water-ejectors, odorcontrol is provided by introducing oxygen intothe wastewater, and when emptying the tanks,flushing the floor to keep it free from sediments.• A wide range of submersible pumps for pumpingsewage to wastewater treatment plants.• Solids handling self-priming and close-coupleddry pit non-clog pumps are mounted in packagedlift stations strategically positioned to handleresidential wastewater.• High rate chlorine dosing, control andmeasurement products and systems fordisinfecting CSO discharges.• Aeration systems provide biological wastewatertreatment for municipal and industrial customersaround the globe.Primary TreatmentPumps and systems for a wide range of applicationsincluding raw influent pumping, settling tanks,digestion tanks, aeration tanks, clarifiers, storage tanks,and chemical polishing.• Submersible pumps and mixers in intake stationsand grit chambers. Non-clogging centrifugal pump(N-pump) and progressive cavity pumps in settlingtanks.• Dry-mount non-clog, vortex, self-priming,centrifugal, slurry, and vertical turbine pumps.• Monitoring and control systems to supervise plantoperations.• Circular clarifiers for primary clarification.• Monitors for wastewater treatment processes andcontrol.Secondary Treatment• Floating, traveling bridge sludge collectors forsecondary clarification applications where areturn activated sludge stream is needed for theupstream process.• Conventional biological treatment systems andtechnologies including energy efficient ceramicand membrane fine bubble aeration systems,stainless steel coarse bubble diffusers, and in-placecleaning systems.• The ABJ ICEAS Sequential Batch Reactor processcan be used at both municipal and industrialwastewater treatment plants. The processes ofbiological oxidation, nitrification, denitrification,phosphorus removal and liquids/solids separationare achieved continuously in a single basin andcan be easily expanded to accommodate increasedcapacity.• Waste and return activated sludge (WAS and RAS)pumps (N-Pump) for optimal biological processcontrol.• Submersible compact and low speed (bananablade) mixers are used in concert with aerationsystems, particularly in racetrack tank geometries.• Mechanical aerators of ejector-type (FloGet) withnonclogging N-pumps provide oxygen to anybiological activated sludge processes.• Dry-pit non-clog pumps are often used in thesecondary treatment phase in activated sludgetransfer services.• The ITT Dual-Stage Membrane Bioreactor Systemaccepts wastewater with high loadings of BOD,suspended solids and other contaminants andyields an excellent quality effluent that can besuitable for direct discharge to surface waterbodies and reuse applications. The water canbe further treated with polishing processes (forinstance, reverse osmosis) to yield potable water.• Monitoring and control instrumentation forsecondary wastewater treatment processes.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

ITT: An In-Depth LookFluid technology and the cycle of waterTertiary TreatmentWater Return• Mixed liquid recirculation (MLR) high flow headpropeller pumps for optimal advanced biologicalprocess control (nitrogen and/or phosphorousremoval).• Nitrogen and phosphorus removal with deep beddenitrification filters (Leopold).• Chemical-free water disinfection and wateroxidation systems including ultraviolet (UV) andozone.• Chlorination dosing products and systemsfor water disinfection in the tertiary stage ofwastewater treatment.• Tertiary membrane filtration using MF and UFfilters. Media filtration for tertiary wastewatertreatment.• Monitoring and control instrumentation for tertiarywastewater treatment processes.• Goulds Pumps has a wide range of chemical pumpsfor the chemical injection and transfer applicationsin the tertiary stage of treatment.• Monitoring and control of suspended solids(Sanitaire). Monitoring and control of media filtersin tertiary treatment.• Submersible and dry-mount pumps.• Skid-mounted, packaged water booster pumpsand stations for pressure booster applications.• High level disinfection and/or oxidation with ozoneor UV for polishing effluent prior to reuse.Global Service and Customer CareITT has a global network of service centers foraftermarket customer care. Our aftermarket capabilitiesinclude the repair and service of all brands of pumpsand rotating equipment, engineering upgrades,contract maintenance, monitoring and controls andservice.Sludge Treatment• All types of sludge such as primary, secondary,mixed, imported, stabilized, thickened anddewatered are pumped by centrifugal N-pumpsand progressive cavity pumps.• Sludge storage, aerobic, anaerobic and livestabilization tanks are mixed with submersiblemixers.• Dry-mount no-clog and vortex type solids handlingpumps.• Interface level and sludge density monitors usedfor monitoring and control.87

ITT: An In-Depth Lookitt brands that serve the "Cycle of Water"A-C Fire Pump is a premier manufacturer of fire pumpsystems for commercial, residential and industrialapplications.www.acfirepump.comBell & Gossett is a world leader in pump products forthe liquid-based HVAC pumping industries, servingthe market with world-class fluid handling productsin markets from large commercial HVAC applicationsto pumps and valves used in residential hot waterheating.www.bellgossett.comC’treat provides customers – including many offshoreoperations – with a reliable and economical supply offresh water, continuously generated from seawaterusing the reverse osmosis process.www.ctreat.comEngineered Valves supplies innovative valve solutionsfor a wide range of industrial fluid control needsincluding chemical processing, power generation,pulp & paper, water treatment, pollution control, andpharmaceutical and bioprocessing.www.engvalves.comFlowtronex designs and manufactures modularpumping systems for a variety of irrigation, boost & liftapplications for markets including golf, landscape andmunicipal.www.flowtronex.comFlygt is the world’s premier manufacturer ofsubmersible pumps, mixers, and aeration equipmentfor use in environments ranging from water andwastewater treatment, raw water supply, abrasive orcontaminated industrial processes, mining and cropirrigation.www.flygt.comGoulds Pumps – Industrial manufactures pumps,monitoring and control solutions and accessories forindustrial applications including chemical processing,pulp and paper, power generation, oil refining, gasprocessing, mining and mineral processing and generalindustry.www.gouldspumps.comGoulds Pumps – Water is a global leader in thewater technologies market, producing the world’sleading line of residential water well pumps. TheGoulds Pumps’ product portfolio includes submersibleand line shaft turbine, 4” submersible, jet, sump,effluent, sewage and centrifugal pumps for residential,agriculture and irrigation, sewage and drainage,commercial and light industrial use.www.goulds.comHengTong is a Shanghai-based producer of reverseosmosis(RO) membrane systems and other watertreatment systems for the power, pharmaceutical,chemical and manufacturing markets in China.www.awt.itt.comLeopold manufactures water and wastewatertreatment systems. Water treatment systems includerapid gravity dual media filter, dissolved air flotationclarification, sludge collection and backwash waterrecovery systems. Wastewater treatment systemsinclude tertiary filtration, denitrification, clarificationand sludge collection systems.www.ittwww.comLowara is a world leader in stainless steel pumpmanufacturing technology. The Lowara range includessubmersible, sump, effluent, sewage, centrifugalpumps and booster packages for the water supply andwater pumping needs in the residential, irrigation,building service and commercial markets worldwide.www.lowara.comMcDonnell & Miller is an industry leader with themost comprehensive line of steam and hot water boilerliquid level control products. Liquid-level controls andlow-water cutoffs serve the demanding needs of theindustrial, commercial and residential constructionmarkets.www.mcdonnellmiller.comPCI Membranes provides a broad spectrum offiltration technologies and products for liquidseparation applications used in industrial processingwastewater and municipal water industries.www.awt.itt.comITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

ITT: An In-Depth Lookitt brands that serve the "Cycle of Water"Robot Pumps is a manufacturer of submersible pumpsspecially designed to pump liquids containing solids.Robot Pumps also sells and installs complete pumpstations and sewage systems.www.robotpumps.comRoyce Technologies is global supplier of high-qualitymonitoring and control instrumentation and sensorsspecifically designed for municipal and industrialwastewater treatment applications.www.awt.itt.comSanitaire focuses on creating innovative wastewatertreatment technologies for municipal and industrialwastewater treatment facilities, including aeration andsequencing batch reactor systems.www.ittwww.comITT Standard is a manufacturer of a complete line ofheat transfer products used in industrial and processapplications such as heating or cooling liquids orgases, heat recovery in chemical processing, power andco-generation, paper and pulp, OEM and commercialmarine markets.www.ittstandard.comVogel produces pumps that cover nearly allrequirements to handle clear, contaminated oraggressive liquids such as cold or hot water, acids,wastewater and sewage in domestic, industrial orpublic installations. Vogel provides energy-efficientpumps equipped with static frequency inverters.www.vogelpumpen.comWater Equipment Technologies provides reliablemembrane-based water purification technology andcomponents to the global water and wastewaterindustry. Using reverse osmosis (RO), deionization (DI),microfiltration (MF), and nanofiltration (NF) membranetechnologies, Water Equipment Technologies providesstandard systems, custom-engineered systems andproducts/components to produce high purity orpotable water from seawater, brackish water, surfacewater sources and reuse water from wastewater.www.wetpurewater.comLarge submersible pumps from ITT’s Flygt brandpower a wide range of commercial, industrial andmunicipal applications where large volumes ofwater need to be moved reliably and economically.WEDECO is the world’s largest manufacturer of UVdisinfection and ozone oxidation systems, whichare viewed as increasingly attractive alternatives tochlorine treatment and other physical/chemical watertreatment processes.www.awt.itt.com89

Global Water LeadershipITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Where there’s life, there’s water, and wherethere’s water, there’s ITT.In the marketplace, it is ITT technology engineered to“wring out the last drop” of water, energy, and lifecyclethat promises to solve many of the world’s water woes.The incredibly broad knowledge base across ITT’s FluidTechnology business now converges in the ability to offer fullwater lifecycle solutions.One of the linchpins of this strategy is advancedmonitoring and controls, which allow customersto remotely manage their water and wastewaternetworks. Pioneered by ITT, these systems helpeliminate waste and provide an open communicationsplatform with a variety of sources (handhelds, cellphones, the Internet) and interface with a wide rangeof SCADA supervisory systems.Controls expertise is also evident in ITT’s ABJ brandDecanter System, frequently deployed in projects toreduce non-point source pollution. At the same timethat they add flexibility, the controls achieve stringenteffluent quality under more intense biological nutrientloads.ITT now has an extended reach into every touch-pointof the water lifecycle, bringing a range of resources tomature and emerging markets alike.The closed-loop water system deployed in Cloudcroft,N.M., highlights this kind of convergence. Last year,ITT pumps, treatment technologies, and expertiseenabled this water-starved town of 800 residents tobreak the chokehold of drought by recycling all itswater. Every drop of water that is used and goes downthe pipes is cleaned by ITT technologies and returnedfor community use – including drinking. ITT productslike the Dual Stage MBR (membrane bioreactor) and areverse osmosis system make the re-use model morecost effective than other forms of treatment.Sometimes water supply issues can be addressedwith very simple solutions. For example, more than70 percent of disinfection in the world—eitherfor drinking or wastewater—is still done withchemicals. ITT’s commitment to inclusion spurred thedevelopment of an Automatic Vacuum Liquid FeedControl System, whose advanced controls deliver anunprecedented degree of accuracy (plus or minus twopercent for flow ranges up to 20,000 gallons per day)to chemical dosing applications. The new device allowsdeveloping regions to benefit from the same advancedsafety, control and life-cycle features found in morecomplex systems.91

Global Water LeadershipCommitted to wise and sustainable developmentITT is committed to the wise and sustainabledevelopment and use of the world’s water resources.Our focus is on providing innovative equipment,systems and applications knowledge to users of waterthroughout the cycle of water. We are also dedicated topreserving the environment and nurturing knowledgeand awareness of the world’s water issues through oursupport of non-governmental organizations.Each year, ITT is included on more lists of the mostadmired, best-managed and most ethical companiesin the world. ITT is a business that cares about itscustomers, employees, communities, suppliers andinvestors. We want all of these key stakeholders to feelproud about what we do and how we do it. That’s thedefinition of a good global citizen.ITT’s fluid handling products and services make theworld a better place by advancing human progress.Throughout the “cycle of water,” they help createhealthier, more livable environments. Beyond holdinga leadership position in commercial markets, ITT alsodemonstrates its thought leadership in collaborationwith leading professional organizations around theworld. These programs are all directed to supportITT’s strategies and vision by engaging our customersand their consultants and leading practitioners ineducational programs for young students as well as forwater industry professionals. By directing our attentionto the young people we reach the hearts and heads ofour customers.The following is a compilation of some of thephilanthropic activities ITT is engaged in.• World Water Week: The annual World Water Weekin Stockholm promotes the exchange of views andexperiences between the scientific, business, policyand civil society communities, thereby advancingwater, environment, health, livelihood and povertyreduction agendas.www.worldwaterweek.org• Stockholm Water Prize: ITT is a founding memberof the Stockholm Water Prize. The prize ispresented annually to an institution, organization,individual or company that has made a substantialcontribution to the preservation, enhancement oravailability of the world’s water resources.www.siwi.org• Stockholm Junior Water Prize: The internationalStockholm Junior Water prize competition bringstogether the world’s brightest young scientists toencourage their continued interest in water and theenvironment. www.siwi.org• ITT Award for Excellence in Student WaterJournalism: ITT established the ITT Award forExcellence in Student Water Journalism two yearsago, as a program to recognize aspiring journalists,raise awareness of water-related issues amongtoday’s youth and to encourage further explorationof solutions to these problems:http://www.itt.com/waterjournalism• Water Environment Foundation: ITT is a memberof the Water Environment Federation (WEF). WEFis the preeminent organization dedicated to thepreservation and enhancement of the global waterenvironment through education, training andoutreach nationally and internationally.www.wef.org• International Water Association: ITT is a sponsorof the International Water Association, comprisingleading water professionals in science, research,technology and practice around the world.www.iwahq.org.uk• World Water Monitoring Day: ITT is supporting thisglobal educational platform for watershed leaders,educators and trained volunteers to help studentsbetter understand how the actions of individuals ina watershed can impact many others.www.worldwatermonitoringday.org• World Business Council for Sustainable WaterDevelopment: ITT participates in the World BusinessCouncil for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), aCEO-led, global association of some 200 companiesdealing exclusively with business and sustainabledevelopment.ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

Global Water LeadershipCommitted to wise and sustainable development• ITT is committed to the “Water Tool,” the firstproject developed within WBCSD’s Water Initiative.The Water Tool is a free and easy-to-use toolfor companies and organizations to map theirwater use and assess risks relative to their globaloperations and supply chains.www.wbcsd.org• Water For People: ITT is a worldwide sponsor ofWater For People as it works with the public, notfor-profit,academic and community sectors toconfront the many water-related issues we faceon a global basis and to bring safe water andsanitation to all people.www.waterforpeople.org• The Rural Water Project: ITT is developing a“disaster relief” water treatment system, designedspecifically for cash-strapped villages in Africa andAsia dealing with contaminated water supplies.www.itt.com• CERES: ITT has endorsed the principles of theCoalition for Environmentally ResponsibleEconomies (CERES), which has also endorsed ITT’sESH principles.www.ceres.org• The International Water Academy: ITT is a foundingmember of the Water Academy in Oslo, Norway, anindependent research foundation and a leader inglobal water diplomacy:www.thewateracademy.org• The list above is only a compilation of centraldriven programs. Locally, ITT does much more toserve the communities in which we do business.93

ITT - Fluid Technology HQ1133 Westchester Avenue, White Plains, NY 10604Phone: 914-641-2000 | Fax: 914-696-2950on the web at www.ittfluidworld.comITT Brands Serving the Fluid Handling MarketA-C Fire Pump Systemswww.acfirepump.com8200 N. Austin Ave.Morton Grove, IL 60053Phone: 847-966-3700Fax: 847-966-1914Bell & GossettDomestic Pumpwww.bellgossett.com8200 North Austin AvenueMorton Grove, IL 60053Phone: 847-966-3700Fax: 847-966-9052C’treatwww.ctreat.com309 Briar Rock RoadThe Woodlands, TX 77380 USAPhone: 281-367-2800Fax: 281-367-1761Engineered Valveswww.engvalves.com33 Centerville RoadLancaster, PA 17603Phone: 717-509-2200Fax: 717-509-2336F.B. Leopoldwww.awt.itt.com227 South Division StreetZelienople, PA 16063Phone: 724-452-6300Fax: 724-452-1377Flowtronexwww.flowtronex.com10661 Newkirk StreetDallas, TX 75220Phone: 800-786-7480Fax: 214-357-5861Flygtwww.flygt.comSvetsarvagen 12171 25 Solna, SwedenPhone: 46-8-4756000Fax: 46-8-4756900Goulds Pumps - Industrialwww.gouldspumps.com240 Fall StreetSeneca Falls, NY 13148Phone: 315-568-2811Fax: 315-568-2418Goulds Pumps - Waterwww.goulds.com2881 East Bayard StreetSeneca Falls, NY 13148Phone: 315-568-2811Fax: 315-568-2046HengTongwww.awt.itt.comNo.8 1130 Lane, TongPu RoadPutuo District, ShanghaiPR China 200333Phone: 86-21-52704408Fax: 86-21-52708800Hoffman Specialtywww.hoffmanspecialty.com8200 N. Austin AvenueMorton Grove, IL 60053Phone: 847-966-3700Fax: 847-966-8408ITT Heat Transferwww.ittstandard.com175 Standard ParkwayCheektowaga, NY 14227Phone: 716-897-2800Fax: 716-862-417695

ContactsITT Brands Serving the Fluid Handling MarketLowarawww.lowara.com14 Via Dott Lombardi36075 Montecchio MaggioreVicenza, ItalyPhone: 39-444-70-7111Fax: 39-444-492109Marlow Pumpswww.marlowpumpsonline.com8200 N. Austin AvenueMorton Grove, IL 60053Phone: 847-966-3700Fax: 847-965-8379McDonnell & Millerwww.mcdonnellmiller.com8200 N. Austin AvenueMorton Grove, IL 60053Phone: 847-966-3700Fax: 847-966-8408PCI Membraneswww.awt.itt.comJays Close, Viables Estate,Basingstoke, Hampshire,RG22 4BA, UKPhone: 44 1256 303800Fax: 44 1256 303801Red Jacket Water Productswww.redjacketwaterproducts.com58 Wright AvenueAuburn NY 13021Phone: 866-325-4210Fax: 866-325-4211Royce Technologieswww.awt.itt.com13555 Gentilly RoadNew Orleans, LA 70129Phone: 504-254-8888Fax: 504-254-8855Sanitairewww.awt.itt.com9333 N. 49th StreetBrown Deer, WI 53223Phone: 414-365-2200Fax: 414-365-2210Vogelwww.vogel-pumps.comErnst Vogel - Strasse 22000 StockerauAustriaPhone: 43-2266-604Fax: 43-2266-604-115Water Equipment Technologieswww.awt.itt.com580 Village Blvd. Suite 250West Palm Beach, FL 33409Phone: 561-684-6300Fax: 561-697-3342WEDECOwww.awt.itt.comUngelsheimer Weg 640472 Düsseldorf, GermanyPhone: 49-211-95196-0Fax : 49-211-95196-30Robot Pumps B.V.www.robotpumps.comPostbus 1402400 AC Alphen a/d RijnNetherlandsPhone: 31-172-418-686Fax: 31-172-418-602ITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes

In a world hungry for fluid handling products that conserveresources, increase efficiencies, and improve the qualityof life for individuals, businesses, and communities, ITTengineers have designed and fielded breakthrough technologiesthat have bettered lives the world over.In pioneering new technologies and pushing forward thescience of managing, treating and controlling fluids, ourobjective remains the same: To offer the highest value andlong-term economic solutions to customers aroundthe globe.97

ITT - Fluid Technology HQ1133 Westchester Avenue, White Plains, NY 10604Phone: 914-641-2000 | Fax: 914-696-2950on the web at www.ittfluidworld.comITT’s Place In The Cycle of Water: Everything But The Pipes