Marine Biodiversity at Booderee National Park - Department of ...

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Marine Biodiversity at Booderee National Park 

Field surveys of the marine community

© Commonwealth of Australia 2006 

This work is protected by copyright law. Apart 

from any use permitted by the Copyright Act 

1968 (including research or study) no part may be 

reproduced by any process, re-used or redistributed 

for any commercial purpose or distributed to a 

third party for such purpose, without prior written 

permission from the Director of National Parks. 

Any permitted reproduction must acknowledge the 

source of any such material reproduced and include 

a copy of the original copyright and disclaimer. 

ISBN 0642552193 

Printed on recycled paper 

Photography Credits 

Underwater images 

Leander Wiseman

Contents 

Foreword ...........................................................................................2 

Introduction.......................................................................................3 

Executive Summary ..........................................................................4 

Methods.............................................................................................5 

Literature Review .................................................................................5 

Data Collection....................................................................................5 

Data Analysis .......................................................................................8 

Results................................................................................................9 

Intertidal..............................................................................................9 

Seagrass and Sand Habitat.................................................................12 

Subtidal .............................................................................................13 

Threatened species ............................................................................15 

Discussion........................................................................................17 

Recommendations ..........................................................................19 

References .......................................................................................20 

Appendices......................................................................................21 

1

2 

Foreword 

‘Booderee’ is an Aboriginal word from the Dhurga 

language meaning ‘bay of plenty’ or ‘plenty 

of fish’. Whilst Jervis Bay waters – of which 

Booderee National Park is part – have long been 

recognised for their diverse marine environment, 

no quantitative scientific study has been done of 

Booderee’s marine biodiversity. 

This report is a precis of the detailed survey report 

produced by environmental consultants Aquenal 

Pty Ltd, under contract to Booderee National 

Park. We asked them to identify the range of 

listed threatened species, ecological communities, 

migratory species and marine species. 

I’m delighted to say that the fieldwork has 

confirmed the environmental health of Booderee 

waters, and in particular a rich marine biodiversity 

which surpasses even Jervis Bay. The scientists 

observed an extremely high number of fish species 

at all sites in Booderee and an exceptional number 

of species off Bowen Island, Hole in the Wall and 

Murray’s Point. Moreover, we have found that 

the two survey sites off Bowen Island exhibit the 

highest fish species richness so far recorded across 

temperate Australia. 

Fish census in Jervis Bay Marine Park. 

The survey has highlighted a warning about marine 

pests, an alert which faces the managers of all 

marine areas. For the first time we have been 

made aware of the presence of the polychaete 

Myxicola infundibulum. Invasive species detection 

is particularly pertinent for Booderee with Caulerpa 

taxifolia present in other local waterways. 

The survey by Aquenal provides a baseline 

for the management of Booderee’s marine 

biodiversity. It will be of invaluable help to the 

Board of Management as they prepare their next 

Management Plan, and to park staff as they 

implement conservation strategies. 

Peter Cochrane 

Director of National Parks

Introduction 

Bowen Island, Booderee National Park. 

Booderee National Park is a Commonwealth reserve 

on Aboriginal land on the south-east coast of 

Australia within the Jervis Bay Territory. Booderee 

is owned by the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community, 

the traditional owners of the Bherwerre Peninsula. 

The freehold title to the lands and waters of the 

Park was handed back to the Wreck Bay Aboriginal 

Community Council in 1995. 

The Park is jointly managed by the Director of 

National Parks and the Wreck Bay Aboriginal 

Community Council. Traditional owners are the 

majority members of the Park Board which develops 

the Booderee National Park Management Plan 

(2002) and manages its implementation. 

The Management Plan and the Environment 

Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 

(EPBC Act) require comprehensive assessment and 

management of biodiversity, threatened species 

and habitats within Booderee National Park. To 

help meet these requirements, environmental 

consultants Aquenal Pty Ltd were contracted to 

conduct a baseline study of the marine biodiversity 

of Booderee. 

The aims of this study were: 

• To conduct a baseline survey of the distribution 

and relative abundance of marine vertebrates, 

plants and macroinvertebrates. 

• To develop a monitoring program for marine 

rock platform species consistent with techniques 

used in the baseline assessment. 

• To review the Species Profile and Threats 

Database (SPRAT) listed species and to survey for 

the presence of species identified as expected to 

occur. 

• To identify species occurring or possibly occurring 

in the Commonwealth Marine Area of Booderee 

National Park which are not identified in SPRAT, 

but which require listing under the provisions of 

Section 209 and 248 of the EPBC Act. 

• Where appropriate, to identify within Booderee 

National Park principal habitats of listed species 

and any adverse impacts affecting such habitats 

or species 

• To identify any ‘significant’ marine species 

populations (i.e. at the limits of their range, 

or occurring in habitats in which they are not 

normally found, presence of larger or smaller 

size classes than normal, etc.). 

This report is a précis of the full scientific report 

prepared by Aquenal Pty Ltd (Aquenal 2004). 

3

4 

Executive Summary 

Environmental scientists from Aquenal Pty Ltd, in 

collaboration with staff from Booderee National 

Park and the NSW Marine Park Authority, carried 

out fieldwork in winter 2004 over three marine 

habitats: intertidal, seagrass, and subtidal reef. The 

biodiversity surveys recorded the species abundance 

and diversity in the Park and contrasted these results 

with other areas within Jervis Bay. The results form a 

benchmark for ongoing monitoring and assessment 

of the marine habitats of Booderee. 

The field component of the survey included 

assessing two sets of triplicate transects at seven 

intertidal locations, seine netting samples at 39 

seagrass/sand habitat sites, and diver set transects 

at 7 subtidal reef sites (with a further 22 within 

Jervis Bay waters). In the intertidal survey, excluding 

plants and colonial invertebrates, a total of 217,905 

animals of 47 species were recorded (80 per cent 

of individuals were the barnacle Chamaesipho 

tasmanica). In the seagrass survey a total of 603 

fish from 35 species were recorded. In the survey of 

subtidal rocky reefs 67 species of fish, 26 macroinvertebrates 

and 27 marine plants were recorded. 

Weedy Seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus. 

Flora and fauna present on intertidal rock platforms 

currently show relatively little variation between 

locations, with tidal height being the main factor 

influencing species composition. Increasing diversity 

down the shore profile was observed throughout 

the survey. No intertidal site was found to possess 

significantly higher conservation value than others. 

Intertidal species were generally widely distributed 

at all sites and occur in adjacent areas of Jervis 

Bay. The survey of fish in seagrass areas revealed 

a clear distinction between vegetated and unvegetated 

habitats. Vegetated habitats possessed 

a far greater number of species and individuals 

than un-vegetated habitats, with syngnathid 

species exhibiting a strong preference for vegetated 

habitats. Plant and animal communities on subtidal 

reefs differed markedly across Booderee. Three sites 

possessed exceptional features: north-west Bowen 

Island, south-west Bowen Island, and Scottish 

Rocks. The Bowen Island sites have the highest 

fish species richness so far recorded during surveys 

undertaken by the survey team across temperate 

Australia (southern WA, SA, Victoria, and Tasmania). 

No critical habitat for threatened species or 

syngnathids was identified. 

Top left: Common Sydney Octopus, Octopus tetricus. 

Bottom left: Black Tipped Okenia, Okenia mellita. 

Right: Big-bellied Seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis.

Methods 

Literature Review 

Crested Horn Shark, Heterodontus galeatus. 

Published and unpublished literature was searched 

for species records and habitat information relating 

to marine vertebrate, invertebrate and plant species 

in Booderee National Park and Jervis Bay Marine 

Park (NSW). Many records were associated with the 

various Jervis Bay baseline surveys coordinated by 

CSIRO (Ferrell et al. 1992; Lincoln Smith et al. 1992; 

CSIRO 1994; Underwood & Atkinson 1995) and the 

University of Tasmania / NSW Marine Park Authority 

(MPA) surveys (Barrett et al. 2002). Other sources 

including environmental impact assessments, 

other ecological surveys, bird and marine mammal 

observer records were also examined. 

Based on the literature review two lists of marine 

species for the region were compiled: (i) definite 

records for Booderee; and (ii) records for Jervis Bay 

(Appendix 1). Species recorded from Jervis Bay are 

considered likely to occur in Booderee given suitable 

habitat. Incorrect spelling of species names in the 

literature has been corrected where possible and 

names have been updated if required. 

The information obtained from the literature review 

was used to design the survey for expected Species 

Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT) listed species. 

Data Collection 

Intertidal Rock Platforms 

In collaboration with Aboriginal custodians and 

Booderee National Park personnel, quantitative data 

was collected from seven sites to provide a baseline 

for the long-term intertidal monitoring program. 

Three transect lines were placed perpendicular to 

the slope of the shore, approximately 10m apart, 

extending from the high water mark to the lowest 

exposed intertidal level. The high water mark was 

established by the presence of Nodilittorina spp. The 

set of three transects was repeated at approximately 

100 m distance, with the group of 10 m and 100 m 

transects repeated at the seven sites. Duplicate 0.5 

m x 0.5 m quadrats were placed randomly within 

1m of each transect line at five fixed height intervals 

(i.e. tide levels: high water mark, high tide, mid tide, 

low tide, and low water mark). The generally low 

sea state during the survey facilitated sampling, but 

because low tides during the survey period were 0.5 

– 0.7m, organisms at the lowest possible tide levels 

(the low water mark) could not be surveyed. 

All mobile invertebrates (crabs, molluscs, sea stars, 

etc.), barnacles and anemones within the quadrat 

were counted. The size of 20 individuals of each 

species at each tidal level of each transect was 

measured. In some cases, when tide was coming in 

rapidly, sizes were not recorded. Percentage cover 

of plants and colonial invertebrates was assessed by 

counting the number of times each species occurred 

directly at 50 regular fixed positions in the quadrat. 

A digital photo of each quadrat was taken for longterm 

reference. A reference collection of species 

was also assembled. 

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Location of intertidal, seagrass, and subtidal reef sites in Booderee National Park 

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Seagrass and Sand Habitat 

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The density of small fish in seagrass and sand 

habitats at 39 sites across Booderee was quantified 

by sampling with a small seine net using a method 

detailed in Edgar & Shaw (1995). A major aim of 

this survey was to characterise the distribution of 

pipefish (syngnathids) in the area. 

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Sampling sites were positioned in groups of three at 

a spatial separation of approximately 50m at 

13 sites. Samples were taken using a 15m by 3m, 

1mm mesh seine net. Fish were identified, counted, 

and returned live to the water.

Booderee National Park, University of Tasmania and NSW Marine Park Authority–long-term survey sites 

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7

8 

Subtidal Reefs 

The abundance and size structure of large fish, the 

abundance of cryptic fish and benthic invertebrates, 

and the percent cover of macroalgae and sessile 

invertebrates were recorded using a method detailed 

in Edgar and Barrett (1999) and Barrett et al. (2002). 

The quantitative survey of subtidal reef biota used sites 

that are part of a long-term subtidal reef monitoring 

program, a collaboration with NSW Marine Parks 

Authority and the University of Tasmania, and sites 

specific to this survey. In total 29 sites were surveyed 

(seven in Booderee and 22 in Jervis Bay). 

At each subtidal reef site four 50 m transect lines were 

laid end-to-end along the 6 m depth contour. Large 

fish density and estimated size-class were recorded 

within 10 m of the transect by divers working up one 

side of the line and then back along the other side 

in the middle of a 5 m wide lane. Cryptic fish and 

large macroinvertebrates (molluscs, echinoderms, 

and crustaceans) occurring within 1 m of the transect 

(one side only) were counted. The percentage cover 

of macroalgae, coral, sponge, and other attached 

invertebrate species in a 0.25m2 quadrat was 

recorded at 10 m intervals along the transect. 

Qualitative surveys were also undertaken by divers 

searching other reef areas for expected SPRAT listed 

species identified through the literature review. In 

particular, deeper reefs adjacent to Bowen Island were 

searched for the common sea dragon (Phyllopteryx 

taeniolatus), grey nurse shark (Carcharias tauris), 

big-bellied seahorse (Hippocampis abdominalis), and 

Bennett’s Seaweed (Vanvoorstia bennettiana). 

Data Analysis 

To analyse faunal similarities between samples 

Cluster Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling 

(MDS), as run by PRIMER (Carr 1996), were used. 

For these analyses, the data matrix showing 

total abundance of species at each sample was 

double root-transformed and then converted to a 

symmetric matrix of biotic similarity between pairs 

of samples using the Bray-Curtis similarity index. 

The similarity matrix was clustered agglomeratively 

using average linkage. These procedures follow 

the recommendations of Faith et al. (1987) and 

Clarke (1993) for data matrices with numerous zero 

records. The usefulness of the two dimensional 

MDS display of relationships between samples is 

indicated by the stress statistic, which if less than 

0.1 indicates that the depiction of relationships is 

good and if more than 0.2 that the depiction is poor 

(Clarke 1993). 

Diver with Hawksbill Turtle, Eretymochelys imbricata, at Bowen Island North.

Results 

Intertidal 

Numbers of all mobile invertebrates, barnacles, 

and anemones and percentage cover of plants 

and colonial invertebrates were recorded from 

420 quadrats from the intertidal zone of Booderee 

National Park. Excluding colonial invertebrates, 

217,905 animals were recorded. 

The number of species clearly increased toward the 

low tide mark. Fewer than 10 species were found at 

the high water mark across all sites. This level – the 

supralittoral fringe - receives very little moisture, 

most of which occurs from infrequent wave 

splashes. Very few species are able to survive in such 

harsh conditions. Over 30 species were recorded 

at the lowest level where longer submersion times 

result in a more stable environment. 

Left: Bowen Island and Governor Head. 

Below: Sea-star, Pentagonaster dubeni. 

The number of individuals also increases from high 

tide to low tide, with the peak occurring at the low 

tide level. This peak represents the large numbers 

of Chamaesipho tasmanica. Eighty per cent of all 

individuals recorded were the small aggregating 

barnacle, Chamaesipho tasmanica, with 178,656 

individuals in total. Chamaesipho tasmanica was 

found at all sites and generally represented about 50 

per cent of all individuals recorded at each site. The 

greatest numbers of individuals were at the Bristol 

Point 1 site with 62,744 individuals recorded with 

Chamaesipho tasmanica representing 93 percent of 

all individuals at this site. This species was distributed 

from the high tide level to the low water mark, with 

greatest numbers occurring above low tide. 

Nodilittorina unifasciatus, a small grey gastropod 

common in the upper intertidal zones throughout 

temperate Australia, was the next most common 

species with a total 24,500 individuals recorded and 

the greatest numbers occurring at north Bowen 

Island sites 1 and 2. Nodilittorina unifasciatus was 

recorded from the high water mark to the low 

tide level, with nearly 60 per cent of all individuals 

recorded from the high tide level. Other common 

animals were the gastropods; Nerita atramentosa 

and Bembicium nanum; the barnacle Cthamalus 

antennatus; and the limpets Cellana tramoserica 

and Siphonaria zelandica. 

9

10 

Figure: Number of species recorded per intertidal site 

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Figure: Number of individuals recorded per intertidal site 

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Figure: Number of species and individuals from data pooled across tidal heights 

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Of the 47 species recorded during the intertidal 

survey only Turbo torquatus, Corallina officinalis, 

and Lobophora variegata were found in the 

literature search of Booderee waters (although 

nearly all species recorded during the current survey 

have been recorded from Jervis Bay previously). 

Six species recorded in the current survey were 

not found in the literature search for Jervis 

Bay: Cthamalus antennatus, Clypidina rugosa, 

Siphonaria funiculate, Siphonaria zelandica, Lasaea 

australis, and Codium mamillosum. Edgar (2000) 

describes these species as common in New South 

Wales waters; they were presumably previously 

overlooked. 

Top: Bennett’s Dorid, Hypselodoris 

bennetti. Bottom: Epic Chromodoris, 

Chromodoris epicuria. 

Sea Spider, Pseudopallene sp. 

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis (Appendix 

2) and cluster analysis showed similarities between 

samples from similar tide levels. There is a 

reasonably strong separation of samples based on 

tide level. Samples do not tend to group together 

on any other factor, such as site, or position within 

the bay. Samples from highest tide levels are quite 

similar indicating similar species and thus probably 

similar environmental conditions. These samples 

form more coherent groups than those from the 

lower tide levels. This is most likely due to the fact 

that fewer species were found in the higher tide 

levels compared to lower tide levels. Most high tide 

sites were dominated by the gastropod Nodilittorina 

unifasciatus, meaning that all these samples shared 

similar assemblages of species. However, as species 

number increased towards low tide, samples had 

a greater variety of assemblages, and thus less 

coherent grouping of samples. Cluster analysis 

shows three main groups based upon faunal 

similarities: (i) predominantly high water mark 

samples: (ii) primarily high and mid tide samples; 

and (iii) low tide and low water mark samples. Both 

analyses indicate tide height to be the major factor 

influencing the structure of faunal communities 

sampled. A second analysis was undertaken using 

only samples from group III. This shows that most 

samples overlap considerably, however samples 

from Bowen Island do appear to be slightly distinct. 

This may be due partly to the fact that landing is 

not permitted on the island, thus the biota has been 

disturbed less by human activity. 

11

12 

Seagrass and Sand Habitat 

A total of 603 fish from 35 species were recorded 

from 39 sites at 13 locations. The most common 

species collected was the chinaman leatherjacket 

(Nelusetta ayraudi) with 242 individuals. Members 

of this species, particularly juveniles, are commonly 

found in seagrass areas in NSW, with larger 

individuals being found in deeper waters (Edgar 

2000). Other common species include girdled 

goby (Nesogobius sp.) 78 individuals, wide-body 

pipefish (Stigmatopora nigra) 48 individuals, 

rough leatherjacket (Scobinichthys granulatus) 47 

individuals, Australian sailfin goby (Nesogobius 

pulchellus) 38 individuals, and spotted pipefish 

(Stigmatopora argus) 34 individuals. The average 

number of species recorded from a location was 

eight while the highest number was 16 at the site 

Green Patch 1. Only one individual of the long 

spined flathead (Platycephalus longispinis) was 

recorded from the site Captains Lagoon 1. The 

average number of individuals collected from a 

location was 46, with the highest number (112) 

recorded from Bowen Island North 1. There were six 

individual sites in which no fish were recorded. 

A clear distinction was evident between those 

locations with vegetation and those without. In 

vegetated locations the average number of species 

was 11 and in un-vegetated locations 2. The 

numbers of individuals recorded exhibited a similar 

pattern, with an average of 74 individuals recorded 

from vegetated locations and an average of only 3 

from un-vegetated locations. 

Juvenille Snapper, Pagrus auratus. 

MDS analysis of pooled fish data collected by seine 

net graphically illustrates the demarcation between 

vegetated and un-vegetated sites (Appendix 2). All 

the locations sampled from vegetated sites form a 

coherent group in the centre of the plot, with the 

locations sampled from un-vegetated sites occurring 

on the periphery. Within the vegetated group, 

eastern sites tended to show some distinction from 

western sites. 

Three species of syngnathids were recorded from 

nine locations during the survey. All three species 

had been recorded previously from Booderee 

waters. The fourth species recorded in the literature, 

Briggs northern pipefish (Histiogamphelus brigsii), 

was not encountered during the present survey. 

The most common and widely distributed species 

of syngnathid was the wide-bodied pipefish 

(Stigmatopora nigra), occurring at a total of 16 sites. 

The spotted pipefish (Stigmatopora argus) occurred 

at 13 sites, while the mother-of-pearl pipefish 

Vanacampus magaritifer only occurred at two sites. 

Syngnathids recorded from this survey showed a 

strong correlation with vegetated habitats. Only 

five individual syngathids out of a total of 84 were 

recorded from un-vegetated sites.

Subtidal 

Eastern Blue Groper, Achoerodus viridis. 

Sixty seven fish species, 26 macroinvertebrate 

species, and 27 marine plant species were recorded 

in this survey. A total of 155 fish species, 31 

macroinvertebrate species, and 31 marine plant 

species have been recorded from Booderee waters 

during quantitative surveys of rocky reefs from 1996 

to 2004. 

Extremely high numbers of fish species 

were observed at all sites in Booderee. Species 

numbers recorded from Bowen Island, Hole in the 

Wall and Murrays Point were exceptional, with the 

two sites off Bowen Island exhibiting the highest 

fish species richness so far recorded in surveys 

undertaken by the University of Tasmania across 

temperate Australia (southern WA, SA, Victoria, 

Tasmania). At Jervis Bay, fish species richness 

appears to be highest at sites close to the bay 

entrance, where there is shelter from oceanic swells, 

and to decline towards wave exposed locations and 

the more sheltered western section of the Bay. Thus, 

Booderee is located in the section of Jervis Bay with 

highest fish species richness. 

Similarities in the species composition of the 

fish community at different sites and dates were 

compared using MDS. The analysed data set 

included data for 183 fish species from all sites 

in Booderee surveyed since 1996 and for sites in 

Jervis Bay Marine Park surveyed in 2004. In general, 

variation was low at sites surveyed repeatedly over 

a short period. The fish fauna at different sites 

nevertheless exhibited moderate change between 

years, with a general drift in species composition 

through time. 

At a Bray/Curtis similarity level of 50 per cent, four 

major fish assemblage types can be recognised: (i) a 

sheltered north-western Jervis Bay assemblage, (ii) 

sites in the eastern and southern sectors of Jervis 

Bay, (iii) sites exposed to oceanic swell, and (iv) 

south-western Bowen Island. Three of these four 

fish assemblages were represented within Booderee, 

the exception being the western assemblage. 

South-western Bowen Island possessed the most 

anomalous fish community found in Jervis Bay, with 

a very high proportion of small tropical labrid and 

acanthurid species (such as Halichoeres nebulosus). 

Top: Spiny Gurnard, Lepidotrigla papilio. 

Bottom: Chinaman Leatherjacket, 

Nelusetta ayraudi. 

13

14 

The macroinvertebrate and cryptic fish community 

in the greater Jervis Bay region exhibited different 

patterns to those found for the larger fish. Booderee 

sites tended to separate into two major groups; 

(i) westerly sites and (ii) easterly sites. Although 

MDS indicated that the fauna at the Green Patch 

site varied greatly between survey periods, notably 

including the two week period repeatedly sampled 

in 1996, the cluster analysis revealed that much 

of this variation was attributable to the MDS 

methodology. Data collected on three occasions in 

1996 at the site were in fact more similar to each 

other than any other site. 

Weedy Seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus. 

Algal species richness showed less clear regional 

trends than fish species richness. Plant cover varied 

considerably between sites across Booderee, with 

sites off Bowen Island largely comprising “urchin 

barrens” that are devoid of plants and Scottish 

Rocks and Bristol Point site dominated by species 

of Sargassum and other foliose algae. Scottish 

Rocks was a site with a much higher plant species 

richness than all other sites investigated, and also, 

the highest invertebrate and cryptic fish species 

richness. 

With respect to algal assemblages, Hole-in-the-Wall 

possesses an unusual marine flora, with closest 

relationship to that found at Scottish Rocks. Outside 

Booderee, the flora in north-western Jervis Bay 

separated as a distinctive group. Open ocean sites 

are largely unrepresented in Booderee, although, 

Bowen Island sites show affinities to this group. 

The MDS and cluster analyses incorporate data 

from 2004 only. Algal data from earlier years were 

not resolved to the same extent as in 2004, lacking 

information on such habitat components as the 

cover of crustose coralline algae. 

Top: Juvenille Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni. 

Bottom: Doughboy Scallop, Chlamys asperrimus.

Big-bellied Seahorse, 

Hippocampus abdominalis. 

Threatened species 

The following list contains species known to occur 

in Booderee and which are listed on SPRAT or under 

the EPBC Act. The list is collated from historical 

records, personal observations, and survey results. 

SPRAT marine species confirmed as present 

within Booderee 

Eastern Potbelly Seahorse, Bigbelly Seahorse, 

Hippocampus abdominalis 

Weedy Seadragon, Common Seadragon, 

Phyllopteryx taeniolatus 

Spotted Pipefish, Stigmatopora argus 

Wide-bodied Pipefish, Black Pipefish, 

Stigmatopora nigra 

Mother-of-pearl Pipefish, Vanacampus margaritifer 

Briggs’ Pipefish, Histiogamphelus briggsii 

Little Penguin, Eudyptula minor 

White-bellied Sea-Eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster 

Green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas 

Grey Nurse Shark, Carcharias taurus 

Southern Right Whale, Eubalaena australis 

Humpback Whale, Megaptera novaeangliae 

Australian fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus 

SPRAT marine species located nearby and 

likely to occur within Booderee 

Leatherback Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea 

Non-SPRAT marine mammal species present 

in Booderee 

Common Dolphin, Delphinus delphis 

Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops truncatus 

False Killer Whale, Pseudorca crassidens 

Long-finned Pilot Whale, Globicephalus melas 

Southern Right Whale, Eubalaena australis 

Fish species of conservation interest in 

Booderee 

A very rich fish fauna is present in the marine section 

of Booderee with a number of fish of conservation 

significance. Six of the eight species of syngnathids 

recorded from Jervis Bay waters are now known 

from Booderee, as are 12 of the 15 species of 

elasmobranch reported from the region. Amongst 

the rays is an undescribed species of stingaree 

that has been incorrectly recorded in the literature 

previously as Urolophus cruciatis. Only in Jervis 

Bay does this undescribed stingaree, known as the 

kapala stingaree (Last and Stevens, 1994), commonly 

enter water less than 20 m deep. Elsewhere within 

its range, which extends north to Yamba, the species 

typically occurs in depths around 50 m. 

A noteworthy fish present in Booderee is the blue 

groper (Achoerodus viridis). Because of perceived 

declines in population densities of this species over 

the past few decades it is now fully protected from 

spearfishing in NSW waters. Adult blue groper occur 

abundantly off western Bowen Island and juveniles 

are common on the fringes of reefs in the more 

sheltered waters of Booderee. 

15

16 

Chondrichthyes and syngnathids, observed and 

known, from Booderee and Jervis Bay: 

Syngnathidae 

Upside-down Pipefish, Heraldia nocturna 

Eastern Potbelly Seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis 

Briggs’ Crested Pipefish, Histiogamphelus briggsii 

Weedy Seadragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus 

Spotted Pipefish, Stigmatopora argus 

Wide-bodied Pipefish, Stigmatopora nigra 

Hairy Pipefish, Urocampus carinirostris 

Mother-of-pearl Pipefish, Vanacampus margaritifer 

Chondrichthyes 

Eastern Shovelnose Ray, Aptychotrema rostrata 

Blindshark, Brachaelurus waddi 

Grey Nurse Shark, Carcharias taurus 

Black Stingray, Dasyatis thetidis 

Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni 

Coffin Ray, Hypnos monopterygium 

Gummy Shark, Mustelus antarcticus 

Spotted Wobbegong, Orectolobus maculatus 

Eastern Blue Devil, Paraplesiops bleekeri. 

Shark Ray, Rhynchobatus djiddensis 

Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna zygaena 

Australian Angel Shark, Squatina australis 

Southern Fiddler Ray, Trygonorrhina fasciata 

Kapala Stingaree, Urolophus sp. 

Sparsely-spotted Stingaree, Urolophus paucimaculatus 

Common Stingaree, Urolophus testaceus 

Introduced species 

Survey undertaken as part of this project were 

focused primarily on recording the presence and 

estimating the distribution of threatened species, 

rather than a census of introduced taxa (which 

would typically involve searches near jetties and 

boat ramps of cryptic species). However, one 

observation is noteworthy. A sabellid polychaete, 

indistinguishable in appearance from Myxicola 

infundibulum, was observed at the drop off 200 

m north-west of Murray’s Point boat ramp. This 

species has probably been introduced from the 

Northern Hemisphere to Australia and Jervis Bay via 

ballast water. It has now been recorded in several 

locations spread widely across southern Australia 

(Hewitt et al. 1999). 

Top: Spotted Wobbegong, Orectolobus maculatus. 

Bottom: Stingaree, Urolophus sp.

Discussion 

Marine biodiversity surveys undertaken during June 

2004 within the marine extension of Booderee 

National Park provide a comprehensive baseline set 

of information on the biodiversity of intertidal rock 

platform, subtidal reef, and seagrass habitats. This 

data will provide a valuable reference into the future. 

The flora and fauna present on intertidal rock 

platforms currently show relatively little variation 

between locations, with tidal height influencing 

species composition to a much greater extent than 

effects of location. Most sites were dominated by 

the littorinid gastropod Nodilittorina unifasciatus 

at the highest tide level while the barnacle 

Chamaesipho tasmanica dominated the mid and 

lower tide levels. Indeed, the vast majority of 

all animals recorded in the present survey were 

Chamaesipho tasmanica. The site at the southern 

end of Bowen Island South 1 site was unusual 

in that only eight individuals of Chamaesipho 

tasmanica were recorded there compared to an 

average of nearly 13,000 per site. The cause of 

such low numbers at this site is unclear as a nearby 

site (Bowen Island South 2) possessed over 30,000 

individuals,. The low numbers may be related to 

local current flow and recruitment failure. 

The two sites with the highest numbers of intertidal 

species were off the northern end of Bowen Island 

(Bowen Island North 2), and at HMAS Creswell 

(HMAS Creswell 1). Sampling at these sites occurred 

lower on the shore and this may explain the high 

abundance. Increasing diversity down the shore was 

a common pattern observed throughout the survey; 

any other sites sampled at a level lower than those 

of our survey would probably also show increased 

diversity. It is likely that monitoring of lower levels 

would be possible at all rock platform sites in 

summer, with a probable increase in the number of 

species recorded. 

Juvenille Port Jackson Shark, 

Heterodontus portusjacksoni. 

No intertidal site was found to have significantly 

higher conservation value than others. Species 

were generally widely distributed at all sites, and in 

adjacent areas of Jervis Bay and along the southern 

New South Wales coast. No threatened species 

known to live in the intertidal zone were found. 

The intertidal shore adjacent to the eastern 

boundary of Booderee National Park is a location 

that merits further attention. Because of its limited 

extent (less than 100 m), this area was not surveyed 

quantitatively. However, observations suggest that 

the biota there is more influenced by oceanic swell 

than elsewhere in the Park. Thus, the biota in this 

small area probably differs substantially from that 

of other Booderee intertidal platforms sampled, 

although it has an assemblage of organisms similar 

to that found along the exposed NSW coast, 

including eastern Bowen Island. 

The intertidal zone on Bowen Island, where public 

access is prohibited, provides an important control 

when evaluating change in future monitoring 

excerises. If similar changes in species representation 

and abundance occur on the island shores and on 

the mainland then it is likely that any changes are 

the result of widespread phenomena rather than 

localised human impacts. 

Seine netting of fish revealed a clear distinction 

between vegetated and un-vegetated habitats. 

Vegetated habitats support a far greater number of 

species and individuals than un-vegetated habitats, 

with syngnathid species in particular exhibiting a 

strong preference for vegetated habitats. The two 

most common species recorded during the present 

survey (Stigmatopora argus and Stigmatopora nigra) 

are commonly associated with seagrass habitats 

across temperate Australia (Edgar 2000). 

17

18 

Many species of fish and decapods rely heavily on 

seagrass meadows for all or part of their life cycles 

(West 1983, Walker & McComb 1992). Continued 

protection of seagrass habitats is essential for the 

maintenance of fish biodiversity within Booderee 

National Park. Major loss of seagrass has occurred 

widely across southern Australia during the past three 

decades (Larkum et al. 1989). However, the major 

causes of this loss - increased turbidity, nutrification, 

and epiphytic algal production, all leading to reduced 

light penetration and thus lowered photosynthetic 

potential at the seagrass leaf surface - are not currently 

threats in the Jervis Bay environment. Regardless, the 

extent and condition of local seagrass beds should 

be monitored and human-induced disturbance 

with potential to lead to increased nutrification or 

sedimentation, such as channel dredging or sewage 

input, should be strictly controlled. Regulation of boat 

anchoring should continue as a method of seagrass 

protection and conservation. 

In contrast to intertidal platform and soft-sediment 

habitats, the plant and animal communities on 

subtidal reefs differed markedly from site to site 

across Booderee National Park. Three sites exhibit 

exceptional features: (i) north-western Bowen 

Island because of the presence of the highest fish 

species diversity of any site so far investigated across 

temperate Australia; (ii) south-western Bowen Island 

because the fish fauna differed from all other sites 

investigated in the Jervis Bay region due to a large 

tropical component; and (iii) Scottish Rocks because 

of a diverse and anomalous algal flora and very rich 

invertebrate fauna. The first two of these sites, on 

Bowen Island, are fully protected from fishing and 

extractive activities. Similar protection is warranted 

for the Scottish Rocks ecosystem. 

Tiger Anemone, Nemanthus annamensis. 

No critical habitat for threatened species or 

syngnathids was identified within the marine section 

of Booderee National Park. SPRAT species known to 

occur within Booderee waters are either transient 

within the Park (e.g. green sea turtle and grey nurse 

shark) or have wide ranges so that only a minor 

proportion of the total population occurs within the 

Park (e.g. big-bellied sea horse). 

A high priority should be a future survey of 

introduced marine species. During the present 

survey, a sabellid polychaete that is almost certainly 

the introduced worm, Myxicola infundibulum, was 

observed near Murray’s Ramp. The European shore 

crab (Carcinus maenas) has also been recorded from 

Jervis Bay waters (CSIRO 1994). Introduced species 

have the potential to affect local populations, 

adversely changing patterns of biodiversity. 

For any such survey for introduced marine pests, 

protocols established by the CSIRO Centre for 

Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) 

(Hewitt et al. 1999) are strongly recommended. 

Targeting of invasive species most likely to occur in 

the Bay and habitat types that are most frequently 

invaded would be most useful. Such a survey would 

be most effective if undertaken as a broader study 

of the whole of Jervis Bay in collaboration with NSW 

management authorities.

Eastern Blue Groper, Achoerodus viridis. 

Recommendations 

• Ongoing monitoring of intertidal, reef, and 

seagrass communities in order to assess viability 

of marine biodiversity and the magnitude of 

threats affecting population numbers. Preferably 

at two-yearly intervals and following the 

methods used in this survey and outlined in this 

report. 

• Enact mitigation measures if significant 

changes in abundance or species composition 

are detected and the likely cause is human 

disturbance. Measures may include signage; 

the creation of sanctuary zones where resource 

extraction, including fishing, is prohibited; 

temporary or permanent exclusion zones; and 

continuation of prohibitions on anchoring. 

• Regular habitat mapping of seagrass beds, on 

which fish biodiversity of soft-sediment habitats 

is contingent. An appropriate mapping interval 

is five years. 

• Creation of a fishing-free sanctuary zone over 

the marine and intertidal habitats within 500 m 

of Scottish Rocks. 

• A survey, using CRIMP protocols, to quantify 

the composition, density and distribution 

of introduced species within Jervis Bay 

waters, including Booderee National Park, be 

undertaken. 

Red Indianfish, Pataecus fronto. 

19

20 

References 

Aquenal (2004) Survey of marine biodiversity in 

Booderee National Park waters: report on results 

of field surveys May - June 2004. Aquenal Pty Ltd, 

Hobart, Australia. 

Barrett, N.S., Edgar, G.J. & Morton, A.J. (2002) A 

baseline survey for ecosystem monitoring in the 

Jervis Bay Marine Park. Tasmanian Aquaculture and 

Fisheries Internal Report, 1-39. 

Carr, M.R. (1996) PRIMER User Manual. Plymouth 

Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research. 

Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK. 

Clarke, K.R. (1993) Non-parametric multivariate 

analyses of changes in community structure. 

Australian Journal of Ecology 18, 117-143. 

CSIRO (1994). Jervis Bay Baseline Studies, Final 

Report, May 1994. Vols. 1-3. 

Edgar, G.J. (2000) Australian Marine Life: the plants 

and animals of temperate waters. New Holland 

Publishers, Sydney. 

Edgar, G.J. & Barrett, N.S. (1999) Effects of the 

declaration of marine reserves on Tasmanian reef 

fish, invertebrates and plants. Journal of Experimental 

Marine Biology and Ecology 242, 107-144. 

Edgar, G.J. & Shaw, C. (1995) The production and 

trophic ecology of shallow-water fish assemblages 

in southern Australia. I. Species richness, sizestructure 

and production of fish in Western Port, 

Victoria. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and 

Ecology 194, 53-81. 

Faith, D.P., Minchin, P.R. & Belbin, L. (1987). 

Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of 

ecological distance. Vegetatio 69, 57-68. 

Ferrell, D.J., Worthington, D.G., McNeill, S.E. & 

Bell, J.D. (1992) Jervis Bay Marine Ecology Study, 

Final Report - Project 3: Assemblages of fish and 

macroinvertebrates associated with seagrass. NSW 

Fisheries Research Institute, Cronulla, NSW. 

Cave Beach headland. 

Hewitt, C.L., Campbell, M.L., Thresher, R.E. & 

Martin, R.B. (1999). Marine Biological Invasions of 

Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Centre for Research on 

Introduced Marine Pests. Technical Report No.20. 

CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart. 344 pp. 

Larkum, A.W.D., McComb, A.J. & Shepherd, S.A. 

(1989). Biology of Seagrasses: a treatise on the 

biology of seagrasses with special reference to the 

Australian region. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 

Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (1994) Sharks and Rays 

of Australia. CSIRO Division of Fisheries, Hobart, 

Tasmania, Australia. 

Lincoln Smith, M.P., Hair, C.A. & Bell, J.D. (1992) 

Jervis Bay Marine Ecology Study, Final Report 

- Project 4: Fish associated with natural rocky reefs 

and artificial breakwaters. NSW Fisheries Research 

Institute, Cronulla, NSW. 

Underwood, A. J. & Atkinson M. H. (1995) Rocky 

intertidal and subtidal habitats in Jervis Bay. In, Jervis 

Bay: a cultural, scientific and educational resource, 

edited by G. Cho, A. Georges & R. Stoutjesdijk, 

Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, 

Canberra, pp. 123-132. 

Walker, D.I. & McComb, A.J. (1992). Seagrass 

degradation in Australian coastal waters. Marine. 

Pollution Buletin. 25, 191-195. 

West, R.J. (1983). The seagrasses of New South 

Wales Estuaries and embayments. Wetlands 

(Australia) 3, 34-44.

Appendices 

Appendix 1: Species Lists 

Fish species recorded by quantitative survey in Booderee National Park 

Abudefduf vaigiensis 

Acanthaluteres vittiger 

Acanthapagrus australis 

Acanthistius ocellatus 

Acanthurus nigrofuscus 

Acanthurus olivaceus 

Achoerodus viridis 

Anampses caeruleopunctatus 

Anampses femininus 

Anampses geographicus 

Anoplocapros inermis 

Aploactisoma milesii 

Apogon aureus 

Apogon limenus 

Arothron hispidis 

Arripis trutta 

Aspasmogaster costata 

Aspidontus dussumieri 

Asymbolus analis 

Atypichthys strigatus 

Aulopus purpurissatus 

Austrolabrus maculatus 

Brachaluteres jacksonianus 

Canthigaster callisterna 

Caranx dentex 

Chaetodon flavirostris 

Chaetodon guntheri 

Chaetodon kleinii 

Cheilodactylus fuscus 

Cheilodactylus vestitus 

Chelmonops truncatus 

Chironemus marmoratus 

Chromis cyanea 

Chromis flavomaculata 

Chromis hypsilepis 

Chromis nitida 

Chrysophrys auratus 

Cirrhitichthys aprinus 

Cnidoglanis macrocephalus 

Coris picta 

Coris sandageri 

Crinodus lophodon 

Cristiceps australis 

Dactylophora nigricans 

Dicotylichthys punctulatus 

Dinolestes lewini 

Diodon nichthemerus 

Enoplosus armatus 

Eocallionymus papilio 

Eubalichthys bucephalus 

Eubalichthys mosaicus 

Eupetrichthys angustipes 

Gerres subfasciatus 

Girella elevata 

Girella tricuspidata 

Girella zebra 

Glyptauchen panduratus 

Gymnothorax prasinus 

Haletta semifasciata 

Halichoeres hartzfeldi 

Halichoeres nebulosus 

Heteroclinus tristis 

Heteroclinus whiteleggei 

Heterodontus portusjacksoni 

Hippocampus abdominalis 

Hypnos monopterygium 

Hypoplectrodes annulatus 

Hypoplectrodes maccullochi 

Hypoplectrodes nigroruber 

Hyporhamphus australis 

Istigobius hoesei 

Kyphosus sydneyanus 

Labroides dimidiatus 

Latridopsis forsteri 

Latropiscis purpurissatus 

Leptojulis cyanopleura 

Lotella rhacina 

Macropharyngodon 

?negrosensis 

Mecaenichthys immaculatus 

Meuschenia flavolineata 

Meuschenia freycineti 

Meuschenia trachylepis 

Meuschenia venusta 

Microcanthus strigatus 

Monodactylus argenteus 

Myxus elongatus 

Naso unicornis 

Nelusetta ayraudi 

Nemadactylus douglasi 

Neoodax balteatus 

Nesogobius pulchellus 

Notolabrus gymnogenis 

Notolabrus inscriptus 

Odax acroptilus 

Odax cyanomelas 

Ophthalmolepis lineolata 

Optivus elongatus 

Orectolobus maculatus 

Paracaesio xanthura 

Paramonacanthus otisensis 

Parapercis ramsayi 

Paraploactis trachyderma 

Parma microlepis 

Parma polylepis 

21

22 

Fish species recorded by quantitative survey in Jervis Bay (not Booderee National Park) 

Amphichaetodon howensis 

Aptychotrema rostrata 

Aracana ornata 

Asymbolus analis 

Aulopus purpurissatus 

Brachaelurus waddi 

Brachaluteres jacksonianus 

Caesioperca lepidoptera 

Canthigaster valentini 

Carangoides orthogrammus 

Carcharias taurus 

Chaetodon guntheri 

Cheilodactylus nigripes 

Chromis margaritifer 

Chrysiptera flavipinnis 

Cleidopus gloriamaris 

Cristiceps aurantiacus 

Cristiceps australis 

Dasyatis brevicaudata 

Dasyatis thetidis 

Dotalabrus aurantiacus 

Genypterus tigerinus 

Heraldia nocturna 

Heteroclinus perspicillatus 

Heterodontus portusjacksoni 

Hypoplectrodes annulatus 

Lactoria cornuta 

Leptojulis interrupta 

Melambaphes zebra 

Neosebastes scorpaenoides 

Norfolkia clarkei 

Ostracion cubicus 

Ostracion melagris 

Parachaetodon ocellatus 

Paraplesiops bleekeri 

Parapriacanthus elongatus 

Parika scaber 

Parupeneus pleurostigma 

Pentaceropsis recurvirostris 

Petroscirtes lupus 

Phyllopteryx taeniolatus 

Pseudanthias squamipinnis 

Pseudanthius cooperi 

Pseudophycis barbata 

Ptereleopis sp 

Pterocaesio digramma 

Pteroscirtes fallax 

Sillago ciliata 

Siphonognathus attenuatus 

Siphonognathus tanyourus 

Squatina australis 

Stegastes gascoynei 

Suezichthys aylingi 

Synodus variegatus 

Tetractenos glaber 

Thalassoma amblycephalum 

Threpterius maculosus 

Torquigener pleurogramma 

Torquigener squamicauda 

Trachinocephalus myops 

Trachurus declivis 

Trygonorrhina fasciata 

Uniophora granifera 

Urolophus cruciatus 

Urolophus paucimaculatus 

Urolophus testacea 

Zanclus cornutus 

Invertebrate species recorded by quantitative survey in Booderee National Park 

Amblypneustes sp. 

Astralium squamiferum 

Astralium tentoriformis 

Cabestana spengleri 

Cenolia trichoptera 

Centrostephanus rodgersii 

Charonia lampas 

Cnemidocarpa pedata 

Comanthus trichoptera 

Cymatium parthenopeum 

Cymbiola magnifica 

Dicathais orbita 

Heliocidaris erythrogramma 

Herdmania momus 

Holopneustes pycnotilus 

Jasus verreauxi 

Patella alticostata 

Octopus tetricus 

Patella chapmani 

Phyllacanthus parvispinus 

Plagusia chabrus 

Plectaster decanus 

Pseudoboletia indiana 

Pyura spinifera 

Ranella australasia 

Sassia parkinsonia 

Scutus antipodes 

Sepia apama 

Strombus luhuanus 

Tripneustes gratilla 

Turbo torquatus

Invertebrate species recorded by quantitative survey in Jervis Bay (not Booderee National Park) 

Agnewia tritoniformis 

Aplysia sp. 

Argobuccinium vexillum 

Asterodiscides truncatus 

Cabestana tabulata 

Charonia rubicunda 

Chicoreus denudatus 

Coscinasterias muricata 

Echinometra mathae 

Amphiroa anceps 

Arthrocardia wardi 

Caulerpa geminata 

Caulocystis cephalornithos 

Codium cuneatum 

Codium spp. 

Corallina officinalis 

Cystophora expansa 

Cystophora monilifera 

Cystophora moniliformis 

Fromia polypora 

Haliotis rubra 

Heliocidaris tuberculata 

Holopneustes inflatus 

Mayena australis 

Mitra glabra 

Nectocarcinus tuberculatus 

Nectria ocellata 

Penion mandarinus 

Pentagonaster dubeni 

Petricia vernicina 

Polycarpa viridis 

Pyura australis 

Sepia mestus 

Sepia plangon 

Stichopus mollis 

Trizopagurus strigimanus 

Marine plant species recorded by quantitative surveys in Booderee National Park 

Acrocarpia paniculata 

Asparagopsis spp. 

Ballia callitricha 

Caulerpa cactoides 

Caulerpa flexilis 

Codium fragile 

Codium lucasi 

Cystophora retroflexa 

Cystophora spp. 

Dictyopteris acrostichoides 

Dictyopteris muelleri 

Dictyota dichotoma 

Dilophus marginatus 

Ecklonia radiata 

Gracilaria secundata 

Haliptalon roseum 

Halophila australis 

Halophila ovata 

Hemineura frondosa 

Heterozostera tasmanica 

Jania spp. 

Laurencia spp. 

Lobophora variegata 

Padina sp. 

Phyllospora comosa 

Plocamium cartilagineum 

Posidonia australis 

Sargassum lacerifolium 

Sargassum linearifolium 

Sargassum spinuligerum 

Marine plant species recorded by quantitative surveys in Jervis Bay (not Booderee National Park) 

Dictyopteris australis 

Dictyopteris spp. 

Distromium flabellatum 

Erythroclonium spp. 

Gelidium spp 

Halopteris spp. 

Lobospira bicuspidata 

Peyssonelia novaehollandiae 

Plocamium angustum 

Sargassum fallax 

Sargassum verruculosum 

Solieria robusta 

Sonderopelta coriacea 

Taonia australascia 

Ulva spp. 

Zonaria angustata 

Zonaria diesingiana 

Zostera capricorni 

23

24 

Appendix 2: 

MDS Analysis output 

Intertidal MDS analysis 

MDS analysis of intertidal species data pooled across transects 

Seagrass and Sand Habitat MDS Analysis 

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MDS analysis of pooled seine species data 

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