“A question of not wasting spent personpower”By Peter KokhMaking the most of energy and personnel will be veryimportant anywhere on the space frontier where existence mustbe eked out in barren surroundings untransformed by eons ofliving predecessors. Support from Earth will be dear, no matterto what cost/per kilogram launch expenses fall. To waste noimport crumb, to put to best use every scheduled productivehour, to get the most out of the talents of available personnel, itwill be vitally important to keep track of things of which weare by habit oblivious in our terrestrial “business as usual”. Thesettlement with the cavalier attitude towards loose ends willfail. The one that ties up those loose ends in bonus bouquetswill thrive.What is needed is a hyper-organized or multi-dimensionalmatrix type data base in which the settlement can keeptrack of every gram of reject and byproduct and waste in everycategory of material from all its industries and enterprises. Anyenterprise would be able to access this resource bank and findout which of its needs is available, where, and for how much.Any discarded material has already had work done on it - ifonly the sorting, and putting that expended work to profitableuse, instead of losing it in a default waste regime, will enhanceby that much the net productivity of the community.Relatively unprocessed tailings, partially processedslag, fully processed reject material; solids, liquids, gasses,even waste heat: these are all things worth keeping track of ifone wants a leg up on the formidable odds against success ofthe settlement. Such items can then be banked where producedor moved along specific routing channels to some surpluscommodities exchange warehouse. Purchases can be direct twoparty affairs or mediated by the utility as a special broker.Using “partially cycled” or “precycled” items makesas much economic sense as using “recycled” ones. It keepsdown the cost of manufacturing new goods, can be the sourceof new enterprises, and helps minimize the material impactupon, and disturbance of, the host terrain, thereby stretchingresources that future generations will need as well.An “Encyclobin” Utility would be a publicly regulatedenterprise to keep track of all such items and chargedwith facilitating their fuller use as potential resources. Bykeeping track of byproducts unwanted by each producer, it willhelp inform the “right hand” of what the “left hand” is“bydoing” so to speak. Personal talents, expertise, andexperience ought also to be listed for help in putting togetherteams for new projects. Encyclobin would serve as a finderservice, for which there would be a fee to help maintain andgrow the system.The University might run such a system to bestcategorize everything, trace potential connections, and suggestnovel applications to enterprise. Waste not, want not!<strong>MMM</strong> #67 - JUL 1993What if the Moon’s “Lost Lakes” are Dry?[L] There is now some strongcircumstantial evidence thatpolar ‘permashade’ ‘coldtraps’ do not hold significantreserves of water ice, any icelong ago sublimated.[R] Yet the Moon’s water glass is 89% full. Asmuch water as we could dream of — 8/9ths of itis already there in the oxygen bound up in theregolith sands. “Dry water” to be sure. And onlya relative ‘puddle’ of wetting hydrogen is to behad from the same source. How to industrialize adry Moon?Hydrogen: The “Water-Maker”Lunar Industrialization: Part IV by Peter KokhLUNAR POLAR ICE FIELD RESERVES.- NOT ?The ‘88-’91 drive to design, fund, build and flyLunar Prospector and the current drive to get Congress topass the Lunar Resources Data Purchases Act have bothbeen hyped on the possibility of finding lunar polar permashadeice fields, hopefully extensive enough to “fuel” early andaccelerated utilization of Lunar resources, and thereby jumpstart a spacefaring civilization. Even if the results are negativeand lunar “cold traps” are dry, we still need both Probe and Actto put together a global geochemical map of lunar resourcesupon which to base alternative plans for economicdevelopment.And dry they probably are. Francis Graham who firstsuggested the method by which episodic increases in the incidenceof cometary impacts on the Moon could lead to coldtrappingof significant volatile reserves, is very pessimistic.The suggested mechanism may have actually worked to storeup water ice and clathrates, water and carbon oxide ices mixedalong with other frozen volatiles. But the point is that “lossmechanisms” must also have been at work, inexorablyvaporizing and dissipating any temporary deposits. While the“Sun doesn’t shine” over lunar polar permashade craters, theSolar Wind and Cosmic Rays share no such inhibitions. If atvarious times in Lunar history, polar ice fields have existed -Moon Miners’ Manifesto <strong>Classics</strong> - <strong>Year</strong> 7 - Republished January 2006 - Page 44
for a while - all the evidence today is that there are none now.First, a test that is relatively easy to do from Earth,and has been done by Graham, is to search for a sodium vaporcloud over the lunar poles. If cometary volatiles were preservedthere, they would include sodium compounds which would beslowly eroded by Solar Wind and Cosmic Rays to leave anever dissipating but constantly renewed sodium vapor cloud.This is not present, at least above any density threshold thatwould indicate economically significant amounts of water ice.Then Galileo, on its 2nd momentum-boosting passthrough the Earth-Moon system, looked down over the lunarnorth pole and found - nothing. Diehards still hope, but a LasVegas bookie would offer very high odds against an ice find.We still need to field a Lunar Polar Orbiter with a gamma rayspectrometer for geochemical mapping. But time is awasting ifwe postpone work on alternate plans to industrialize the Moonwhile we wait upon results probably not forthcoming.Why then, you ask, does there seem to be a surprisinglyextensive polar ice cap on Mercury, so much closer to thesearing heat of the Sun, and not a similar one on the Moon?First we must mention that this “discovery on Mercury” is stillin dispute. But let us suppose it will be confirmed bycorroborating, less circumstantial evidence. The question thenremains, why much hotter Mercury and not the colder Moon?Overlook the relative proximity to the Sun for amoment, and look at the other factors in play. 1) Mercury hasten times the Moon’s mass, therefore a deeper, more voraciousgravity well with which to entice comets and cometary fragmentswhich wander to close to its Charybdian maw. 2) Due totidal “locking” effects so close to the Sun, Mercury’s day-nightcycle is 6 times as long as the Moon’s. This long wait fromsunset to sunrise coupled with Mercury’s twice as great surfacegravity would allow a significantly greater fraction of cometaryvolatiles vaporized on nightside impacts to reach and freeze outover polar cold trap areas before the Sun next rose. So even ifthe loss mechanisms are the same, Mercury should attract andstore much greater water ice and other volatile reserves tobegin with, and unlike the case for the Moon, probably at a ratehigh enough to overwhelm steady erosion.But what if there is some lunar polar ice?If, against the odds, some precious dust-coverpreservedice ponds are found at one or both lunar poles, fulldevelopment (which to paraphrase a proverb “cannot live byice alone”) will demand settlements elsewhere on the Moon,not just in the “Ice Fields”. If in the north, a probably largercompanion town might be sited amid mixed mare-highlandsoils revealed by Galileo north of Mare Frigoris, there to betteraccess “the rest of lunar resources”. If in the south, a similarmare-highland soil interface site would need to be exploited.And if there is indeed none?Whether or not we successfully engineer (thermo-)nuclear fusion power plants and begin large scale Helium-3harvesting would be critical. Helium-3 is not a solitary lunarendowment. Along with it, the Solar Wind buffeting the Moonfor billions of years has deposited much greater amounts ofhydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and garden variety helium-4.These could be efficiently harvested as byproducts. It has beenestimated that with enough 3He to fuel all the fusion plantsneeded to provide all the electricity the U.S. uses every year,enough H, C, N could be milked from the regolith soils in theprocess to fill all the needs of a settlement town of 25,000.Meanwhile, there is a consolation prize to the dryMoon - there are no floods, sudden downpours, no freeze-thawcycles, no hydrostatic soil pressures to plague builders. In thatrespect, the Moon is an easy place to build.MISSION DIFFICULT: Supply Enough Water toa Parched World to enable it to Grow and Thrive.By Peter KokhWhat if we can’t engineer fusion plants to burn LunarHelium-3? Where do we get the hydrogen to mate withLunar Oxygen to make needed water?No matter what the size of proposed lunar settlements,no matter how efficiently we design their industries and farmsto work, we will need relatively large amounts of water. Forjust the biosphere alone, if we are to mimic human to biomassto water ratios that work on Earth, we are talking lots of water.As for industry, we’ve never had to do without abundant water,and learning to do so could be a damper on growth. Though ifwe anticipate the need to learn such new tricks, the spin-offsfor dry and desertifying regions of Earth could be significant.Yes, we do already have 8/9ths (89%) of all the waterwe could ever want on the Moon, in the dry component ofoxygen chemically bound up in lunar rocks and soils. But thewet “water-making” component of hydrogen is a vanishingtrace in lunar “topsoils” by comparison. With any amount ofregolith moving operations, in building, road-making, and soilsifting for agricultural use, we will get some little hydrogen.But without extensive Helium-3 harvesting, this will not beenough to sustain a thriving operation. The same goes for theother life-critical and industrially necessary volatiles, carbonand nitrogen. So what are our options. First questions first.Do we import Water(-ice) or just HydrogenThe initial outpost, prior to on site lunar oxygenproduction coming on line, will need to import water, not justwater-making hydrogen. Once we can produce enough oxygento mate with Earth-sourced hydrogen to meet our water needs,the operative question is “how much (energy) does it cost toship H20 instead of H2 alone” - versus “how much (energy andamortized capital equipment) does it cost to free O2 from rock”.On the one hand we have a liquid fuel expenditure onEarth. On the other we have limitless free available SolarPower on the Moon - once the necessary capital equipmentboth to extract the oxygen and to make solar panels is in place.The solution to this equation may change over time.As soon as the outpost or settlement reaches a certaincritical size, it will make far more sense to import justhydrogen. But both since hydrogen is relatively difficult tostore and handle in the pure state, and since we also will needMoon Miners’ Manifesto <strong>Classics</strong> - <strong>Year</strong> 7 - Republished January 2006 - Page 45
- Page 1 and 2: MMM ClassicsThe First Ten YearsYear
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- Page 14 and 15: InnerSolarSystemTradeRoutesby Peter
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