The Portland Loo specification fact sheet

THE PORTLAND LOO SPECIFICATIONSRESTROOMANGLEDLOUVERSENSUREPRIVACYSECUREMECHANICSHANDWASHFACILITYON THEOUTSIDEA public spacerestroomavailable 24/7DURABLEANDEASYTOCLEANSOLARPOWEROPTIONART ORADVERTISINGDOORPANELNATURALLIGHTROOMFOR ABICYCLEORSTROLLERSIMPLEINSTALLATION

INNOVATIVE PUBLIC RESTROOMSDESIGNED TO BE DURABLE IN AN URBAN SETTING• Heavy-gauge stainless steel is powder-coated to resistvandalism and graffiti• Louvered panels allow for community surveillance• Recessed interior and exterior LED lights• Powered by electricity or solar panels• Entry and fixtures are ADA-compliantDESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FEATURES• 10’7”long x 6’wide x 10’8”tall• Approximately 6,000 pounds• Wall panels, doors, and roof are 1/4”thick, 304-gradestainless steel• Louvered panels at top and bottom• Commercial-grade toilet fixtures• Heavy-duty Stanley BEST® Access Systems door hardware• Surfaces finished with powder-coated, graffiti-proof coating• Lighting and heating fixtures are energy-efficient• Automatic lighting system with photo-eye and motion-sensor• Additional lighting from skylight• Hand-washing and water station on exterior of unitELECTRICAL OR SOLAR·POWERED OPTIONS24-volt DC power operation for lights, heat trace, andcontrol circuits housed in NEMA-approved enclosurepowered by solar panel system or optional 110-voltAC line-powered optionSolar Power Features• Three 190-Watt solar panels (570 Watts total output)• Outback Power® FLEXmax 60-amp solar charger withsmart charge controls and data jogging• Two deep-cycle batteries designed for four days ofautonomy when fully chargedElectrical Power Features• 24-volt energy-efficent interior and exterior LED lighting• 24-volt, 30-Watt heat trace integrated with toilet andplumbing systems• Power usage less than 60 Watts at full operationMAINTENANCE FEATURES• Rear utility cabinet houses solar or electrical andplumbing controls• Maintenance hose bibb for daily cleaningINSTALLATION• Footing design provides dimensions, rebar size,and layout• Factory-provided metal template for anchorbolt layout is aligned with 4”sanitary sewerpipe for fast, accurate installation of base platecolumn mountsFABRICATION and DELIVERYThe Portland Loo is fabricated in Portland,Oregon, by Madden Fabrication.The Loo comesfully tested and assembled from the factory. TheLoo and its metal flooring panel are delivered asone piece and shipped with a metal brace thatcan be removed easily after installation.WARRANTY PERIODThe Portland Loo has a warranty period ofone year, given normal use and care. Whena component of the Loo has a manufacturer’swarranty that is longer than one year, themanufacturer’s warranty will be honored.CUSTOMIZATIONThe Portland Loo can be customized to fit the site.The door can hinge on the right or left, the washstand can be located on the left or right side ofthe panel, advertising and art frames can beadded to the exterior walls, and the powersource can be specified as solar powered or110-volt AC line powered.PRICINGPortland Loo pricing is available upon request.A discount may be available for orders of threeor more Loos.The price does not include costsor fees for shipping, installation, permitting, orother fees.Questions and Pricing InformationScott Turpen, 503-823-7104Scott.Turpen@portlandoregon.govwww.portlandloo.comBS 1205 27 Aug 2012

Emerson's School Administrator, Tara O'Neil, isparticularly excited about the new Loo location:"Being on the North Park Blocks, our school is very urban.Before the Loo installation, teachers would regularly need toreport biohazards on the playground, we'd also have strangersknocking on our school doors asking to use our restroom,and our parking lot was often confused with a urinal. We arereally grateful that our students/teachers won't be faced withthat issue. Plus, the artwork by the students on the Couch Loois just fabulous!"PORTLAND LOO LOCATIONS0 NWGiisonStr..t,botwetnNWSihaod61hA.....,(ntOr Grrytuxn/ Bus Stlltion)0 NWJohnsonandNW1\thAvt ... )olmlsoo Squa ..Q NW Couch Sllftl andHW8thstreetSkip to the LooWhen you're on the playgroundWhat can you do?If you need a bathroomWhere can you_?Now you have an answerBuilt just for youSkip to the Lao my darling(chorus)Lao, lao, skip to the LaoLao, lao, skip to the LoaLao, lao, skip to the LoaSkip to the Lao my darlingWhen you're in PortlandSkip to the LaoIf you're outside you canSkip to the LaoEven in the rain youSkip to the LaoSkip to the Lao my darling"Designing the door graphic for theNW Couch St. Loo was both fun andchallenging. About 50 individualpieces of beautiful artwork created byEmerson School students needed tobe assembled into one cohesive piece.After a ton of scanning and Photos hopdoodling, I came up with this fancifullandscape of rolling green hills, puffyclouds, and happy flowers."Sarah Fine, Graphic DesignerNew Loo ("Blue Moon" melody)New Loa, you saw me standing aloneWithout a bathroom around,Without a stall of my own.New Lao, you knew just what I was there for,You heard me saying a prayer for,A place I really could care for.New Lao, now I'm no longer alone,Looking for someplace to go,I have a Lao of my own.We have a Lao of our own.Portland Loo website0

Why Portland's Public Toilets SucceededWhere Others FailedThe Atlantic CitiesBy John MetcalfePublished: January 23, 2012A Unlqu.Solution toLo 0 I a UnivmDI Probltm ~"We really looked at Seattle as what not to do;· says Anna DiBenedetto, a staffassistant to city commissioner Randy Leonard, the spiritual godfather of thePortland Loo. "We think it was the design that was the fatal flaw. Trying to becomfortable and private makes people feel more empowered to do the illegalactivities that people do in public toilets:·So in 2006, Commissioner Leonard convened an ultra-elite Loo Squad, featuringace toilet designer Curtis Sanger, to create the perfect privy of the people. Thegroup worked nonstop- although probably not while on the can, as .perfect asthat would be- to forge an interior design that would make tinklers want to getout of there as fast as humanly possible.Two years later, their hard work paid off in the world's first Portland Loo, locatedin the Old Town-Chinatown neighborhood. Despite its location right next to aGreyhound Bus Station, it remains standing to this day:For the residents of Portland, Ore., taking a whizin a public toilet is not just a matter of necessity.It's an act of civic pride.That's because the city is home to the Portland Loo, a unique, patented outdoorbathroom that inspires such worship in its fan base you'd think that Steve Jobshimself had designed it. This adoration comes despite the fact that the 24-hour loowas built to be as inhospitable as possible. This toilet does not want to be loved,but in Portland, it is No. 1 (and, presumably, sometimes No.2 as well).The soulless receptacle for bodily waste has its own blog, Twitter account andFacebook page. When a loo hater set one ablaze last June, Facebook denizensflocked to its defense. "The Portland Loos rock! What other city can boast publicrestrooms that are fire proof. ;)"wrote Laura Mears, while Charlie Clint chimed inwith, "I'm always sending someone to use one of these - and it's great to hear howsturdy they are! (woo hoo):'A Yelp review of a new loo at Jamison Square, titled "Epic win!;' is flush with love. "Iplan on dropping a mean deuce in that thing ASAP," wrote Andrew C.On Jan. 31, Portland officials will christen the city's fifth loo, at NW Couch St. and8th Ave., with an inaugural flush. With inspirational artwork furnished by studentsat the nearby Emerson elementary school, it could be the most popular yet. Buthow did these sleek compartments of metal and plastic, which may smell slightlyof urine, become a cult hit among Portland's bathroom aficionados?Simple: They're not as crappy as other cities' toilets.Take, for instance, San Francisco's self~cleaning outdoor bathrooms. They've beenplagued with maintenance problems since they were installed in 1995. Some don'twork and others have odors that are rumored to rival that of a week-dead buffalo.Then there's Seattle's disastrous deployment of automatic lavatories. The citywould have been better feeding the $5 million it paid for them down the swirlinggullet of a Starbucks commode. The design of the john allowed anybody to lockthe door and turn it into their own private fiefdom.With trash piling up on the floor, the self-cleaning mechanisms became useless. Bythe end of their run, in 2008, even drug addicts had stopped using Seattle's toilets.They eventually wound up at bargain-level prices on eBay.When Portland's pols decided to try their own sidewalk-restroom experiment, theyfirst surveyed the smoking rubble of the West Coast's other outhouses and tookcareful note.The toilet's durability can be chalked up to its defense-first design. "I think onething we have ahead of other toilet designs is that we've learned people liketo do nefarious things" to public lavatories, says DiBenedetto. So the PortlandLoo includes a variety of bells and whistles meant to keep in check the mostdegenerate of bath room users:• No running water inside: "Some people, if they're homeless, use a sink to washtheir laundry;• says DiBenedetto. So there's no sink, just a spigot on the outside thatpours cold water.• No mirror: People tend to smash mirrors. Perhaps even more frequently if there'sno running water within reach.• Bars at the top and bottom of the structure: It may make the water closetlook like a cage for a gorilla, but these apertures have critical importance. Cops canpeep in near the ground to make sure there's no more than one set of feet inside.The openings also help sound flow freely, letting pedestrians hear the gruntsand splashes of the person inside and the person inside hear the footsteps andconversation of pedestrians. Nobody wants to stick around such a toilet for long.·A graffiti-proof coating: No one will be tagging this latrine.·Walls and doors made from heavy-gauge stainless steel: "It's built withthe idea that somebody could take a bat to it;' DiBenedetto says. "And if they diddamage it, we could replace that part:'So far, the most popular activity for malcontents is jamming the flush button,perhaps using some sort of special tool.These PSYOP-worthy features are outlined in U.S. Patent No. D622,408 S, whichLeonard received in the summer of 2010. The toilet has the dubious honor of beingthe city of Portland's first patent.For the first loo, the city paid an estimated S 140,000. The price of subsequent oneshas gone down to about $60,000, with an annual maintenance fee of S 12,000 percommode. Portland recently sold one of its loos to Victoria in British Columbia forjust under S 100,000. It hopes to vend more when the economy recovers.The prospect of Portland Loos appearing on street corners all across America isexciting to DiBenedetto, who's not just a city-paid promoter of the throne, but a· happy user, too."Whenever I have friends in the car and we pass by one, it's like, 'There's the loo!"'she says. "It's cold and really strange inside, and there's a sense of, 'Wow, I'm reallyclose to the sidewalk and people can hear me peeing; but it's really cool:'

'Langley Street Loo' offers reliefaround the clockTimes ColonistVictoria & Vancouver News since 1858by Bill Cleverley, timescolonist.comPublished: November 30, 2011A Unlqut Solution toLo 0 I a Unlrmal Probltm ~City of Victoria workers install a new $90,000 unisex toilet onLangley Street, near the Maritime Museum of B.C. at Bastion Squareon Tuesday Nov. 29,2011. Unlike the city's first freestanding urinal,the new too has a door and it has louvres at the bottom so you cansee it's occupied.Beth Nakamura!The OregonianBastion Square has a new privy.Dubbed the "Langley Street Loo;'the new $90,000, unisex toiletwas expected to be in operation and open to the public by today.The stainless-steel permanent structure will be open 24 hours aday and replaces a portable urinal that was set out on weekendnights."The location on Langley Street is a very busy location for theevening crowd, but also for tourists in the summer. It's an ideallocation;' said Dwayne Kalynchuk, city director of engineering andpublic works."It's fully accessible for people with disabilities in wheelchairs. Ithas a wash station on the exterior, so it's quite a nice unit:'The permanent facility is expected to be more cost effective overthe long term and provide greater accessibility to all users, sevendays a week, than the portable urinals. The ready-to-go stainlesssteel facility was bought from the City of Portland for $90,000.It features solar powered lighting, a unisex toilet, an exteriorhand-washing station and graffiti-proof coating.Portland has installed seven of the washrooms, making slightmodifications with each one, Kalynchuk said. The success of thewashrooms has been attributed to their unique and open design.urination in public spaces such as business doorways- an alltoo-frequentoccurrence after late-night bar closings, especiallyon weekends.The first, a freestanding urinal at Government Street and PandoraAvenue, was installed in 2009 and has been a success.Last year, the city was recognized by the International DowntownAssociation with a Downtown Pinnacle Award for its work indesigning an innovative solution to a common urban issue.Custom designed by Matthew Soules Architecture in Vancouver,the open-air urinal, which cost about $75,000, is surrounded bya curve of green steel poles. There is no door. Because of the waythe poles are arranged, the urinal isn't visible to passersby, but it'spossible to tell if someone is inside.There is a door on the new Langley Street Loo."When you close the door the lights go on on the inside. So thereis a sense of privacy but it has louvres at the bottom so you cansee if somebody is in it."The intent is just to make sure there is nothing untowardoccurring in it. The police can drive by and see if there are peopleinside the facility:'bcleverley@timescolonist.comThe Langley Street Loo will be cleaned four times a day or moreif needed. If the new loo proves to be successful, the city couldconsider adding more washrooms at other downtown locations.It is the second public privy the city has installed to combat

Northwest Portland students open fifthPortland Loo with songs about toilets

In the NewsPress InquiriesContact: Anne HillPhone: (503) 823-4807Email: anne.hill@portlandoregon.govRecent articlesNorthwest Portland students open fifth Portland Loo with songs about toiletsThe Oregonian, January 31, 2012San Diego "Portland Loo" Project to be Delayed Longer than ExpectedEmpower San Diego Blog, December 21,2011'Langley Street Loo' offers relief around the clockTimes Colonist, November 30, 2011Why Portland's Public Toilets Succeeded Where Others FailedAtlantic Cities, January 23, 2012A place to park your butt: Glimpsing the future of the Portland LooPortland Mercury, May 12, 2011Northwest Portland students open fifth Portland Loo with songs about toiletsThe Oregonian, January 31, 2012New Portland Loo Heading to North Park BlocksThe Portland Mercury, January 10, 2012This town needs an enema!Portland Mercury, February 3, 2011City flushes a New Loo in Pearl DistrictPortland Tribune, December, 16, 2010As two more Loos come to Portland, city officials and neighbors call them a successThe Oregonian, November, 12, 2010The Portland Loo Debate: My kingdom for a porcelain throneThe Oregonian, September 13, 2010City says it found right balance of privy privacyDaily Journal of Commerce, August 6, 2009Portland Loo: so far, so good, so more on the wayThe Oregonian, July 12, 2009ToiletsParks & Rec Business, June, 2009Randy Leonard: City should get in the Loo bizKATU, December 8, 2008A Uniqut So/uffon toLo 0 I a Un~Tltll Problem ''""The Loos continue to demonstratethe success of our efforts, boostingcleaner neighborhoods and essentialfacilities to meet the most basic humanneeds 24 hours a day."Parr/and Commissioner Randy Leonard"The Langley Street Loo is in a verybusy location for the evening crowd,but also for tourists in the summer.It's fully accessible for people withdisabilities in wheelchairs .... it'squite a nice unit."Dwayne Kalynchuk, City of Victoria, BC,Director of Engineering and Public Works"Hoving a public restroom downtownhas definitely alleviated someof the weight of accommodatingnon-diners in the area."Anna Josephson , Park Kitchengeneral manager"Overall, the Portland Loa providesan upscale alternative to the moredrab uninspired public restroom ....And yes, with all that space inside,it's family-friendly. A stroller (or bike)would fit in easily."Mike Vogel, citizen"We are never going to stop everything,but it's on added advantageto be able to see what's going on(in the Portland Loa)."Detective Mary Wheat,Portland Police Bureau"''ve been working in the neighborhoodsince 7972, and more publicrestrooms has been on the agenda ...over the decodes. And to fmally getone, I mean, wow!"Genny Nelson, Sisters of the Road02/20 12

.0 , ''Portland Loo: Case for health and well-being in our communitiesHow street toilets foster health, fitness and active transportationfor presentation at the49 1 h International Making Cities Livable ConferencePortland, Oregon May 20-24, 2012Carol McCrearyPublic Hygiene Lets Us Stay Human (PHLUSH)115 SWAsh St. #400GPortland, Oregon 97204www.phlush.org

,IIntroductionFor too long North American public toilet facilities have remained on the margins of serviceprovision and urban design. Local governments have been reluctant to provide them andmany people have been reluctant to use them. Now with increasing demand for welcomingurban spac·es, mass transit, and walkable streets that encourage healthy living, active agingand childhood fitness, there appears to be new interest in public restrooms. Public restroomsconfirm and humanize the commons. Their availability fosters health, fitness, pedestrian andbicycle commuting, and mass transit ridership.Since most existing facilities were designed to meet the needs of mid 20th century society,they simply don't work today. The PortlandLoo, however, illustrates how free standingtoilet structures allow communities to push thelimits of innovation in materials and energyuse, water and waste recycling, code revision,gender-inclusiveness and CPTED (CrimePrevention through Environmental Design). In2006, Portland City Commissioner RandyLeonard led a group that designed and patentedthis 1 O'x 6,' ADA-compliant, urban toilet thatconnects to sewer and water in the right-ofway.Since installation of the first unit in late2008, the Portland Loo has been has beengreeted with growing enthusiasm byneighboring businesses and residents. Arecently established Portland hallmark, the Loohas delighted out-of-town visitors and attractedthe attention of authorities in other citesseeking to make their downtowns morewelcoming and livable.This inquiry into safe, easy-to-maintain toiletfacilities that promote health and activetransportation looks at concepts of space, CPTED, and the involvement of communitymembers. It then proposes a series of guidelines for building toilets into shared urban spaceiand shows how each is illustrated in the Portland Loo.Considering Toilets and Space"Public toilet" is an oxymoron. In essence, the most private of human behaviors must beprovided for in the public commons.Public, semi-public and private spaces normally call for different kinds of behavior andinteraction. What is fitting in each may change from one decade to the next. Hemlines rise,necklines fall. Whether language, topics of conversation, or the ways we show affection,what is considered appropriate in different types of space continues to evolve. This isreflected in the media: before the 1970s not even matrimonial sex occurred in television3

edrooms and human activity in bathrooms is still taboo, although Archie Bunker is creditedwith television's first toilet flush.iiSpace can also be gendered, exclusive to males or to females, or welcoming to everyone.North America's barbershops, hair salons, college dormitories, gymnasiums, hot tubs andsaunas that were gender-specific in the 1950s have by and large become gender neutral.Restrooms, however, havepersisted as the most genderedof spaces. Inherent in men'srooms and women's rooms is abinary designation of spacethat has all but disappeared inother areas of the public realm.The basic layout of open spaceurban restrooms has barelychanged since the 1950s, whenfacilities were designed for themiddle-class-suburban-dadmom-and-kids-in-acar type offamily. Gender-prescribedrestrooms continue to functionwith inadequate considerationofthe dynamics of. ill ,contemporary society.Consequently, a variety of individuals are ill-served by facilities normally found in sharedurban space:• The father whose 5-year-old daughter need.s a bathroom.• The female caregiver taking a man in a wheelchair on an outing.• The gender-questioning teenager who must choose which "side" is safer.• The restroom cleaner who must close down half of the premises each shift.• People waiting for the cleaner to finish cleaning.• People waiting in line, generally for the women's room.• People whose various toilet needs require more privacy.• People whose gender does not conform to expectations of other restroom users.• People whose medical conditions make them vulnerable to curiosity or bullying.• People with paruesis or irritable bowel disease, diabetics who must inject insulin, andthose who need to change an ostomy bag or a continence pad.• Members of any minority group who face discrimination that can escalate intoharassment or violence.In order to inform the design of safe public toilet spaces, it is helpful to overlay thepublic/private and gendered/gender-neutral space continua. Defecation is and probably willremain the most intensely private of human acts. Urination is also likely to stay a very privateact for most women and some men. If public toilet stalls where people perform these actionsare appropriately private, the gender continuum need not apply. In our view, well-designedprivate toilet stalls are unisex, thus inherently gender-neutral.4

As for other functions of the washroom, however, much has changed in the past 50 or 60years. Most people no longer object to hand washing, hair combing, limited self-grooming, orchanging a baby's diaper in the presence of opposite sex strangers. Some may be nostalgicfor the department store ladies lounge, which effectively kept women from smoking inpublic. But for twenty- and thirty-somethings who have grown up with co-ed universitydormitories, gender-neutral spaces are the norm.ivHuman rights laws in many cities now specifically protect people from discrimination on thebasis of gender identity or expression. New York's Sylvia Rivera Law Project states, "..ifforany reason you are being denied access to services or accommodations you need on the basisof your gender identity or expression, you are now protected by the law." v Urban plannersand city authorities need to pay attention to these equity issues.Designing out Crime and VandalismThe goal of Crime Prevention through EnvironmentalDesign vi, or CPTED (pronounced "sep-ted") is toreduce specific crimes (and fear of them) bymanipulating environmental variables. CPTED is nota prescriptive set of principles but rather a creativeinquiry into the design and management of humanactivities. It is a holistic and cross-disciplinecollaboration among architects, developers and crimeprevention specialists. It anticipates and designs outsecurity problems and safety vulnerabilities from thestart.CPTED owes a debt to Jane Jacobs whose writingsabout her Greenwich Village neighborhood in theearly 1960s explore the relationship between urbandesign and crime. In The Death and Life of GreatAmerican Cities, Jacobs advocated vibrantneighborhoods that had "eyes on the street" and crimereduction features that also enhanced the beauty andlivability of the overall environment. The term CrimePrevention Through Environmental Design originated with C. Ray Jeffery in his 1971 bookof that title. The 1972 work Defensible Space by architect Oscar Newman advanced thediscussion. vii The fullest elaboration of CPTED is in the work of criminologist TimothyCrowe in the 1990s.viii CPTED has slowly found its way into local design review ordinancesand building codes. Florida leads the US states in adoption of CPTED frameworks at the stateand local level. Canada has embraced the concept in most provinces and large cities. Forexample, the police in Vancouver, British Columbia have participated in decisions regardingurban planning and design for many years.CPTED relies on natural, intuitive approaches. Both potential offenders and bona fide userspick up on environmental clues that tell them, "This is a safe place," or "This place isn't" andact accordingly. The two key overlapping design concepts are "natural access control" and"natural surveillance", for which we prefer to substitute the term "surveillability".ix Naturalaccess control defies space in ways that "create perceptions of risk in offenders."x .Naturalsurveillability facilitates observation so that users can see and intruders can be seen. It is5

achieved by improving sightlines, strategically placing windows, eliminating blind comers,and adding activity centers of some kind. Natural approaches to access control may besupplemented with organized means - guards, attendants, maintenance personnel, or citizenpatrols, - and mechanical means - locks, fences, or remotely triggered lighting or cameras. xiInvolving Stakeholders and Users"To change the toilets," writes British professor Clara Greed, "we need to change theprofessional culture of toilet providers."xii The author of Inclusive Urban Design: PublicToilets,xiii Greed says the male-led professions of planning, architecture and construction findpublic toilet work embarrassing, hold misleading assumptions about users, and are focusedon structural and technical issues rather than health, ergonomics, equity, livability, and socialneeds.A CPTED-oriented community design process is the route to improved facility design. Thepractice of CPTED empowers citizens to contribute to community safety by examining therelationship of the environment to human behavior and crime. Crowe is very clear thatprofessionals cannot do the job alone.For CPTED to be a success, it must be understandable and practical for thenormal users of the space. That is, the normal residents of a neighborhood andthe people who work in buildings or commercial areas must be able to use theseconcepts. Why? Because these people know more about what is going on in thatenvironment and they have a vested interest (their own well-being) in ensuringtheir immediate environment operates properly. xivCPTED tools must be simple and transparent. Crowe proposes that we analyze space in termsof designation, definition and design. Human space has a designated purpose, has legal,social or cultural defmitions that determine acceptable behavior, and is designed to support orcontrol the desired behavior. In the case of public toilets we might ask questions such as thefollowing.• What is the designated purpose of the structure?• What are the actual uses?• How well does the space support intended uses? Actual uses?• How is the space defmed? Areas within restrooms? Area around restrooms?• How do space definitions and uses for women's rooms differ from those of men'srooms?• How does the physical design support the designated use?• Does the architecture and layout conflict with the designated use?• Does the design enable normalxv users to promote desired behavior, control accessand provide surveillance in a natural way?Additional data to mform the process is supplied through desk research, observation, andusers' surveys. Observation of the site and behavior of actual or future users can be doneunobtrusively. A randomized schedule of short restroom visits allows community researchersto commit to memory and later record data on age, gender, and ethnicity of users, choice ofactivities (urinal and stall use, hand washing, grooming, duration of use (of stalls, of overallfacility), and wait times.6

It's also important to get direct input from users in ways that involve them in decisionmaking.Since there are taboos against "talking toilets" in polite company, informants need atrusting environment in which to share information on preferences or behavior. Whilequestionnaires and structured interviews can lay the ground work, focus groups yield betterinformation. Properly managed by trained facilitators, focus groups allow five to tenindividuals to share time and expertise in exchange for promises of confidentially and modeststipends (or donations from local businesses). To foster frank discussion about publicrestrooms, groups should be homogenous. Categories might include a selection of thefollowing: commuters who walk, cycle and use mass transit, park users, elderly people,parents of toddlers, pregnant or menstruating women, teenagers, children, minorities such asMuslims or Hindusxvi and lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans gender and queer groups. When usingtraditional men's and women's rooms, members of sexual and ethnic minorities mayexperience everything from discomfort and confusion to bullying and violencexvii. As recentresearch attestsxviii, young members of the LBGTQ community are emerging as leaders inpublic restroom designxix as well as in the struggle for human rights and social justice.Integrating Toilets into Shared Urban SpaceUntil cities get public toilet design right, citizenswill not demand new facilities and local authoritieswill continue to close them because of vandalism,crime and perceived threats of internationalterrorism.Neighbors, law enforcement, cleaning specialistsand potential users are acutely aware of what cango wrong with public toilets. The generalperception that public toilets breed bad behavior,accommodate bullying harassment and violenceand are dangerous or disgusting will persist. Asone city official stated to Clara Greed, "The onlygood public toilet is the closed public toilet."xx Tothe extent these sentiments match reality, problemsusually result from poor design.The Portland Loo, a street toilet designed andpatented by the City of Portland Oregon, illustrateshow well-designed toilets are a positive force inurban livability and active transportation. The Looembodies innovative features that meet the needs of the diverse populations of 21st centuryurban America. It is the product of a painstaking process that included periodic CPTED anddesign review reviews, community involvement, and a year-long pilot testing.Below we propose five basic guidelines for building safe toilet design into shared urbanspace and show how the Portland Loo illustrates each.1. Designate, define and design public, semi-public and private space.Public toilet facilities are characterized by public, semi-public and private spaces in closeproximity within and around the structure.xxi The typical "gang-style", gender-specific7

estroom is essentially semi-public- a windowless space with partially partitioned stalls - andoffers neither adequate privacy nor safety. Strangers with good, bad or neutral intentionsmeet in this semi-public space away from the watchful eyes oflaw enforcement and thepublic at large. It is a space where video surveillance is inappropriate and usually illegal.Consequently, traditional restrooms fail to protect users from bullies and harassers or evendangerous intruders. Moreover, the partial stall partitions used in American facilities provideonly minimal privacy, with sounds and odors of urination and defecation permeating thespace.As for the Portland Lao, it has no troublesome semi-public space between the public and theprivate. Instead, users move directly from the bustling open space of the streetscape to thecomplete safety of a locked unisex stall. Children or disabled adults with opposite sexcaregivers enter comfortably together, since the Lao is sized for ADA compliance, and thereis ample space for strollers, scooters, bicycles, baggage, and dogs.Thanks to the meticulously designed louvers at the top and bottom of the wall panels, thePortland Lao represents an ideal balance between privacy and connection with itssurroundings. The lower louvers are angled so that those passing by outside at just the rightdistance - between four and five feet - can seethe "floor" of the unit, which is in fact thesidewalk. This natural surveilability means thatpedestrians and law enforcement can check formultiple users or see if someone has fallen tothe ground.Once inside, users experience the comfort ofknowing that sounds of bodily functions ortoilet flushing are masked by the hubbub of thesurroundings. At the same time, calls forassistance are likely to be answered and a user who has collapsed is likely to be seen. Firstresponders who work in the surrounding area have keys to open Lao doors.Mounted to the exterior of the Portland Lao is a hand washing station. Making this amenitypublic increases efficiency of toilet use and encourages hand washing by the generalpedestrian population and users alike.2. Provide for natural surveillabilitv and access control.The sense of security offered by traditionalgender-specific "gang" restrooms ismisleading and consequently dangerous.Siting a stand-alone restroom in the middleof a public space maximizes the "eyes" onit. When public toilet structures areintegrated into the lively common areas of acity they make a statement that their use is anormal aspect of well-being. They becomepositive attractors that welcome bona fideusers and send a signal to miscreants to stayaway.8

In the future, social life will likely take place more and more in public places and less in thehome. Cities will become denser as they meet emission reduction goals. People will inhabitsmaller spaces and drive less. Understanding of relationships between exercise, fitness, anddisease will send people into the commons. There they will interact and demonstrate a newappreciation of shared facilities.At the Portland Loo located at NW Couch and NW 8th in Portland's North Park Blocksnatural surveillability and natural access control overlap. The Loo is sited out in the openvisible to traffic on a busy street, to pedestrian and bicycle commuters, and to dog-walking·neighbors. There are no structures such as telephone boxes where dangerous people can lurkand linger. Sightlines extend in every direction.A nearby children's playground fosters communityactivity and the Loo serves many who cannotparticipate in public life without an available toilet -the very young, the very old, pregnant women, andpeople with a range of visible and hidden medicalconditions. At the same time, the community'sactivation of the space lets potential offenders knowthey are unwelcome and unsafe. The official openingthis Portland Loo attracted hundreds of people andfeatured the songs of school children, furtherreinforcing the impression of safety of most but notall.The interior of the Loo is vandal-resistant. It is fittedwith commercial grade, vacuum flush toilets,handrails, and an in-the-wall hand sanitizer dispenserthat is operated with a button rather than a lever. Thetoilet paper holder is a simple locked bar that giveseasy access but does not allow rolls to spin.All Portland Loos remain open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. At night, their colorful,artwork-covered doors are bathed in LED lights, giving them a welcoming look. When a userenters, blue interior lights come one, their hue deterring intravenous drug injection.None of the units use electronic monitoring. However, since the space surrounding the Loo ispublic, natural access control could be supplemented with electronic means.3 Design toilets to suit community needs and site them near businesses and residences.Successful contemporary public restrooms result from a painstaking design process, curbappeal, and location in active pedestrian or shopping areas.When urban planners, architects, engineers, law enforcement officials, and communitystakeholders work together to design or renovate facilities, the results are often good. Publiccomfort stations and be co-located with a small business, such as a newsstand, a cold drinkskiosk, a florist,xxii a key duplicator, a shoe repair, or a clothing alternation station. In the past,some restrooms were deliberately built out of sight, exacerbating dangers. To make a toilet in9

an out-of-the-way comer of a park or plaza safer and more welcoming, a retail counter ormobile business can be added. Cities can incentivize micro businesses or provide licenses tofood carts that operate within sight and hearing range of the restroom. xxiii Helping keep eyeson public toilets in blighted areas of a city, could be personnel who distribute health leaflets,manage needle exchanges, and provide information about social services. Similarly, publictoilets can be integrated into firehouses, police stations and other buildings that are open longhOurS xxiv and have perSOnnel present. XXVOpen space urban toilets, whose design is less constrained by building codes and occupancynumbers, offerexcellentopportunities forinnovation. Yetbecause most cityofficials areuncomfortabletalking abouttoilets, they opt foroff-the-shelfsolutions thatfrequently fail.Take, for example,European-styleAutomated Public Toilets (APTs). Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Boston, New York,Pittsburgh, Atlanta and San Antonio all have installed a few.xxvi They guzzle drinking waterand devour energy. Most supplier contracts require they double as billboards and agree toplace them only in very large urban markets. Municipal authorities repeatedly have had toclose or remove them because of crime. At best, APTs remain a source of curiousamusement, with users reluctant to enclose themselves in a cold, wet, unfamiliarcontraption. xxviiIn 2004, the Seattle installed 5 APTs at a cost of $5 million; Owing to regulations that madeit impossible to recover costs through advertising, the city bore the expense. Four years laterunits were closed, removed and sold for a pittance on eBay.xxviii By May 2007 Los Angeleshad installed seven of 150 automatic units planned but only one was working. The 20-yearcontract between CBS Outdoor and JCDecaux was to guarantee the city $150 million inadvertising revenue over the course of the contract but was met with hostility by citizenwatchdogs and groups opposed to billboards.xxix In 1996, San Francisco signed a similar 20-year contract and had 25 APTs installed. Because it is fairly easy to jam the doors closedfrom the inside, the units have facilitated drug use and prostitution. The 55-second automaticcleaning cycle is insufficient to deal with needles and discarded clothing, discharging filthinto the streets and necessitating manual cleaning of units and surroundings. Mechanicalfailure, trash removal, and police activity have resulted in frequent or permanent closures.JCDecaux and the city remain at loggerheads over the contract, with the city blaming thecompany for poor maintenance and the company blaming the city for poor policing.xxxSuch long-term agreements and reluctance to discuss unwise decisions make research onAPTs in the United States very difficult. To the best of our knowledge, however, noAmerican. city has claimed success with them.10

Design of an open space toilet for Portland, came about when City Commissioner RandyLeonard started to explore the possibility adapting the traditional pissoirs, or street urinals ofEurope. Older parts of Portland that accommodate homeless people and nightlife patronswere without facilities. The presence of urine, feces and vomit required costly cleanups andneighborhood leaders were ready to act. Since men urinating in public were thought to be thelargest group of offenders, urinals were briefly considered but ruled out owing to equityconcerns regarding women and disabled people. Instead the goal became the creation of atough, accessible sidewalk toilet with as small a footprint as possible.A group of engineering, design, code, and crime prevention professionals, encouraged byresidents and advocates, were tasked with developing plans for an urban toilet. Once thedesign was in draft form, Commissioner Leonard presented it to the City of Portland DesignCommission to review the design and make suggestions.The Design Review applauded the concept and requested further enhancement of the beautyand permanence of the Loo. A high quality, slim profile, all-stainless-steel structure wasfavored over the original plans, which called for1. high density polyethylene plastic panels. There wasalso strong support for making the unit more opento facilitate community monitoring and forintegrating public art onto the stainless steelpaneling.In late 2002, the first Portland Loo was installed onNW Glisan Street between NW Fourth and NWFifth A venues. After several months ofobservation and continual, heavy use, the designwas modified to include louvers in the front doorand the addition of an in-the-wall refuse bin forsanitary disposal.The fourth Portland Loo, at Jamison Square inPortland's Pearl District, sits on an urban parkblock shops, restaurants, residences and masstransit. Located on a former parking space in the right-of-way, the Loo serves a diversity ofusers. On the panel of the front door of the Jamison Loo is a colorful photographic poster ·that showcases the neighborhood's historic Lovejoy Columns.For the Loo adjacent to the North Park Blocks, art by individual students and a descriptivequote were integrated into the door panel by a graphic designer. The incorporation of artproposed by the community reflects neighborhood pride and fosters a sense of protectiveownership for the facility. All panels of the Loo could conceivably be covered with art workor practical or historical information about the surrounding area.4. Employ trained cleaners and schedule them effectively.Although attendants appear to drive up toilet use numbersxxxi and have been used successfullyin parkxxxii and bus stationxxxiii restrooms in New York Cityxxxiv, most cities rule them outbecause of cost. Cleaning personnel perform some tasks of an attendant but rarely interactwith the public. The use of cleaners in traditional gender-specific restrooms, moreover,11

compromises the efficiency of use. The entire men's or the women's is normally closed forcleaning. The unisex stalls of gender-neutral facilities, in contrast, require only a singlecleaner of either gender and cleaning does not put half the premises off limits. Toilet roomsare cleaned one by one while all others remainopen.The Portland Loo is designed to be open 24/7without an attendant. A cleaner from DowntownPortland Clean & Safe makes twice daily visitsand often answers visitors' questions. Loos arecleaned a cost of $1,250 per month, under acontract with Portland Business Alliance's Clean& Safe program. In partnership with Central CityConcern, Clean & Safe enables individualsexperiencing homelessness or recovering fromaddiction to gain employment and skills providecleaning services. Posted in the unit is the numberto call for maintenance and emergency cleanings.A hose bib is housed in the cabinet at the rear ofthe unit along with electrical and solar batteries.An exterior drain makes regular cleaning andweekly power washing efficient and easy. Graffiti resistant coating makes it simple toremove tags and marks. If the Loo "floor" is wet after cleaning, there's no safety hazard asthe floor is a non slip slab of concrete sidewalk designed to carry biodegradable washingwater and heavy rain into a nearby drain. There is no central floor drain.5. Enhance urban livability with toilets that connect with the street.Today's cities are making new commitments to sustainability, active transportation. urbanlivability, active aging, childhood fitness and vibrant public spaces. Healthy living is servedby pedestrian- and cycle-friendly streets that link to public transit. We see toilets as central tothese 21st century visions as sidewalks and streetlights. Putting toilets where the people aremeans putting them on the street.Unfortunately, there has been little research the relationship of toilet availability to people'sdecisions to engage in active living and take public transportation. Urban design manuals aregenerally silent on public restrooms.xxxv Despite a growing number of publications andconferences on the impact of the built environment on health and physical activity, toilets arerarely part of the picture.xxxvi When public comment is solicited on a proposed park or openspace project using open-ended questions, respondents rarely if ever mention restrooms.Once toilet availability is listed among options to be rated, however, it generally appearsamong the top preferences. Overcoming this survey bias is essential. Surveys must allowpeople to use their voices in favor of something they really want but have been conditioned tonot talk about. xxxviiToilet provision is also an equity issue. "Restroom challenged" people likely make up 20 to30 percent of a. typical urban population. The American Restroom Association uses this termto refer to two types of people. First, are those who have "to go" frequently- every hour orso. Second, are those whose need to go comes suddenly and urgently. "Restroom12

challenged" people may have normal conditions -pregnancy, young age, old age etc - ormedical conditions, many of which are invisible.For patrons of a business, the r~stroom is often the place where first and lasting impressionsare made. The same is true for visitors to city's shared urban space. Health, fitness and publicsafety all benefit from toilet availability. Public toilets enable people to gather in thecommons, activating it and providing the "eyes" that help everyone feel safe.The desirability of coni pact, highly visible, open space toilets in the right of way is evidencedin experiments with Automatic Public Toilets, facilities which proven otherwise .inappropriate in terms of cost, maintenance, and crime prevention. Much more promising arenon-automatic . stan d -a 1 one street tm "1 ets, sue h as t h ose m . E urope xxxviii an d C ana d a.The Victoria Urinal offers a remarkable connection with its urban surroundings.xxxixDesigned by Vancouver, BC Architect Matthew Soules, it features a screen of vertical pipes -ordinary, tough, inexpensive steel pipes- that wrap around a concrete slab supporting theurinal. The design team experimented with pipes of different lengths and tweaked the gapsbetween them so that a person approaching can see that the urinal is in ~se but cannot identifythe individual.x 1 The Urinal stands in an attractively landscaped small square between thenightlife district and a government complex.Portland has sited its five Loos onstrategic corridors that servepedestrians, bicycle commuters andtransit riders as well as residents,workers and visitors of thesurrounding areas'. One Loo sits ona block between northbound andsouthbound lines of the PortlandStreetcar; another betweenwestbound and eastbound lines onthe MAX light rail lines. Four areadjacent to major parks and one nearthe bus and train stations.The solar-operated unit withwater and sewer hookup requires a space 6" feet wide and 10" long.xli It fits on asidewalk with curb extension or in a parking space. In collaboration with Bureau ofTransportation, the Water Bureau short lists sites according to technical and costcriteria. Residents and business owners are then asked for input.Weighing a fraction of a typical restroom, the slim-profiled capsule of the Loo isdelivered on-site as a complete enclosure. Following installation of each, neighboringresidents and businesses receive personal invitations to the launch event, known as theFirst Flush. Each of these events has featured a festive ceremony with speeches byCommissioner Leonard, members of the project team, and residents. Performing firstflush of the new toilet is an honor that has been extended to the mayor, the cleanerfrom Clean and Safe, a toddler, and the students of the Emerson School.13

ConclusionThe refmed design ofthe Portland Loopromises that it willbecome an esthetic iconof a city noted for itslivability, shared urbanspaces and completestreets. Clara Greed'sargument that publictoilets "should be seenas features of public artin their own right"aligns with tenets ofurban design and issimilarly served bysystematic input fromcitizens, technicalexperts and CPTED specialists.xlii It is only when city-dwelling toilet users, public safetyofficials, planners, and architects join in productive collaboration that we will succeed inbuilding safe toilet design into shared urban space.AcknowledgementsMany thanks to Anne Hill, Principal Management Analyst at the Portland Water Bureau, forsupplying in depth background on the Portland Loo design process and her experience inworking with city bureaus and neighborhood leaders to designate appropriate "loocations".Thanks to Susan Mund and Abby Brown for introducing us to young LBGTQ activists whomade us aware of their need for safe, gender inclusive facilities and to Jeff Holiman andMolly Danielsson for reviewing initial research.References and Notesi This paper includes portions of"Building Safe Toilet Design into Shared Urban Space" by Carol McCreary presented at theWorld Toilet Summit, Hainan, China, November 23, 2011 .ii Praeger, Dave. Poop Culture: How America Is Shaped by its Grossest National Project. Los Angeles: Feral House, 2007.56iii Mary Coakley, Restroom Designer, personal communication, December, 2008.ivRestaurant restrooms have familiarized people with unisex facilities. See Frank Bruni, "Forget the Specials, Explain theRestroom," New York Times, 4 May 2005/ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/04/dining/04john.html and Havey Molotch,"On Not Making History", in Molotch and Noren. Toilet: Public Res/rooms mid the Politics of Sharing. New YorkUniversity Press. 2010. 260.vSylvia Rivera Law Project, Toilet Training: Companion Guide for Activists and Educators, "Talking Points about Gender­Segregated Facilities", http://srlp.org/files/documents/toolkit/talking points gender seg.pdf See also "Trans gender NewYorkers Can Choose Bathrooms at MTA Stations", NY! News. October 24, 2006.http://www .ny l.com/content/top stories/63 717 /transgender -new-yorkers-can-choose-bathrooms-at -mta-stationsviAs for the definition of"environmental design", the "environment" is considered to be physical surroundings plus socialsurroundings. "Design" refers to the physical, social and management decisions that affect human behavior.vii See also Oscar Newman, Creating Defensible Space, (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, 1996), 9. http://www. huduser.org/portal/publ ications/def. pdfviii Timothy D. Crowe, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Applications of Architectural Design and SpaceManagement Concepts, (Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000).14

ix Used in Australia, the term "surveillabiltiy" suggests voluntary, non-intrusive observation. "Surveillance" implies scrutiny,often by authorities.x Crowe, 36.xi Crowe, 37-38.xii Clara Greed, "Creating a Nonsexist Restroom", in Molotch and Noren, 124.xiii Architectural Press, 2003.xiv Crowe, 39.xv In community discussions it makes sense to talk about "normal users" and "abnormal users", as Crowe does, rather thanuse terms like "bona fide users" and "potential trouble makers" or "good folks" and "bad guys".xvi New York University sociologist Harvey Molotch states unequivocally [in Toilet, p. 2] that "For an Indian in India, waterthrough a wash pi'pe that can be directed toward anus or vulva is the utter necessity." We know that by and large the world'speople are either squatters or sitters and either washers or wipers. But what steps have local governments or school systemstaken to really support North American diversity?xvii "Vicious Beating of Woman Tragically Illustrates Restroom Safety Issues for Transgender People", Prevent Hate Blog,Center for Preventing Hate, May 4, 2011 http://www.preventinghate.org/news-events/news/beating-of-woman-illustratesrestroom-safety-issues-for-transgender-people/xviii See for example Ruth Barcan, "Dirty Spaces: Separation, Concealment, and Shame in the Public Toilet"; David Serlin,"Pissing without Pity: Disability, Gender and the Public Toilet''; Olga Gershenson, "The Restroom Revolution: UnisexToilets and Campus Politics",and Mary Anne Case, "Why Not Abolish Laws of Urinary Segregation?" in Molotch andNoren.xix Elizabeth Beltramini, "Campus Restrooms' Role in Universal Design", The Bulletin, Association of College UnionsInternational, Vol 75:3, May 2007, http://www.acui.org/publications/bulletin/article.aspx?issue=448&id=2300xx Quoted in Greed,l25.xxi For example, stalls might be private, urinals semi-private and hand washing public. An attended facility for homelesspeople that the puts sink, shower and toilet into a single private bathroom space offers safety and respects human dignity atthe expense of efficiency and per use cost. However, the 'sh '-behaviors -shit, shower and shave - are distinct and can beaccommodated more efficiently and with less expense in private, semi-private and (nearly) public spaces, respectively.xxii Cristina del Va lle Schuster, Public Toilet Design. Bu ffa lo: Firefl y Books, 2005. 228.xxiii PHLUSH. Public Toilets for Old Town Chinatown: A Report to theCommunity. Portland, Oregon. February 7, 2006.http://www .phlush.org/wp-con tent/uploads/2009/02/PH LUSH-Pub lie-Restrooms-for -Old-Town-Ch inatown.pd fxxiv For more on· siting restrooms near shops see Felson, Marcus et al, "Redesigning Hell: Preventing Crime and Disorder atthe Port Authority", Rutgers University School of Criminal Justice, 1997, 23ft'.xxv Greed, 132.xxvi Andrew Seaman. "Public toielts get hi-tech portapotties." USA Today. June I, 2008.http://www.usatodav.com/newslnation/2008-06-0 !-toilet N.htm Boston appears to have five installed by Wall USA.http://www.boston.com/travel/boston/practical info/pu bli c toi lets/xxvn See William Saletan, "Crap and Trade", Slate, 9 July 2008 hnp://www.slate.com/id/2195071 and The Automatic PublicToilet in Madison Square Park (video) http://www.thedoctorschannel.com/video/2478.htmlxxviii Christopher Maag. "Seattle to Remove Automatic Public Toilets." New York Times. July 17, 2008.http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/ 17 /us/ 17toi lets.htmlxxix Cara Mia DiMassa. "Automated public toilets get off to a very slow start in L.A." Los Angeles Times. May 3, 2007.http:/ I artie I es.la times. corn/2007/may /03/1 ocal/me-toi I et3xxx Nina Frazier. "Sex, Drugs and Filth Plague City-Sponsored Public Restrooms". SF Public Press. April4, 2011 .http://www.baycitizen.org/crime/story/sex-drugs-and-fil th-plague-city-public/xxxo Irus Braverman, 82.xxxii "America's Best Restroom Rankings" http://blog.bryantoark.org/20 I 0/09/americas-best-restroom-rankings.htmlxxxiii Felson, Marcus et al., 23.xxxiv Molotch and Noren, 87.xxxv Clara Greed writing in Molotch and Noren notes "It is quite remarkable that the so called New Urbanism, probably themost influential force in contemporary planning and development of new towns and rehabilitation of old ones, has virtuallynothing to say about facilities for human elimination. The whole movement is based on an embrace of neighborhood,walkability, and "return" to civic consciousness. It advocates, in its principles, "increased density," "quality oflife,""interactivity," and greening in all sorts of ways. But provision for humans to go out and relieve themselves is not on thelist.xxxvi An exception is New York City's 2011 publication Active Design Guidelines: Promoting Physical Activity and Healthin Design. In focus groups, seniors reported restroom would encourage their walking more.xxxvii Regarding citizen surveys, the American Restroom Association points to a 2002 Arlington Virginia Parks andRecreation Citizen Survey. Respondents rated"year round restrooms" higher than security, shade trees, lighted fields,benches, connecting trails and landscaping improvements. Only drinking fountains were seen as more important.http://americanrestroom.org/pnr/arl en tv p&r survey pI & 17.pdf .xxxviii The Gonville Place Public Conveniences resulted from a 2003 design competition in Cambridge, UK. The attractivehexagonal structure features five direct entry unisex toilet stalls, including ones specially equipped for disabled visitors andfor parents with small children. The washroom's bold yellow and orange walls make it stand out from its surroundings15

.. ',-during the day. At night it is bathed in gradually changing colored cold cathode lights, giving it the cheerful look of amerry-go-round in motion. hrm://www. frrarchitccts.co. uk/pro ject/gonville-place-publ ic-convenienccs-cambridge/ In LeFlon, the once-blighted neighborhood of Lausanne, Switzerland, an attractive glass-walled geometric toilet structure allowspassers by to see inside when it is empty. Upon entry, the double paneled walls of liquid crystal glass fog up. If motionceases for a period of time or if there is too much activity is detected the glass clears. See Joseph L. Flatley, "Transparentpublic restroom not for those with performance anxiety", 26 May 2009, http://www.engadget.com/2009/05/26/transparentpublic-restroom-not-for-those-with-performance-anxie/and La Toilette transparent (video).xxxix The design by architect Matthew Soules won the International Downtown Association's 2011 Pinnacle Award.https ://www. ida-downtown.org/ewcb/Dynamicpage.aspx?webkey=bfc41 ccf-cee6-4e50-85 1 a-cf955e50e833xi Adele Weder; World's Coolest Public Urinal and How it was Invented, The Tyee, 7 Feb 2011http://thetyee.ca/ ArtsAndCulture/20 I I /02/07/CooiPubl icUrinal/xli Compare with the footprint of a typical APT at 8'x13'.http://www .ad she l.com/content.aspx? I D=40& Parenti D=2 9&M icrosi tc I D=O&Pagc= Ixlii Greed, 13 I.(On line resources accessed 2/13/ 12)16

. 9T/S ,8£a zr....,_ __ . OIL .lt -----~1-4----- . Z/t Z .O---

·· ... ··.··········· ...r/I.. · .. I.. .. ·. ·. ·.······... .. ·./··· ·····•········...· · ·~···· ·•···· .....·· •..··,>(·········· .../····... ··.. ·. ·.> ................·,·· ..········· ...··.. •.·.. ..·~...·······..... ·· ..··········••··.•.····•···········...···· ...... ,/············...··.··· ..··.J••- ················ .... .s·· ...·······•····•····· ....····· ...

18"( sidewallvIIII11 1 Steel frame of Portland Loa(AHachmcnt to footing Wllhapproved anchor system )II#6@ 12" maxIsidewalk!! f#6@12"max1 I! (C7~~~r-] I ~1~Diagonal bar ._. ---.--'T...,-j JSection-5 1/2"GENERAL NOTES:1. Provide all materials and perform all worl< according to the cu rrentedition of the Specifications of the Authority Having JurisdicUon.2. All concrete shall be Structural Class 4000.3. All reinforcing steel shall conform to ASTM A706 or A615 Grade 60.4. Place bars 3 inches clear of the nearest face of concreteunless shown otheiWise.5. Concrete footing may be poured integrally with 4' sidewalk, providinga deep cut tool joint is located around perimeter of footing.6. Posts of Portland Lao to be aHached to footing using approvedanchor bolt system.6'-8"3'-4"Section'/~~ -- ~~ ......... .~~~~#6@ 12" maxSawcut profile of }footing plan into sidewalklit """""'""""''"""'""'""""........I~7'-61/2"' " ' " '"'' " " ' " ''"' "''""'"'"'""••••I tL- ~ -+--t- -+--t-- 11 ~=\ ~. (c~ l'r-- ~~f&, r-- / /I\ , ~CITY OF PORTLAND 2012 U.S. PATENT: US 0622.408 5

~~IIr L.I /I.HTI c,.r~~)r