International Law – Basic Legal Terms

International Law – Basic Legal TermsThough there will not be a separate vocabulary section on the final exam, you do need toknow the basic terminology of international law to understand the questions and writegood answers. Here are the words you really need to know.Nature and Development of International Lawinternational lawpublic international lawprivate international lawconflict of lawscommand theory of law (Austin)social norm theory of law (Hart)consent (as basis of obligation)consensus (as basis of obligation)legal positivismlegal naturalismSources of International Lawsource of lawsource of evidence for lawprimary sourcesubsidiary (secondary) sourcegeneral international lawregional international lawcustomary lawlocal customtreatymultilateral treatybilateral treatygeneral principles of lawresolutions of international organizationsdecisions of international tribunalsopinio jurisstate practiceacquiescenceequityequitable principlesjus cogensfundamental normunilateral act/declarationLaw of Treatieslaw of treatiestreaty lawpacta sunt servandatreatyauthorized representativesfull powerssignatureratificationaccessionreservationimpermissible reservationentry into forceinvalidityerrorfraudcorruptioncoercionterminationsuspensionrebus sic standibussupervening impossibility ofperformancefundamental change of circumstancesbroader purposes approachprinciple of effectiveness

Peaceful Settlement of Disputespeaceful settlementnegotiationinquirygood officesconciliationmediationarbitrationadjudicationvoluntary submissioncompulsory submissioncompromis (d’arbitrage)excess of powerfundamental errorcontentious jurisdiction(of the ICJ)advisory jurisdiction(of the ICJ)Subjects of International Lawsubject of lawlegal personnatural personcorporate entityfull subject of lawpartial subject of lawobject of lawstategovernmentbelligerentrebelinsurgentrioternon-self-governing territorycolonyprotectoratecondominiumnational liberation movementtransnational enterprisemultinational corporationa peopleself-determinationindependenceinternational organizationnongovernmental organizationindividualsgroupsState Responsibilitydirect responsibilityindirect responsibilityimputabilitystate agentultra vires actsprivate person/entitystate endorsement of actioncompensationresponsibility for acts violatinginternational lawresponsibility for acts not violatinginternational lawactomissioninternationally wrongful actfaultmob violenceinsurrectioncivil warinjured statereparationrestitution in kindcompensation

Treatment of Aliensnationalaliendual nationalenemy nationalneutral nationalallied nationaltemporary allegianceexhaustion of local remediesdue diligencedenial of justicediplomatic protectionpersonal (physical) injurynationalgenuine linkalientemporary allegiancepermanent allegiancepermanent residencenaturalizationjus sanguinisjus soliproperty damageinjury to economic interestsnondiscriminationinternational minimum standardnational treatmentforeign propertyforeign investordirect investmentindirect (portfolio) investmentexpropriationnationalizationindirect takingcreeping nationalizationpublic purposeslump-sum agreementRecognitionconstitutive theory of recognitiondeclaratory theory of recognitionde facto governmentde jure governmentpremature recognitionprolonged recognitioneffective controlexpress recognitionimplied recognitioncollective recognitionstanding to sueimmunity from suitsovereign immunityJurisdictionjurisdiction to prescribejurisdiction to adjudicatejurisdiction to enforcedomestic jurisdictionterritoriality principlesubjectiveobjectiveeffects doctrinelong arm statutenationality/personality principleactivepassiveprotective principleuniversal principle(universality)international crimesextraditionlex mercatoria/law merchant

Jurisdiction on Land / Territorial Sovereigntynational territoryres nulliusres communiscommon heritage of mankindcommon heritage of humanitysovereigntytitle to territoryeffective occupationvoluntary cessionconquest (involuntary cession)prescriptiondiscoverycontiguityterritorial disputeintertemporal lawuti possidetisthalwegaccretionavulsionservitudeboundary (border)boundary disputedelimitationdemarcationLaw of the Sea / Maritime JurisdictionUN Convention on the Law of the Seainland watersportopen portclosed portterritorial seamean low water markstraight baselinebayhistoric baycontiguous zoneexclusive economic zone (EEZ)high seasstraitinternational straitinternational waterwaycontinental shelfcontinental. marginshelfsloperisedeep seabedthe Areanavigationflag statecoastal stateport statearchipelagic statearchipelagic waterslandlocked stateinnocent passagetransit passagefree passagemerchant shipwarshipgovernment shipright of visitslave tradepiracyhot pursuitresource activityresource exploitationsovereign rightsfishingstraddling stockhighly migratory stockoffshore platforminstallationartificial islandislandrockopposite states

adjacent statesAir and Outer Spaceairpsacenational airspaceair defense zoneoverflightaircraftcivil aviationmilitary aircraftgovernment aircraftflag state (state of registry)airportflightaerial hijackingICAOConvention on InternationalCivil AviationChicago Conventionbilateral air transport agreementsouter spacenatural celestial bodiesspace objectspace vehicleOuter Space Treatygeostationary orbitpolar orbitlow earth orbitSelf-Help and Resort to Armed Forcejus ad bellumretorsionreprisalarmed reprisalacts of force short of warshow of forcelocalized occupationlocalized bombardmentinterventionriotinternal (civil) warinsurgencyrebellioninternational wardeclaration of warbelligerencyneutralityally/alliancethreat of forceuse of forcethreat to international peacebreach of international peaceact of aggressionself-defensecollective measuressanctionsblockadenecessity/necessaryproportionality/proportionalUN CharterChapter VIChapter VIIarmed attackimminent atackpreemptionpreventionpeacekeeping

Law of War / Law of Warfarejus in belloHague ConventionsGeneva ConventionsGeneva Protocolsinternational humanitarian lawcombatantcivilianwounded and sickPOWmedical corpsRed Cross/Red CrescentInternational Committee of the RedCrossmilitary necessitymilitary targetcivilian targetprotected building/facilityruse of warespionagemilitary operationsbattle(belligerent) occupationcease-firesurrenderindiscriminate weaponcourts martialInternational Trade and related Economic Rulescross-border transactionsinternational transactionsmarket economycommand (planned) economymercantilismfree (open) tradeabsolute advantagecomparative advantagetheory of optimal tariffsindustrial policyeconomic liberalismneo-liberalismlaisser faireeconomic nationalismprotectionisminternational paymentscapital controlsexchange ratefixed exchange ratefloating exchange rateWTOGATT (1947, 1994)WTO ministerial conferencesWTO dispute settlement panelsgoodsservicesagricultural productsraw materialsfinished goodsfoodsnational treatmentimported goodsdomestic goodsnondiscriminationmost favored nation (MFN)generalized MFNtransparencyretaliationexception clauses (in GATT)side agreements (to GATT)tariffnon-tariff barriersanitary and phytosanitary standardsafety standard

International Environmental LawenvironmentecosystemStockholm DeclarationRio Declarationpollutionover-usedepletiontragedy of the commonspolluter payscommon but differentiatedresponsibilitiesprecautionary principleintergenerational equityopen accesslicensingindividual ownershipcommunal ownershiprenewable resourcenonrenewable resourceInternational Law and National Lawnational/domestic/municipal lawmonismdualismself-executing treatyjusticiable disputenonjusticiable disputeact of state doctrine