READING THE RUNES New Perspectives on The Spanish Civil War ...

on anarchists in fiction124the triumph of the left in the main cities of Barcelona, Madrid,and Bilbao, with revolutionary euphoria having swept themasses, CI leader Georgi Dimitrov called on the Communiststo prevent radical measures in Spain, with the intention ofsupporting FP governments in France and Belgium, whichwere based on the integrity of the bourgeois order. Whileimprovised leftist militias had already departed Barcelona forthe front in Aragón, Dimitrov called for preservation of aRepublican army of the ordinary kind. These aspects of Sovietand Spanish Communist policy have been central to historicaldebate over the fate of the Republic since the publication ofworks by Orwell and Borkenau, who described Communistpolicy as counter-revolutionary.The documents in Spain Betrayed also outline thebackground for the delay in the decision of Stalin to directlysupport the Spanish left with arms and “advisers” — an actionthat did not begin until September 1936. The same collectionincludes reports by the main Soviet and CI personalities whowent to Spain, including the writer Ilya Ehrenburg (1891-1967), the French CI functionary André Marty (1886-1956), themilitary intelligence (GRU) officer Vladimir Gorev, the leadingBolshevik activist, diplomat, and former Trotskyist, VladimirAntonov-Ovsyeyenko (1883-1939), Iosif Ratner, a militaryattaché, and the economic administrator Artur Stashevsky(1890-1937).But for a larger reading public, both in Spain and abroad,the most affecting revelations in the volume had to do withthe destiny of the International Brigades (IB), the Sovietrecruitedarmed detachments sent to strengthen theRepublican military. Spain Betrayed showed that Stalin’s purgeapparatus had been extended to the ranks of the IB. Onesentence leaps out of an anonymous, confidential report sentto Moscow in mid-1937: about the XIIIth InternationalBrigade, it stated, “This brigade is not destroyed; it has beenmurdered.” 22 An exceptionally long, detailed, and candid reportsubmitted to Moscow at the end of 1937 by the Soviet militaryintelligence agent Moshe Zalmanovich (Manfred) Stern, widelypraised in Communist propaganda worldwide as “GeneralKléber” before his recall to Russia and disappearance in thepurges, revealed that the XIIIth IB, with a large Balkanrepresentation, “fled from the front.” The judgment of theSoviet officers in Spain on the XIIIth IB had been a subject ofdebate in memoirs and historical works prior to Franco’s