OR Head Start - Fight Crime: Invest in Kids

Head Start Cuts Crime In OregonA Report from FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS OREGON

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS OREGON is part of FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS,anational, bipartisan, nonprofit, anti-crime organization. The national organizationhas a membership of more than 2,500 police chiefs, sheriffs, prosecutors,other law enforcement leaders and violence survivors. The memberstake a hard-nosed look at what works –– and what doesn’t work –– to preventcrime and violence. They then recommend effective strategies to stateand national policy-makers.FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS is supported by tax-deductible contributionsfrom foundations, individuals, and corporations. FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDSreceives no funds from federal, state, or local governments.Report authored by Stephanie Schaefer, Ph.D., David Kass, Martha Brooks,and Jeff Kirsch.The following staff members of FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS contributed toproduction of this report: William Christeson, Michael Kharfen, MichaelRaia, Miriam Rollin, and Lindsay Warner.Publication design by Elizabeth Kuehl.Copyright © All Rights Reserved 2006, FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS OREGON • Beaverton, ORFIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS OREGON • 17675 SW Farmington Road PMB# 336 • Beaverton, OR 97007 • 503.649.2068 • Fax: 503.649.2743

Executive SummaryThe law enforcement members of FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS are determined to put dangerouscriminals behind bars. But those on the front lines know that locking up criminals is not enoughto win the fight against crime. Law enforcement leaders recognize that among the most powerfulweapons to prevent crime and violence are quality pre-kindergarten programs, like Head Start,that help kids get the right start in life. Head Start is a comprehensive early childhooddevelopment program for low-income 3- and 4-year-old children and their families providingintegrated services in preschool education, child health, nutrition, social and emotionaldevelopment, parent education, and family involvement.Research shows that Head Start and similar pre-kindergarten programs cut crime. Children leftout of Head Start are more likely to commit crimes when they grow up compared to childrenattending other preschool programs. The research shows that Head Start helps kids learn to getalong with others and follow directions, and reduces problem behavior that can lead to youth andadult crime. Head Start has also shown strong results for children in improving language andmath skills, reducing grade retention, and increasing graduation rates. This school success has ledHead Start graduates to have higher rates of employment and earnings. Over 40 years, HeadStart has given a literal “head start”to more than 20 million of the country’s most needy children,helping them to become contributing, responsible adults.But many of Oregon’s children eligible for Head Start do not receive it. Last year, 40 percent ofOregon’s children eligible for Head Start were not served by the program, an estimated 6,400children. These children not receiving Head Start’s benefits are at greater risk for futurecriminality. But children receiving high-quality early childhood programs like Head Start are asmuch as one-third less likely to go on to commit crimes. Providing high-quality Head Startservices to all eligible children in Oregon can prevent as many as 500 children each year frombecoming future criminals. That’s why the 126 police chiefs, sheriffs, district attorneys, andviolence survivors who are members of FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS OREGON, and the more than2,500 members nationally, are committed to providing Head Start to all eligible children inOregon and improving the already high-quality program even further by increasing teacherqualifications and compensation.Head Start Cuts Crime in Oregon1

Head Start Cuts Crime In OregonIntroductionHead Start reduces later crime through a highqualityearly education and child developmentprogram for low-income 3- and 4-year-olds.Children in Head Start programs receivecomprehensive services, such as high-qualitypreschool education, health, nutrition, socialand emotional development components, andparental involvement. Head Start uses NationalPerformance Standards to ensure a qualityprogram for each child in Oregon andthroughout the nation. A nationallyrepresentative study found that the averagequality of Head Start programs is higher thanthat of other early care and educationprograms. 1Research Shows That Head Start AndOther Quality Early EducationPrograms Cut CrimeResearch proves what law enforcementprofessionals have learned from experience.Studies show that at-risk kids who attendHead Start and other high quality prekindergartenprograms are less likely tocommit crimes as adults than similar childrenwho do not attend pre-kindergarten.Head Start: Research shows that adults whoattended Head Start as children are less likelyto commit crimes than adults from similarbackgrounds who did not attend Head Start. Alarge national survey of Head Start graduatesfound that graduates were 8.5 percent lesslikely to be later arrested or charged with acrime than their siblings who attended otherpreschool programs. 2Evidence from Other High-Quality PreschoolProgramsHigh/Scope Perry Preschool: The High/ScopeEducational Research Foundation initiated in1962 a random-assignment study of the PerryPreschool Program in Ypsilanti, MI. The PerryPreschool Program was a high quality, one- totwo-year long early educational program withan in-home parent coaching component. Theresearchers found lifetime crime preventioneffects of the Perry Preschool Program:• By age 27, the at-risk childrenexcluded from the program were fivetimes more likely to grow up to bechronic lawbreakers than those whoattended. 3• At age 40, those who did not attendthe Perry Preschool Program were twiceas likely to be arrested for violent crimesthan those who attended. 4• Those who did not attend the PerryPreschool Program were also more likelyto abuse illegal drugs. Children left outof the program were four times more2 FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS OREGON

Quality Pre-KindergartenCuts Future CrimeAt-risk 3 & 4-year-olds randomly excluded from theHigh/Scope Perry Preschool program were fivetimes more likely to become chronic offenders(more than 4 arrests) by age 27.Chronic lawbreakersat age 277%Those who attendedthe preschoolprogramlikely to be arrested for drug felonies,and seven times more likely to bearrested for dangerous drugs than thosein the program. 5Chicago Child-Parent Centers: Chicago’sfederally-funded Child-Parent Centers haveserved 100,000 three- and 4-year-olds since1967. The program is a center-based earlyintervention program that provides educationaland family-support services to economicallydisadvantaged children.A study comparing 989 children in the Child-Parent Centers to 550 similar children whowere not in the program showed that childrenwho did not participate in the program were 70percent more likely to be arrested for a violentcrime by age 18. 6 This program will haveprevented an estimated 33,000 crimes by thetime the children who have attended theprogram reach the age of 18. 7Furthermore, the Chicago Child-Parent Centerscut the abuse and neglect of children in theHead Start Cuts Crime in Oregon35%Those who did notattend the preschoolprogramSchweinhart, et al, 1993program in half. 8 The reduction of abuse andneglect is significant in itself, but it is alsocompelling because of the potential impact onfuture criminal behavior. Studies show thatchildren who were abused or neglected aremore likely to be arrested as juveniles, and tocommit crimes as adults, than children whowere not abused or neglected. 9The research is clear: high quality prekindergartenprograms like Head Start reducecrime and drug abuse. Cutting crime in Oregonis important to the social and economic wellbeingof the state and its citizens. According tothe U.S. Department of Justice, 180,750 crimeswere committed in Oregon in 2003, including10,520 violent crimes 10 .Crime in Oregon 1110,520 violent crimes68 murders or nonnegligent manslaughters1218 rapes2851 robberies6,383 assaults170,230 property crimes28,626 burglaries122,615 larceny –theft18,989 motor vehicle theftTotal: 180,750 crimes committed in Oregon in 2003Over 30,000 juveniles are arrested every year inOregon. 12 Despite the best efforts of lawenforcement, these crimes will continue to becommitted unless serious measures are takenbefore – not only after – crimes occur. TheHead Start program prevents crime by helpingkids get the right start in life.Head Start Helps Children SucceedIn addition to crime prevention, Head Startalso helps children succeed in school. Everyday, kindergarten teachers witness thedifference between children who receivedhigh-quality pre-kindergarten and those who3

did not. According to a national poll ofkindergarten teachers conducted by Mason-Dixon Polling for FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS,nine out of 10 teachers reported that childrenwho attended pre-kindergarten programs arebetter prepared to succeed in school than thosewho did not. 13Decades of research also confirm that highquality pre-kindergarten programs have longtermeducational and economic effects. Astudy with a nationally representative sampleof 2,800 children showed that Head Startsignificantly raised average scores of children’sperformance. Moreover, the largest gains weremade by the lower-performing children,especially in the areas of vocabulary and earlywriting. The program narrowed the schoolreadiness gap between children from lowincomehomes who attended Head Start andchildren from higher-income homes. Testresults also showed that Head Start graduatescontinued to outpace other similar children intheir learning during kindergarten, therebyfurther narrowing the performance gap. 14 Aseparate new national study, utilizing the bestdesign possible – a randomized controltrial – found that,“Head Start reduced, byalmost half, the achievement gap in prereadingskills between Head Start children andthe national average for all 3- and 4-yearolds.” 15 In another large national survey,researchers found that former Head Startstudents were more likely to graduate fromhigh school and to attend college than theirsiblings who attended other preschools. 16In addition to these important gains in schoolperformance, Head Start also promoteschildren’s health and can reduce mortality fromchronic childhood illnesses. One recentanalysis examined data from Head Start’sbeginning years when the program was beingphased in. It found that Head Start’s healthservices and health screening led to a 33percent to 75 percent decline in mortality ratesfor children at ages five to nine compared tosimilar children in other counties with less orHead Start Narrows the Gap between ItsYoungsters and Other American ChildrenPercentile ranking for vocabulary scores ofHead Start children*14thBeginning ofHead Start21stEnd ofHead Startno Head Start funding. 1732ndEnd ofkindergarten*A 14th percentile rank means that Head Start children scoredabove 14% of American children (of the same age).Like Head Start, Early Head Start also helpslow-income children prepare for future schoolsuccess. Early Head Start was created in 1994to provide comprehensive child developmentand family strengthening services to babies andtoddlers from birth to age three. A largeevaluation study of Early Head Start found thatfamilies randomly assigned to receive thecombined center/in-home parent coachingapproach were 62 percent more likely to readto their children daily than families who didnot receive the program. Children left out ofthe combined Early Head Start approach were34 percent more likely to score in the low rangeon a test of cognitive, social and emotionaldevelopment than those enrolled in theprogram. 18The success of Head Start carries over into highschool. Leading experts in the field of earlyeducation, like Dr. W. Steven Barnett of theNational Institute for Early Education Research(NIEER), have critically reviewed Head Startstudies and determined that the positive effects4 FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS OREGON

for Head Start teachers, plus additionalexpenses to help pay the costs of teachersgetting their college degrees. 28 The Center forLaw and Social Policy estimates that the costsof increasing Head Start teacher education andcompensation nationally as called for in currentfederal reauthorization proposals will beapproximately $2.7 billion to $3.4 billion oversix years. 29Oregon Head Start PrekindergartenSince 1988, Head Start services in Oregon havebeen funded by both the federal Head Startprogram and state dollars. Oregon Head StartPrekindergarten combines state and federalfunding into one seamless program, andrequires the same rigorous federal Head StartPerformance Standards that help ensure qualityservices for children and families. OregonHead Start uses the federal eligibilityrequirements, requiring 90 percent of childrenserved to have family incomes at or below thefederal poverty guidelines, $16,090 for a familyof three. 30 Oregon modifies this requirementslightly for state-funded Head Start children,allowing as many as 20 percent of childrenenrolled to have family incomes above thefederal poverty guidelines. In addition toincome, local programs use locally developedpriority rating systems that include other familyrisk factors beyond income level (such asreferrals from pediatricians, referrals for parentalcohol and drug addiction, and child abuseand neglect) to determine enrollment prioritiesamong eligible children.From 2003 to 2005, Oregon invested$53,582,328 in state dollars for Head Start inaddition to the federal Head Start programfunds of $99 million to serve Oregon’s needychildren over the two-year period, totaling$152,582,328. 31Between 2003 and 2005, Oregon Head StartPrekindergarten served 19,094 children in 658classrooms in all 36 counties. The programserves children from a variety of racial andethnic backgrounds, reflecting statedemographic characteristics. In the 2003-2004school year, 48 percent of enrolled childrenwere white, 31 percent were Latino, sevenpercent were African-American, seven percentwere biracial or multiracial, two percent wereAmerican Indian or Alaska Native, and twopercent were Asian. 32 Seventy-one percent ofchildren in Oregon Head Start Prekindergartenspeak English as their dominant language, 24percent speak Spanish, two percent speakAsian languages, and two percent speak otherlanguages as their dominant language. 33About three-fourths (74 percent) of OregonHead Start Prekindergarten families areemployed full-time or part-time, and another15 percent participate in job training programsor attend school. 34Like Head Start programs around the country,Oregon Head Start Prekindergarten specializes inserving children with disabilities. Federal andstate program rules require that at least 10percent of the total enrollment be reserved forchildren with disabilities. Oregon exceeds thisrequirement and dedicates approximately 16percent of its enrollment for children withdisabilities. 35Providing Head Start programs in rural areascan be a challenge due to the low populationdensity and geographic dispersion of familiesthroughout rural areas. Despite these inherentchallenges, Oregon Head Start Prekindergartenprovides Head Start services in ruralcommunities, serving every county in thestate. 36 Since local programs create their ownbudgets, some programs in rural communitiesaddress the geographic dispersion of familiesby devoting more resources to extensivetransportation services to bus children fromoutlying areas to the program.The federally funded Migrant Head Startprogram serves communities with largeconcentrations of migrant farm worker families.According to Dell Ford of the Oregon Head6 FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS OREGON

Start Collaboration Office, there is one MigrantHead Start grantee in Oregon, the OregonChild Development Coalition (OCDC), whichoperates 11 program sites across the state.OCDC provides services to 2,469 childrenranging in age from birth to five. The MigrantHead Start program [or OCDC?] also operatestwo state-funded Head Start programs forchildren who meet the general Head Starteligibility criteria. 37The federally funded Tribal Head Start programserves American Indian children. There arenine recognized tribes in Oregon, five of whichhave federal Head Start funding and provideservices to 304 children. Additionally, theGrande Ronde Tribe allocates their tribal fundsto serve an additional 27 children. 38Despite Head Start’s Benefits, 40Percent of Eligible Children in Oregonare Not ServedDespite the school success and crimeprevention benefits of Head Start for at-riskchildren, only 60 percent of eligible children inOregon participate in the program. Last year,approximately 9,600 of Oregon’s children wereserved by Head Start programs. 39 Of theestimated 16,000 children eligible for HeadStart, 6,400 children—or 40 percent—did notreceive the program in 2005 due to lack ofOregon Head Start Prekindergarten Servicesand Unmet Need in 2005Children Eligible(estimate)Children Served(federal and state funded)Eligible Children NotServedTotal Children(ages 3 and 4)Number Percent16,000 100%9,6006,40060%40%Soiurce: Oregon Department of Education, 2005.funding. 40State agency officials report that local HeadStart programs are at full capacity, andprograms have waiting lists in all but one ofthe communities served. For example, in eastMultnomah County, the Mt. Hood CommunityCollege Head Start Prekindergarten programhas over 300 eligible children on the waitinglist to receive Head Start. 41 According toOregon state government agency officials,there is a demand for additional Head Startservices. If Oregon had additional federalHead Start or state pre-kindergarten funds,Oregon Head Start Prekindergarten could servemore children.Recent federal budget cuts put further stress onthe capacity of Oregon Head StartPrekindergarten to serve eligible needy children.The federal portion of Oregon’s Head Startprogram is subject to a one percent budget cut,retroactive to October 2005. Oregon HeadStart Prekindergarten agency officials estimatethat to implement this budget cut,approximately 200 children could be cut fromthe program. 42 In the President’s budgetproposal for Fiscal Year 2007, Head Start willreceive no additional funding, which will resultin Oregon serving even fewer children due toinflation. 43Fully Funding High-Quality HeadStart Can Prevent As Many As 500Children Each Year From BecomingFuture Criminals in OregonAs described earlier in this report, researchshows that high-quality early childhoodeducation programs such as Head Startcan help at-risk children get on tracktowards being productive citizens andprevent them from becoming futurecriminals. Given this compelling crimeprevention evidence, providing Head Startto all eligible children would benefit thecitizens of Oregon by helping thesechildren succeed in school and in life andHead Start Cuts Crime in Oregon7

preventing future crimes.What is the cost to Oregon in future crimes fornot providing Head Start for all eligiblechildren?Using the best research evidence available, wecan estimate the crime prevention potential ofproviding high-quality Head Start to all ofOregon’s eligible children currently notreceiving the program. Most children in HeadStart, like most children in general, do notbecome criminals. However, one study usingnational data and tracking children intoadulthood shows that approximately one in tenof the children with family incomes below thefederal poverty guidelines will be charged witha crime later in life. 44Approximately 16,000 children in Oregon wereeligible for Head Start in 2005. Based on onenational study on the proportion of Head Starteligible children who go on to be booked orcharged with a crime, we can expect thatapproximately 1,600 of these children – 10percent of the 16,000 children eligible for HeadStart — are likely to be charged with a crime. 45The rest will be law-abiding citizens.How much of a difference can Head Start makein preventing future crime?As described earlier in this report, onelongitudinal study using national datademonstrated that children who attendedHead Start were 8.5 percent less likely to becharged with a crime as youth or adults thanwere their siblings who did not attend HeadStart but attended other preschool programsinstead. 46 So even compared to Head-Starteligiblechildren who attended anotherpreschool program, children who attendedHead Start had a lower rate of future criminalbehavior. 47While Head Start’s 8.5 percent reduction infuture criminals is a compellingaccomplishment, we have evidence that thehighest-quality early childhood programs canachieve even greater reductions in future crime.One such program, the Chicago Child-ParentCenters (CPC), has been shown to cut overallcrime among juveniles by one-third (32.6percent). 48 The Chicago Child-Parent Center isa large-scale early intervention that providescomprehensive educational and family-supportservices to economically disadvantagedchildren. The CPC program is the secondoldestfederally funded preschool program inthe U.S. and is among the highest quality earlychildhood programs available. For example,every CPC program lead teacher has aBachelor’s degree. With improvements to HeadStart program quality, especially increases inthe number of teachers with four-year degrees,Head Start could achieve even higher rates ofcrime prevention, similar to the Chicago CPCprogram.Therefore, we can expect that providing highqualityHead Start to all eligible children inOregon can reduce the number of Head Startgraduates who go on to be criminals by at least8.5 percent and up to as much as one-third.Head Start could prevent as many as 500 at-riskchildren in Oregon from becoming criminalseach year.Because these are rough estimates, we will useballpark numbers to illustrate our points. (Seeappendix A for specific numbers).Research shows that 8.5 percent of these 1,600potential criminals in Oregon could beprevented from becoming criminals if they allreceived Head Start. That is approximately 140children prevented from becoming criminalseach year. (About two-thirds of them arealready receiving Head Start, so Oregon isalready reaping part of this unrecognizedreduction in crime each year.)If Head Start were improved in quality to thelevel of the Chicago Child-Parent Centersprograms – including quality improvements in8 FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS OREGON

pending reauthorization legislation – aboutone-third (32.6 percent) of those 1,600 childrencould be steered away from crime, orapproximately 500 children each year.Preventing 500 future criminals is fairlyimpressive; but we should consider that thereductions in the number of criminals adds upover time and some criminals are very active:• Preventing 500 criminals is a per-yearestimate; the reduction in futurecriminals from one Head Start schoolyear will be multiplied many times overfor each graduating class of childrenprovided the highest-quality Head Startexperience.• Many of those criminals commit onlyone, fairly minor crime. But others go onto commit multiple crimes over theirlifetime, including violent felonies.Therefore, a decrease in the number offuture criminals will cut an even greaternumber of future crimes.The federal government must increase itsinvestment in Oregon’s high-quality HeadStart for all eligible at-risk children. In doingso, Oregon can count on not only improvingthe number of children who succeed in schoolbut also making a substantial reduction in the180,750 total crimes and 10,520 violent crimesthat happen every year in the state. 49Law Enforcement Backs Investment inQuality Early Care and EducationProgramsWhen law enforcement leaders nationwidewere surveyed by the independent polling firmMason-Dixon Polling and Research, anoverwhelming 71 percent chose,“more afterschoolprograms and educational child careprograms”as the most effective strategy forpreventing youth violence and crime. 50 TheOregon Association Chiefs of Police, theOregon State Sheriff’s Association, and theHead Start Cuts Crime in OregonOregon District Attorney’s Association haveendorsed investments in quality earlychildhood care and education programs, ashave national law enforcement organizationssuch as the Fraternal Order of Police and theNational District Attorneys Association. 51 It istime to ensure that more children have accessto educational early childhood programs likeHead Start that are proven to save money andcut crime.ConclusionOver 10,000 violent crimes are committed inOregon every year. More than 30,000 juvenilesare arrested in Oregon annually. Despite thebest efforts from law enforcement, thesepatterns will continue, unless we take seriousmeasures before – not after – such tragediesoccur.It’s time to invest in what works to preventcrime. The research evidence is clear: highqualityearly education programs like HeadStart are crucial to reducing crime. And withquality improvements, Head Start can makeeven more dramatic cuts in future crime.Providing high-quality Head Start to all eligiblechildren in Oregon can prevent as many as 500at-risk children each year from becomingcriminals.That is why the members of FIGHT CRIME:INVEST IN KIDS OREGON are calling on Oregon’selected leaders to ensure that Head Startservices are available to all eligible children andthat program quality is enhanced by increasingHead Start teacher qualifications and providingincreased compensation to retain highlyqualifiedteachers.9

APPENDIX AEstimate of Head Start’s Crime Reduction PotentialA national study found that 10% of children with family incomes below federal poverty guidelines(children eligible for Head Start) will be charged with a crime. ANumber of 3- and 4-year-old children in Oregon eligible for Head Start: 16,000 B .10% of 16,000 = 1,600 children in Oregon eligible for Head Start will go on to be charged with a crime.Children who attended Head Start were 8.5% less likely to be charged with a crime as youth oradults than were their siblings who did not attend Head Start but attended other preschool programsinstead. CChildren who attended the very high-quality Chicago Child-Parent Centers program were 32.6%less likely to commit crimes as juveniles. D8.5% x 1,600 = 136, or roughly 140 children prevented from becoming criminals per year32.6% x 1,600 = 522, or roughly 500 children prevented from becoming criminals per yearA Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002). Longer-term effects of Head Start. American Economic Review, 92(4), 999-1012.B Oregon Department of Education. (2005, March). Oregon Head Start Prekindergarten: Investing In Oregon’s Future.Report to Oregon’s Seventy-Third Legislative Assembly. Based on estimates of number of children with family incomes belowfederal poverty guidelines.C Duncan Thomas, personal communication via e-mail to Cate Miller, Co-Director of Research on February 28, 2003, basedon an analysis of data in Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002). Longer-term effects of Head Start. American EconomicReview, 92(4), 999-1012.D Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Robertson, D. L., & Mann, E. A. (2001). Long-term effects of an early childhood interventionon educational achievement and juvenile arrest. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(12), 2339-2380.10 FIGHT CRIME: INVEST IN KIDS OREGON

ENDNOTES1 Commissioner’s Office of Research and Evaluation and the HeadStart Bureau. Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Head StartFACES: Longitudinal findings on program performance, ThirdProgress Report.2 Duncan Thomas, personal communication via e-mail to Cate Miller,Co-Director of Research on February 28, 2003, based on an analysisof data in Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002). Longertermeffects of Head Start. American Economic Review, 92(4), 999-1012.3 Schweinhart, L. J., Barnes, H. V., & Weikart, D. P. (1993).Significant benefits: The High/Scope Perry Preschool study throughage 27. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.4 Schweinhart, L.J., Montie, J., & Xiang, Z. (2004). Lifetime Effects:The High/Scope Perry Preschool study through Age 40. High/ScopeEducational research Foundation. Unpublished Manuscript.5 Schweinhart, L.J., Montie, J., & Xiang, Z. (2004). Lifetime Effects:The High/Scope Perry Preschool study through Age 40. High/ScopeEducational research Foundation. Unpublished Manuscript.6 Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Robertson, D. L., & Mann, E. A.(2001). Long-term effects of an early childhood intervention on educationalachievement and juvenile arrest. Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, 285(12), 2339-2380.7 Reynolds, A. J. (2001, February 9). Chicago Child Parent Centerslinked to juvenile crime prevention. Speech given at FIGHT CRIME:INVEST IN KIDS press conference in Washington, DC.8 Reynolds, A. J. & Robertson, D. L. (2003). Preventing child abuseand neglect through school-based early intervention: An investigationof the Chicago Child-Parent Centers. Child Development, 74, 3-26.9 Maxfield, M. G., & Widom, C. S. (1996). The cycle of violence:Revisited 6 years later. Archives of Pediatric and AdolescentMedicine, 150, 390-395. See also Child Welfare League ofAmerica. (1997). Sacramento County community intervention program:Findings from a comprehensive study by community partners inchild welfare, law enforcement, juvenile justice, and the ChildWelfare League of America. Washington, DC: Author; Smith, C., &Thornberry, T. P. (1995). The relationship between childhood maltreatmentand adolescent involvement in delinquency. Criminology,33, 451-479.10 Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. (2003).Crime in 2003. results from state-level crime trends database.Retrieved from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/.11 Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. (2003).Crime in 2003. results from state-level crime trends database.Retrieved from: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/.12 30,109 juvenile arrests. Federal Bureau of Investigation. UniformCrime Reports. (2004). Crime in the United States, by State, 2004.Table 69. Retrieved from: http://www.fbi.gov13 FCIK Kindergarten Teacher Poll (2004)14 Zill, N., et al. (2003). Head Start FACES 2000. A whole-child perspectiveon program performance. Washington, D.C.: U.S.Department of Health and Human Services. Administration forChildren and Families. Child Outcomes Research and Evaluation &Head Start Bureau.15 Yoshikawa, H., (2005), Placing the first-year findings of the nationalHead Start Impact Study in context, Washington, DC: Society forResearch in Child Development16 Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002). Longer-term effects ofHead Start. American Economic Review, 92(4), 999-1012. Barnett,W. S. (1998). Long-term effects on cognitive development and schoolsuccess. In W. S. Barnett & S. S. Boocock (Eds.), Early care and educationfor children in poverty: Promises, programs, and long-term outcomes(pp. 11-44). Buffalo, NY: SUNY Press.17 Ludwig, J., and Miller, D. L. (2005, October). Does Head StartHead Start Cuts Crime in OregonImprove Children’s Life Chances? Evidence from a RegressionDiscontinuity Design. NBER Working Paper 11702. Cambridge,MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.18 Love, J. M., Kisker, E. E., Ross, C. M., Schochet, P. Z., Brooks-Gunn, J., Paulsell, D., Boller, K., Constantine, J., Vogel, C., Fuligni,A. S., & Brady-Smith, C. (2002). Making a difference in the lives ofinfants and toddlers and their families: The impacts of Early HeadStart, Volume I, Final technical report. Washington, DC: U. S.Department of Health and Human Services, Administration forChildren and Families, Head Start Bureau.19 Steve Barnett. (2004) Does Head Start Have Lasting CognitiveEffects. In Edward Zigler and Sally J. Styfco (Eds). The Head StartDebates. Paul Brookes Publishing: Baltimore. Also Garces, E.,Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002). Longer-term effects of Head Start.American Economic Review, 92(4), 999-1012. Barnett, W. S.(1998). Long-term effects on cognitive development and school success.In W. S. Barnett & S. S. Boocock (Eds.), Early care and educationfor children in poverty: Promises, programs, and long-term outcomes(pp. 11-44). Buffalo, NY: SUNY Press.20 Schweinhart, L.J., Montie, J., & Xiang, Z. (2004). Lifetime Effects:The High/Scope Perry Preschool study through Age 40. High/ScopeEducational research Foundation. Unpublished Manuscript.21 Schweinhart, L. J., Barnes, H. V., & Weikart, D. P. (1993).Significant benefits: The High/Scope Perry Preschool study throughage 27. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.22 Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Robertson, D. L., & Mann, E. A.(2001). Long-term effects of an early childhood intervention on educationalachievement and juvenile arrest. Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, 285(12), 2339-2380.23 Whitebook, M., Howes, C., & Phillips, D. (1989). Who Cares?Child Care Teachers and the Quality of Care in America: FinalReport, National Child Care Staffing Study. Oakland, CA: ChildCare Employee Project.24 National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2000).From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early ChildhoodDevelopment. J. P. Shonkoff and D.A. Phillips (Eds.) Washington,DC: National Academy Press.25 2003 Head Start Program Information Report (PIR) data, cited in:Hart, Katherine & Schumacher, Rachel. (2005, July). Making thecase: Improving Head Start teacher qualifications requires increasedinvestment. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy.26 2003 Head Start Program Information Report (PIR) data, cited in:Hart, Katherine & Schumacher, Rachel. (2005, July). Making thecase: Improving Head Start teacher qualifications requires increasedinvestment. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy.27 Dell Ford, Oregon Head Start State Collaboration Office, OregonDepartment of Education, Salem, Oregon, personal communication2/6/06.28 National Institute for Early Education Research. (2003, August).Investing in Head Start Teachers. Preschool Policy Brief, Issue 4.New Brunswick, NJ: Author.29 Center for Law and Social Policy. (2005). Cost of MeetingHouse and Senate Proposed Head Start Teacher QualificationRequirements. Washington, DC: Author.30 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). The2005 HHS Poverty Guidelines. Retrieved from:http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/05poverty.shtml31 Oregon Department of Education. (2005, March). Oregon HeadStart Prekindergarten: Investing In Oregon’s Future. Report toOregon’s Seventy-Third Legislative Assembly. Figures are reportedfor a two-year period because Oregon’s legislature awards fundingon a biennial basis.32 Oregon Department of Education. (2005, March). Oregon HeadStart Prekindergarten: Investing In Oregon’s Future. Report toOregon’s Seventy-Third Legislative Assembly.33 2003- 2004 enrollment data. Oregon Department of Education.(2005, March). Oregon Head Start Prekindergarten: Investing InOregon’s Future. Report to Oregon’s Seventy-Third Legislative11

Assembly.34 2003- 2004 enrollment data. Oregon Department of Education.(2005, March). Oregon Head Start Prekindergarten: Investing InOregon’s Future. Report to Oregon’s Seventy-Third LegislativeAssembly.35 2003- 2004 enrollment data. Oregon Department of Education.(2005, March). Oregon Head Start Prekindergarten: Investing InOregon’s Future. Report to Oregon’s Seventy-Third LegislativeAssembly.36 Dell Ford, Oregon Head Start State Collaboration Office, OregonDepartment of Education, Salem, Oregon, personal communication1/25/06.37 Dell Ford, Oregon Head Start State Collaboration Office, OregonDepartment of Education, Salem, Oregon, personal communication2/7/06.38 Dell Ford, Oregon Head Start State Collaboration Office, OregonDepartment of Education, Salem, Oregon, personal communication2/7/06.39 The number of children served in 1995 was 9,609. OregonDepartment of Education. (2005, March). Oregon Head StartPrekindergarten: Investing In Oregon’s Future. Report to Oregon’sSeventy-Third Legislative Assembly.40 Data were not available on the number of eligible children notreceiving Head Start who were served by other early childhood educationprograms. Oregon Department of Education. (2005, March).Oregon Head Start Prekindergarten: Investing In Oregon’s Future.Report to Oregon’s Seventy-Third Legislative Assembly.41 Dell Ford, Oregon Head Start State Collaboration Office, OregonDepartment of Education, Salem, Oregon, personal communication1/25/06.42 Dell Ford, Oregon Head Start State Collaboration Office, OregonDepartment of Education, Salem, Oregon, personal communication1/25/06.43 Office of Management and Budget. (2006, February 6). Budgetof the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2007. Retrieved fromwww.omb.gov.44 Duncan Thomas, personal communication via e-mail to CateMiller, Co-Director of Research on February 28, 2003, based on ananalysis of data in Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002).Longer-term effects of Head Start. American Economic Review, 92(4),999-1012.45 Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002). Longer-term effects ofHead Start. American Economic Review, 92(4), 999-1012.46 Duncan Thomas, personal communication via e-mail to CateMiller, Co-Director of Research on February 28, 2003, based on ananalysis of data in Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002).Longer-term effects of Head Start. American Economic Review, 92(4),999-1012. This study uses national Panel Study of Income DynamicsData to examine Head Start graduates and their siblings bornbetween 1966-1977 with follow-up data collection to 1995.47 The 8.5% difference in future crime between children who attendedHead Start versus other preschools was marginally statistically significant,at (p.

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