Chapter 13 Resource: Circulation and Immunity

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Name Date Class2EnrichmentExercise and CirculationDesign an experiment to test the circulation of six of your friends or family members. Choosean exercise that will increase circulation, such as running in place or jumping jacks. Take a pulsereading or a blood pressure reading for each person before and after exercising. Make sure theexercise is not too strenuous for anyone you are testing.Meeting Individual NeedsDirections: Fill in the following table as you conduct your experiment. The rate in the table refers to the pulserate or blood pressure reading. If you need more space, use a separate sheet of paper.Table 1NameAge of personRate before exerciseType of exercisePerson 1 Person 2 Person 3 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6Length of timeexercisingRate after exercisingRate after restingDirections: Write a conclusion for your experiment. Include answers to the following questions.1. Did the heart rate differ with age?2. Did the heart rate go up by the same amount in all the people tested?3. How long did each person rest after exercising? Had his or her heart returned to the firstmeasurement? Test yourself to see how long it takes for your heart rate to return to normal.ConclusionCopyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.32 Circulation and Immunity
Name Date Class3EnrichmentVaccines Through the CenturiesCopyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.The first vaccine was developed in 1796when Edward Jenner observed that milkmaidswho contracted cowpox seemed unlikely tocontract deadly smallpox. He hypothesizedthat contracting cowpox prevented a personfrom getting smallpox. To test his hypothesis,Dr. Jenner took a few drops of cowpox fluidfrom a milkmaid with the disease andinjected it into a boy who had neither cowpoxnor smallpox. Six weeks later, the doctorinjected the boy with a few drops of smallpoxfluid. The boy did not develop smallpox, andthe first vaccine was born. In 1980, anupdated version of Dr. Jenner’s vaccine led tothe elimination of the smallpox virus.Vaccines TodaySince the development of the first vaccine,more than 20 vaccines have been created thatprotect us from such infectious and deadlydiseases as whooping cough, measles, mumps,rabies, tetanus, and polio.Creating vaccines has come a long way, too.Since scientists learned to use vaccines to “trick”the body’s immune system into producing antibodiesthat protect against a real disease-causingorganism, vaccines have been created usingweakened or killed microbes, as well asinactivated toxins. Now, however, scientists areable to develop new and improved vaccines.Subunit VaccineOne such vaccine is called the subunit vaccine.It works by creating an immune responsein the body without causing potentiallydangerous extra immune reactions like some1. Explain how vaccines work.traditional vaccines. Subunit vaccines aredeveloped from part of a bacterium or virusand are now available for hepatitis B andtyphoid.Conjugate VaccinesAnother new kind of vaccine is a conjugatevaccine. Conjugate vaccines offer new hope forimmunizing babies against bacterial diseases likepneumonia and meningitis. Babies have differentimmune responses than adults, so until conjugatevaccines were developed, there was noway to immunize babies against these bacterialdiseases. Conjugate vaccines are really just combinedvaccines. They are developed by linkingproteins or inactivated toxins from one organismto the outer coat of the specific bacteria.Genome SequencingAdvances in biotechnology might allowscientists to develop DNA vaccines that couldpotentially offer lifelong protection againstmalaria, influenza, and HIV. Scientists also arelooking at using genome sequencing to developvaccines. Genome sequencing is a process bywhich scientists look at and try to understandthe genetic instructions of disease-causingmicrobes. Having more information about anorganism could help them develop vaccines fordiseases such as tuberculosis and syphilis.Finally, scientists are working to createedible vaccines. By genetically engineeringpotatoes, bananas, and tomatoes, scientistsbelieve they can safely trigger an immuneresponse to E. coli bacteria.2. What disease has been completely eliminated because of the use of vaccines?3. How can genomic sequencing help to develop vaccines?Meeting Individual NeedsCirculation and Immunity 33
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Chapter 13 Resource: Circulation and Immunity

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