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The Vatican & JerusalemannexesBritish Mandate: 1917 – 1948• 1917, Dec. 10: British troops enter into Jerusalem, led by General Allenby; Jerusalem is placedunder British military administration.• 1920, April: The San Remo Peace Conference assigns the mandate for Palestine to Great Britain.• 1922, July: Britain’s mandate to rule Palestine is confirmed by the League of Nations; Jerusalembecomes capital under British civil administration.• 1922-1939: Period of Palestinian revolts against British occupation and massive Jewish immigration.• 1924: The British Mandate authorities adopt the ‘Palestine (Holy Places) Order in Council’ law,which transfers disputes over religious property from the courts to the government.• 1925, March: Palestinian general strike to protest against private visit by Lord Balfour to Jerusalem.• 1929, Aug. 28-29: Palestinian uprising in reaction to militant demonstrations at Wailing Wall.• 1937, July: The report of the Royal Peel Commission calls for the partition of Palestine into twoindependent states and proposes that Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth and the Sea of Galileeregion become a separate territory.• 1947, Nov. 29: The UN Partition Resolution 181 recommends that Jerusalem and Bethlehem be acorpus separatum under a special international regime administered by the UN Trusteeship Council.• 1948, Feb.: The Holy See establishes the office of Apostolic Delegate to Jerusalem and Palestine.• 1948, May 1: Pius XII issues the encyclical “Auspicia Quaedam,” in which he expresses his concernsover the integrity of the holy places in case of war.• 1948, May 14: The State of Israel is proclaimed in Tel-Aviv at 4 p.m.• 1948, May 15: The British Mandate ends; the Arab States dispatch around 25,000 of their armedforces to Palestine; first Arab-Israeli War.• 1948, Oct. 24: Pius XII issues the encyclical “In Multiplicibus Curis,” in which he calls for respectand protection of the holy places through international guarantees.• 1948, Dec. 11: The UN General Assembly Resolution 194 establishes a Conciliation Commissionto work on a permanent international status for Jerusalem, and calls for the protection of the holyplaces and the demilitarization and UN control over the city.• 1948, Dec. 13: Israel proclaims Jerusalem as its “eternal capital.”Divided City under Israeli and Jordanian Rules: 1948 – 1967• 1949, April 3: Signature of the Armistice Agreement between Israel and Transjordan, whichformalizes the partition of the Old City.• 1949, April 15: Pius XII repeats his call for internationalization of Jerusalem in his encyclical“Redemptoris Nostri Cruciatus.”• 1949, Dec. 13: West Jerusalem is illegally declared the capital of Israel.• 1949, Dec. 9: The UN General Assembly Resolution 303 calls again for the internationalization ofJerusalem.• 1950, April 24: The Jordanian Parliament adopts a resolution making the West Bank and Jerusalempart of Jordan. That resolution holds that this “temporary and conditional” unity “must notundermine a final settlement of the Palestinian cause within the framework of Palestinian nationalaspirations.”• 1964, May 28: The First Palestinian National Council meets in Jerusalem.• 1964, Jan.: Paul VI makes a half-day pilgrimage to the Holy Land, accords an unofficial audience tothe President of Israel, Zalman Shazar.• 1965, Oct. 18: Paul VI issues the declaration “Nostra Aetate.”Israeli Occupation: 1967 – present• 1967, June 5-10: Third Arab-Israeli War, the Israeli forces occupy East-Jerusalem; the Old City’sMoroccan Quarter is demolished to facilitate the construction of an expanded Jewish Quarter anda plaza in front of the Wailing Wall.• 1967, June 7: Israel confiscates the keys to the Magharbeh Gate (the southernmost gate on thewestern wall of the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound). The keys have not yet been returned to theIslamic Waqf.• 1967, June 11: The Israeli Parliament officially annexes East Jerusalem by decreeing that “the law,jurisdiction and administration of the state [of Israel] shall extend to any area of Eretz Israel,”including the newly occupied eastern part of the city.• 1967, July 4: General Assembly Resolution 2253 calls upon Israel to “rescind all measures taken[and] to desist forthwith, from taking any action which would alter the status of Jerusalem.”• 1967, Dec.: In an address to the College of Cardinals, Pope Paul VI calls for a ‘special statute,internationally guaranteed’ for Jerusalem.• 1968: UN Security Council Resolution 252 again condemns all measures taken by Israel to changethe status of Jerusalem.100 101
The Vatican & Jerusalemannexes• 1969: UN Security Council Resolution 267 denounces “in the strongest terms all measures taken tochange the status of the City of Jerusalem.”• 1971: The Israeli authorities issue the first ‘Master plan’ for Jerusalem, which plans to double theJewish population of the city by 1980.• 1973, Jan.: First meeting between a Pope (Paul VI) and an Israeli Prime Minister (Golda Meir).• 1974, March 25: Paul VI expresses in his apostolic letter “Nobis in Animo” the conviction thatpeace and security in the Holy Land cannot be achieved without respecting the equal rights of allthe religious communities.• 1974, July 16: Paul VI calls the Palestinians a ‘people’ in a letter addressed to the President of thePontifical Mission for Palestine.• 1975, Nov.: Brief encounter between Pope Paul VI’s special emissary, Cardinal Bertoli, and thePLO leader, Yasser Arafat.• 1979: Israeli Jewish population in East Jerusalem reaches 50,000.• 1979, March 22: UN Security Council Resolution 446 calls on Israel to dismantle the settlements,“those having no legal validity” in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, including Jerusalem.• 1980, April 19: Religious Jews announce that they will work on overtaking Al-Aqsa Mosque.• 1980, July 30: The Knesset passes the ‘Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel,’ thereby confirmingthe 1967 annexation.• 1980, Aug. 20: UN Security Council Resolution 478 reaffirms that “the acquisition of territory byforce is inadmissible” and expresses its deep concern “over the enactment of a ‘basic law’ in theIsraeli Knesset proclaiming a change in the character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem, withits implications for peace and security.”• 1981, Aug. 28: Israeli authorities start building a tunnel beneath the Haram ash-Sharif compound.• 1982, April 11: Israeli soldier Goldman shoots at Muslim worshippers at the Haram ash-Sharif,killing several Palestinians, injuring over 60, and spraying bullets at the Dome of the Rock from theinside, destroying a magnificent centuries-old mosaic.• 1982, April: John Paul II refers to the Palestinians as ‘a people’ in his Angelus message.• 1982, Sept.: First meeting between John Paul II and Yasser Arafat.• 1983, March 26: Israeli excavation underneath the Waqf Department leads to the collapse of themain entrance.• 1984, April 20: John Paul II issues his apostolic letter “Redemptionis Anno,” which recalls theunique nature of Jerusalem due to its holiness for the three great monotheistic religions and thenecessity “to preserve the unique and sacred character of the Holy City.”• 1987, Dec. 9: The first Palestinian uprising (Intifada) breaks out throughout the Palestinian territories,including Jerusalem.• 1988: Jordan renounces its incorporation of the West Bank.• 1988, Nov. 15: The Palestine National Council promulgates its declaration of independence, whichannounces “the establishment of the state of Palestine in the land of Palestine with its capital atJerusalem.”• 1990, March 22: The US Senate adopts by voice vote a resolution recognizing undivided Jerusalemas the capital of Israel.• 1990, March 27: The Knesset adopts a resolution saying that united Jerusalem is under Israelisovereignty, and that there will be no negotiations on its status.• 1990, April 27: The Church of the Holy Sepulcher locks its doors for the first time in 800 years inprotest over the presence of Jewish settlers in Jerusalem St. John’s Hospice.• 1990, Oct. 8: Haram ash-Sharif massacre; Israeli forces kill 18 Palestinians and injure 150 more, asPalestinians protest against the attempt of the extremist “Temple Mount Faithful” group to enterthe compound and place a cornerstone for the building of “a Jewish third temple;” the HousingMin. Ariel Sharon announces a plan to increase the pace of construction in East Jerusalem from2,000 to 5,000 units annually.• 1991: Middle East Peace Conference in Madrid.• 1993, July: An Israeli demographic majority is declared in East Jerusalem with 168,000 Israelisettlers and 154,000 Palestinians (or 180,000 counting those without residency permits).• 1992, July 29: Israel and the Holy See establish a ‘Bilateral Permanent Working Commission.’• 1993, Sept. 13: The PLO and Israel sign the Declaration of Principles on Palestinian Interim Self-Government Arrangements.• 1993, Dec. 30: Signature of the ‘Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State ofIsrael.’• 1994, June 14: Full diplomatic relations are established between Israel and the Holy See, resulting inthe opening of an Israeli Embassy in Rome and an Apostolic Nunciature in Tel Aviv.• 1994, Oct. 26: Vatican formalizes official relations with the PLO.• 1997, April 25: UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/ES-10/2 calls for “a comprehensive, justand lasting solution to the question of the City of Jerusalem, which should be reached in permanentstatus negotiations between the parties, should include internationally guaranteed provisions toensure the freedom of religion and of conscience of its inhabitants, as well as permanent, free andunhindered access to the Holy Places by the faithful of all religions and nationalities”.• 1997, Nov. 10: Signature of the ‘Legal Personality Agreement’ between Israel and the Holy See.• 2000, Feb. 15: Signature of the ‘Basic Agreement between the Holy See and the Palestine LiberationOrganization,’ following Arafat’s ninth meeting with Pope John Paul II.• 2000, March: Pilgrimage of John Paul II to the Holy Land.102 103
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