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Impact of vegetation fires on composition andcirculation of the atmosphere (EFEU)<strong>Report</strong> on the Berlin 2 Open Access ConferenceMay 12-13, 2004 at CERN/GenevaThe earth’s protective ozone layerstill remains vulnerable

Young ScientistOutstanding Poster Presentation AwardsHydrological, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences YSOPP Awardsat Nice 2004 EGU Assembly were awarded to four yound scientists.The general aim of the Young Scientists’Outstanding Poster Paper (YSOPP) Award isto help to increase the general interest in the poster sessionsat the EGU General Assemblies and to enhance their visibility,to further improve the overall quality of poster presentationsand most importantly, to foster the excitement of youngercolleagues in presenting their work in form of a poster.The awards are presented by the Divisions and Sectionsof the Union, but not all Divisions and Sections are presentlymaking this award. The Divisions and Sections presenting thisaward for the EGU 2004 Assembly are:--Division on Hydrological Sciences--Division on Atmospheric Sciences--Division on Ocean SciencesThis year’s awardees for the Hydrological Sciences(HS):Karsten Täumer (karsten.taeumer@tu-berlin.de) receivedthe award for his poster “Characteristics of water repellency –seasonal preferential flow occurrence”. Karsten Täumer worksin the research group “Interurban” at the Technical Universityof Berlin (Dept. of Soil Protection) which focuses on turnoverprocesses and water and solute transport on urban sites.Karsten’s focus is on the small scale heterogeneities (cm - m)in water transport and soil properties.Philip Brunner (brunner@ihw.baug.ethz.ch) received theaward for his poster “Generating largescale soil salinity mapswith geophysics and remote sensing”. Philip Brunner worksat the Institute of Hydromechanics and Water ResourcesManagement (IHW), Department of Civil, Environmentaland Geomatics Engineering at the Swiss Federal Instituteof Technology (ETH) in Zurich. His Ph.D. project focuses onmodelling water and salt fluxes through a agriculturally usedbasin in Xinjiang, China in order to understand and quantify theprocess of salination.Karsten Täumer andPhilip Brunner, 2004HS YSOPP Awardees.For the Atmospheric Sciences (AS), the awardee wasJohannes Quaas, for the poster entitled: Evaluation of GCMparameterizations of cloud microphysics and aerosol indirecteffects using TOVS satellite data and ground-based remotesensing data of the SIRTA site, by Quaas, J et al.For the Oceas Sciences (OS), the 2004 award was givento Daniel Hayes (d.hayes@bas.ac.uk), for the poster entitled:Autonomous underwater vehicle measurements underAntarctic sea ice, by Hayes, D.; Jenkins, A. and McPhail, S.Daniel Hayes was working at the British Antarctic Survey inCambridge, England.Eligible for the awards are MS and PhD students as wellas recent graduates (conferral of degree after 1 January of theyear preceding the conference, i.e. 2004 for the next meetingin 2005) presenting their thesis work provided they are the firstauthor and personally present their poster at the conference.With the “Notice of Schedule” authors are informed aboutthe final status of the presentation of their paper: oral or poster.Young scientists meeting the criteria above and having beenselected to present a poster may register to participate in theYSOPP Award contest of their respective Division or Section byusing the link indicated. Thereby, registration with COSIS andthe abstract ID-Nr. of the respective presentation are required.The students name are then be forwarded to coordinatorsof the respective Division or Section together with the e-mailaddress, poster title, abstract, abstract ID-Nr., session nr.,poster board nr. and ‘on-display’ time.The coordinator sends out an email to all conveners givingthem the names of the posters to be judged in their sessionand asking them to nominate two judges per poster beforethe meeting. The conveners obtain prior consent from thejudges and may choose to do part of the judging themselves.The coordinator nominates two additional judges. To avoidpotential conflicts of interest, judges should not be involved inthe advising of that student in any way.Each coordinator prepares appraisal forms for each paperstating the title of the paper, the student’s name and the nameof the referee plus a number of criteria which are to be judgedby the referees regarding the scientific quality, the posterdesign and the ability to answer questions etc. with marks from0 to 10. The conveners collect the forms at the Facility Desk inthe poster area and hand them to the judges during the postersession. The judges nominated by the coordinator collect theirforms directly from the Facility Desk.The judges evaluate the respective posters and fill in theTHE EGGS 3

appraisal forms. Each judge is expected to actually speak to thestudent during the poster session. This produces an additionalbonus of getting some extra attention for each student. Thejudges are asked to work confidentially. The judges then returntheir forms to an inbox at the EGU Facility Desk in the posterarea during the meeting or, if needed, by mail to the coordinator.The students are encouraged to submit a handout of their posterto the coordinator (either during the meeting or by mail directlyafter the meeting.)After the meeting the coordinator will analyse the appraisalforms and compile a short list (about 20 posters) and a proposalof the ranking. A jury consisting of the chairs of the technicalcommittees and the coordinator as the chair of the jury willselect the top five posters and these will get an award. Thefinal decision is made not later than about two months after themeeting.Each awardee is notified after the decision has been made.The names are published on the EGU homepage and theawardees get the opportunity to post their posters electronically.The names are also be published in the present Newsletter, andthey receive a conference fee waiver for the next EGU GeneralAssembly. At the business meeting of the respective Division orSection held at this General Assembly each awardee receivesa certificate of the award and is invited to submit a paper to oneof the EGU journals, termed the YSOPP paper.Our climate EditorShaocai Yu, has been the Climate editor of the Eggs since April 2003.Shaocai Yu, Chinese, born in 1964, hasbeen the Climate editor of the Eggs sinceApril 2003.He got his B.S. in chemistry from Peking University in1985 and Ph.D. in Atmospheric Sciences from North CarolinaState University in 1999. He worked as a postdoctoral at DukeUniversity from 1999 to 2001. Currently, he works as a seniorscientist of STC (Science Technology Company) assigned to theNational Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, for the airquality forecast project. His main research interests: Aerosolcloud-climateinteraction; air quality observation and modeling;organic aerosol; air quality forecast; model development andevaluation; acid deposition. His main objective for the life,according to Shaocai, is to find something special.Shaocai has been doing an excellent job and has contributedto the successful development of The Eggs.His contact details (as well as the contact details of ourother editors) can be found athttp://www.the-eggs.org/office.phpYu Shaocai, Climate Editor at The EggsTHE EGGS 4

www.copernicus.org/EGU/hess/issues.htm

European Mineral Sciences Initiative (EuroMinScI)The European Science Foundation is launching a first Call for Proposals for research projects to beexecuted under the EUROCORES Programme European Mineral Sciences Initiative (EuroMinScI).Funding initiative for Research in MineralSciencesFollowing agreement with fundingagencies from Austria, Belgium, CzechRepublic, Estonia, France, Germany,Hungary, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, andthe United Kingdom, the European ScienceFoundation is launching a first Callfor Proposals for research projects tobe executed under the EUROCORESProgramme European Mineral SciencesInitiative (EuroMinScI). The EuroMinScIProgramme is expected to run for fiveyears and includes national researchfunding and a European networkingcomponent.Scientific scope of the European MineralSciences InitiativeMajor advances in the use of physics-basedexperimental techniques (nuclearmagnetic resonance spectroscopy,synchrotron radiation, neutron scattering,phonon spectroscopy, laser-ablationbased techniques, etc.) and atomisticcomputer simulation make it possibleto study mineral properties and behaviour.At the same time, measurementsof many minerals properties in situ atextreme conditions of temperature andpressure corresponding to those existingin the earth’s interior are now feasible(e.g., the recent, experimental andtheoretical determination of the temperatureat the inner core – outer coreboundary and the study of the Earth’score chemistry).The EUROCORES Programme EuroMinScIdraws together the experimentaland computational activities, and thedifferent experimental techniques, intointegrated research projects. Sometimesit calls for separate ‘computerexperiments’ while at other times computersimulation is needed even to interpretthe experimental data uniquely.It also addresses the need for youngresearchers with an academic backgroundin earth sciences to be trainedmore in the physics-based techniques,where the methods are very differentfrom traditional earth sciences. A “bottom-up”approach is envisaged, in whichparticipating scientists will propose theirown research projects within the broadcontext of EuroMinScI Programme.Specific directions of researchThe scientific content of the EuroMinScIProgramme derives from thefact that the physical and chemicalproperties of the earth and terrestrialplanets depend on the properties oftheir constituent minerals. Interactionsbetween the lithosphere and the atmosphere,biosphere or hydrosphere occuracross mineral surfaces. The chemistryof the crust/mantle/core depends onelements partitioning between minerals,and phenomena such as superplasticityor super-elasticity in mineralscould have a direct impact on largerscale geological processes, etc. TheEuroMinScI Programme will thereforefocus on the atomistic understandingof structures, properties and processesof minerals. Specific areas of researchthat can be supported include: Behaviourof minerals at high pressures andtemperatures; Structures and propertiesof amorphous and disordered materials;Defects and microstructures; Transportmechanisms at the atomic length scale;Trace elements and isotope partitioning;Structure, properties and reactivities ofmineral surfaces; Spectroscopy of mineralsand the quantitative interpretationof spectra.BackgroundThe physics and chemistry of mineralswith their behaviour studied by integratingexperimental and computationalmethodsThis intitial suggestion for a EURO-CORES programme related to the physicsand chemistry of minerals with theirbehaviour studied by integrating experimentaland computational methods canbe traced back to discussions at an ESFworkshop held in Rome in September2001, attended by the chairs of a numberof ESF networking activities in materialsciences.A document has been drafted after ameeting of interested scientists from 10countries in Frankfurt am Main, Germanyon 28th October 2003. This meetingmandated a provisional executive committeeto formulate the following scientificcase for a EUROCORES programme.This provisional executive committeeconsists of the following members, representingboth experimental and computationalmineralogy:- Professor Michael Allan Carpenter,Dept. Earth Sciences, University ofCambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom- Professor Francesco Mauri, Laboratoirede Minéralogie-Cristallographiede Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie,Paris, France- Professor Bjoern Winkler, AbteilungKristallographie, Institut fuer Mineralogie,Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitaet,Frankfurt a.M., Germany- Dr. Sandro Scandolo, The AbdusSalam ICTP, Trieste, ItalyMore Info can be found at the ESFwebsite, at:http://www.esf.org/eurominsciMs. Chantal DurantEuropean Science FoundationPhysical and Engineering Sciences(PESC)THE EGGS 6

<strong>Report</strong> on the JointAOGS Meeting & APHW ConferenceThe newly founded Asia Oceanic Geosciences Society (AOGS) held its first Annual Meeting jointly with theAsia Pacific Association of Hydrology and Water Resources (APHW) having their second conference- Peter Fabian reports.July 14, 2004.- The newly founded Asia Oceanic GeosciencesSociety (AOGS) held its first Annual Meeting jointlywith the Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology and Water Resources(APHW) having their second conference. The meetingand Conference took place in Singapore, 5-9 July 2004.As Wing-Huen Ip, the AOGS President, made it clear in hisopening speech, the former Euro-pean Geophysical Society(EGS) was viewed as a suitable model for AOGS, since it alsohad to be developed from a standing start without funds or anykind of existing framework. Ip pointed out: “The success fo theEGS is well known, and we make no apologies for borrow-ingheavily from its example. In particular we have endeavouredto organize a bottom up so-ciety devoted to the interest of scienceand scientists, from a start, without the contraints thatmight hamper the development of a politically based organizationrepresenting national inter-ests.”During four days (Tuesday-Friday, Monday July 5 was devotedto registration and Opening Ceremony only) sessionson Solid Earth (SE), Oceans and Atmospheres (OA), SolarTerres-trials (ST), Plenatary Science (PS) and InterdisciplinaryWorking Groups wre held. Hydro-logical Science (HS) was essentiallyprovided by APHW. The scientific spectrum was similarto that of EGU, with ST and PS dominating while OA beingcomparable weak.About 1000 scientists attended, with China, India, Koreaand Japan dominating and astonish-ing many participants fromEurope and the US as well. The mix was just right to set thescene for many highly exciting sessions. A perfect organizationand a very convenient Convention Center made a smooth andefficient conference possible. Overall, the First AOGS AnnualMeeting was a great success to which the organizers can becongratulated.Given the large potential of the Asia-Oceanic region andthe positive impression of this first meeting, the newly foundedAOGS is bound to grow and successfully develop. The nextAOGS Annual Meeting will take place June 20-24, 2005 in Singapore.Peter FabianEGU PresidentRosetta: Self-portrait and view of homeESA’s Rosetta comet-chaser has photographed itself in space at a distanceof 35 million kilometres from Earth. Continuing its journey, it delivered recently an imageof the home planet with moon from a distance of 70 million kilometresESA Rosetta’s self-portrait inspace.Copyright 2000 - 2004 ©European Space Agency.On a press release of 18 June 2004, ESA releaseda self-portrait of Rosetta spacecraft in space at a distance of 35 millionkilometres from Earth. The CIVA imaging camera system on the Philaelander returned this image as part of its testing in May 2004.The image shows the back of a solar panel, with contours on thepanel illuminated by sunlight and surfaces of the spacecraft mainbody recognisable at lower right.The CIVA imaging system consists of six identical micro-cameraswhich will take pictures of the comet’s surface, when Rosetta arrivesat its target in ten years’ time. The Rosetta spacecraft, launched 2March 2004, will undertake the long-term exploration of a comet. Itcomprises a large orbiter, which is designed to operate for a decadeat large distances from the Sun, and a small lander. Each of thesecarries a suite of experiments designed to complete a detailed studyof a comet.After entering orbit around Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenkoin 2014, the spacecraft will release the small lander onto the icynucleus, then spend the next two years orbiting the comet as it headstowards the Sun.On another press release on 3 August, 2004, ESA released anTHE EGGS 7

image of the Earth-Moon system, taken from Rosetta, from a distance of 70 million kilometres (see http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEM8RA3VQUD_index_0.html). This image was taken by the Navigation Camera System (NAVCAM) on board the Rosettaspacecraft, activated for the first time on 25 July 2004.New IOC Officers appointedAt the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2004, new International Ozone Commission officers were elected.The International OzoneCommission (IOC) hasrecently elected its newofficers.The newly elected officers are IvarIsaksen (President), Sophie Godin-Beekman (Vice President) and ChristosZerefos (Secretary). The newly electedPresident, Ivar Isaksen, is a Professorat the University of Oslo, Department ofGeophysics.Honorary MembersR.D. Bojkov (Canada/Bulgaria),A. Brewer (UK), P.J. Crutzen(The Netherlands), †H.U. Dütsch(Switzerland), J. London (USA), C.L.Mateer (Canada), M.J. Molina (USA)and F.S. Rowland (USA) have beennamed Honorary Members of the IOC.MembersNewly elected members of the IOCare:1. Balis D. (Greece)2. Barrie L. (Canada)3. Bodeker G. (New Zealand)4. Coetzee G. (S. Africa)5. Cuevas E. (Spain)6. Dentener F. (Italy)7. Diab R. (S. Africa)8. Dorokhov V. (Russia)9. Douglass A. (USA)10. Fioletov V. (Canada / Russia)11. Granier C. (France)12. Harris N. (UK)13. Kaempfer N. (Switzerland)14. Kelder H. (The Netherlands)15. Koehler U. (Germany)16. Krzyscin J. (Poland)17. Kurylo M. (USA)18. Lal S. (India)19. Logan J. (USA)20. Manney G. (USA)21. Nakane H. (Japan)22. Oltmans S. (USA)23. Pelaez J-C. (Cuba)24. Richter A. (Germany)25. Sharobiem W. (Egypt)26. Stolarski R. (USA)27. Stordal F. (Norway)28. Taalas P. (Finland)29. Wuebbles D. (USA)The EGgs wishes them a fruitfulterm.International Association ofMeteorology and AtmosphericSciences (IAMAS)International Ozone Commission(IOC)New Online Review Journalfor Solar Physics and related fieldsLiving Reviews in Solar Physics, is an electronic, open access, refereed journal devotedto providing the community with high quality reviews of all aspects of solar physics and related fields.Articles will be kept up-to-date by periodic revisions made by the authors.Living Reviews in Solar Physics, a purelyelectronic, open access, refereed journal devoted to providingthe community with high quality up-to-date reviews of allaspects of solar physics and related fields (primarily the Sun-Earth and the solar-stellar connection) is now online. The journalbegins with two substantial and interesting articles, whichyou are invited to browse, download and read for free:- Yuhong Fan: “Magnetic Fields in the Solar ConvectionZone”- Brian E. Wood: “Astrospheres and Solar-like StellarWinds”An abstract of each of these articles can be found below.Further articles are in preparation and will be put onlineas soon as they are ready. Articles can also be accessed viaNASA’s ADS service. An important feature of the journal is thatarticles will be kept up-to-date by periodic revisions made bythe authors (hence the name “Living Reviews”).Living Reviews in Solar Physics articles provide sophisticatedonline functionalities. The journal is published by theMax Planck Institute for Solar System Research in cooperationwith the Living Reviews BackOffice.Journal homepage:http://solarphysics.livingreviews.orgThere you can also order a Newsletter with which you willbe notified when new or substantially updated articles are putonline.Editor-in-Chief is Sami K. Solanki and the Editorial Boardconsists of J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, E. Marsch, R. Rosner, T.Sakurai, C. Schrijver, M. Schuessler and R. Schwenn.For a list of upcoming articles you can checkhttp://solarphysics.livingreviews.org/Articles/upcoming.htmlTHE EGGS 8

Yuhong Fan, “Magnetic Fields in the SolarConvection Zone” (incl. 142 references,19 figures and 4 movies)ABSTRACTRecent studies of the dynamic evolution of magnetic fluxtubes in the solar convection zone are reviewed with focus onemerging flux tubes responsible for the formation of solar activeregions. The current prevailing picture is that active regionson the solar surface originate from strong toroidal magneticfields generated by the solar dynamo mechanism at the thintachocline layer at the base of the solar convection zone. Thusthe magnetic fields need to traverse the entire convection zonebefore they reach the photosphere to form the observed solaractive regions. This review discusses results with regard tothe following major topics: 1. the equilibrium properties of thetoroidal magnetic fields stored in the stable overshoot regionat the base of the convection zone, 2. the buoyancy instabilityassociated with the toroidal magnetic fields and the formationof buoyant magnetic flux tubes, 3. the rise of emerging fluxloops through the solar convective envelope as modeled bythe thin flux tube calculations which infer that the field strengthof the toroidal magnetic fields at the base of the solar convectionzone is significantly higher than the value in equipartitionwith convection, 4. the minimum twist needed for maintainingcohesion of the rising flux tubes, 5. the rise of highly twistedkink unstable flux tubes as a possible origin of $\delta$-sunspots,6. the evolution of buoyant magnetic flux tubes in 3Dstratified convection, 7. turbulent pumping of magnetic flux bypenetrative compressible convection, 8. an alternative mechanismfor intensifying toroidal magnetic fields to significantly super-equipartitionfield strengths by conversion of the potentialenergy associated with the superadiabatic stratification of thesolar convection zone, and finally 9. a brief overview of ourcurrent understanding of flux emergence at the surface andpost-emergence evolution of the subsurface magnetic fields.FULL ARTICLE AT:http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2004-1Brian E. Wood, “Astrospheres and SolarlikeStellar Winds” (incl. 156 references and13 figures)ABSTRACTStellar analogs for the solar wind have proven to be frustratinglydifficult to detect directly. However, these stellar windscan be studied indirectly by observing the interaction regionscarved out by the collisions between these winds and the interstellarmedium (ISM). These interaction regions are called ``astrospheres’’,analogous to the ``heliosphere’’ surrounding theSun. The heliosphere and astrospheres contain a populationof hydrogen heated by charge exchange processes that canproduce enough H~I Ly$\alpha$ absorption to be detectable inUV spectra of nearby stars from the Hubble Space Telescope(HST). The amount of astrospheric absorption is a diagnosticfor the strength of the stellar wind, so these observations haveprovided the first measurements of solar-like stellar winds. Resultsfrom these stellar wind studies and their implications forour understanding of the solar wind are reviewed here. Ofparticular interest are results concerning the past history of thesolar wind and its impact on planetary atmospheres.FULL ARTICLE AT:http://www.livingreviews.org/lrsp-2004-2Sami K. SolankiName change for the Max Planck Institute for AeronomyA letter from the Managing Director informs about name changefor the MPI for Aeronomy in Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany.24 June 2004.- A letter from the Managing Director informsabout name change for the MPI for Aeronomy in Katlenburg-Lindau,Germany:Dear Madam, dear Sir,Please allow me to inform you of an imminent developmentconcerning our Institute. This Institute, which has existed since1957 under the name Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy, hasseen a number of transformations in its lifetime. During the50’s and 60’s, the scientific emphasis was on the explorationof the Earth’s upper atmosphere, but in the following decadesthis was extended to include new areas involving the solar system.The current thrust of our research now concentrates onthe exploration of the Sun, Heliosphere, planets, and comets,that is, on all the essential parts of our solar system. With theretirement of Prof. Sir Ian Axford and Prof. Tor Hagfors andwith the appointment of Prof. Ulrich Christensen and myself,this new thrust is reflected in the directorship as well. This developmentwill for the time being, culminate with the retirementof Dr. Helmut Rosenbauer on 30th June 2004.In order to more accurate by reflect our Institute’s currentactivities, the Max Planck Society has accepted our proposalto change the name, effective 1st July 2004, to “Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung” (in English, Max PlanckInstitute for Solar System Research). The renaming is coupledwith the introduction of a new logo, which we hope will increasethe Institute’s visibility.We shall make every effort to maintain the good reputationof our Institute under the new name and “outfit”, and wherepossible, to enhance it. We look forward to many more successfulcollaborations.Sincerely yours,Prof. Dr. Sami K. SolankiManaging Director, MPI for Solar System ResearchTHE EGGS 9

Obituary:James Reed Holton (1938-2004)Professor James Holton, a most eminent and important figure in the field of atmospheric sciences,died on 3 March 2004 in University Hospital Seattle, Washington.James R. Holton, 65, died on 3 March 2004 inUniversity Hospital Seattle, Washington. Jim had suffered astroke and heart attack while taking his mid-day run at HuskyStadium on 24 February 2004. He seemed in perfect healthat the time. Holton had been a professor in the Departmentof Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington for38 years. He was a highly respected teacher and researcher,the author of a leading textbook in dynamic meteorology, anda member of the advisory board of Atmospheric Chemistry andPhysics.Holton was born in Spokane, Washington and grew up innearby Pullman, the site of Washington State University wherehis father studied diseases of wheat and was director of a USDAlaboratory. He went to Harvard College, where he received aB.S. degree in physics in 1960. Jim worked with Professor JuleCharney at MIT and earned his Ph.D. in 1964.He received an NSF postdoctoral fellowship that allowedhim to enjoy a year in Stockholm, Sweden, where he visitedthe group of Bert Bolin. Holton took up his assistant professorposition in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at theUniversity of Washington in 1965 and remained there, exceptfor occasional sojourns around the world, until his death.His first work had to do with studying fluid dynamics in thelaboratory using rotating tanks of salt water. He studied the roleof viscous boundary layers in transient flow situations, whichled to an important paper on the nocturnal jet along the easternslope of the Rockies. In 1968 he was author of four importantpapers on the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation of the tropicalstratosphere, including a paper with R. S. Lindzen, which isregarded as the essential explanation of the QBO.The first edition of his textbook was published in 1972. Hereceived the Meisinger Award of the American MeteorologicalSociety in 1973. Holton visited the Department of Applied Mathand Theoretical Physics at Cambridge University in 1973–1974and his AMS monograph on the dynamical meteorology of thestratosphere and mesosphere was published in 1975. Thismonograph marked the beginning of a long relationship with thecommunity of researchers working on stratospheric dynamics,ozone and water vapor, and the interactions between thestratosphere and troposphere.In 1982 he was awarded the Second Half Century Awardof the AMS, which was later renamed the Charney Award. In1983 he began working on the role of gravity waves in thestratosphere, and in 1984 wrote a review article on the watervapor puzzle of the stratosphere. In 1987 he published a coauthoredbook with David Andrews and Conway Leovy entitled“Middle Atmosphere Dynamics”.The themes of atmospheric dynamics, stratosphere -troposphere constituent exchange, and gravity wave – meanflow interaction continued to benefit from Holton’s insight andleadership for the remainder of his life. At the time of his deathhe was heavily engaged in planning for the Aura Satellitelaunch, the use of HIRDLS data, and various field programsdesigned to resolve questions relating to the role of the tropicaltropopause transition layer in stratosphere - troposphereexchange of energy and constituents. The fourth edition of “AnIntroduction to Dynamic Meteorology” appeared in 2004 andthe six volume “Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences”, whichhe co-edited with Judy Curry and John Pyle, appeared in printin 2002.Jim Holton was a brilliant lecturer, a well-loved teacherand an excellent mentor of young scientists. He leaves atremendous legacy in the scientists he helped to develop. Hesupervised 26 doctoral students, and seven M. S. students. Inaddition, he worked with about 20 postdoctoral visitors at theUniversity of Washington.Holton won most of the awards available to an atmosphericscientist. In 1994 he was elected a member of the US NationalAcademy of Sciences. He received an honorary doctoratefrom the Stockholm University and an honorary professorshipfrom the University of Buenos Aires in 1998. He was awardedthe Roger Revelle Medal of the AGU in 2000 and the RossbyResearch Medal of the AMS in 2001 – the highest awardsfor excellence in research given by these two professionalsocieties.He served as Chairman of the Department of AtmosphericSciences at the University of Washington from 1997–2002.He was an extremely generous colleague and was more thanwilling to contribute his time and resources to the benefit of hiscolleagues and the institutions he supported. At his memorialservice, his colleagues, students and friends repeatedly testifiedto the kindness, generosity and humanity that accompaniedboth his scientific excellence and his athletic prowess.Dennis L. HartmannDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, Univ. ofWashington, Seattle, WA, USAdennis@atmos.washington.eduReprinted from Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 875, 2004, www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acp/4/875/THE EGGS 10

500,000 year-old sediment coresfrom the bottom of the Mediterranean SeaWithin the €3,6 million EU research project PROMESS1 (PROfiles across MEditerranean SedimentarySystems), with a EU €2,7 million contribution, European scientists have collected 500,000year-old sediment cores from the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. These samples will allowresearchers to better reconstruct climate variations since pre-historic times. PROMESS1 involvespartners from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.Brussels, 22 July 2004.-Between June, 24th and July, 22nd,2004, a team of European scientistsembarked on a drilling expedition in theMediterranean Sea , from Brindisi (Italy)to Barcelona (Spain). The purpose ofthis cruise was to collect, for the firsttime, long (up to 300 m) sediment sectionsand measurements from two deltaicmargins where the memory of globalchanges during the last ca. 500,000years is particularly well preserved. Thecruise was part of the PROMESS1 project.PROMESS1 has three main objectives:1. The reconstruction of sea-leveland climate changes during the last 500000 years2. The analysis of the impact ofglobal changes on slope stability, andexamination of slope processes such asunderwater avalanches3. The understanding of the processesthat form strata on continental margins,in relation with sea-level changes,instabilities and oceanic processes, andrecent tectonic activities.As the partners of the project state,“The increasing interest in continentalmargins and deep marine environmentsrequires an integrated approach (fromsource to sink) to the study of processesforming sedimentary systems. The majorcontrolling processes that need to befurther investigated include changes inglobal sea-level, oceanographic regimeand sediment fluxes (strongly influencedby climate variability), as well as slopefailure and tectonics s.l. (subsidence,earthquakes,..). Understanding theseprocesses during the Quaternary hasimportant implications for managing sustainableuse of deeper marine environments,the exploration of analogue sandbodies by the oil industry, and for understandingand predicting geohazards.Only Large Infrastructure Researchsuch as drilling vessels, not accessibleto one given country or institute can permitto fully exploit the huge backgroundof geophysical data and interpretationsthat has been gathered on Mediterraneansubaquatic deltaic systems. So far,very few, if any, long cores and in situmeasurements have provided “groundtruth”to these interpretations, but thistype of geologic data is absolutely necessaryto characterise and quantify theprocesses and time-scales in order tofurther implement numerical and experimentalmodels of margin evolution.”Cross-examination of data from differentsources will help better understandclimate variations. The data ofPROMESS1 will be compared with dataprovided by ice core drilling.PROMESS1 has also been supportedwith technical advice by the IntegratedOcean Drilling Programme (IODP).Offshore drilling is expensive and it ismainly undertaken by the offshore oiland gas industry. IODP is an exception,aiming at providing to the internationalscientific community drilling platformscapable to drill in extreme conditions,in terms of water depth and penetrationbelow sea floor, to address issues suchas global changes, earthquakes, anddeep biosphere. The European Unionparticipates to IODP with the ECORD(European Consortium for Ocean Drilling)project.During the last expedition, theshipboard party reports:“Wednesday, July 21st, 17h00 localtime.- This is the last newsletter sentfrom “SRV Bavenit”, since we are goingto reach Barcelona, our demobilisationharbour, on July 21st, evening.We reached PRGL2, the last site ofPROMESS 1, on July, 18th, at 8:00 AM.This site is situated at the seaward terminationof the Last Glacial Maximumshoreline, at a water depth of 103 m.The targeted depth was 100 m belowsea-floor, in order to sample shelf sequencesthat were deposited during thesame time interval as at PRGL1 (500 kyraccording to seismic interpretation andstratigraphic modelling).The objective at this site is to characterizethe very diverse seismic faciesin terms of paleoenvironments, paleowaterdepths and sedimentary processes.To the difference of GL1 wherecontinuous sedimentation occurred,PRGL2 was successively emerged andsubmerged. It is therefore characterizedby several discontinuities related to submarineand/or subaerial erosion. Verynicely preserved clinoforms, up to 35 mthick, were interpreted as the witnessesof former shorefaces/shorelines formedduring glacial periods. They representinteresting Quaternary analogues toseveral oil reservoirs. They are separatedby seismic facies suggesting finergrained sedimentation, some of them affectedby wavy features similar to thatobserved at PRAD2 in the Adriatic Sea.The high amount of sand expected atPRGL2 made it challenging from a technicalpoint of view, sand being very difficultto recover. For this reason, it wasdecided to start the operations with ageotechnical drilling (PRGL2-1), in orderto obtain a first estimate of lithologyand better adapt the coring strategy byselecting the best adapted tools.The CPT test was achieved at 2:00AM on July, 19th. Some of the layers(less than 5m in total) encounteredwere so stiff that it was not possible toget through, the corresponding intervalsTHE EGGS 11

were drilled without measurement.The second hole (PRGL2-2) wasdevoted to coring. As expected, we encountereddifficulties with very compactsands, especially around 75 mbsf. Inthis case, the strategy was to core asmuch as possible (sometimes less than20 cm), then to drill 50 cm lower than thetop of the previously cored interval. Onaverage, the recovery at site PRGL2-2was about 82%, a rather satisfying resultconsidering the lithologies. It is worthnoting that CPTU, which is commonlyemployed by the industry but almost unknownby the non-geotechnical world, isvery useful not only for characterizing insitu physical properties of sediment, butalso for predicting lithologies, and betteradapt sampling strategies.After sampling PRGL2-2 was loggedwith gamma-ray tool within the drill pipe(the large amount of sand did not allowlogging in open hole). The loggingwinch being broken, it was necessary tohandle the cable by hand (by chance,this didn’t happen at the deepest site,PRGL1). Operations finished at 22h20,on July, 20th.We are now sailing toward Barcelona,packing up equipments and data,and wrapping up the preliminary cruisereport. The last 13 days were quite intense,all the group is quite tired but veryhappy of a 27-day cruise which wentvery well, with a huge amount of uniquedata to valorise.”For further information onPROMESS1, see:http://promess1.wdc-mare.org/Sources:EC, © European Communities,1995-2004PROMESS1 websiteTHE EGGS 12

Extrapolating future Arctic ozone lossesTrends in stratospheric temperature might delay ozone recoveryFuture increases in the concentration ofgreenhouse gases and water vapour are likelyto cool the stratosphere further and to increase the amountof polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). Future Arctic PSC areashave been extrapolated using the highly significant trends in thetemperature record from 1958–2001. Using a tight correlationbetween PSC area and the total vortex ozone depletion andtaking the decreasing amounts of ozone depleting substancesinto account we make empirical estimates of future ozone. Theresult is that Arctic ozone losses increase until 2010–2020 andonly decrease slightly up to 2030. This approach is an alternativemethod of prediction to that based on the complex coupledchemistry-climate models (CCMs).Abstract, full text and online discussion at:http://www.cosis.net/members/journals/df/abstract.php?a_id=890B. M. Knudsen, S. B. Andersen, B. Christiansen,N. Larsen, M. Rex, N. R. P. Harris, B. Naujokat, Atmos.Chem. Phys. Discuss., 4, 3227-3248, 2004.Other papers of interest in ACPOzone over China - natural oxidant chemistry - organic compounds and cloud dropletsAn attempt to use a chemical transport model of ozone-precursors to elucidate tropospheric ozone levels over China - a regionof increasing interest to regional and global air pollution studies:http://www.cosis.net/members/journals/df/article.php?a_id=495Important insights into natural oxidant chemistry (the chemical ‘cleansing’ ability of the atmosphere) from modelling of observationsat Cape Grim, Tasmania:http://www.cosis.net/members/journals/df/abstract.php?a_id=847A contribution to the current debate on the extent to which organic compounds can influence cloud droplet characteristics andchemistry:http://www.cosis.net/members/journals/df/article.php?a_id=501THE EGGS 13

Impact of vegetation fires oncomposition and circulation of theatmosphere (EFEU)S. Wurzler et al. report on the AFO2000 projectThe project addresses the contribution of vegetation fires to the local trace gas and particle budgets of thetroposphere and the lower stratosphere, their direct and indirect radiative impact, their impact on cloud formationand chemical and microphysical processes in clouds.Scientific objectivesVegetation fires are a significant source for atmospherictrace gases and aerosol particles (AP) on both local and globalscale. Vast fires regularly occur in the tropics (Africa, SouthAmerica, and South East Asia) as well as in the mid latitudesand boreal regions (the Mediterranean region, USA, Canada,Scandinavia, and Russia). Fire emissions and their reactionproducts are transported by convection into the free troposphereand the lower stratosphere and are distributed from thelocal scale to the mesoscale and even to the global scale.Particles and gases from vegetation fires and their secondaryproducts change the chemical composition of the atmosphere.Their influence on cloud microphysics (Fig. 1) maylead to warm precipitation suppression and a vertical shift inthe release of latent heat. This has significant effects on theatmospheric energy and radiation budget (direct and indirecteffects) and potentially on the global circulation. Fig. 2 summarizesthe various processes connected with biomass burningand their interactions on different scales.The joint research project EFEU addresses the followingquestions:1. What is the contribution of vegetation fires to the localtrace gas and particle budgets of the troposphere and the lowerstratosphere?2. To which extent do aerosols emitted from vegetation firesaffect the radiation budget of the atmosphere (direct effect)?3. How does vertical transport of fire emissions into the up-Figure 1.Cloudsforming inthe plume ofa vegetationfire (photo:Wurzler).THE EGGS 14

Figure 2. Schematic summary of the effects of vegetation fires onatmospheric physics and chemistry from the small to the largescale.per troposphere influence cloud formation and chemical andmicrophysical processes in clouds?4. How relevant is the change of microphysical propertiescaused by aerosols from biomass burning for the regional radiation(indirect effect) and energy budgets of the atmosphereand the small-scale atmospheric circulation?MethodsThese questions are addressed with a combined experimentaland numerical approach drawing from the expertiseof eight different research groups. The experimental part isdesigned to enhance the database on biomass burning emissionswith a particular focus on the suite of input parametersrequired by the numerical models employed in the EFEU project.Controlled burn experiments were performed with varioustypes of typical biomass burning fuel ranging from central Europeanto tropical fuel types. During these experiments physical,optical and chemical particulate parameters as well as alimited number of gas phase species are characterized. Amongthe measurement parameters are:• optical absorption and scattering coefficients of aerosolparticles• total particle concentration and number size distribution(12 nm to 10,000 nm in diameter)• morphological and chemical characterization of aerosolparticles by single particle analysis• bulk and size resolved chemical and mass characterizationof particulate matter• hygroscopic growth factors of the particles and CCN/CNratios• trace gas abundances of NO, CO and CO2Two series of laboratory experiments took place in May/June 2002 and June 2003 at the laboratory oven of the MPIMainz (see Fig. 3). While in the first campaign, African (e.g.,acacia, musasa, mupangara) and Mediterranean (e.g., aleppopine, kermes oak) vegetation has been investigated, the secondcampaign focused on biomass from boreal regions (oak,spruce, pine; partly with dry or green material). A third campaignwas carried out in September 2003 in order to establishreproducibility of the measurements and to investigate emissionsfrom Indonesian and German peat fires.A hierarchically structured suite of originally independentnumerical models is employed to investigate the complex impactof biomass burning emissions on the atmosphere. Thevarious model components complement each other address-Figure 3. Laboratory oven facility at MPI Mainz (reproduced withthe permission of J. Lelieveld).THE EGGS 15

ing different aspects of this topic on a range of spatial and temporalscales. Combined with the input data from the laboratoryexperiments this integrated approach allows a more completeview on physical, chemical and dynamical aspects of biomassburning plumes. The model hierarchy facilitates seamlesstransition from microscale to regional scale models and spansthe temporal scale from a few minutes to months and years.Among other aspects the modelling efforts address:• impact of biomass burning aerosol on cloud microphysicsand precipitation using detailed and parameterized model approachesincluding the ice phase• evolution of individual biomass burning plumes, consideringdynamical evolution and troposphere-stratosphere exchangeof emissions as well as chemical processes in youngplumes• effect of radiative transport on chemistry and dynamics ofthe atmosphere and determination of the role of biomass burningon the regional climate• effect of biomass burning on the atmospheric budgets oftrace constituents, water, and energy on the regional scaleSelected resultsOptical properties of the biomass burning aerosol: Modellingthe impact of vegetation fires on radiative transport requiresaccurate knowledge of the optical properties of biomass burningaerosol. Optical properties of particles are well describedby Mie theory and mainly depend on particle size, shape, andindex of refraction m. However, for biomass burning aerosolespecially m is not well known. The EFEU data set providesthe unique opportunity to investigate m for various fuel typesand burning conditions. As an example Fig. 4 shows 2-minuteaverages of the measured SSA (single scattering albedo = ratioof scattering and extinction coefficient) at a wavelength of550 nm of about 9-minutes old biomass burning aerosol froman oak (dry) fire; the corresponding burning conditions are alsoshown as dCO/dCO2 trace (crosses), where dCO and dCO2represent CO and CO2 concentrations above background levels.There was an obvious positive correlation between SSAand dCO/dCO2. In the smouldering phase at the beginningof the experiment (dCO/dCO2 > 8%) SSA was very high withvalues around 0.95. With the start of the flaming combustion(dCO/dCO2 < 8%) at 11:33 SSA showed a sharp decreaseFigure 4. Comparison between measured and modelled singlescattering albedo (SSA) for a 1-hour fire with dry oak as fuel.down to approximately 0.7 followed by a relatively steady increaseto just above 0.9 accompanied by an increase in dCO/dCO2.For comparison, Fig. 4 also shows Mie calculations of theSSA for three different black carbon (BC) mass fractions basedon the measured number size distributions under the assumptionof spherical particle shape which is justified by SEM pictures.Due to the significantly lower volatility of black carbon(BC) compared to organic carbon (OC) we performed the Miecalculations for coated spheres with a BC core (mBC = 1.75-0.44i) and an OC shell (mOC = 1.53-0.0i). Fig. 4 shows thatthe modelled SSA is fairly constant for each BC mass fraction.Hence, changes in size distribution alone cannot explain theobserved variations in SSA which indicates a significant role ofparticle chemistry and hence m. We found that BC mass fractionsof 2 and 20% represent the observed extreme SSA valuesof about 0.95 and 0.7, respectively, reasonably well. Thisis consistent with the expected higher BC content for moreflaming fires (lower dCO/dCO2 values) which produce highercombustion temperatures and consequently more soot. Hence,our results suggest that young biomass burning aerosol maybe modelled as BC spheres coated with a variable amount ofOC depending on the burning conditions. Similar Mie calculationswill be performed for all of the wood types investigated inthe EFEU laboratory campaign and then hopefully condensedinto a single parameterization at least for certain categories ofwood (e.g. northern boreal, tropical, peat, etc.).Drop nucleation ability of the aerosol particles: As a step forthe understanding of the influence of biomass burning aerosolon cloud formation, potential cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)were identified by determining the CCN/CN ratio in the laboratoryexperiments. This was done for different dry particle sizes(50, 100, 150, 250, and 325 nm) at different supersaturationsfrom 0.24 to 1.64 %. The experimental results are compared tocritical supersaturations calculated from extended Köhler theorywhich is also used in the detailed microphysical models appliedin the project. Fig. 5 shows the critical supersaturation forvarying e (soluble fraction, here ammonium sulphate) and APsizes (lines with different colors). CCN/CN ratios of 25 (circles),50 (squares), 75 (diamonds), and 100 % (triangles) are deducedfrom the measurements and compared to the theoreticalvalues. The black square on the red line means, e.g., that50 % of the 100 nm AP are activated at 0.46 % supersaturationwhich corresponds to a theoretical value of e = 0.08. One cansee that the soluble fraction generally is small (e < 10 % forabout 50 % of the particles) as it is expected for biomass burningAP and that e is slightly higher for smaller AP sizes (50 nmvs. 150 nm). Despite their small e, larger particles (150, 200nm) are activated at relatively low supersaturations that easilycould be reached in clouds. Obviously, the critical supersaturationsare very sensitive to e < 20 % especially for smaller sizes(50, 100 nm). Therefore, small changes in epsilon could highlyinfluence the number of drops in clouds affected by biomassburning. The CCN/CN ratios are quite similar for the differentwood types (spruce, pine, oak, and musasa) considered in theEFEU experiments.Modelling results from the regional model REMO: Thespatial distribution of smoke haze in Indonesia in 1997 canbe derived from the TOMS Aerosol Index (AI) data, shown asmonthly mean in the upper part of Fig. 6. During the smokehaze period maximum intensity in TOMS AI data is visible inthe provinces of South Sumatra, Jambi, Central and West Kalimantan,and on Irian Jaya, where the main peat fire emissionTHE EGGS 16

areas are located. Large scale transport from these source regionsto northern and western directions reaching into the IndianOcean occurred especially during September 1997, whenthe fire emissions were highest and rainfall and associated wetdeposition was lowest.The lower part of Fig. 6 presents the monthly mean atmosphericcolumn burden in mg(C)/m2 of total particulate matter(TPM) as determined by the regional model REMO. It shouldbe emphasised at this point that Fig. 6 displays only a qualitativecomparison of TOMS AI with REMO calculated TPM inorder to evaluate the simulated temporal and spatial distributionof smoke haze. The principle ability of the REMO modelto reproduce the spatial and temporal distribution of TPM isclearly visible from Fig. 6. A north-west transport of smokehaze dominated in September 1997. Compared to TOMS AIthe intensity of the smoke haze originating from Irian Jaya isrelatively low. These differences in modelled and observedsmoke haze distribution can result from the fact that TOMSFigure 5. Critical supersaturations (lines) and CCN/CN ratios(symbols) for different AP sizes and solubilities.AI cannot detect absorbing aerosols at altitudesbelow about 1 km because of theunderlying Rayleigh scattering.More info can be found at the project’swebsite:h t t p : / / p r o j e c t s . t r o p o s . d e : 8 0 8 8 /afo2000g3/S. Wurzler (1,5), M. Simmel, K. Diehl,T. Hennig, H. Herrmann, Y. Iinuma,K. Lehmann, A. Massling, F. Stratmann,A. Wiedensohler, G. Zech, K. Zeromskiene(1), R. Posselt (1,6), K. Hungershöfer(2), T. Trautmann (2,7), M. O. Andreae,D. Chand, U. Dusek, G. P. Frank,G. Helas, R. S. Parmar, O. Schmid, T.Winterrath, M. Welling (3), J. Trentmann(3,8), H. F. Graf (4,9), B. Langmann (4),F. Nober (9), C. Textor (4,10)Corresponding author: M. Simmel(simmel@tropos.de)(1) Leibniz Institute for TroposphericResearch, Leipzig(2) University of Leipzig(3) Max Planck Institute for Chemistry,Biogeochemistry, Mainz(4) Max Planck Institute for Meteorology,Hamburg(5) North Rhine Westphalia StateOffice for Environment(6) Dalhousie University, Halifax(7) German Aerospace Center,Oberpfaffenhofen(8) University of Washington, Seattle(9) University of Cambridge(10) LSCE, CEA/CNRS SaclayFigure 6. Comparison of TOMS AI data over Indonesia with REMO TPM results forSeptember 1997.This article has appeared in a similarform in the AFO2000 Newsletter.THE EGGS 17

<strong>Report</strong> on the Berlin 2 OpenAccess ConferenceMay 12-13, 2004 at CERN/GenevaPeter Fabian reports on the Berlin 2 Open Access Conference; read further news regarding EGU’s ACP journal.EGU’s and other societies’ move to Open-Access-free-to-all publications is a move to the future which will notleave commercial publishers and other publishing societies unaffected.<strong>Report</strong> on Berlin 2 Open Access Conference at CERN/Genevaby Peter Fabian, EGU PresidentJuly 14, 2004.- The European Geoscience Union(EGU) is Signatory to the Berlin Declaration on “Open Ac-cessto Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities” resulting from aConference initiated by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft October20-22, 2003 in Berlin. The Berlin 2 Open Access Con-ferencetook place May 12-13, 2004 at CERN. Its aim was to have statusreports by the Signatories and to prepare the “Road Map”for future developments and actions. In a special Cerenomyfollowed by a Press Conference the Berlin Declaration wassigned by the CERN Director General thus making CERN aSignatory as well.Most of the Singatories were represented and gave briefstatus reports. Representing EGU I reported on the EGU publicationstrategies and efforts with new e-based open accessjournals. It was quite interesting to note that, while other organizationsare still in the planning stages, EGU can reportthat open access is already achieved in the whole array ofEGU publications. Accordingly, my EGU report was receivedwith high attention and applauded as an example of where OAshould go. The EGU strategy has not only shown that OA ispossible, it has moreover demonstrated already that OA is superiorto conventional publication systems.The Road Map document clearly states that OA is the replacementfor the conventional schol-arly communication paradigmand not its second class counterpart. While the BerlinDeclara-tion is the vision, the roadmap describes first stepstowards OA implementation: Education and Awareness, signatoriesencourage learned societies to support OA, createawareness at the leadership level that OA is no second classdissemination, favor OA proactively by fund-ing incentives andmake it transparent that OA is also beneficial for evaluationprocesses on individual and institutional levels. The signatoriesaddress in a coordinated way the legal framework of OA,for sustainable technical infrastructure facilitating retrieval ofOA material, and address business models for open access.It is planned that the signatories report on implementationand updating of the roadmap in a series of meetings. Throughoutthe coming years, these are planned to be organized every6 months by the “drivers group” MPG, CNRS, CERN andothers. The Roadmap document is accessible on the Internetvia www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-cern/program_prelim.html.(The Berlin Declaration and its signatories can be foundat The Eggs, issue 5, http://www.the-eggs.org/news.php?typeid=0&id=120)EGU’s Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP) Open Accessjournal has been a great successby ACP Executive Editors U. Pöschl, K. S. Carslaw, T.Koop, R. Sander, W. T. Sturges, on behalf of the ACP EditorialBoardThe recently released ISI journal citation report 2003brought some very good news for ACP:The ACP impact factor has grown from the preliminaryvalue of 0.7 in 2002 to 2.3 in 2003, which is well among thevalues of traditional high quality atmospheric science journals.The immediacy index has increased from 0.41 (2002) to 0.76(2003) and is the highest among the atmospheric science journals.The citation report 2003 confirms that only two years afterits launch ACP was already well established among the highquality atmospheric science journals.The timely publication of high quality papers is the primaryaim of ACP, and we will strive to further improve the qualityand visibility of the work that we publish. At the same time,we would like to emphasize that the ambitions of ACP extendbeyond the publication of high quality manuscripts with highvisibility and favorable citation statistics.The innovative two-stage publication process with interactivepeer review and public discussion has greatly enhancedthe value of the work that appears in ACP. The published refereecomments, additional comments from the scientific community,and author replies have added a wealth of complementaryinformation to the peer-reviewed scientific articles, which hasnot been publicly available in traditional scientific journals.We would like to thank the authors, referees, and othermembers of the scientific community for their support, and wehope that they will continue to support ACP in its effort to fosterand improve scientific publishing, discussion, and quality assurance.THE EGGS 18

The earth’s protective ozone layerstill remains vulnerableIOC Secretary Christos Zerefos reports from the last QOSAs we reposrted in the previous issue, the 20th Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, coinciding with the 20th anniversaryfrom the detection of the Antarctic ozone hole, was held in Kos, Greece, 1-8 June 2004. Christos S.Zerefos, host of the meeting and Secretary of the International Ozone Commission, presents a briefing of theSymposium results.The twentieth Quadrennial Symposiumon Atmospheric Ozone coincided with the 20th anniversaryof the discovery of the springtime Antarctic ozone hole.It also marked two decades of intensified atmospheric monitoringglobally and basic research in atmospheric chemistry andphysics. The progress in our understanding of the impact ofhuman activities on the chemistry and physics of the globalstratosphere since the previous Quadrennial Ozone Symposiumwas presented among the 690 research papers at theXX Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, held in Kos, Greece, 1-8June 2004 and attended by 450 scientists from 60 countries.The papers presented and the proceedings of the Symposiumcan be found at www.QOS2004.gr.Among the important topics discussed at the Symposiumwere recent research on possible ozone recovery, results froman expanded network of satellites and ground-based stations,ozone-climate interactions, modeling and chemistry, resultsfrom monitoring of the global composition of the tropospherefrom satellites and measurements of UV-B solar radiationreaching ground level among others.Evidence was presented that ozone in the past few yearsis a little higher than we expect from earlier projections basedon sensitivity of ozone to influences of aerosols, halogen compoundsand the solar cycle. There may be the beginning of arecovery in the data, an issue that it was shown to be complicatedby a number of factors among which prominent role isplayed by changes in meteorology, greenhouse gases and inthe radiation balance, not excluding the observed recovery ofthe ozone layer from its perturbation by the Pinatubo volcaniceruption in the early 90s. The evaluation of future ozone recoveryin a changing climate and the effect of ozone on thatclimate has shown the importance of feedback mechanismsand water vapour content in a warmer planet.The need of the continuation of well-calibrated instrumentsand measurements was extensively discussed and emphasiswas given to the use of satellite and ground-based data (exampleNDSC and the Global Ozone Observing System) to evaluatemodels and ozone loss and its expected recovery.Numerous chemistry/climate models were presented at theconference. They addressed the problem of how changes inthe meteorology or climate interact with changes in the chemistryof ozone. One problem is how changes in meteorologyover the last 25 years may have contributed to observed ozonechanges and feedback mechanisms. Models can then be usedto extrapolate that knowledge to what may happen in the futurewith the expected increase in methane, nitrous oxide, andcarbon dioxide.Significant new work that combines satellite and in situ observationswith model calculations was presented at the Symposiumproviding an insight into the budget of oxides of nitrogenand a range of halogen species, which are indispensableto our understanding of the global carbon and hydrological cycles.Water vapour presents a particularly important challenge.Satellite data, shown at the meeting, are not consistent in trendwith previous ground-based data. Understanding the feedbackmechanisms between water vapour content, ozone, and polarstratospheric clouds is critical to the evaluation of predictionsof ozone in a future warmer global atmosphere.Significant progress was made in monitoring the troposphericozone budget with the development of new observationaltechniques from satellites, combined with models of thetropospheric composition. It turns out that the key factors influencingthe tropospheric ozone budget (precursors, long-rangetransport in the troposphere and intrusions from the stratosphere)make the determination and attribution of troposphericozone trends difficult.Long-range transport of tropospheric pollution and itscoupling to climate was targeted in a number of studies usingclimate/chemistry models. Other studies have shown theimportance of long-range transport of pollutants to maintainregionally high back ground levels of tropospheric ozone. Forexample, NASA’s satellites and balloons reveal that seasonalepisodes of high ozone over south Atlantic begin with pollutionsources originating thousands of miles away.Future UV-B levels for 2000-2019 are predicted to decreasefor all seasons but the trends are typically not statistically significant,except during spring over both hemispheres. UV-Btrends are mainly caused by the total ozone trends because inthe future cloud changes are predicted to be small in the coupledchemistry climate model used in these results. Nonetheless,there is a region over Western Europe which is predictedto show an increase in UV-B due primarily to a decrease inTHE EGGS 19

cloudiness. The complexity of interference of cloud and otherphysical parameters in influencing UV-B level at ground levelwas targeted in several papers.In summary, after a close look at the individual oral andposter presentations of the Symposium, the main conclusion isthat the detection of ozone recovery still requires patience. Wehave still a long way to go to understand the complex systemof interactions between ozone and a globally changing environmentand the best tools we have at present are the continuationof global quality observations both from ground and fromspace. UV-B levels in the coming decade or so are predictedto decrease for all seasons except during spring over high latitudesof both hemispheres.Acknowledgements. - The author is indebted to P.J. Crutzen,Rich Stolarski, Ivar Isaksen, Sophie Godin, Hennie Kelder,Andy Matthews, Tom McElroy and several of the conveners ofthe Symposium for fruitful discussions on the outcome of theSymposium.Christos ZerefosLaboratory of Climatology and Atmospheric EnvironmentFaculty of GeologyUniversity of Athens15784 Athens, Greecezerefos@geol.uoa.grEGU ad: To order this new book, go to:http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/sps/atmospheric_ozone.htmTHE EGGS 20

The Eggs now offersFREE posting andbrowsing of job positionsYou can now post in this Newsletter, free of charge,available openings in your Institution or group athttp://www.the-eggs.org/submit/jobs.phpAvailable jobs can be viewed and searched athttp://www.the-eggs.org/jobs.phpOn-line job positions are updated every week.

A very useful reference book, especially for students and teachersTreatise on Geochemistry Volume 8. BiogeochemistryWilliam H. Schlesinger (Volume Ed.)Published by: Elsevier PergamonISBN: 0-08-043751-6 (Set)YEAR : 2004EDITION : 1stPRICE : 3,860.00 €In their forward, the executiveeditors of the Treatise on Geochemistry,H.D. Holland and K.K. Turekian recallthat the first issue of the journal devotedto this scientific activity, Geochemicaand Cosmochimica Acta, appeared onlyin June 1950. Since then, the expansionof geochemistry has been truly dramaticand the publication of a reasonably comprehensiveand integrated summary ofour recent knowledge in this field wastimely. They therefore subdivided geochemistryinto nine parts, and each onewas assigned a volume and an editor:Volume 1. Meteorites, Comets, andPlanets _ Andrew M. DavisVolume 2. The Mantle and Core _Richard W. CarlsonVolume 3. The Crust _ Roberta L.RudnickVolume 4. The Atmosphere _ RalphF. KeelingVolume 5. Surface and GroundWater, Weathering, and Soils _ JamesI. DreverVolume 6. The Oceans and MarineGeochemistry _ Henry ElderfieldVolume 7. Sediments, Diagenesis,and Sedimentary Rocks _ Fred T. MackenzieVolume 8. Biogeochemistry _ WilliamH. SchlesingerVolume 9. Environmental Geochemistry_ Barbara Sherwood LollarVolume 10. IndexesVolume 10 contains a detailed indexand tables. The content of each volumecan be found on the web: http://www.treatiseongeochemistry.comThe production of this Treatise representsa tremendous task and a criticalresponsibility because it is supposed togive to the users a synthetic and upto-datestate of the art in the field. Thevolume 8 is of special interest for thereader of this newsletter. Under the titleof Biogeochemistry, the volume editorWilliam H. Schlesinger has collected 14chapters devoted to the origin and theimpact of life on the geochemistry of theEarth’s surface.Volume 8 begins with an attractivecontribution of E.G. Nisbet and M.R.Fowler on “The Early History of Life”.It describes the primitive environmenton earth and looks at the physical andchemical constraints favorable to theearly setting and development of life onearth. The next chapter by K.H. Nelsonand R. Rye develops the “Evolution ofMetabolism” and is complementary tothe first one. After a survey of the metabolicmechanisms and the inorganiccomponents involved, it shows how theevolution of metabolism can be traced,especially by using the isotopic fractionation.The third chapter by J.J. Brocks andR.E. Summons on “Sedimentary Hydrocarbons,Biomarkers for Early Life”,gives a nice example of how the use offossil biomarkers can help to reconstructancient biospheres for the domains oflife (Bacteria, Archeae and Eukarya).It is followed by a relatively long chapterdealing with Biomineralization byH.C.W. Skinner and A.H.Jahren. Aftera brief description of the most commonbiominerals, including carbonates, silica,phosphates, sulfur and iron oxides,the authors describe the mineralizationprocess in a large variety of organisms,from bacteria to man. There is howeverlittle information on the biomineralizationmechanism and on the biochemicalrole of the production of hard tissues.The next two chapters are devoted tothe “Biogeochemistry of Primary Production”respectively in the sea by P.G.Falkowski and in terrestrial ecosystemsby F.S.Chapin III and V.T. Eviner. Thenumber of pages devoted to this fundamentalprocess, which sustains all lifeand is responsible for the occurrenceof oxic conditions at the earth surface,is surprisingly limited. The chapter onthe photosynthetic activity in the marinesystem in particular is rather condensed.A large part is devoted to theuse of remote sensing to evaluate primaryproduction and the fate of the detritalorganic matter. The influence ofnutrients on primary production is onlysuperficially discussed. The last part isdevoted to iron limitation. The chapteron the “Biogeochemistry of TerrestrialProduction” is much more attractive. Itcovers a description of the mechanismby which plants minimize the constraintsof primary production by balancing thelimitations of water CO2 , light and moreespecially nutrients. The authors showhow plants, as individuals or communities,can maintain production by makingadjustments through shift in their physiologicaltraits.A larger part of volume 8 of the Treatiseis devoted to the decomposition oforganic matter. Chapter 7 entitled “Biogeochemistryof Decomposition and DetritalProcessing” by J. Sanderman andR. Amundson discuss successively theconcurrent or sequential process leadingto the decomposition of terrestrialorganic matter: comminution or fragmentation,leaching of water solublecompounds and microbial metabolism.A large section is devoted to the factorcontrolling these processes in litter andsoil. The next chapter treats more preciselythe degradation of organic matterin the absence of oxygen: “AnaerobicMetabolism: Linkage to Trace Gasesand Aerobic Processes” by J.P. Megonigal,M.E. Minas and P.T. Visscher. TheTHE EGGS 22

chapter starts with a brief discussion ofCO2 assimilation by autotrophs, decompositionof polymers and fermentation.Methanogenesis and methane oxidationreceives more attention. It is followed bya review of the various inorganic electronacceptors in the order of decreasingenergy yield: nitrogen, manganese, ironand sulfur.The next two chapters are devotedto the history of the carbon cycle on aglobal scale. The “Geological History ofthe Carbon Cycle” is treated by E.T. Sundquistand K. Visser. This chapter (8.9)describes and quantifies the natural processesand fluxes affecting the carboncycle at the earth surface, which may beobserved in the geological record. Emphasisis put on the Quaternary periodfor which the geological record is farbetter than that available for earlier geologicperiods. It demonstrates the closeinteractions between the atmosphere,the biosphere and the hydrosphere duringglacial and interglacial variation.The chapter ends with a short discussionof the more substantial crustalexchange processes that have beenidentified as causes for gradual geologiccarbon-cycle changes during the phanerozoic.The “Contemporary Carbon Cycle”by R.A. Houghton constitutes the chapter8.10. It is a classical report of the majorreservoirs of carbon on the earth surfaceand of the fluxes, natural or anthropogenic,observed presently. Changesin the stocks and fluxes of carbon asa result of human activities as well themechanisms thought to be responsiblefor the current sinks of carbon are treatedmore specifically. The next chapter(8.11) about “The Global Oxygen Cycle”by S.T.Petsch is complementary to theprevious one, covering the distributionof O2 in the atmosphere from the Archeanto the Phenerozoic. Also closelylinked to the carbon cycle, the two nextchapters (8.12 and 8.13) are devotedrespectively to the “Global Nitrogen Cycle”by J.N. Galloway and “The GlobalPhosphorus Cycle” by K.C. Ruttenberg.Both chapters discuss not only detailedbiogeochemical cycles of these essentialnutrients but also emphasize variousanthropogenic perturbation of theirnatural cycle. The chapter on Nitrogengives very detailed budgets and fluxesof the numerous N species within andbetween the atmospheric, terrestrial andmarine system. It is unfortunately condensedwithin 26 pages which is shortfor such an important subject. By comparison,the next 58 pages are devotedto the phosphorus cycle, with less detaileddata on the fluxes but with ratherdetailed descriptions of the mechanismsresponsible for the P cycling mainly inthe aquatic systems. Finally, the lastchapter written by P. Brimblecombe describes“The global Sulfur Cycle”. Theauthor has realized a nice equilibriumbetween the numerous biotic and abioticprocesses governing the cycle ofthis element present in a large varietyof gaseous, liquid and solid compounds.He also shows the large perturbations ofthe natural cycle related to human activities.Most of the chapters in this volumeare easy and agreeable to read. Theyavoid long historical description of theevolution of the subject and are generallywell focused on the latest developmentsof our knowledge. This is wellreflected in the references cited whichare mainly covering the last ten years(except for chapters 3 and 4). The presentationis usually pleasant but sometables and figures require a magnifyinglens to be readable. The Treatiseon Geochemistry is without any doubta very useful reference book for a largescientific community and especially forstudents and teachers.Only the whole set of 10 volumesis available at a price of 4.825 EURin Europe and Japan and 4.595 US$world-wide except Europe and Japan.At the current value of the EURO (1.24US$) this represents an equivalent priceequal to 5.983 US$ in Europe and Japan,thus 30% more expensive than inthe US. This difference is unacceptable,especially for such heavy investment.Prof. R. WollastLaboratoire d’OceanographieChimique et Geochimie des EauxUniversite Libre de Bruxelles,Belgiumrwollast@ulb.ac.beAnother appealling volumeTreatise on Geochemistry Volume 9.Environmental GeochemistryBarbara Sherwood Lollar (Volume Ed.)Published by: Elsevier PergamonISBN: 0-08-043751-6 (Set)YEAR : 2004EDITION : 1st#PAGES : 630PRICE : 3,860.00 €Environmental Geochemistryis the last volume of the set. Thetitle of the volume is not very appealingto my taste, since I would rather preferPollution Geochemistry instead, whichmore accurately reflects the contents ofthe volume. Surely, “Environmental” wasnot coined by the authors or the VolumeEditor, but nevertheless I belong to thesepeople who are somewhat annoyed bythe overuse of “environmental” nowadays.Moving beyond the title, the volumepresents an interesting and quite broadcollection of chapters that were selected,THE EGGS 23

according to Barbara S. Lollar who editedthe volume, following to two guidingprinciples: Firstly, focusing on geochemicalimpacts on the human health andthe health of the environment. Secondly,focusing on impacts at the local and theregional rather than the global scale. Insome of the chapters, both the impactof natural geochemical processes andof anthropogenic perturbations was addressed,while on others there is specificfocus on anthropogenic perturbations.The scope of the volume is so broad thatI am surely not able to review all chapterssince some of them fall quite far from myfields of interest.The book has 16 chapters, a volumesubject Index, 630 pages, many Tablesand Figures. The latter are mostly B&W,while there are about 10 color ones. Areference list at the end of each chapterfacilitates the reader that wants to lookdeeper in the aspects treated in the chapter;many references are very recent andgo until 2002. 70% of the 38 contributorscome from the US and Canada – an additional15% comes from the UK. Thisfact is not in favor of the volume, sinceaspects of relevant research that arepursued more actively in other parts ofEurope and the rest of the world are notpresented adequately.The first chapter is on risk, toxicityand exposure assessment for groundwaterand air contamination. It goes fromdefinitions of risk through regulatory andpolicy aspects and processes, throughexposure and toxicity assessment, riskcharacterization and uncertainties to riskmanagement and communication. Thefollowing three chapters deal with metalsin the environment – selenium, arsenic,heavy metals and mercury, treating tosome extend analytical methods, abundance,forms and biogeochemical pathwaysand emissions. Chapter 5 dealsquite comprehensively with acid minedrainage: mineralogy, sulfide oxidation,neutralization, secondary minerals, drainage,bioaccumulation and toxicity, remediationand prevention.Chapter 6 deals, in 58 pages, withradioactive contamination. Chapter 7,which I found quite interesting, is named“The medical geochemistry of dusts, soilsand other earth materials”. This chapterdeals with the linkages of earth materialsto human health: the different earthmaterials, their health effects, exposureroutes, assessment methods, chemicalconditions in the human body parts, bioreactivityare all treated briefly; the treatmentis augmented with five and a halfreference pages.The next three chapters deal witheutrophication, salinisation, acidificationand acid rain. The eutrophication chapterby E.E. Prepas and T. Charette fromCanada, in effect presents briefly somecase studies from Canadian Lakes; theother two chapters are, in my opinion,more broad.Chapter 11 deals with troposphericozone and particulates, a field where I feelmore confident to comment. S. Sillman isnot a stranger in the field and he presentsa nice overview, although limited somewhatto addressing US approaches andproblems as well as the author’s maininterests. I would like to see photosmogproblems in Asia, Africa and Europe alsotreated, and a bit more of the regulatoryaspects of our approaches to air quality.The figures are informative, clear and understandableeven to the undergraduate.Chapter 12 is on volatile fuel hydrocarbonsand MTBE. The next Chapteris on high molecular weight petrogenicand pyrogenic hydrocarbons in aquaticenvironments. Chapters 14 and 15 dealwith halogenated hydrocarbons andpesticides, while the last Chapter is ongroundwater geochemistry of waste disposalfacilities.The volume is excellently edited withreally very few misspelling errors and thequality of the figures is also great. In brief,the volume is very appealing. But again,as I have argued in the last issue when Iintroduced this set, it can be bought onlyas a set for a very high price; I would stillfind the price high if it was possible to buyindividual volumes for the correspondingfraction of the price. This volume, as wellas other volumes of this set, surely hasstudents as a target group, but again it isout of their reach. Only university librariescan afford the set, and in the presentsituation certainly only some libraries inthe most affluent countries. It is a pity toproduce such an excellent work and thenrestrict its access to most people but aprivileged few. My view is that in our eraof budgetary constrains such a businessmodel is no longer affordable. This situationhas led to the open access initiativesin the field of scientific journals and willsoon lead to a similar initiative in the fieldof books, especially the review or treatiseones. You can have a look alreadyat the “Live Reviews” – review articlesthat are regularly updated by the authors– principle that was recently initiated byMPI for Solar System Research with thelaunch of a new online journal for SolarPhysics (this issue, http://www.the-eggs.org/news.php?id=180&typeid=0). It isconceivable that after some time, whenenough articles are published, thesefreely accessed reviews will present avery comprehensive, treatise-like set ofarticles. It is also conceivable that similarinitiatives in other fields will sprout upsoon, if such excellent works by membersof the academic community as thepresent Treatise on Geochemistry aremarketed in a similar way.Kostas KourtidisDept. of Environmental EngineeringSchool of EngineeringDemokritus University of ThraceXanthi, Greecekourtidi@env.duth.grTHE EGGS 24

A valuable learning tool for advanced studentsAn Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes,and Earth StructureSeth Stein and Michael WysessionPublished by: Blackwell PublishingISBN: 0-86542-078-5YEAR : 2003EDITION : 1#PAGES : 498PRICE : 34.95 €Writing a modern introductorybook to seismologyis not an easy task. This is due to thatunderstanding the seismological methodsas well as the physical earthquakeprocesses is very much dependent onthe knowledge about the internal Earth’sstructure. In fact, most of our knowledgeabout the physics of the Earth’s interiorcomes from the study of the seismicwaves. Conversely, any new progress wemake in exploring the interior of our planetconstitutes a further step in understandingbetter the earthquake phenomena.In this sense the book of S. Steinand M. Wysession is a really modernpublication by the means that it is centeredaround the two mutually dependentfundamental aspects of seismology andEarth structure. The book’s introductionis a small surprise since it does not introducethe reader to some general physicalproperties of the planet and the similarbut it is mostly devoted to the societalvalue of seismology, like the seismic hazardand engineering seismology aspects,earthquake associated hazardous phenomena,like tsunamis, landslides andsoil liquefaction, and nuclear monitoringand treaty verification. This directly signifiesthat seismology is an applied scienceof great importance for the humanity.Apart from its Introduction the bookis structured around a set of another sixChapters and one Appendix. Chapter 2deals with basic seismological theorywhich, after some fundamentals on stressand strain, a “must” for every introductoryseismological book, proceeds with a detailedenough analysis of the propertiesand optical laws of seismic waves, theirdispersion and the normal modes of theEarth.Chapter 3 is devoted to the closely interrelatedtopics of seismology and Earthstructure. The crustal, mantle and corestructures are derived on a physicallycomprenhesive way from methods of therefraction and reflection seismology, thepropagation of seismic waves in a sphericalEarth and the travel times of bodywaves. Special attention is given to theanisotropy in different scales within theEarth, to the attenuation of seismic wavesand their significance for understandingthe Earth’s structure. The composition ofthe mantle and the core is further examinedon the basis of density, thermal andmineralogical models. Personally I wouldprefer to see a more detailed presentationof these models which are of increasinguse in the last years for an alternativecontrol of the seismological models of theEarth’s structure.Chapter 4 examines earthquakes, inparticular several aspects related to theseismic source and its properties from thefocal mechanisms, waveform modelingand moment tensors to the earthquakegeodesy, source parameters and earthquakestatistics. Of particular interest andof adequate extension is the analysis regardingthe isotropic and CLVD momenttensor decompositions which are of greatvalue for the description of double-coupleand non-double-couple seismic sources.The close connection of the seismologicaltheory with the plate tectonics isexamined in Chapter 5. Fundamentalsabout plate kinematics, spreading centers,and subduction zones are reviewedand the generation of earthquakes alongthe plate margins as well as in oceanicintraplate and continental environmentsare geodynamically interpreted. Thischapter concludes with an overview ofthe faulting and deformation processes,like rheology, rock fracture and friction,ductile flow, strength of the lithosphereand regional deformation and their role inthe process of seismogenesis.During the last few decades the progressmade in the digital techniques for recordingearthquakes and analysing seismogramsis tremendous and, therefore,the title Seismograms as Signals, of theChapter 6 of the book, is absolutely justified.Its beginning is devoted to the severaltechniques of Fourier analysis, whilethe subsequent sections describes themathematics of linear systems, the discretetime series and transforms, stackingtechniques as well as seismometersand seismological networks.Inversion techniques are among themost effective in solid earth geophysicsand this explains well why Chapter7 deals with inverse problems like locatingearthquakes for homogeneous mediumor complex geometries, travel timetomography and stratification of Earthstructure.The tuition component of the book isobvious and remarkably strong. In fact,each chapter begins with an outline andTHE EGGS 25

a list of learning objectives and ends withhomework and computer problems. Solutionsto selected odd-numbered problemsare listed in the back so that students cantrack their progress. Moreover, the sevenchapters of the book are supplementedby an extensive Appendix which containsmathematical and computational backgroundlike complex numbers, scalarsand vectors, matrix algebra, vector transformations,vector calculus, sphericalcoordinates and scientific programming.The long number of diagrams and otherfigures is an additional, positive ingredientof the book’s content. However, picturesfrom the macroseismic field are obviouslylacking from chapters where such materialcould be useful, like the Chapters 1, 4and 5. This is possibly explained by thatthe book does not cover every topic ofthe earthquake science, like macroseismologyand earthquake geology, but itrather focuses on the geophysical andmethodological interrelations betweenseismology and earth structure.There is no doubt that the publicationis a valuable learning tool for advancedundergraduate and beginning graduatestudents and a useful reference book notonly for seismologists but also for solidearth scientists in general.Dr. Gerassimos PapadopoulosInstitute of Geodynamics, NationalObservatory of AthensPO Box 20048, 11810 Athens,Greeceg.papad@egelados.gein.noa.grTHE EGGS 26

ESA’s new Observing the Earth Portalhttp://www.esa.int/export/esaEO/ESA has redesigned and relaunchedits Observing the Earth Portal. The portaloffers information and links to highlightthe growing number of Earth Observationapplications, and features a massof information on the full scope of ESAremote sensing activities.The site is certainly worth a visit forearth scientists.Directory of Open Access Journalshttp://www.doaj.org/This web site provides a directory ofopen access journals. The backgroundfor this project, as provided by its website operators:Aim & Scope: The aim of the Directoryof Open Access Journals is toincrease the visibility and ease of useof open access scientific and scholarlyjournals thereby promoting their increasedusage and impact.The Directory aims to be comprehensiveand cover all open access scientificand scholarly journals that use aquality control system to guarantee thecontent.In short, a one stop shop for users toOpen Access Journals.Definitions: Definition “Open Access”Journal: We define open accessjournals as journals that use a fundingmodel that does not charge readers orTHE EGGS 27

their institutions for access. We take theright of “users to read, download, copy,distribute, print, search, or link to the fulltexts of these articles” as mandatory fora journal to be included in the directory.Definition Quality Control: Thejournal must exercise peer-review oreditorial quality control to be included.Definition Research Journal: Journalsthat report primary results of researchor overviews of research resultsto a scholarly community.Definition “Periodical: A serial appearingor intended to appear indefinitelyat regular intervals, generally morefrequently than annually, each issue ofwhich is numbered or dated consecutivelyand normally contains separatearticles, stories, or other writings. Newspapersdisseminating general news,and the proceedings, papers, or otherpublications of corporate bodies primarilyrelated to their meetings, are not includedin this term. Ann Okerson madethe observation, “those who compile andpublish a directory like to think they cansee overarching trends. Two are worthmentioning: (1) blurring boundaries betweenthe different types of electronicserials, so that it is difficult to categorizethem by the same taxonomies as thoseused for paper serials; and (2) blurringboundaries between formats. That is,some electronic serials are electroniconly, but various of them either index orreview paper publications, and othersmove between electronic and more traditionalformats.”Selection Criteria1. Information coverage.1.1 Subject: all scientific and scholarlysubjects are covered1.2 Types of resource: scientific andscholarly periodicals that publish researchor review papers in full text.1.3 Acceptable sources: academic,government, commercial, non-profit privatesources are all acceptable.1.4 Level: the target group for includedjournals should be primarily researchers.1.5 Content: a substantive part ofthe journal should consist of researchpapers. All content should be availablein full text.2. Access2.1 Cost: Journals that use a fundingmodel that charges users or their institutionsare not included.2.2 Registration: Free user registrationonline is acceptable.2.3 Journals that has an embargoperiod will not be added.3. Metadata3.1 Granularity: Resources will becatalogued on journal title level.4. Quality4.1 Quality control: for a journal to beincluded it should exercise quality controlon submitted papers through an editor,editorial board and/or a peer-reviewsystem.Project BackgroundThe proliferation of freely accessibleonline journals, the development of subjectspecific pre- and e-print archivesand collections of learning objects providesa very valuable supplement of scientificknowledge to the existing types ofpublished scientific information (books,journals, databases etc.). Howeverthese valuable collections are difficult tooverview and integrate in the library andinformation services provided by librariesfor their user constituency.At the First Nordic Conference onScholarly Communication in Lund/Copenhagen (http://www.lub.lu.se/ncsc2002) the idea of creating a comprehensivedirectory of Open AccessJournals was discussed. The conclusionwas that it would be a valuable servicefor the global research and educationcommunity.Available technologies make it possibleto collect and organize these resourcesin a way that makes it possiblefor libraries worldwide to integrate theseresources in existing services thus offeringvalue adding both for the serviceproviders of these resources and for theglobal research and education community.Increased visibility leads to increasedusage and there is a practical need andvested interest for the community tosupport new open access journals. Aservice that systematically provides--journal level information--article level information--access to full text of articles--simplified integration with otherserviceswould contribute substantially to securinga future for Open Access Journals.THE EGGS 28

Eggshell sculptorMy name is Alan W. Rabon. I am an eggshell sculptor and carver. I am attaching a link tomy web page so you can see examples of my work.http://www.n-georgia.com/egg-sculptures.htmI wanted to know if you might like to do an article on my unique art form for your newsletter?I can produce almost any image onto the surface of an egg. I hand carve everythingfrom a chicken egg up to an ostrich egg. Why would your readers care you may ask? Yourreaders who are in the “Egg” business can use my sculptures as unique corporate gifts or forawards, etc... Anytime you need to make an impression on a client and want them to thinkof your company or organization, my egg sculptures will fulfill the need. Please take a lookand tell me what you think.If you are not interested but can make some suggestions as to other organizations orcompanies that may be interested please tell me and I will gladly contact them by e-mail.Thank you in advance for your time and consideration.Sincerely,Alan W. RabonWe really do take diverse letters! As we read at Alan’s website, eggshell sculptures “arereal egg shells that have been emptied of their contents, cleaned and sanitized. Then, theegg design is drawn onto the surface of the egg or just cut free-hand” with a dental drill.“Small eggs take approximately 1-2 hours to carve. Depending on the design, larger eggssuch as the ostrich, and emu and rhea eggs can take days to complete”. Nice to know. -Ed.THE EGGS 29

1st Alexander von HumboldtInternational Conference on The ElNiño phenomenon and its global -(Meeting)16/05/2005 - 20/05/2005 - Guayaquil, EcuadorObjectives of the ConferenceThe meeting aims at discussing El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) in all aspects related to the Ocean, Atmosphere,Climate, Biology and Human Dimensions, its impact in SouthAmerica and teleconnections worldwide.It is the first of a series of Alexander von Humboldt Conferencesinitiated by EGU, international meetings related togeophysical topics of particular importance to South America,which are jointly organized by South American and EGU experts.The Conference will include the following main topics:1.The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Phenomenon2.ENSO in Climate History (all time scales including Paleo-ENSO)3.Recent major El Niño Events and their:3.1.Impacts in South America3.2.Interaction between Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)and ENSO3.3.Impacts on Marine Biology3.3.1.Impacts on Pelagic Ecosystems3.3.2.Impacts on Benthic Ecosystems3.4.Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems4.Teleconnections and Worldwide Impact5.ENSO Prediction6.El Niño and Global Warming7.Socio-Economic AspectsThese topics will be covered in conference sessions organizedas general symposia, oral presentations, poster sessionsand open discussion on “Where to go from here”.Confirmed Keynote SpeakersWolf Arntz, GermanyFrancisco Chavez, PeruKen Davidson, WMOHenk Dijkstra, USAMichael H. Glantz, USAVictor Magana, MexicoMichael McPhaden, USALaban A. Ogallo, KenyaLuc Ortlieb, FranceJose Luis Santos, EcuadorTed Strub, USAScientific CommitteePeter Fabian; Germany, Co-ChairmanJose Luis Santos; Ecuador, Co-ChairmanWolf Arntz; GermanyGerald Ganssen; NetherlandsFausto Guzzetti; ItalyJose Marengo; BrasilEnrique Palacios; EcuadorJuan Tarazona; PeruAbstract deadline: 11 October 2004.EGU and International Research Center on El Niñohttp://www.copernicus.org/EGU/topconf/avh1/10th International Symposium onNatural & Human-Induced Hazards -(Meeting)02/12/2004 - 04/12/2004 - Hyderabad, IndiaThis is the tenth Symposium of the series HAZARDS.Topics of HAZARDS 2004 encompass the entire spectrum ofnatural and human-induced hazards, their causes, risks, andmanagement. Examples would include: earthquakes, volcaniceruptions, landslides and soil erosion; hurricanes, typhoons,cyclones, droughts; tsunamis, storm-surges, floods, sea levelrise, marine biological hazard; air and water pollution, technologicaldisasters etc. All aspects of these phenomena from disasterprevention, mitigation and management through publiceducation and preparedness will be covered.1.International Society for the Prevention & Mitigationof Natural Hazards2. Georisk Commission of IUGGhttp://www.hazards2004.org/index1.html37th Liège Colloquium on OceanDynamics: GAS TRANSFER AT WATERSURFACES - (Meeting)02/05/2005 - 02/06/2005 - Liège (Belgium)The focus of the 37th Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamicsis gas transfer at water surfaces with oral and poster presentationsof recent advances in this field. Discussions willidentify the most critical conceptual and experimental improvementsfor future. In the context of the present and future globalclimatic change, robust constrains of the exchange of greenhousegases (CO2, CH4, N2O, DMS, CO, ...) between theatmosphere and aquatic ecosystems are needed. Gas transferdepends on the gas air-water gradient and the gas transfervelocity. The air-water gradient is generated by physical,chemical and biological processes acting from daily to climatictime-scales. The gas transfer velocity depends on numerouscomplex processes, the major one being turbulence in surfacewater and/or air. Wind stress at the interface is the main turbulencegenerator but at low wind speeds, the air-water gastransfer is further modulated by presence of surfactants, convectivecooling, chemical enhancement and water currents.At high wind speeds, waves, bubbles and spray also stronglycontribute to air-water gas transfer. Topics of relevance to theColloquium include: - Laboratory and/or field measurementsof air-water transfer of gas, heat, vapour and particles usingvarious approaches (mass balance of natural, anthropogenicor deliberate tracers and micro-meteorological methods). -Theoretical and/or experimental studies of the various aspectsTHE EGGS 30

of air-water transfer: turbulence, surfactants, spray, bubbles,chemical enhancement and chemical gradients in the surfacemicro-layer - Parameterization of the gas transfer velocitybased on modelling, remote sensing or experimental approaches.Recent technical improvements in measurementsof the air-water gas gradients. - Physical and biogeochemicalprocesses controlling air-water gas gradients at different temporaland spatial scales, with particular emphasis on climaticfeedbacks. - Budgets of gas transfer (CO2, CH4, N2O, DMS,CO ...) at regional and global scale (including open oceanic,coastal and fresh water realms).Alberto Vieira Borges Modelenvironment, University ofLiègehttp://modb.oce.ulg.ac.be/colloquium/2005.htmlOASIS Project Planning Workshop -(Meeting)10/01/2005 - 12/01/2005 - Rome, ItalyOASIS (Ocean-Air-Sea Ice-Snow Interactions) is being formulatedas a core project for the upcoming International PolarYear 2007/08.The goal of the workshop is to produce an ImplementationPlan for the coming 5 - 10 years. A roadmap for the project willbe developed, and decisions on locations, platforms and experiments(including laboratory, field work, and model development)will be made. See the OASIS science plan at http://www.chem.purdue.edu/arctic/OASISHomePage.htm.The Organizer, the Italian C.N.R. - IIA, is looking forward towelcome you to Rome for this 3-day meeting. On-line registrationat the meeting;s web site.C.N.R. - IIA Via Salaria Km 29,3 - CP 10 00016 MonterotondoScalo (Roma) ItalyNon-CO2 Greenhouse Gases(NCGG-4) Science, Control, Policy andImplementation - (Meeting)04/07/2005 - 06/07/2005 - Utrecht, The NetherlandsThe Fourth International Symposium on Non-CO2 GreenhouseGases: Science, Control, Policy and Implementation(NCGG-4) will address the role of non-CO2 greenhouse gasesin human-induced climate change. Apart from the greenhousegases methane, nitrous oxide, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),the perfluorocarbons (CF4, C2F6 and others) and sulfur hexafluoride(SF6), air pollutants like aerosols and ozone affect theradiation balance. Developments in integrated approaches areexpected to increase cost-effectiveness of measures. For thereduction of the non-CO2 greenhouse gases many costeffectiveoptions have been developed and tested in recent years.At NCGG-4, time seems right to focus more closely on the implementationof these new technologies in industry and societyand on the policies required to facilitate their introduction. Theprogramme of themes in the present Call for Papers providesguidance on topics on which contributions are solicited. Theproceedings of the symposium will be available timely to beassessed by IPCC in their Fourth Assessment <strong>Report</strong>.The Clean Air Section of the Netherlands Associationof Environmental Professionals (VVM-CLAN)http://www.ncgg4.nl/http://www.iia.cnr.it/oasis/THE EGGS 31