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Sri LankaICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Usha Vyasulu Reddi, Ph. DMs Vineeta SinhaINTRODUCTIONThe first country in South Asia to liberalise its economy, Sri Lankastands out as an interesting example of a developing nation tryingto incorporate information and communication technologies (ICTs)into an overall development and educational policy.The country has faced formidable challenges. It has a powerfulcontinental neighbour, India, and the society has been ravaged bycivil war for nearly two decades. Despite these challenges, thecountry’s literacy exceeds 90 per cent, and the gender divide is anon-issue, thanks to the country’s consistent investment in healthand education.
<strong>UNESCO</strong> Meta-survey on the Use of Technologies in EducationHowever, the war has retarded economic growth, resultingin high levels of poverty, unemployment, unrest, and crime.Thus, despite steady growth in educational indicators,problems of poverty, access and equity continue to dog thisisland nation. On the bright side, since the peace initiativesof 2002, there are definite signs of recovery andreconstruction in the island nation.National policies, strategiesand programmesPolicies, Strategies and GoalsIn 1983, the first-ever Computer Policy for Sri Lanka(COMPOL) was formulated. The recommendations of thepolicy committee were accepted by the Government of SriLanka, and the Computer and Information TechnologyCouncil of Sri Lanka (CINTEC) was established by an Actof Parliament (Act No. 10 of 1984). The Act recognisedpolicy recommendations and implementation as a majorstatutory function of CINTEC. The COMPOLrecommendations, together with the recommendations madeto the government by CINTEC from time to time, now formthe current ICT policy.In 1994, the Science and Technology Act was passed, andit became active in April 1998. This act repealed theCINTEC Act and replaced the Computer and InformationTechnology Council of Sri Lanka with the Council forInformation Technology (although the well-knownacronym, CINTEC, was retained). The 1994 Act providedfor policy recommendations to be made by CINTEC to thegovernment through the National Science and TechnologyCommission (NASTEC).With the change of government in 1994, CINTEC beganworking on policy recommendations, and by 1996 it hadcompleted most of the groundwork. It initiated a round tableon ICT with the participation of all key agencies, whichresulted in the formation of the National Working Groupfor the Exploitation of IT.A draft of a national ICT policy was placed before thegovernment for approval through NASTEC and the Ministryof Science and Technology. 1 The main objectives stated wereto use ICTs for efficient administration and management,create a competitive advantage and attract a significantportion of the global software and ICT services market toSri Lanka, provide information on the country to the world,and use ICT as a tool for the acquisition of informationneeded for the society.In 2002, Sri Lanka went through yet another review andrealignment of national policies related to ICT andtelecommunications. The current policy envisions thegrowth of the country into a financial and service hub forthe South Asian region with connectivity to the rest of theworld. Colombo, under the vision, would become a multifacetedservice centre co-ordinating development at theprovincial level. 2Key Action PlansKey action plans include the development of physicalinfrastructure, deregulation of the telecommunication sector,mobilisation of private sector investment, introduction ofmeasures to protect intellectual property, capacity-buildingand provision of e-governance services.Current level ofICT access and useSri Lanka has near total literacy, and access to educationfor all Sri Lankans is free up to the secondary school level.Gender disparities are not an issue in this island country.However, teledensity in Sri Lanka is low, with about 44telephones per 1,000 people in 2001 and Internet useestimated at eight per 1,000. 3 Judging by mushroomingcomputer vendors and training centres in Colombo andprovincial capitals, computer usage seems to be spreading.Computers are used widely in the private sector for businessapplications with varying degrees of Internet connectivityand speed.While a significant number of affluent upper- and middleclassfamilies now own a computer, the cost remainsprohibitive for most Sri Lankans. There is little access tocomputers in Sri Lankan schools and colleges and less inrural areas.Internet access on a commercial basis became available forthe first time in 1995. However, Internet use remains verylow due to the high cost of computers, low bandwidth andlow computer literacy. It is mainly the urban elite, businessesand private sector corporations who use the Internet. Thereis also an acute urban/rural disparity with respect to accessto the Internet, and public Internet facilities are also limited.Major initiativesThere are two dimensions to the use of ICTs in Sri Lanka:the extensive experience with community radio as adevelopmental tool and, more recently, the use of computerbasedtechnologies and the integration of both kinds ofapplications in innovative ways.Using Broadcast TechnologiesProactive government support and funds from internationaldonor agencies enabled Sri Lanka to successfullyexperiment with community radio two decades ago. The262
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III. Country Reports 41Central and
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KazakhstanUzbekistanKyrgyzstanTurkm
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IranICT USE IN EDUCATIONMr Tohid Sa
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CambodiaICT USE IN EDUCATIONPRELNat
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CambodiaEast and South-East AsiaUNI
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ChinaICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Chen Li
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ChinaEast and South-East AsiaIn sum
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ChinaEast and South-East AsiaUniver
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IndonesiaICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Tia
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IndonesiaEast and South-East AsiaHi
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IndonesiaEast and South-East AsiaIC
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JapanICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Aya Yos
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JapanEast and South-East AsiaTable
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JapanEast and South-East Asiaeffect
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LaosPeople’s Democratic Republic
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MalaysiaICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Tian
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MalaysiaEast and South-East Asiaeve
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MongoliaICT USE IN EDUCATIONMr Sukh
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MongoliaEast and South-East AsiaThe
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MongoliaEast and South-East AsiaCis
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MyanmarICT USE IN EDUCATIONPRELNati
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MyanmarEast and South-East AsiaUNES
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PhilippinesICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs T
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PhilippinesEast and South-East Asia
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Republic ofKoreaICT USE IN EDUCATIO
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Republic of KoreaEast and South-Eas
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ThailandICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Tian
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ThailandEast and South-East AsiaTab
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Viet NamICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Tian
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VietnamEast and South-East Asia12).
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Timor LestePalauAustraliaMarshall I
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AustraliaICT USE IN EDUCATIONMr Som
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Cook IslandsICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs
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FijiICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Salaniet
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FijiPacific Island Countriesor “m
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FijiPacific Island CountriesYouthSm
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KiribatiICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Ruby
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Marshall IslandsICT USE IN EDUCATIO
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Marshall IslandsPacific Island Coun
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Federated States ofMicronesiaICT US
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Federated States of MicronesiaPacif
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NauruICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Ruby Va
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NauruPacific Island Countriesspeak
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New ZealandICT USE IN EDUCATIONMr T
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New ZealandPacific Island Countries
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New ZealandPacific Island Countries
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NiueICT USE IN EDUCATIONMs Ruby Vaa
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NiuePacific Island Countries“Y”
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PalauICT USE IN EDUCATIONMr Andrew
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PalauPacific Island CountriesUnder
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Papua New GuineaICT USE IN EDUCATIO
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SamoaPacific Island Countriesincrea
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