The Wellcome Trust Eighteenth Report (1988-1989)

ChairmanIlepiity CliairiiianTrusteesSecrerary rothe TrusteesBOARD OFTRUSTEESSir David Steel, IXO, MC, TI1C E Gordon Sniitli, CU. MI). FIICP. FRCl’atli17 G Gibbs (Cliairiiian Ihignare)Tlic Rt Hoii tlie Lord Swanii, FRSProfessor Sir Stnnley I’enrt, MI), FIICP, FRSI Hcleii Miiir,CUE. MA, DPhil, IJSc, Fl7SJ J U Jack. UM. l’h13I’ O Williams. DSc(Hoii), MU, FRCI’CHAIRMAN’S INTRODUCTION!vly prcdcccsçiir. Sir IJ~vid Srccl. retired lastOctiibcr nircr nlniost iiinc yc3ri as Cli.iiriiianof IIK Wellcome ïrw. Tlic I?iROs ~ 3 a sticriocl of nid . eYmiiçioii . tir flic Triiçi. withannual research expenditure rising five-foldfromS12in in 1980toS60inin theycarcnduig30 September 1990. Over tlie past decade, SirDavid lias iiiade a trenieiidous contributionto tlie Trust’s aE%, but there were IWOevents of particular note during hisCliairriiaiisliip, both in 198G the 50thAnniversary of the Trust and the Tnistecs’decision to rcdiice their holding in WellcoineFoundation Limited from 100 per cent to 75per cent. resulting in the flotation ofWcllconie plc in February ofthar year. It isthis diversification. along with the grcatSUCCL‘SS of the Wellcome Group, that has ledto the substantial incrase in the Trust’sincome; further considerable growth is RqaCibbs.expected in the coming years. The ïnistcesplan to use these additional funds to build on what Sir David, his fellow Tmsten and the snffofthe Trust have achieved by broadening the Trust‘s exisring prognmmc and creating newiiiitiativcs.Sir David has clcady IefttheTrusr iiiastrong financial position, which willenableit to niakeaneven niore significant contribution to medical research in the 1990s. I would like to nke tbkopportunity of thanking him for the highly effective way he lias led the TNS~ and for hiscontribution to medical research.ln tlic past, the Trustees have reported biennially on their activitin but we now believe thegreatly increased volume and nnge of tlie Trust‘s work justifies an annual report. We have rakcnthis opportunity to update our traditional forniat.III March 1990, Wellcome plc nioved their head office from tlie Wellcome Building in London’sEuston Road. Sir Henry Wcllcomccreatedthis building in 1931. wirhtheintcntionofntablishinga “niedical research institution”. The Trusrees are now in a position to fulfil that wish. Over thenext two years tlic Wellconie Building will be extensively refurbishcd to l~uusc a Centre forMedical Science and History. This will include a rnourcc centre. meeting rooms and thc’Scicnafor Life’cxliibition. TIieTrust’s ofices and the Wellcome Institute fortheHistoryofMcdicinewillalso be located in the building. We hope that in time this Centre will be seen as a national focus forthe provision ofresources and facilities for all aspects of medical rcsearch.Tlic 1990s will be an exciting time for the Wellcome Trust and theTrustces look forward, in thefinal decade of tliis century, to niaking an even niore telling contribution to the funhering ofniedical research and niedical history.Roger GibbsMay 19

CONTENTSIII111IVVVIVI1VI11IXXXIXIIINTRODUCTION AND POLICYFINANCETRUSTEES ANDTHEIR STAFFSUPWRTOF MEDICAL RESEARCH, SPECIAL FELLOWSHIPSAND LECTURESHIPSINTHEUKACDEFCIHIWELLCOMESENIOR LECTURESHIPSPRlNClPAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPSSENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICALSCIENCESENIOR BASIC BIOMEDICALSCIENCE FELLOWSNIPSRESEARCHTRA~NINC.FELLOWSHIPSINCLINICALEPIDEMIOLOCVTRAINING FELLOWSHIPS IN HEALTH SERVICESRESEARCHRE~EARCHTRAININC.FELLOWSHIPSFORMEDICALANDDENTALGRADYATESWELLCOMEPRlZESTUDEN~HIPSVACATION SCHOLARSWIPSSUPPORT FOR SELECTED SUBJECT AREASA MENTALHEAITH ANDTHERELATEDNEUROSCIENCESCDEFGTROPlCALMEOICINEANOINFECTIOUSDIS~ASESVETERINARY MEDICINEVISION RESEARCHCLINICALRESEARCHBlOCHEMlSTRY ANDCELLBIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY ANDPHARMACOLOGYSUPPORT FOR NON-TROPICAL RESEARCH OVERSEASABcEUROPEAN PROGRAMMEOTHEROVERSEASAWARDSTRAVELGRANTSHISTORV OFMEDICINEASUPPORTFORTHE HISTORY OFMEDICINEB WELLCOME INSTITUTE FORTHE HIsToRVOFMEOICINEWELLCOMETROPICAL INSTITUTEWELLCOME FILM UNITMEDALSAND PRIZESAPPENDIXINDEXES919Y293355374494749SJ59616371818999103113Y12535139141143153159163167169177

111TRUSTEES ANDTHEIR STAFF

WEUCOMETRUSlSTAFF OFTHETRUSTI’ O \Villiaiiis. llSc(Hoii), MU, FIICI’. Director. Cliairiiiaii of Llonrd of MaiiagcniciitAlisoii Grove, UA, Assistaiit to the 1JirectorMaiira Jiilïkiiis, BSc. I’iiblicntioie OfficerScienceBridger M Ogilvic, I’h13. Sc13, FlUiol. I3irccror (Science I’rograiiinics)Ji11 Stcivard. I’crsoiial AssistaiitI) Gordon. MA, MU. FIICI’. I’rograiiiiiic Director (Nciiroscieiiccs)M J iMorgnii, UA(Mod). I’li13, I’rogniiinic Director (Molcciilar and Cell)J G Howard. MI), IWJ, FIUiol, FIG. I’rograiiinic Director (Iiifccrioii aiid Iiiiiiiiiiiity)L H Siiiaje, MU. 1’1i13, I’rograiiiiiic Director (I’liysioloçy aiid 1’liarni;icology)Mary l’hillips, 1’1i13. Sciciitific OfficerI G Scott. l’hl~, Scieiitific OficerHistory of MedicineEJ Frceiiiaii, UA, AL A, Director (History of Mcdiciiic)13 E Alleii. MA. lJh13, Co-ordiiiator oftlic History ofMedicine l’mgraiiiiiieFinancc and administrationI Macgregor. FCA. l3ircctor (Fiiiaiice aiid Adiiiiiiisrntioii)IJcirdrc Carry. I’ersoiid AssistaiitI’ McNclly, FCA, FCT, Fiii:iiicial CoiitrollcrI3 L Freciiiaii, CliicfAccoiiiitaiitSylvia Ling. Finance Adiiiiiiistrntor13 G Mctnlfc. Cliief Adiiiiiiistratire OfficerE \V T Laiigridgc, Office Services ManagerI3 G Hooker. Adiiiiiiistntive OfficcrGrants administrationLiiida Artcr. Head ofGraiits Adiiiiiiistrarioii (fmni Aiigiist 1989)Ji11 Saiiiiders, MA, I’riiicipal Graiits Officer (froiii Aiigiist 1989)Saiidra Carpeiiter, Graiits OficcrLaiira Chaiiibïrs, Graiits OficcrAiiiie Edwards, Graiits OfficcrSA Hcrsr, IiSc. Graiira OficcrS Mcl)oiiagli. USc. Craints Officer (to Jaiiuary 1989)G A F Itadford. BA, Grains OfficerC DJ Saiiity. BA(Ecoii). Cniits OficcrElimbetli Shaw, USc. Graiits OficcrSiaii Spry. Graiits OficcrCentre for Medical Science and HistoryS E Embcrtoii, MBIM, I’ublic Activitics I)evclopnieiit ManagerS McDonagh, USc. Assistant Ceiitre Manager (froni January 1989)Unit for Policy Research in Scicntific Medicine (PRISM)J Aiidersoii. Plil>, Head of Unit (froni June 1990)Information systemsH T Gleavc, UA, MaiiagcrProperty13 C Richardsoii, CEiig. MiProdE. Ma~iagcrThe followiiig staff hold lioiiorary appoiiitniciits;Ur Bridger M OgilvieI’rnidcnt ofthe üritisll Society ofl’araritologyVisitiiig Professor, IJepartiiieiit of Bioiogy. Inipcrial Collcgc of Scicnce, Technology andMedicine. LondonUr 13 GordonHoiiorary Seiiior Lecturer in Medicine, St Mary‘s Hospiml Medical School, LondonHonorary Coiisultaiit l’liysiciaii, St Mary’s Hospital, Loiidoii131 M J MorgaiiHoiiorary Senior Lcctiircr, United Mcdical and Dental Schools of Guy’s and St Thomas’sHospitals, LondonMeniber of the Uiocliciiiical Society CoiiiiiiitteeMenibcr oftlic Hordeii Coniiiiittcc oftlie Uiocliciiiinl SocietyI3r J G HowardVisitiiig I’rofcssor at die Loiidon School of Hygiciic and Tropical Medicine13r L H SniajcVisitiiig Professor iri I’liysiology and Biophysics, Sr Mary’s Hospital Mcdinl SclioolGeiieral Sccretary niid Vice I’resideiit of tlic European Society for MicrocirciilarioiiThe 13irecror of the Trust, Ur I’ O Williaiiis. was awarded an Honorary Doctorate ofScinccI3cgrce by clic University of Uiriiiiiigliaiii.

WELLCOMETRU5T26Sir David SteelSir David Stccl retired from tlicClmirniaiisliip of the \Vcllcoiiic Trusr on30 Scprciiibcr I‘IX‘I. He was qipoiiitcd ;ITriistcc aiid Cliairiiiaii on 1 Ilccciiibcr I9XI.ïïic period of Iiis Cliairiiiaiisliip covcrcd anumber ofiiiajor dcsclopiiiciits in tlic historyof the Trust. iii particular tlic disposal of5 per mit of tlic Trustees’ slinreliolding in\Vcllcoiiic plc wit11 tlic conscqiiciit expansionof the Trust’s iiicoiiic aiid tlicrcforc itsprograiiiiiics for support of research aiidIiistory.Iluriiig the period of rlic flotation theTrustees bccaiiic iiiitcli iiiorc closely iiivol\~cdwitli tlic company’s affairs. and siibseqiiciitlyover the siicccssioii to tlie Cliairniansliip aiidManaging Ilircctorsliip of \Vcllcomc plc.Thus, Sir Ilavid Stcel lcfr flic Tnisr a verydiKcreiit place frein the one lic took overfrom his predecessor. Lord Franks. LordFranks’ time nt rhc Triist had Icd to its gradualcromth xid devcloriiiieiit. the COliiDaliV. Iretaining the lion’s share of the profits aiid investing strongly for growth. Uy 1983 it had bccooicstrong eiioiigli to beconic piiblic. Tlic story of rliis proccss is rccordcd in the Trust’s SixteenthReport 19X4/8fi.Sir David Steel’s part in all this was to give tlic Trustees steady leadership wlicn fnccd with awide variety ofproblciiis that go wirli such a cliaiigc. He car= about people aiid so was able roconvcy to tlieTriisr’s staffaiid iiiaiiy gnntliuldcrs at Iioiiicand overseasa fccliiig ofuiiderstaiidiiigand apprcciatioii of tlieir purpose aiid problems. He \vas also aii cxccllciir delegator aiid was qiiitcwilling to leave the planning of die Trust’s sciciitific aiid historical prograiiinics to liis fellowscientific Triistccs, staff aiid tlicir advisors.Hc is a quiet. iiiodest man wlio cnjoycd tlie talk oftlic Trust, altliougli lie iiiiist sonictiiiics havetlioiiglit back to tlielcss academic nrgiiiiieiits ofliis foriiicr post as Chairman of Bririsli I’ctroleiiiii.He is succccdcd by Mr Roger Gibbs.Two new Trustees have been selected during the past year:-Sir Peter Cazalct. iiiitil June 1989 Ilcpiity Chairman of BI’. siiccccds to tlic vacancy crcatcd bySir I>nvid Srccl’s retireninit. He brings to tlic Trust special cspcriciicc as Chairman of the ArnicdForces Pay ltcvic\v Body aiid as a iiiciiiber oftlic Top Salaries Ilcvicw Body, niid will be ofgrcatvalue diiring the reorganisation aiid cliaiigc consequent upon tlic projected growth oftlie Tnlst.I’rofcssor Sir Ilavid \Vcathcrall, NiiBield I’rofessor of Clinical Medicine at the University ofOsford, is mcll known to tlic Triist in coinlecrion with its tropical aiid orlier prograniiiics. Heserved on tlie Tropical Medicine aiid Infectious Iliscascs I’aiicl between October 1979 and July1984. Hc lias vcry wide iiiedical iiiterests aiid especially in the field of the genetic diseases of tlieblood. Sir Ilavid will succeed Lord Swann who retires in Fcbriiary 1990.As this report goes to press tlic Trust aiinouiiced flic appoiiitiiicnt of Sir Ham Kornbcrg -IJrokssor of Uiochciiiistry at die University of Cnnibridgc - as a Trustee to succeed Dr HclciiMiiir. who will retire in Scprciiibcr 199i1.Management of administrationTRUSTEES ANDTHEIR STAFFOvcr tlic past year the Trustccs decided that the nianageninit of the adniitiisrntioii of the TNstshould be niadilied. This significant dcvclopnicnt is ainicd atcnsuring a ntional policy aiidsoundorganisation structure.The Board of Trustees is now adviscd by tlircc coniniittcn responsible for scinice. history ofiiicdicinc and financc on each of which sonic Tnistces scrvc.Tlic Board of Tnistces niccting is largely concerned with policy aiid the co-ordination of tlicfields of responsibility covered by these three coiiiiiiittces and any other matters, either of moregeneral interest or that arc outside the coverage of tlic specialist coniminccs. III addition. aMaiiageiiieiit Uoard lias bceii crcatcd iiiidcr the Cliairnianship of the üirector on which theIlirccton for Sciciicc, History. Fiiiaiice aiid Adiiiiiiistratioii. the I’rognmnic Directors and theFiiiaiicial Controller serve. The overall adniiiiistraiioii of the Trust is the responsibility of thisUoard.Administration of the scientif% programmeThe ovenll prograniiiie for the support ofscientific research is die responsibility of the Director(Sciciice I’rograiiiiiics), Ilr Uridgct Ogilvie. She is in charge oftlic co-ordination ofthe scientificaiid adiiiinistrativc aspects of science funding by the Tnist. Slic is assisted by tlic Head ofGrantsAdministration. Mrs Liiida Artcr. who is responsible to lier for the co-ordination of grantsadiiiiiiistrarioii.Witliiii rlic scientificdivision the progniiiiiie directors take rcsponsibilitg forrlicirsubjccrarcsand are assisted in tlic adniiiiisrratioii ofthese prognmnies by scientific off~cc~, gnnrs officersaiid secretaries.Sincc 1085, all applications to tlie Tnist have bcni assessed by an espcrt panel chaired by aTrustee. Ueforc that dare. the SciciitificTrustees. sitting as a coriiniittcc. niadc dccisioiis on grantscxcepr in veterinary niedicine, iiieiit;il liealrli, tropical niedicine aiid tlie history ofniedicine whichhad special advisory coiiiiiiittccs for the purpose. This panel structurc was remnsidercd at theTrustee’s aniiual policy iiicetiiig in Jiiiic 1989. Ir was felt that thc paiicls tliat work best are thosewhich cover an area ofrciciicc from tlic most basic to tlic niost applied aiid have a membershipconsisting ofboth basic and clinical scientists. It was tliercforc agreed with effect from 1 October1989 to rcducc the previow seven piiels, in the sciencearea. to four:Infection aiid iiiiniiiiiityCliairiiiaii Dr C E Gordon SmithScientific Secretary 13rJ C HowardMolecular and CellCliairmaii Dr I Hclcii MiiirScientific Secretary Dr M J MorganI’liysiology aiid I’hariiiacologyCliairniaii VrJ J U JackSciciitificSccretary Vr L H SniajcNcuroscicticcsChairnian Professor Sir Stanley I’cartScientific Secretary Ilr 13 Gordon27

WELLCOMETRUSTFor the purpose of iiiakiiiç awards, tlic Neuroscieiiccs l’aiicl divides into two sub-cominittces,Visioii Research and Mcntal Health. All these ne\\. pancls will nieet four times a year csccptMoleciilar and Cell for which tlie dciiiaiid is siicli that it will incct six times.In addition to tlicsc pniicls, \vhicli will adjudicate on hoth short-terni project grains andlonger-terni (iisually fire year) awards, a iiuniher of special interest groups have bccii created.Their principal fiiiictioii iviil bc to advise the Trustces on the special prohlciiis of the area withintheir remit and iiiake decisions on eariiiarkcd scholarships and fellowship awards.Clininl t1iterest GroupChairiiian I’rofessor Sir Stanley kartScientific Secretary Dr I) GordonVctcrinary Iiitercst GroupCliairnian Lord Swaiiri illitil28 Fchrvary lW0. thereafrcr Dr C E Gordon SmithScietitific Secretary Dr Bridger M OgilvicTropical Mcdiciiic Ititcrest GroupCliairmaii Dr C E Gordon SniitliScientific Secretary DrJ G HowardScc Appendis for details ofiiew paiiel nieiiibcrs (page 169).IVSUPPORT OF MEDICAL RESEARCH. SPECIAL FELLOWSHIPS AND LECTURESHIPS INTHE UKA WELLCOME SENIOR LECTURESHIPSB PRINCIPAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPSC SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICALSCIENCED SENiDR BASIC BIOMEDICALSCIENCE FELLOWSHIPSE RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICAL EPIDEMIIOLOGYF TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS IN HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH0 RESEARCHTRAININD FELLOWSHIPS FOR MEDICAL AND DENTALORADUATESH WELLCORE PRIZE STUDENTSHIPSFeedbackThcTnisrccs Iinve recently hcgiiii to provide limited feedback from rdcrecs to applicants. This isdone aiioiiynioiisly through the Trust’s senior scientific staff and with rhc permission of thercfcrec. While time consiiiiiiiig this scr\ricc appears to he appreciated by applicants.IVACATION SCHOLARSHIPSAcknowledgementsïhe Trustees aiid staff would like to çxpress their thanks to tlie iiunicrous expert advisers whoassist the work oftlie Trust by refereeing applications, serving on coniniittecs aiid paiicls andadvising on policy. The adniinistration of the Trust woiild be very difficult without theiruiistinting support.28I . i&

WELLCOMETRUST

WELLCOMETRUSTPRINCIPAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPSThe piirposc of this iiew scliciiic of fcllowsliips is to fund individuals who arc judged to be ofrcndersliip or profcssorinl ~r;itiis. but who do not hold ail csrablislicd post at the time ofaward.They will hare an csceptional record ofsiiccess in research which is siibstantiatcd by internationalpccr review.I'riiicipal Rcscarcli Fcllowsliips iiiny hcatvardcd to those who have previoiisly Iicld a WcllcoiiicSenior I~cscarcli Fellowship in Cliiiical or Basic Scicncc, a Wellconic Senior Lcctiircship or ancqiiivalciit nward fiiiided by other UK bodies.Siiicc thc sclicnie began in 1989, two appoiiitiiicnts have been iiiadc.Tlic following prograiiiiiics ofrcsearcli arc being uiidcrtakcn by I'riiicipal Ilacarcli Fellows:-C SENIOR RESEARCH FEUOWSHIPS IN CL1N1CAlSCIENCEDRP MDEAN,PaorssoxB G SP~ATX.Drprtnimt of Pharmacology, University of Dcpartmcnt of Biological Scicncs, Univcnity OCCambridge: for 3 %tidy

WELLCOME TRUSTSENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICALSCIENCESENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICAL SCIENCETlic \Vcllcoiiie Trustees continiic to attach grcnt iiiiportmcc to tlicsc senior cliiiicd fcllowsliips.Fello\\~s sclccrcd iii tlic coiiipctirioii arc offered siipport for five ycnrs, togctlicr witli tlie cspeiiscsfi: their progrmiiiic of rcscnrch, aiid arc free to concentrate on iii-depth research iiiro problciiisrclated to cliiiical sciciicc. This ~cliciiic coiiiiiieiiccd iii 1962, niid Figure 7 sliows tlic iiiiniber ofawards iiindc cacli ycu since tlicii. Froiii modest bcgiiiiiiiigs. it is iiom possible to find five or sixindividii:ils c.icii year of siiniciciit iiicrir to justify nii award. This is all tlic iiiorc rcniarkableconsidering die iiiniiy pressiires on yooiig cliiiical sciciitists iii the prcseiir cliiiiarc, iiicliidiiig theiiicrc:ising,ly striiigcnt rcqnirciiiciirs of liiglicr clinical tniiiiiig niid accreditation.ïlic opportunity \vns tnkeii this ycx to rcvicm tlic progress of tlic scliciiic owr the last tenyears. As \\-ell :is increasing iiiiiiibcrs of nppoiiitiiiciits. there lias bceii n change iii tlic profile ofiiidividiials iioldiiig tlicse fellowsliips. Iii 1979. most fellows iii post wïrc pliysiciaiis, oftensastnstrociitrrologists. with :I few patliologists. Siiicc tlicii clic rniigc of cliiiicnl iiitercsrs liasbroadoicd. as problciiis iii s~icli subjects as allergy, rlieiiiiiatology aiid psycliiatry becoiiicniiiciinblc 10 the iieiv biology (Tigiirc 9). The ciiaiige in scieiitific espcrtise is sliowii iii Figure 8. Iii1979, clic bioiiicdical ùiscipliiics of biocliciiiistry and pliysiology doiiiinnrcd tlic scliciiic. In theciirrciit year, iucli subjects coiitiiiiic to be of iiiiportaiicc. but relatively less so coiiipnred withiiioleciilar ùiolog y. iiioleculnr gciicrics niid iiiiiiiiiiiogeiietics.Fcllo\vs nppoiiircd to this scliciiic Iinvc coiitiniicd to iiiovc to sciiior acadciiiic positions iii tlicUK aiid elsc\\4icrc. This year. four felloms moved to positioiis iiiidcr the iic~nppoiiitiiiciitdeiiiicstaff: IJrJ 1 Uellniid DrKCGnttcratOsford. IJrJayiicA FrniiklyiiatBiriiiiiigliaiii. niid IJr I'J Ciclitirn at tlic Uiiitcd Medical and Ihitnl Schools. IJr A C Cliu alsoiiiorcd to a position Iicld joiiitly berwecii tlie Royal I'osrgndiintc Medical Scliool aiid its rehtedhospitals.Six IICW fclloivs were appointed, aiid tlicsc awnrds nie iioted below. With the nppoiiitiiiciit ofDr I) M St Clair, oftlie IJcparriiiciit of I'sychintry in the Uiiivcrsity ofEdiiibiirgli. the Trust isiiow siipportiiig ns sciiior fellows leaders of two of die iiiaiii grotips making progress towardsiiiidcrstntidiiig of tlic iiiolcciilar geiictics of scliizoplireiiin aiid otlier iii:qor psychiatric disease.Two oftlie iicw fcllows arc sriidying allergic discnsc oftliï respiratory tract: Ilr W O C Cooksoiiartlie Uiiiversity ofOxford is coiitinuiiig his studies oil the gaietic basis tliatheaiid his collcqp~Iiavc dcscribed for ntopy, niid 131 Ilobyii E OHcliir at tlic Royal I'ostgnduatc Medical Scliool isworking on tlic iiiiiiiiiiioclieiiiistry oftlie T cell rcsponsc to coninion respintory allcrgciis.I 3839

WELLCOMETRUSTAWARDS OFSENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICALSCIENCED SENIOR BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE FELLOWSHIPSDa H M D GL'HLINO

WELLCOMETRUSTSENIOR BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE FELLOWSHIPSSENIOR BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE FELLOWSHIPSln 19X.i. the Triistccs rcspoiidcd to rcprcsciitatioiis froin tlic iiiiivcrsitics coiiccriiing tlic seriousdccliiic in tlic iiiiiiibcr of research posts available to youiig investigators by rciiitrodiiciiig afcllowsliip sdiciiic, with flic purpose of supporting outstanding yoiiiig basic scientists with ai1cstnblislicd record in bioiiiedical rcsearcli.Tlic fellowliips arc tciiablc for five years iii tlic first instance, with aii esrciisioii to ciglir yearsfollo\viiig a siicccssful review. Tlic Trust provides [lie fellow's salary arid subsraiitial funds tocover rlic COSI of aii associatd research prograniiiic.Tlie following table indicates thc lcvcl ofapplintioiis against awards over the past four years.Sccoiid roiiiid. 1987Ilr C II M ihiiigliaiiiI3r A E BiancoI3r I'J HaiiiNuliicld Il~paRiii'iitofCliiiical McdiciiicUniversity ofOsfordi*r. 1111985186 1986187 1987188 1988189Total number of applicants 59 95 96 97Grgrapliiral disisrriliitrioii ofqplirmisUKNorth AniericaEiiropcOrlier couiirricsNumber ofawardsThe following arc ~i~rreiit Iioldcrs oftliesc awards:First round. 1986131 C 13 A Urowii Ilepartniciit of MediciiicUiiivcrsity of Maiiclicstcr53 73 71 743 16 71 163 5 4 3-I - 47 5 7 9llr MJ HiiiiipliriesIIr A Marriiicz AriasThird rouiid, 19x8IlrJaiic C Havercroft13r 11 RcyiioldsIJcpartiiietit of Uiocliciiiisrry aiid Molcciilnr lliologyUlii\~eisity of M:iiiClicsrcrIJep~rtiiiciitofZoologyUniversity ofcaiiibridgeIlepnrriiieiit ofl'atliologyUiiiversity of CanibridgcDcpartiiient ofUiocIicniistryImperial Collegc ofScieiice, Tccliiiology aiid MedicineTlicTriisrccs wcre plcascd to hear rliat Ilr M Ilomclias been awarded a prolcpticlcctrinuliipattlicUiiivcrsity ofDiriiiiiigliniii froin Ocrober 1991.AWARDS OF SENIOR BASIC BIOMEDICALSCIENCE FELLOWSHIPSIIrJ M CraiiiptoiiIlrTII HirstIIr Lyntic V MayneIlr V H Perry13cpartnicnt of Mcdinl EntomologyLiverpool School ofTroyical MedicineIlcpartiiieiit of GenericsUniversity of LeicesterIlepartineiit of Uiological SciencesUniversity ofSiisscsIlcparrnieiit of Espcrinieiird I'sycliologyUniversity of Oxford131 M llowcIlr II WilliaiiisoiiIlcpartiiiciit of Caiiccr StudiesUiiivcrsit y of UirniiiigliaiiiLabontory of Mariiic Biological AssociatioiiI'lyiiioiitli42 43

E RESEARCHTRAlNlNG FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

WELLCOME TRUSTRESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS IN CLINICAL EP~DEMIOLOGYF TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS IN HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCHiiitciidcd to provide niedicnl grndiintes. wider flic, with flic opportiiiiity to iiiidcrtnkc n progrniiiiiiciologicnl priiiciplcs niid tcdiiiiqucs to problciiis ofcliiiicnl iiicdiciiic. A kiriiinl coiirsc of trniiiiiig iii cpiclciiiiology is gciicrnlly n prcrcqiiisitc niidaivnrds tiiay iiicliidc provision for tlic pnyiiieiit of fccs aiid trnvclliiig cspciiscs iiiciirrcù iiipiirsiiaiicc

WELLCOMETRUSTTRAINING FELLOWSHIPS IN HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCHHenirli scrviccs rese~ircli is a siibjcct ofincrensiiiy iiiiportaticc at a tiiiic \vliai iiic

WCLLCOMETRUSTRESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS FOR MEDICAL AND DENTALGRADUATESRESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS FOR MEDICAL AND DENTALGRADUATESTlic'liust provides llcscarcli T?niiiiiig Fcllowsliips for Mcdicnl niid Ilcoral Grndtiatcs \\'ho wish toptirsiic nii acndeiiiic cnrccr iii tlic UK. This general scliciiic CVI'CIS all cliiiicnl siihjccrs iiicliidiiig theTrusi's foriiicr rescnrch rrniiiiiig fclloivsliip scliciiics iii siirgcry niid pntlioloçy. Sepnrarearrniigeiiiciits :ire iiiadc Cor certniii selected whjects, n5 iiotcd elsewhere iii this report.The ïktccs werc nhlc IV iiicrcnsc rlir fuiidiiis nnilahlc for rliis sdiciii~ iii rlic year iiiidcrrcvicw. in rc.rpviisc to n ~itiiiibcro~cscclleiir npplicarioiis. A ùisapflic rclntivc denrtli olrequcsts iii soilieiiow proposed for rc\e.ircli rraiiiiiig filtrniiiiiig prograiiii~ics iii sihjiccrs siiclisiirgic.il cxccr oficii express rlic fcnr tliai tiiiic spciit in researchrlicir cnrccr.Iltiritig the ).car tiiidcr review. I3 IICW fell~\\~sliip nmnrds linvc liccii iiindc.RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS FOR MEOICALAND DENTAL GRADUATES51

H WELLCOME PRIZE STUDENTSHIPS

WELLCOME TRUSTWELLCOME PRIZE STUDENTSHIPSWELLCOME PRIZE STUDENTSHIPSAWAROSOF WELLCOMEPRIZE STUDENTSHIPSïiic 3iisrccs iiavc bccii coiiccriicd by riie progressive retiiictioii iil tlic iiiiiiiùer of IlcscxciiCoiiiicii Sriidciiisiiips rlint lias occurrrd iii rcccnr iid c\~cii iiiore worried by the rccciitùcciiiic iii rnkc-iip rnrcs of first choice nliocatioiis. lierefore decided to set aside Cliii per;iiiiiiiiii for tiirce ycm. hcgiriiiiiig in I'IX7/XR, to provide siipport for posrgradiiztc rcscarclitr.iiiiiiiy. Tlic new sciiciiic of \Vcllcoiiic Prix Sriidciitsliips aim, by iiic.iiis ofa Iiigiier level ofort costs. to ciicoiirnge tiic best yoiiiig scieiitisrs to ciiibnrkiii i9XX/X'i. tlic sccoiid rouiid. die qi~nliry ofapplications \vas agaiii very Iiigii aiid tlie Trostccsngrrcd roscrasiùc ïl.3iii to tiiiid filstiidciits. Uiifortiiiiarciy. iX wiriidrc\\~ for rcnsoiis tiiat variedfroiii offcrs froiii iiinrc prcstigioiis iiistitiitioiis to çrcatcr rc~~~i~iicrario~~. A fciv coiiiiiiciited oil tliciatciicss of iiic dccisioiis aboiit :iwarils biir sonic acndciiiic staff c«iiiplaiiicil tiiat rlic npplicatioiidcnùiiiic is too cnriy to rccoçiiisc tlic qiidiry ofsriidciits! Siiicc tlic a\\.ards arc iiindc iii pxt oil rlicquality nf stiidciits. it \vns origiiially felt iiiapproprintc to iii.ikc tlic nwnrds trniisfcraùlc. Thisrciiiniiis rlic Triist's policy biit riie sciiciiic is diic for rrvicw atid this fc:itiire will iiccd cnrctiilcoiisid~ratinii.Atiorlicr re:is»ii hr flic ~~itiidrn\vai ufstiidciits is probaùiy thnt rlic ciiiiriiced sripciid paid to\Vcllcoiiic i'rizc Stiidciits was less tlinii rliiir enriicd by a iicw gndiintc iii iiidiistrrtwarcii :issistnnt iii tiic iiiii\wsiti~s. Tlic Triirtccs iiavc ngrccd. tiicreforc, to ri\viiicii is ras frcc. to n IcwI cqiiivniciir to tiiat ofn rcscarcli nsristaiir ofcqiiaiinburnrory cspciiscs iiavc :also brcii iiicrcascd to reiiccr iiiorc iieariy tlic rcni COrcscarcli.Tlic niiioiiiit of rraiiiiiig tliat I'iiD stiidciits arc giveii iii prcseiiriiig tiieir sciciitific work varieswidely. Accordiiigly, it was decided tlint tiie \Vclicoiiic i'rizc Stiideiits siioiiid be offered trniiiiiigiii botii written niid orai coiiiiiiiiiiic~tioii niid :I series of mall oiic day sciiiiiiars lias bceiicstnbiisiicd for stiidciits iii tiicir sccoiid ycnr. The proçrniiiiiic is iint yct caiiipletcd aiid aiiy~o~iiitieiii~ oii its siicccss woiild be preiiintiirc.It slioiild periiaps be eiiipiiasiscd tliat tlic awards nre not opcii to iiidividiiai applicntioiis froiiicaiiilidntcs or potciirini supervisors. Iiiste:id iii~titiitioiis are iiivitcd to iioniiiiatc a specific iiiiiiiùerofcaiididntcs. FiIII rletails arc' scilr to iiiiiversity registrars or tiiay be obrniticd froiii rile WcllcoiiicTNSt.ilccipioits of the I'IXY/X'I awards arc derailcd oii tlic foiloiviiig pages.i55

WELLCOWETRUSTWELLCOME PRIZE STUDENTSHIPSsi;,,,,,,57

VSUPPORT FOR SELECTEDSUQJECTAREASAMENTAL HEALTH AND THE RELATED NEUROSCIENCESB TROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASESC VETERINARY MEDICINED VISION RESEARCHE CLINICAL RESEARCHF BIOCIIEOISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGVG PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

MENTALHEALTH ANDTHE RELATEDNEUROSCIEWBMENTAL HEALTH ANDTHE RELATED NEUROSCIENCESProfessor Sir Stanlcy I’enrt, MI), FIICI’. FI6 (Cliairiiiaii, \Vcllconic Triistcc)Professor C; Fiiik. MI). l3l’Iiil. MlIC I5rniii Metabolisiii Research Unit, EdinhiirgliProfessor M FI Ladcr. DSc. lJIiD, MI). FIr

WELLCORE TRUSTMENTAL HEALTH ANDTHE RELATED NEUROSCIENCESEQUIPMENTUniversity ofOxfordLondonRESEARCH AS515rANCE AND EXPENSES66 67

WELLCOMETRUSTMENTAL HEALTH ANDTHE RELATED NEUROSCIENCESUNIVERSIN AWARDRESEARCH LEAVE FELLOWSHIPFELLOWSHIP IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGYSENIOR LECTURERSHIP- MENTAL HEALTHTRAINING FELLOWSHIPS IN MENTALHEALTH69

B TROPICAL MEDICINE AND ~NFECTIOUS DISEASES

WELLCOMETRUSTTROPICAL MEDICINE AND 1NFECTIOUS DISEASESTROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES PANELI)r C E Gordon Siiiirli. CIL blD, I’IICI’. FIICl’nth (Clisiriixni. \Vcllcoiiie Triistcc)I’rofcrsor II M Atidcr~~ii. 1’1i13, FIIS. Iiiipcrinl Callcge of Science, Tcclinology and Mediciiic,LondoilI’rofcssor II E tloa~clls. I’lill. FIUiol. Liverpool Scliool ofTropic.il McdiciiicDr II I’ Lnnc, IJ1i13. ARCS. IXC. London Scliool ofliygieiic aiid Tropical Mcdiciiic#I’rofessor K I’ \V J McAd:iiii. MU. UCliir. FIICI’. Loiidoii Scliool of Hygiene aiid TropicnlMrdiciiicI’rofcssor E II Moson. MU. FIICP. University ofOxfordI’rofcssor EH O Parry, OUE. b1D. FIICI’, \Vcllconic’rropical Iiisiitiitc. London#I>r I> A J Tyrrcll. CUE. MI). FIICI’. FIICl’arli. HIS. MRC Coiiiiiiriii Cold Unit. SalisbiiryIlr \V E Giitteridgc. 1Jh1). \Vcllcoiiic plc. UcckciiliaiiiStaffmembers responsibleIlrJ C How;ird, MI). I’lill. FIUiol. FlIS (Scientific Sccrcrary)C DJ Saint?. UA(Ecoii). (Adiiiinistntire Secretary)+Elizabeth Shaw, USc. (Adiiiiiiisrratirc Secretary)# Until Scprcnibcr WWl?om I Jaiiiiaiy IOWTROPICAL MEDICINE AN0 INFECTIOUS DISEASESIlecoiiiiiiciidntioiis for awards in tropical nicdicinc and iiifectioiis diseases are niade to tlicTmstenby aii advisory panel consisting of ciglit scientists. representing the niaiiy aiid diverse subjectscovcred by this scctioii of the Trust. In addition to their csscntinl role in the assessment of grantrequests, p:iiicl iiiciiibers provide valiiablc advice on policy issues and rescarcli fields requiringspecial nttciirioii. Diiriiig tlie period of this report, jj per cent of grant applintioiis receivediiipport at lew in part, rcpreseiitiiig 34 per cent of tlie total suni applied for. Funds available fortlircc-year project grants were rcduccd by I5 per cent to provide increased support for longerteriiiawards in coiiforiiiity with Trust policy. TlicTiist’s ovcrylns rcsearcli units accounted for26per cc~it of tlic hinds distribiircd.I>aiicl iiieiiibcrs continue to eiiipliasise four areas wliicli need greater research effort orrecruitinciit. These are:I Uiocliciiiical aspects of parasites rclevniit to possible cliciiiotlierapeiiric control.2 Medical bacrcriology. in particiilnr, iiioleciilar npproaclics to pathogenicity.3 Eiiroiiiology iiivolviiig new tccliiiological considerations.4 Tlic continuing iiccd for clinicians to iiiidcrtake research careers in tropical niedicinc.Tlie Trust was awarded a plaque by the Iiitcniational Societies of 13crniatology andIlcrniatopatliology to iiiark tlic Trust’s continued support iii tlic field of niedical and scientificresearch aiid its iiiinieiisc coiirribiitioii IO thcoiitrol of tropical diseases worldwide.Tlic Trustces were pleased to Iiear tliar Ilr I V I) Wcller. wliu is currently in receipt offuiidiiigfor Iiis Sciiior Lectureship in Iiifecrioiis Discases, was awarded a Ilcadcrsliip in Gcnito-UrinaryMrdiciiic at the Middlesex Hospital. London.Wellcome Trust Unit, KenyaUNITSTlic Trust iiiaintaiiis its own Iaborarories in Nairobi as \vcllas running collaborative prograninin,vitIl [ I I ~ Kciiya Medin) IIcsearch Iiistitutc (KEMRI) in Nairobi and at Kilifi on thecoast. Ilr W MWatkiiis lias OYCT.~IJ adiiiiiiisrntive responsibility for all die Tmst’s r~scarcli activities in Kctiya.~i~ owil research progrniiinic concertis drug pliariiiacokiiierics and parasite rcsistance in theclieniotlicrapy arid propliylasis of I?jIripnniiii iiialaria. This involves close collabontion withI’rofcssors A M Ureckciiridge and Il E Howclls (Liverpool Scliool ofliopical Mediciiic).A IICW collaborative progniiiiiie on iiialaria was init~arcd at tlie bqiiiiiizig of 1%‘) 3t Kilifimllere coa51a1 rcscarcli liiiit is bciiig expanded. ïliis is a study ofscvcrc i‘jifriynnirn nialana illcliildrcii led by a groiip from Oxford (Profcssor I3 A ivarrcll, I3r K Manli and Dr G I’asvol) incollaboratioii with KEMIII.T~~~ ~ 1 1 prograiiiiiies ) ~ arc now iiiidcrway in Nairobi. The first is ai1 indcptli clinicaldcliiieatioii oftlie disease (I)r C F Gilks aiid I’rofcssor 13 A Warrell). nie second concerns theitlipact of HIV ~lifcction tuhcrculosis (Dr I’ Nuiiii. I3r II J Brindle and I’rofesror K I’ W JMcAdam).7273

WELLCOMETRUSTTROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASESUnidade de Estudos Espcciais da Wcllcome, Belem, BrazilThis Unit was cstablislicd in IV65 by I'rofcssor 11 Lainson, FIIS. to stiidy the ecology aiidcpideiiiiology of liiiiiiaii l~ishiiiaiii:isis in the Aiiiazoiiiaii region of Brazil. in long-ternicollnborntioii witli IIrJ J Shaw, iiiaiiy niajor coiirrihiitioiis have bccii iiiade on the ideiitificatioiiaiid tasoiioiiiy of lcishiiianiai parasites. sniidfly vectors aiid aiiiiiial rcscrvoirs as well as thedcliiicatioii of foiir distinct cliiiicd types of liiiiiiaii disease. Snidics in various field sites aresupported by a conipreliwsirc nnge oflaboratory studies in Bciciii. A iiiiiiiber ofiiew species arebeing characterised, soiiic oftliciii associated with liiiniaii disease.Visceral Icislininiiiasis dite to Lcishiiriiirio rliqosi is a niajor iiitcresr of tlie Unit aiid is beingstiidicd oil tlic island of Marajo. investigations on the fos Crrdoïiirpoii rlioia as a likely priiiiaryoir arc being coiidiicrcd iii collaboratioii with IIr 13 \V Macdonald (University ofOsford),is ciirrciirly coiicciirrariiig on the ecology of the fox aiid flic saiidfly vector-fos intcCiirmcoiis Icis1iiii:iiiiasis diic to Lcidtiiimiid biuzilinisis is beiiig stiidied in the Serra dosregion of l'ara. Tlic Uiiit lins a field station in a iicwly opcncd area of priiiiary forcst mliearc ninjor iron orc niid Iiydroelccrric dani dcvclopiiients. Tlic aninial reservoir for L.hrozistill iiiikiiown aiid its ideiitity reiiiaiiis a iiiajor objective.IIrJ G Howard visircd üclciii iii Octobcr IO88 to sec rile work oftlic Unit niid its field activities,as melias rlic iiistinito Evaiidro Clingas whicli acconiniodates aiid collaborates with the \Vellcoiiiegroup. Thc Agrccnieiit mith tlie Braziliaii Ministry of HCillth lins bccii estciidcd to IW7 wheni'rofcsror Laiirsoii is duc to rcrirc.Trace Element Research Group (TERG), Tropid Metabolism Research Unit(TMRU), Jamaica.Tlic Uiiit is associntcd with tlie University oftlic \Ver Indics on the Moiia Campus. Jamaica. VrM H N Golden is Vircctor of both the Trust-finidcd TEl1G aiid of thc TMRU. This latterappoiiitiiieiit is supported jointly by the Triist aiid tlic University as arc w o other scientists there,Vr Sally Graiirliaiii-McCregor niid Vt T E Fortester.The TERG investigates rhc role of dcfcctivï aiitiosidaiit defence in the genesis of nialiiumtioiisyiidronics. nie work of tlic TMllU includes invcsrigatioiis into the cause ofstuiircd height andretarded iiiciital developinetit in iiiainiitritioii states, rlie role of iiircstiiial iichiiinths in retardedgrowth, aiid iiietabolic abiiornialitics Icadiiig to Iiypcrtciision in pregnancy. llic Unir opcntcs aniiitcgntcd prognniine of clinical laboratory aiid field studies. It has been riotably successful indeveloping srratcgics for identifying aiid treating nialiioiirislied children at the coiniiiuiiiry level.Sir Vavid Steel aiid Dr P O Williaiiis visited the Uiiit in March 1989 and VrJ G Howard iiiApril 1989.LONGER-TERM SUPPORTWellcomelMahidol UniversitylOxford Tropical Rescarch Programmc, BangkokVr N J Wliirc lias been Virector since August 1986. Tlic niajor c~iipliasis of tlic Uiiir's workcoiitiiiiics 10 hc on tlic pathophysiology and clinical pliarniacoloçy ofscvcrc I%ininrifi,i>i~,fnlril>nilii.iiialarii.Work is orpmiscd prcdoiiiiiiaiitly as a co-ordiiimd series ofsiiorr dcfiiiccl projects. Laboratorysriidie iiicliidc iiietnbolic. Iincin:itological aiid iiiiiniiiiological aspccts associated wirh cliiiicaiinwstigarioiis. Field stations nt Kaiicliniiabiiri niid Mac Sot fiiiiction it1 areas of Iiigli diseaseiiicidciicc. Ciirrciit ciiiplinsis is oii fnlcipariiiii nialaria in prcgiiaiicy and iii cliildrcii aiid doiiblcinfections with I?i~ii~ns.A cliiiicnl stiidy on scpricncniic iiielioidosis involves another field statio11 at Uboii IIarcliataiiiwith inbornrory sriidics on aiiribioric sciisiti\+ics of Ps.l>s~il

WELLCOMETRUSTTROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASESUmtata Hmpital,Tranrkei. South AfricaUniversity ofSt AndrewsMshidol University, Bangkok. ThailandUnivcaity ofOxford76 77

4WELLCOMETRUSTTROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASESRESEARCH LEAVE FELLOWSHIP7879

WELLCOMETRUSTc VETERINARY MEDICINEPOSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP80

WELLCOMETRUSTVETERINARY MEDICINE PANELThe Ilt Hoii rlic Lord Swaiiii. FRS. (Chairman, Wcllco~iic Trustee)Professor 13 \V Brocklesby, IlrMedVet, FIICl’ath, FRCVS, Centre for Tropical VeterinaryMedicine. University of Edinburgh# I’rofcssorJ O Jarrçtt, l’hl3, UMVS. MRCVS, Uiiiversiry ofGlasgowI’rofcssor 1) Lodge. UV%, INA. I’hD, MIICVS. Royal Veterinary Collcgc. LondonIlr H It I’ Miller, 1’1i13. UVMS, MIICVS, Morediin Institute, EdinburghI3r M Elaiiic Ilosc. Sc13. 1’1113, MIICIJarli. FRCVS, Iiistitim for Aiiimal Hcalrh, HouglitoiiLabontoryStaff memben responsible## Ilr K U Sinclair, IJVSc, 1’1113, FIICVS, (Scientific Secretary)* 13r Uridgct M Ogilvic, 1’1113. Sc13, FIUiol. (Scientific Secretary)# Laim Clinnibers. (Adiiiiriistrativc Secretary)#Until October 1989## Uiiril April 1989* From April 1089VETERINARY MEDICINEVETERINARV MLDICINLThe Trust has supported research into veterinary niedicine for nimy years. aiid a specialVeterinary 1’ancI was ser up in October I‘KiHto advisctheTrustccs. At prneiit, about five per centoftlie budget for scientific research goes inro this programme. For 1988/89 this repmcnted a totalofC1.88iii in awards (S1.78ni for l987/88). Thus, 48 per ceiitofrequnrs were fuiidcd in parrcr iiifull. The panel considered 78 (84) grant applications during tlie period (1987/88 in parenrhesis forcoiiiparkon) of rhcse 50 (58) were approved for funding.A review coiiducred in June 1989 could find no evidence that vereriiiary problems arc sodifferent in nature or quality that only a specially constituted veterinary panel is able ro assns themfor funding. Following this review. it \\’as decided to disband the Veterinary Panel. Gnmapplicarions coiicerning vcreriiiary work will in future go to the appropriare subject related panelfor assessment and decision aiid niost of these panels will have one or niore veterinaryrepresentatives.Ir is recognised, however, that it is important that rniniiig and fellowship awards forvcrcrinarygradiiatn be assnsed by individuals with a veterinary background.Tlie re\siew also showed rhat the nuniber of Veterinary gnnts held in veterinary schoolsdecliiicdfrorii84pcr cent in 1980/82to54pcr centin 1986188aiidthat mostoftlieworkclassifiedas veterinary research is iniderraken by basicsciciirists. The veterinary sclioolsaiid, even more, rlieAgriculture aiid Food Research Council (AFRC) succeed in recruiring few vcreriiiary gnduatninto research.Since 1068, rlie Trust Iias awarded 106 Ilescarch Training Scholarships and 37 PostdoctodFellowships iii Veterinary Research, but the decade l

WELLCOWETRUSTFive-year awards for exceptional individuals who wish to do a l'hD outside the vctcriiiaryschools. Usually. thc first tlirec years will be spent iii a non-veterinary school laboratory,then two years in a departnient iii a veterinary school. Awards will be held jointly by theIinds ofthe two laboratories concemcd. The stipend will be at the Plil> level until the thesishas been submirtcd. thcn ar die fcllo~vsliip level.The purpose ofthcse awards is to create stronger links between the vcry best laborarorics intlie UK and tlie vctcriilary scltools and to attnct csceptioiially able and well-nrotivatedveterinan. , anduarec. - ~ ~ -e Four-year awards for veterinary graduates who wish to main arid develop their clinicalinterests whilst they obtain a I'hD. Recipients will itiidert~kc tlicir tnining in a vetcririaryschooland will bccspcctedrospeiidatleasr70percciitofrlicirtinieinresearch, butbeabletodevore3üpcr cent toclinical work. Thcwaytlicseindividualsdividerlieir time will bcagreedat tlie time oftlie award. to ensure tlie feasibility ofthe programrnc.The Veterinary Interest Group also reconiinciided that the Trust should increase its stipport tostudents wishing to intercalate a year ofresearch training during rhcir vcteriitary course. Up to 20awards for studetits wisliiiig to do this mill be availablc froiii Janiiary 1990.LUrofgnnli~wddn

WELLCOMETRUSTRESEARCH TRAINING SCHOLARSHIPSMEDALS AND PRSIES8687

D VISION RESEARCH

WELLCOWL TRUSTVISION RESEARCH WORKING PARTYI'rofessor S M Zeki, I'liD, FRS, (Chairnian), University Collcge. LondonProfessor Sir Statilcy I'eart, MI), FIICI'. FRS, Wellcome TmstceProfessor N Asliron. CUE, 13Sc. FRCI', FRCS, FRCPatli, FRS, Institute of Oplitlialniology,LondonProfessor A C Bird. MI). FRCS, Institute of Oplitlialii~ology, Lotidoil131 II F Hess. MSc, l'li13, University of CambridgeProfessor ï3 II Jolies. MU. FRCI'. FRCS. Institute ofOplithalmology, Loiidoii1)r T I) Lamb. l'hi). University ofCanibridgeProfessor K H Riiddock. PIID, DIC. ARCS, Imperial College of Science, Technology andMedicine. LondonStaff members responsibleI)r I) Gordon, MA, MU, FRCI', (Scientific Secretary)Anne Edwards. (Administrative Secretary)VISION RESEARCHVISION RESCARCMThe Vision Research Working Party is now well esrablished as the Trustees' advisory body on allaspects of the clinical and basic sciences relating to the visual system. During this year. a largenumber of applicatioiis were considered. and the range of work being supported on tlierecomniendation of the Working Party is shown in the list ofgnnts awarded.The Working Party awarded a total of Sl.l9ni, excluding longer-term support, during theperiod under review, Sl50 O00 more than for 1987/88 (figures in parenthais for comparison).About38per cent ofthe total requests wercrhereforefunded. Inall. 54 (51) applications forgnntswere considered and 29 (26) were awarded in part or in full.There lias been a growing intercst in thc application of new nietliods of molecular biology tostudy normal aiid abnormal visual funcrion. Dr D M Hunt and Dr J K Uowniaker, of QumMary College. London, in collaboration with DrJ D Mollon ofthe University ofcambridge, arcapplying niolccular biological methods to elucidate the underlying biochemical faults inabnormalities of tlie cone pigniciits subserving colour vision. Dr S S Uliattacliarya and hiscolleagues. of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. have support for a nuuibcr of projectsstudying rhc molecular genetic basis ofthosc disorders of vision where a gnictic basis has longbeen recognised using classical methods ofgeiietics. such as some fornis ofretinitis pigmentosa.11ii~iig the period of tlie last report, three grants for longer-term support of programmc; ofresearch in vision were awarded. in tlic year under review, tlieoiily grant oftliis type wasawardedto Professor R W Giiillery. ofthe Department ofHunian Anatomy in Osford. Profasor Guilleryaiid his teani arc studying the derailed connections of the visual pathway through the iatcralgeniculatc body, using the most modern nmhods ofncuromatoniy.The Trustces are parricnlarly concerned to stiniolatc research in vision by providingopportunities for research training. in the last report, a disappointitig fall in applicatioiis for VisionIIescarcli Fellowsliips was noted. This ims rcvcrscd in the current year whm 21 applications forthçsc fellowships were received, aiid a nuniber of outstanding fellowship appointments weremade, as noted on pages 92 and 93. The Trust has capcrience of providing support for rnnrchtraining schenics for registrars on clinical rotations. the purpose being to allow six nionth sccondinetitsfor ~ese~rch exprrience. Support of rhis type bcgaii in the Depanmerit ofPsychiarry in theUniversity ofOsford. and earlier reports have described the success ofthis sclieme in stimulatingyoung psycliiatrists of high ability to apply for extended research training fellowships. Some oftliose supported are now in senior academic positions in university departments of psychiatry.Tlic Workiiig Party considered aiid warnily rccomniendcd an application to support a similarsclieme for oplithalniologists in tniiiiiig at the Institute ofOphthalniology in London.Liiroign"ü~w~iddo"~s~P~o~csson R W GULLER=,E604395Dryartmeni of Human Anatomy. UniveZSitY OfOxford: fur (ive yL3m. Cira study ofiiuniiri indibmndvisu4 piiliwqsl~,X*~,,*~"~'LJLONGER-TERM SUPPORTRESEARCH A551STANtE AND EXPENSESUniversity of AberdeenUniversity aïCambridge9091

WELLCOME TRUSTVISION RUEARCHFELLOVISH I P59293

E CLINICAL RESEARCH

96WELLCOMETRUSTCLINICAL RESEARCH PANELI’rofcssor Sir Stanley l’cart, MI), ïRCl’, FRS. (Cliairmaii, Wellconie Trustee)I’rofessor C II \V Edwards. MI). FRCI’. University of EdinburghI’rofessor M A Fcrgiisoii-Sinitli, FIIS, FIISE. FRCI’Glas, FRCl’atli, University ofCanibridgeI’rofcssor L Liizzaro, MI). FRCl’atli. Royal l’ostgraduateMedica1 Scliool. LoiidoiiI>rofcsnor AJ McMicliacl. MU. I’hD. FIICI’, University of OxfordI’rofcssor E O It Reyiiolda. MI). FIICI’, University Coll~xe aiid Middlesex Scliool of MedicineI’rofcssorJ I l Srnales, MI), FRCI’, University of LeicesterStaff members responsibleI k I) Gordon. MA, MU, FIICP, (Scieiitific Secretary)Sandn Carpenter. (Adsiiinistntive Secretary)CLINICAL RESEARCHCLINICAL RESEARCHMost of tlie Trust’s research expenditure is on tlie sciences basic to riiediciiie. However, theTrustces coiitiiiuc to \~C~COIIIC applicatioiis for support of cliiiicai research ofiiigli quality. iii tlicyear iiiidcr review, a iiiorc generous provision \vas ninde for tlic budget of rlic Clitiinl ResearchI’aiicl tliaii for flic biidgcrs ofotlier advisory panels. As well as die expenditure on clinical researchnoted iii this SCC~~OII, tlic Trust coiitiiiiics to proiiiore tliç siibject tlirougli research tniiiiiigfellowsliips aiid senior clinical felloissliips. detailed clsewliere in this report.Iluriiig i!J88/RI) (1987/88 iii pareiithcsis for coiiiparisoii) the lJaiicl was able to award a total ofc3.85111 (C3.54ni). except loiigcr-term support, where the requcsts totalled E11.66ni (S11.Oûni).Hence. 30 per cciit (24 per cent) ofrequests were funded. in all, the I’aiiel dnlt with I95 (197)applicatioiis for grants, of these RI (82) were fiiiided.Tlie details of iiidividunl grants given below shoiv the wide range of clininl researcli coniiiigwithin the rciiiit of rlic I’ancl. Clinical researcli workers &ce dificulries bcyoiid tliose of theircolleagues in basic scieiice departiiiciits. As wcll as the iiievitablc frustrations aiid cballenges ofscieiicc. tlic cliiiical sciciitist is ficcd witb tlie pressing dciiiaiids oftlie care ofbis or lier patients. Aprogramme of research iiiay depciid on a \vide raiigcofscieiitific skills being brought to bearon aparticular cliiiical problciii, aiid exaniples oftlie cliiiical problciii in question may only beavailablcsporadically aiid certainly never predictably. Clinical science is rlicrefore particularly suiwblc forlonger-rcriii support, to allow stability to build tearits of the ran$ aiid skill necessary for asiistaiiicd attack on probleiiis ofscieiitific and niedical iiiipiirtaiice.Tlirec longer-terni grants Iiavc been recoiiinieiided for support by tlie Panel during 1988/R9.it lias been particiilarly pleased to be able to n~oriinmid siipporr for new clinical academicstaff appointed to strciigtlicii tlic Cliiiical Scliool at the University of Cambridge. Foresaiiiple. Profcssor T M Cos lias mceiitiy bceii appointed to one oftlie Cliairr of Medicine inCambridge. He was formerly a WellconieTriisr Scnior llesearcli Fclloiv iii Cliiiical Scietice. and aWellcoiiic Senior Lecturer at the Royal Postgraduate Medical Scliool. Professor Cox aiid bis teamwork on tlie iiioleciilar genetic aiid biocbeniical defects uiidcrlyiiig a iiunibcr of nieubolicdisorders, aiid Iiavercceritly made progrcss in defining rlir dcfcctiii Iierediwry aldolascdeficiency.Their work has even attracted interest hi the popiilar press.Not all longer-terni grants recomiiieiidcd by rlie i’aacl Iiave becii to clitiiciaiis Iioldiiig purelyacadeiiiic appoiiitnici~rs. DrJ M Hopkiii is a Corisultaiir I’liysiciaii iii Oxford, aiid with hiscolleagiics lias recently defined tlie likely sire ofdie gciictic defect underlying atopicdisorden suchas astliiiia aiid allergic iliiiiitis. A longer-term grant from tlie Trust lias been awarded to allow tlietcaiii m pirrsric tlic precise definition oftliegciicric defier, and rliis grant lias iiicluded some partialpersonal siipport for llr Hopkiii. to relieve Iiini ofsoiiie ofliis clinical duties aiid to allow him tocoii~entrate 011 Iiis research progniiiiiie.Establislicd researcl> workers such as I’rofasor COS andIlr Hopkin rely 011 a sound scientific traiiiiiig to underpin tlieir clinical rescarcli ititerests. TileTrust has received a iiiiliiber of rcprçsenrotioiis about ways iii wliicli it might provide support tostreiigrlieii the scieiitific trainiiig of clinical acadeiiiics.IIescarclr Eaiiiirig Fcllowsliips for medical aiid dental gndiiares protride SUPPOK foroutstaiidiiig iiidividuals to work iii any siiitnble place. Tlic Tnist Ilas coiisidered a nuniber ofreqiiLSfs to provide fe!lo\rrsliips eariiiarked for 3 particuiar iiistinitiori, to aiiow that university tosclcct froni its owii cliiiical scientists those wlio, in die iiistinitioii’s own view, will best benefitfroiii scieiitific trainiiig. Tlic I?~iiel and tlic Tisrecs liave dçcliiied to provide support tied to apartinilar iiistitutioii, prcferriiig that fellows already iiicdicilly qualified should each be proposedfor filloissliips iii rlicir own riglit. However, different circomstniices apply before medicalqualificatioii. Tlie Iiistory ofcoiiibiiied MI) arid Pliil degree prograiiinies iii the United Sutci hasbccii vari;ible, biit ofien ciicoiiraging. aiid the ïhistces Iiave ngrccd to provide funds for anesperiiiieliral MB-phl) Scl~ellle iii rlie Uiiiversity of Caiiibridge. The coune will be opcll to~ipplicaiirs wllo liaSc coriipl~ted their prc-clinical traiiiiiig either in Cambridge or elscwherc aiid97

WELLCOME TRUSTCLINICAL RESEARCHtliosc selected for rlic course will iiitcrcalatc study for the i'hil dcgxc parr-way through theirciiiiical training. The rcsuirs of this support arc awaited wirii itircrcst, :iitliougii a propera~sessiiiciit will iiot be possible for inaiiy years.This smioii rcprcsciitcd tlic Iasr year of tlic Trust's Cliiiical llcsearcli Advisory I1aiicl in irsesrablishcd foriii. iii :he finiire. appiicatioiis for cliiiinl research will be revicwcd by other pniiclswhere ciiiiinl and basic sciriitists mill sit togctlicr to sclect applications of rlic Iiiglicst nicrir.Meiiibcrs of the i'aiiel arc coiiriiiuiiig to advise rlic Triistccs wiriiin flic itcw strlicfllrc. and haveesprcsscd rlicir iiitcrcst aiid eiitiiLisiasili iii eiisirriiig the siiccess ofrlic tic\\' arrnrigcnieix.LONGER-TERM SUPPORTRESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSES9899

WELLCOMETRUSTCLINItZAL RESEARCHROYRLSOCiEW OF EOINBURGH FELLOWSHIP101

F BIOCHEMISTRY eNDCELLBIDLOIY

WELLCOMETRUSTBIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BlOUmEIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY PnNELIlr I I-lcleii Miiir. CBE. lll’liil, DSc. H IS (Cliairniaii. \Vcllcoiiie Trusrec)Kenncd y Iiistitiitï i>flIlieiiiii.itology. LoiidoiiI’roleisorJJ T V\\w. (I1cpiity Cliairiiiaii). MA. USc, MI), FRS, Uiiiversity OfUiriiiiligliaiiiI’roikor Il J Clierry. MA. 1’1i11. University of EssesI’roleaïor A C«Im.iii. MA. IWIiil. Uiiivcrsity of Uiriiiiiigliaiii‘I’r«LssiirJ N Hwtliorne. PliIl. FIUiol. University afNottiligliaiiiProfessor 7’ F Slater. Plil>. 1%.FIISCliciii. FIUiol. Unincl University. Middlesex*I’rolessor E M Soutlierii, 1’1111, FRS. Uiiiversity ofVsfordDrJ II T.ita. IlSc. F I6 National Institute for Mrdicil Ilesearcli. LoiidoiiI1rJcui O ïïionias. MA. 1’111).Staffmcinbcrs rnponsiblcSel), FIIS. University ofCaiiibrir M J Wliitakcr) and that a furtlier CJ.1OooO \vas awarded forthis subject in tile form ofproject gnots.f O5

WELLCOMETRUSTHuman Gcnome ProjcctTlic 'ïnisr coiisidcrcd liow it slioiild rcspoiid to flic interest raised by tlic efforts to map niidscqiiciicc rlic liiiiiiaii gcrioiiic (the Iiiiiiinii Gciioiiic l'rojccr) niid dccidcd iiot to iiiakc n specificnllocntioii of fiiiids. Good npplicnriolis iii tliis field will bc \\~cI~oi~ic niid will bc sobjcm to tliciioriiinl peer rcvicw process niid fiiiidcd in coiiipctitioii wirli orlicr nrl lier rcqiicsts. Tlic Trustees1inw :igrccd to coiisidcr :I request to Iiclp csrnblisli a Eiiropclii office for tiic tliiiiinii GeiioiiieOrgniiisntioii (IiUÇO). Ali il\\-ard of Ci76 OIHJ \\us niiiioiiiiced while this report wns ùeiiiçprcp.ircd for piihiicxioii,Tlicsc ;ire wry csciriiig tiiiics: tlic rapid dcidoptiiciit of iicw tccliiiiqiics. .~pplicnblc to iiiniiyproblciiis iii biology aiid iiicùiciiic. is breakiiig ùowii tr:idirioiial siibjccr ùciiiarcarioiis aiid forciiig3 rc-.isswiiictit oftlic orgailisatioii 3iid fiiiidiiig of biology it1 the iiiiivcrsitics. Tlic Trust is it1 tileforiiiiim position of Iir\.iiig siifficieiir fiiiids to coiiteiiiplntr iio\v it iiiigiir piay a creative aiidIiclpiiii role iii tliis soiiirriiiics pniiifiil rciiiiissaiicc.Tlic Triistccs were plcdscd to licnr tlint Ilr Evn I Hyde. n foriiicr Senior Basic BioiiiedicnlScience Rllo\i~ aiid projcct gniit Iioldcr. lias bccii nufardcd il lectiircsiiip nt rlie University ofüiriiiiiigliniii.LONGER-TERM SUPPORT106107

WELLCOMETRUSTBIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL 8IOLOGVC29750108 109

0 PHVSIOLOGV AND PHARMACOLOIY

WELLCOMETRUSTPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY PANEL13rJ J U Jack, UM, l’lill, (Cliairiiiaii, \VellcoiiicTnistcc)I’rofessorT B Uoltoii, UVetMcd. 1’1i1>. MIICVS, St George’s Hospital Medial Scliool. LoiidoiiI’rokwor A IV Ciitlibcrr, ijlJIi~r~n, 1’1i13. FIavics. I’lil).Professor C; J Dockray. i’lii>. Uiiivcrsity of LiverpoolCClicni. FIISC. Royal l’osrgradiiate Medical Scliool. Loiidoii* I’rofissor HI’ Ilniiç. I~l’liil. FIIS, Saiidoz Iristiriirc for Medical ILscarch* I’rofcssor K M Spyer. 1’1i13. IXc. lloynl Free Hospital Scliool ofMediciiieStaffmembers responsibleDr L H Simjc. MU. US. I’M>.(Scietititic Secretary)**Dr Mary l’liillips, I’IiD, (Scientific Oficer)# Jili Siiiiidcrs. MA, (Adiiiiiiistrativc Secretary)Elizabctli Sliaw. USc, (Adiiiiiiistrati\.c Secretary)*From 1 Jniiiiary IOU‘)**Froiii May 1980# Uiitii I Jaiiiiary IO89PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGYIII tlic iiiiieteeiitli ceiitiiry coiicerii witli uiidcrstniidiiig tlic fiiiictioii oftlic Iiuiiiaii body Icd to tliçcrcntioii of separate departiiiciia of pliysiology. As iiiidrrstaiidiiig developed, subdivisioiisocciirrcd niid separate dcpartiiienrs of biocliciiiisrry. p1iarni:icology aiid ùiopliysics eiiicrged. Theprocess coiiti~~iics apace \vit11 iiiodcni pliariiiacology aiid biocliciiiistry producing their ownun‘spriiiy iisoally rclatcd to cell or i~iolecular biology. This reflects tiie rcductioiiist approach\vliic% po\vcrfiil tliougli it is, sooiier or later lias to be put back into the wliolc orgniiisiii.ln dcteriiiiiiiiig its priorities for fuiidiiig. the I’liysiolosy and I’liariiiacoloçy I’aiicl is tliercforecoiiccriicd to ciis~irc dint iiiiportaiit qiicstioiis are bciiig asked that arc rclevaiit to ovcnll systcnifuiictioii. Tlic tecliiiiqucs may involve cell or molecular biology, iiiiiiiiiiiocytoclic~tiistry orelcctropliysiology for ex:iiiiple. but tliesc arc iiicrcly tlie iiicaiis to tlic eiid of uiiderstaiidiiigfiiiicrioii or pliarniacologicnl cmtrol of tlic system as a \vliole.Tlic I’aiicl dealt with 186 applicatioiis iii pliysiology and pliariiiacology aiid 21 in tosicoloçy,tlic requcsts totalliiig CIOTiiii. Tlic budget nvailnble \vas Shi, suEciciit to fiiiid about 37 per CCIICwliicli is n sotiic\vlint lower proportion tliaii tlie Trustecs would wisli to approve (thcse figor~sexcludr loiiger-tcriii support).As iiiiglit be cspccted, graiits awarded covered a wide range from studies 011 iiitact 1iia11tliroiigli to tlic iiioleculnr basis of force generation in niiisclc. Tlic time doniaiiis varied widelytoo. froiii stiidics 011 agciiig aiid on çrowtli aiid developiiieot through to conccm~ with fnctioiisofa iiiillisccoiid opciiiiig of iiieiiil>raiic cliaiiiicls..flic policy oftlic Trustees is to devote oiic tliirù of their fiiiids to loiigcr-terni grants aiid theI’liysiology niid I>li;irriiacology l’aiicl iiivircd SCV~II fiill applicarioiis for longer-terni awards. Oftliesc. two were approved niid one rciiiaiiis iiiider coiisideratioii while rlie rciiiaiiider \vcreicfiised.Toxicology Iiavirig bccii identified by tlie Triisrees as ait xcii rliey mislied to dcvclop. a ocwscliciiic of Advanced Traiiiiiig Fcllowsliips \vas iiistinitcd iii 1987. Oiicniiii oftliesc fello\\*ships isto attract iiicn aiid woiiicii \vliosc previous experience Iias not bceii iii toxicology but who nowwish to tniisfer to this area ofrescarch. It \vas reported last year that rltcTriistees had been pleasedwith tlic rcspoiirc in the first two years aiid tiic prograinirie coiitiiiucs to attract çood appliniin..flic quality of applicatioiis for project grant support is also iniproviiig but tlic pressure 011 thetoxicology biidgct is evcii greater tliaii tliatoii clic physiology aiid plrartiincology budget aiid oiily211 per celit of reqlic5ts could be iiict. In IL)89/90. the fellowships prograiiiiiic will Iiavc beciiruiiiiiiig for tliree years aiid will be duc for review. TIE opportuiiity will be taken to csaiiiiiie thetoxicology prograriiiiic as a ivliole, both iii ternis oftlie direction it Ius tnken aiid the rcsourccsthat linv~ bccii dcvorcd to it.Lkl

WELLCOMETRUSTPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARWAWLWIRESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSESUniversity ofExeterI16î17

iPHYS1OLOUY AND PHARMACOLDiVUniversity Coiiegc and Middicrcx School ofMcdidncSYMPOSIARESEARCH TRAININO SCHOLARSHIPSUNIVERSITY AWARDSUnited Medial nnd Dental Sdtooir of Guy's andSt Thomas's HospitalsRESEhRCH LEAVE FELLOWSHIPS120121

VISUPPORT FOR NON-TROPICAL RESEARCH OVERSEASAEUROPEAN PROGRAMMEB OTHER OVERSEAS AWARDSC TRAVELGRANTS122

WELLCOMETRUSTLirrofg*itr.\,,~rdrrl~,'~~ P(iuEUROPEAN INTERLABORATORY COLLABORATION WELLCOME CZECHOSLOVAK FELLOWSHIPSDENMARKWELLCOME CARLSBERG FELLOWSHIPFINLANDWELLCOME SIGRID JUSELIUS FELLOWSHIPS128 129

WELLCOMETRUSTEURÔPEAN PROGRAMMLFRI

EUROPEAN PROGRAMMEUSSRFELLOWSHIPSWESTGERMANYFELLOWSHIPSYUGOSVWIAFELLOWSHIPFELLOWSHIPS133

E OTHER OVERSEAS AWARDS

OTHER OVERSEAS AWARDSOTHER OVERSEAS AWARDSScientists froiii parts oftlic world not covered by the Triistces' tropical aiid Eiiropeaii prograniriiesiiiay apply to flic liitsr forsiipporr. biit oiily in spcci.il circ~iiiist~~iccs. in geiicrnl, the ïriistces oiilyconsider applications froiii sciciirists iii developed co~iitri~s (orlier tliaii Aostralia. New Zcalniidand Japan for wliicli special scliciiics csist) if they arc nlrcndy ill flic UK, fiiiidcd by anorlierngciicy, niid wish to cstciid their stay to coiiiplctc a research project. Esccptioiinlly, tlie Triistccsiiiay be willing to accept an applicatioii from a fellow clseivlicrc, but oiily iflielslic is iioiiiiiiaredby niid is well kiio\\w ton spoiisor iii the UK.Tlic special fcllo\vsliip scliciiic opcratiiig jointly with die Ncw Zcnlniid Medical IlcscarcliCoiiiicil still attracts well qiialified candidates. biit tlicre is ~oiiie coi~ccrii tliat it iio losiger fiilfils tllcessrtitial role it oiicc had. Triist support for iiicdical aiid vctcriiiary rescarcl1 iii New Zealaiid isbeing rcricwcd.ïïic \VcllcoiiicJapaiicsc Fclio\vsliip scliciiic, operated iiiider tlie aiispiccs ofriic Uritisli Coiiilcil,is soiiicwliat niioiiialoiis siiicc it oiily provides for visits from Japan to tile UK. Tlicrc is 110 doubttli:it it lins becii a succcssfiil dicnic aiid the fellows siipported liavc Lieen ofn very Iiigli statidard.Ncrcrtliclcss, flic Triistccs Iiavc agreed tliat tlic operation of this schci~~c slioiild be revieweddiiriiig flic iiest ycnr to see if it is still iiccdcd.Tlic Triisrccs' special sclienic of Wellcoiiic Aiistraliari Senior Ilcscarcli Fcllowsliips wliicliproridc for tlic clecrioii of Aiistrnlhii scieiitists IO fcllowsliips teiinblc iii Aiistrnliari iiiiivcrsitics linsbccti a grcar siicccss aiid iiiay provide a Iiclpfiil niodcl for the devclopiiieiit of siriiilnr sclicriicsclrcivbcre.Tlic ïriistccs Iiad bccii prepared to consider a proposal to cstablisli a Wcllcoiiic CliiiiaFello\vsliip scliciiie. Ho\vevcr. the rcprcssivc cvciits in China earlier this yenr proiiiptcd tlieiii topostpoiiecoiisidcrntioi~ ofsiicli a scIiciiic ~iiitil coiidirions tlicre rctiini IO iioriiial. iii tlic iiicaiirinie.applications from Cliiiicsc fellows to vizir the UK iiiidcr tlic aiispiccs of tlie Tnist will becoiisiùcrcd on their iiierits ns csccptioiial awards.It slioiild becnipliasiscd that tlic Triisr oiily siipportr working visits froiii forcigii sciciirists \vlioarc already cspcriciiccd. postdoctoral rcscnrcli workers and \vho have posirioiis to retiirii to iiitheir own coiiiitrics.TIic torn1 siini> cspciided for rlic support of ovcrscns awards (cscliidiiig tile Eiiropcaii niidTropical progrniiiiiics) :iinoiiiitrd to C612 ~JIIU.CHlNAINDIAAUSTRALIAN SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPSFELLOWSHIPSFELLOWSHIPWELLCOMEJAPANESE FELLOWSHIPS130137

C TRAVEL GRANTSUNlTEO STATESOF AMERICAFELLOWSHIP

-WELLCOMETRUSTTRAVEL GRANTSTlic \Vcllcoiiic ilescarch Travel Grniit Çchcnie is iiitciidcd to provide support for postdoctoralscicntists ntid cliiiicnlly qiialificd workers wlio wisli to make a short visit ro an overseas centre iiiorder to fiirtlicr tlieir reswrcli or attend a worksliop or syniposiuiii in a relevant subject area. Tlicsciicnic also provides for coiitriùiitions toivards tlic travclliiig cspeliscs of yoiiiiger workers wlioIinw becii ofï~rcd rcscarcii fcllowsliips tciinble for at least n year iii iiistitiitioiis overseas.lliiriiig tlie pcriod iindcr rcvicw tlicre lias been n siibstaiirial increase in the iiunihcr ofapplications. niid clic Triistccs iiiade 438 awards (769 iii the previous bieniiiuni) at a total cosr ofC 196 IKKJ.VI1HISTORY OF MEDICINEA SUPPORTFORTHE HISTORY OF MEDICINEB WELLCOME INSTITUTE FOR THE HISTORY OF MEDICINESpecial Travel Grants (CANZUSA)Tlic Trust operates five special schciiies rchtiiig to rcsrarcli workers iii Canada, Aiistnlia. NewZcalniid, Soiirli Africa niid tlic USA. The sclienics arc joiiirly sponsored by tlic Trust aiidcollnhorntiiig agencies overseas. to provide for rliort-teriil (iip to tlircc months) working visits bycspcriciiced rmcarcli workers. The Triistccs niade awards totalling C45 O00 during the pcriodiiiidcr review.140

h SUPPORT FOR THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE

WELLCOMETRUSTSUPPORT CORTHE HISTORYOFIVIEDICINEHISTORV OF MEDICINE COMMITTEESir 13avid Stccl. 13SO. MC. TI>. (Clixiriiim), (Chairnian ofthc WcllcoiiicTriistees)Ilr C E Gordon Siiiitli, CU. MI). FIICI’. FRCl’nrli. (llepiity Cliniriiiaii of clic WcllcoiiicTriistccs)I’rofcssor M Aiidcrsoii, I’lill. PUA, Uiiiversity ofEdiiibiirgliIlr G H UricScr. MI]. TIicJoliiis Hopkins Uiiiversity. Udriiiiore, USAIlr \V H Urock. 1’1iIl. Uiii\~rsity of Lcicesrcrllr F \V Ilnrcliifc, iMA. PliIl, JI’. Uiii\wsiry ofCainbridgeIlr I’ O \Villimiis, I)Sc(Hoii), MU, FIICI’, Dirccror, Tlie Wellcoinc TriistLIERARY PANEL13r P W Ratcliffe, MA, lM>, JI’, (Chairman), Uiivcrsicy afCan1bfidgcC J Iiuiit, UA, MLitt. Londoii Scliool of Economicsprofessor J U Trapp, CUE. MA, FUA, Warburg IiistitiircD~ 1, 0 w ill inn is, IXc(Hon), MB. FRCI’, llircctor, The Wellmnie TmSrStaff members responsibleE J Frecinan. BA, ALA, (SecrcrarY)StaBmembcrs responsibleEJ Frceiiinii. UA, ALA. (Sccrctary)* 5 McDoiiagli. USc. (Adiiiiiiistrarirc Secretary)# Ji11 Sniiiidcrs. MA. (Adiiiiiiistrariuc Secretary)* Until Jaiiuary 1989# From January 1989GRANTS AND UNITS ADVISORY PANELIlr \V tl Urock, I’lill. University ofLeicester (Cliairiiiaii)Professor M Aiiderroii. IJIill. FBA. Uiiiversity oiEdiiibiirgliI>r G Ii Uriescr. MI. ’rlicJoIi~is Hopkins University. Udtiiiiorc. USAI>r \V F Uyiiiiiii. MI). PliIl, University Collcge LoiidoriIlr A It Ciiiiiiiiigliniii, I’IiD. Uiii\wsiry ofCanibridgeIl1 I S L Loiidoii. MA. MI). FICGI’. Uiiivcrsity ofOxford13r 1’ O \Villiaiiis. llSc(lHoti), MU. FIICP. Ilirccror. Tlic Wcllcoiiir TriistStaffmembers responsibleIlr Il E Allcii. MA. PliIl, (Srcretary)S Mclloiiaçli. USc. (Adiiiioistrativc Scccetxy)# Jill Saiiiidcrs. h.1 A. (A‘liiiiIiistr~iti~,e Secretary)1-14-145

WELLCOME TRUSTSUPPORT FOR THE HISTORY OF MEDICINESUPPORT FORTHE HISTORY OF MEDICINEI9XX/X9 sa\vtlie coiisolidatioii oftlicriew. tripartite striictiirciiitrodiiccd iii 19X71XX to oversee rlichistory of iiicdiciiic prograiiiiiic with the Triisr. This consists of a History of McdiciiieConiiiiirrec aiid two siibordiiiarc p:iiicls. tlie one ovcrscciiig the work oftlie Wellconic ItistitutcLibrary. flic orlicr advising oii die a\vardiiig ofresearch grants aiid o\~r~.cing tiic work ofthc fiveWellconic Units for tlie IHistory of Medicine. Uy gcricral coiisciit. this iiiiiovatioii lias workedwll, not least by enabling a wider spread ofprofcssioiial espertisc to he broiiglit to hear 011 tlicsenrcas ofrlic Triisr's activities.IJiiring tlic year tlie aiiioiiiit :illoc:ired by tlie Triisrecs for tlie siipport oftlie history ofiiicdiciiicovcnli \va5 Cl5Xl (XI0 (coinparcd \vitli C2JXi (XI0 in 19H7iRX). 62 per cciit mas espeiidediiitcriiallg. in inaiiitaiiiiiig tlic work of the Trust's principal iiwcstiiiein iii this field, tlie WellconicIiistitiitc for tlic History ofMedicine. Ofrlic C988 UlOespcndcd estcriially, î375 000 (38 per cciit)was devoted to siipporriiig the five History of Medicine Units - a rather siiiallcr share rliaii iisiialfor the re:ison esplaincd below - aiid C613 OM1 (62 per cent) miis awarded to applicniits for tlicvarious forms of nil hor graiits: Ilescarch Scliolarsliips (for postgradiiatc training). ItescarcliFcllomsliips (it] rlie main for postdocronl work). Rcscarch Leave Fcllowsliips (for UK tciiiircdacadcmics), siipport for rcscarch projects, triivel grants aiid coiirnbiitioiis towards researclicspciisca. An innovation in tlic course oftlic year was the provisioii ofaii cstrn Cl00 O00 for tlicsiipport of rcse:ircIi oii tlie history of twvciitictli-cciiriiry iiiedical science, nii area wliicli theTriistccs are kecri to dcvelop.The first of tliesc was tlic fiiiaiisiiig of plans for a groiip for die history of t\\,elitictli-cciitiiryiiicdical science to be bnscd at least iiiitinlly at tlie Royal College of I'hysiciaiis. Sir CliristoplierUootli. recently appoiiited by the Collcgc as its Harvciaii Librarian, \vil1 be acting as its I3irccror.ïhe groiip will be niorc or Icss analogous to the ltoyal institinion's Cciitrc for die History ofSciciicc aiid Tcchiiology aiid. like that. mill be csscntially a sdiolnrly base. with tlic iieccssaryrcscarch facilitics, for those imdcrtakiiig work iii tlic field. A prograiiiriic of sciiiitiars andsymposia is ciivisagcd, aiid iiicrc will be close links with the Wellconic Institute. III additio~i to thisinitiative tlic Trust expects to continiic to rcccivc proposals for research projects on tlic history ofmcdical scieiice iii this most rcceiit period based in university dcpartiiiciits or in its o\vii Units -aiid, indecd. Iiascvery hopetlint tlieiiiiiiibcr oftliescmill goon increasing. Aiiioiigtlioscitwill belooking to iii this coiiiiccrioii arc the iioi inconsiderable iionibcr of profcssiotial Iiistoriaiis ofscience \vho have nor Iiithcrto been accustomcd to think ortheir area ofexpertise as falliiig ivitliiiitlie Trust's field of interest.Tlic second Iiigliliglit of clic year \vas flic qirinqiieiiiiinl review of the University CollegeLoiidoiii\Vcllcoiiic Iiistiriitc Academic Unit. Support for each ofthc Units is IIOIV oii a "rolliiig"basis mid siibjcct to rigoroiis, periodic scriitiiiy (iiicliiding a day-long visit) by :I paiiel speciallyappoiiited fix the purpose. In 19HXiX9 it was the mni of tlic University Collcgc Loiidori Uiiit(diich is iiitegral with the \Vellcoinc Iiisritiite) to bc asscssed on this new basis. The report provedto be highly coiiiniaidatory. wliilc coniiiig up with n iiimibcr ofsiiggcstioiis wliicli have iiowbccn iiiiplcnic~ited. Aiiioiig the latter is an alrcrarioii in title, to Wellconic Unit for tlic History ofMedicine. to conform with the other foiir Units.Thc third fcariirc of198B/X9 \\'ai the appoiiitiiieiit ofncw Directors for two ofthc Uiiits. FrontJaiiuary 1990 13r Ilicliard Siiiitli, at present a Ilescarch Fellow of All Soiils College aiid oiic ofBritain's foreiiiosr scholars in the field ofliistorinl dciiiography. will be takiiig o ~er the dircctiorioftlic Unit at Osford University in siiccession to I3r Cliarles Webster. Froni 1 Marcli 1990 DrJohamia Geycr-Kordcscli. 3 specialist in eiglitceiirli-ceiiriiry medical history wlio lias spciit niiiclioflier academic career in the Federal Rcpiiblic ofCcrniany, will be traiisfcrriiig froni hcr prescritpost in the Canibridgc Unit to head the Unit 31 Glasgow University. This is still at 311 early stagein its dcvelopniciit and now gives proinise ofespnndiiig in various interesting 1icw directions.146I>eiidiiig tliesï nppoiiitiiients and tlie possibility of niajor prograni~iic cliaiigcs followirig 011froiii rliciii, rlic year has iiicvitably bcen :I dificiilr one for tlie Osford and Glasgow Units.Ncvenlicless, they have coiitiiiiicd to press ahead with their existing researcli.For tlie Maiicliestcr Unit (Director DrJ V Pickstone) tlic year bas ken chiefly nowble for plaiisto iiitrodiicc an Intcrcalatcd BSc course in die History of Medicine for ni~dical students,~iinlogoiis IO tlic coiirst which lias beeiitai!$it for iiiaiiy yurs at die Wellconic Institutein London,iiid wliicli is proving ever more popular. Given the crowdcd state of medical ciirncula.iiitcrcalatcd courses Iiavc conic to seem the most practicable way for the Units to make an inputiiito iiicdical schools. The Trust lias therefore ivarnily wclconied this iriirian~c aiid assured it ofsiipport. llatlier than sec iiiorc aiid niore iinivcrsitics iiitroduciiig coursçs of this type, Iiowcvcr.tile Triisrccs feel it would be better for tliosc in London aiid Maiiclicster to serve a national roic.taking sriidents froiii iinivcrsitics tliroiiglioiit the UK.A iiew horizon lias also opened up during rlie year for tlic Canibndge Unit (Dimctor Ur It I(Frciicli), wirli the start of a programnie of collaborarioii with the Coiiscjo Superior de~livesr~gacioiies ~ i ~ ill ~ ~arccloiia. ~ ~ iThe f niost i ~ conspicuous ~ ~ form this took \vas the Iioldiiig ofa joiiir coliferciicc it, ~arcehia in April on Medieval Medicine in the Latin Mcditcrraiieari. Insoiiicjoint rescar& projects are under way aiid an csclinri~eofpersoliiic~ Ilas begun. Thepossibility of reciprocal studentships is now being explored.~l~~ fifili uiiit, at University Collcgc London (Ilircctor Dr W F Byiiurii). is effectivelycotcrlilinous ilrirli Andciiiic Unit oftlie Wcllconie Iiistitiitc and its activities nrccovcrcd iii thereport on the latter (see pagc 153).'rile Triistccs were plcascd to hear tlint Professor M Anderson, a iiieinber of the History ofMedicine Committee, lias ùceii elected a Fellow of tlic British Acadniiy.147

WELLCOMETRUSTSUPPORT FOR THE HISTORY OF MEDICINETRAVELGRANTSRESEhRCH ASSISTANCE AND EXPENSESSYMP05,ARESEARCH LEAVE FELLOWSHIPS149

cWELLCOME TRUSTSUPWRZ FOR THE HISTORY OCMEDICINEFELLOWSHIPSRESEARCH SCHOLARSHIPS151

WELLCOMETRUSTWELLCOME INSTITUTE FORTHE HISTORY OFMEDICINCManagement CommitteeE J Frcciiiaii, UA, ALA, (Cliairiiiaii)W FUyiiiiiii, Mi). 1’111)S E Eiiibcrtoii. MUIMAcademic UnitSTAFFW F Uyiiiiiii. MII. I’hD, Head of Academic Unit13 E Allcti. MA, l’hi). Hoiiorary Lcctiircr (part-time), History ofUiologyEJaiiet Urowiic. MA, I’lii), Hoiiorary Lcctiircr (parr-tiiiic), History of UiologyLi Cowad, i’hl), Medical Hiatoriaii (Ar.ibic Mcdiciiic)Liiids-ly I’ Graiisliaiv, MA, 1’1i11. Medical Historian (Tivciitictli-cciiriiry Mcdiciiie)C J Lawrence, MU, i’lill. Medical Hisroriaii (Clinical Mcdiciiic aiid Wcllcortic Miiseuni)M I< Ncve, MA, I’hll, Mcdical Historian (Hiiniaii Biology)V Niiitoii. MA, I’lil). Mcdical Historiaii (Classiral Medicine)II J l’aliiier. UA, 1’1i11, ALA, Medial Historian (Rciiaissaiicc Medicine aiid Ciirator of WesternMaiiiiscripts)II Porter, MA, l’hi). Medical Historian (Social History)A Wcar, MA. l’hi>, Medical Historian (Early Moderii Medicine)WELLCOME INSTITUTEFORTHB HISTORY OFMEDICINEThc daily affairs of the Institute arc currently the rcspoiisibility of a Manageiiiciit Committeeconsisting of EJ Frccniaii, Ur W F Byiiuni aiid S E Eiiibertoii.The Librarylmplciiiciir~tioii of the Autoniatcd Library Systcni proceedcd tlirougliour the year, but at adisappointingly slow pace. By rlic end of September 1989 only limited miiiing fadiries wen:availablc oii a system still lacking irs dataùasc and major coniniiiriicanoii fadirics.Major accessions to the Libnry included a fiftceiitli century inaiii~script medical conipmdiumiti Middlc English and Latin compiled in Wcstniorlaiid. This was purchased with the help of theVictoria e< Albcrt Museuiii Purchase Grant Fund. An iiitercstiiig group of early pniited bookswas acquircd from Cliariiig Cross Hospital Medical School Libnry, while thc IcoiiognphicCollectjotis were enhanced by 27 anatomical drawings made by Charles Laiidsecr in 1815 for SirCharles Uell. the iieuro-aiiatoniisr. This acquisition was rcuiiircd wirh an nrlier collection ofLaiidsccr-Bell drawiiigs piirchascd by Sir Hcnry Wcllconic in 1910. The most notablcaccnsion toclle Contcninorary Medical Archivcs Centre was the .. archive . of - the , Research Defence SOC&’LibraryEJ Frceoiaii, UA, ALA, Librarian11 M Price, MA, ALA, i)cpory LibrarianN M W T Allaii. MA, lJhll, ALA, Ciirator (Oriciiral Manitscripts and Printed Books)I) Undy. UA, Assistaiit Curator (Icoiiognpliic Collections)Lcslcy Hall, UA. Sciiior Assistant Archivist (Coiiteniporary Mcdical Archivn Ccntrc)Karlicrinc Hoopcr, MA, DipLib. Assistaiir Ciinror (Early PrintedBooks)I’micia Hiilly, UA. FLA, Ediror. Currciir Work in the History ofMedicineJcaiiiictte Lakc, UA. ALA, Head (Modern Mcdiciiic aiid Uibliograpliical Servica)II) I’aIiiier. BA. 1’1iD. ALA. Curator (Westcrii Manuscripts)W M Scliiipbach. MA (Caiirab). MA (Loiid), Curator (IconographicCollccrions)Jiilia Slicppard. UA, Archivist (Coiirciiiporary Medical Archives Centre)Urciida Siirtoii. UA, DipLib, Head (Rcader Services)H J M Syiiioiis. MA, ALA. Ciirator (Early Printed Books)I) \Viyastyk. USc. iX’hil, Associate Ciirator (South Asia - Oriental Manuscripts and PrintedBooks)AdministrationS E Eiiibcrroii. MUIM154155

WELLCOMETRUSTWELLCOME INSTITUTE FOR THE HlCIORY OF MEDICINECriiisrriicrioii work bcg:iii to coiivcrt iiiiiiibcr ?lHl Eustoii Iload (Uciirlcy Hciiise) iiito tileLibrq‘s pcriiiniiciir bookslorc. Tiiis biiildiiig will be liiitcorrcr,\Yb0 n’as 011 ic.ivc .IS Clark Library i’rofcssor iif tile Uiiiircrsity o?Cnliforliia. Los Aiigclcs.Tlic Uziit‘s tc.icIiiti~: progrmiiiic coiiriiiiwd r» tlirivc. .ïweiir\.-f

Vil1WELLCOME TROPICAL INSTITUTE

TWELLCOMETRUSTWELLc0METRUPiCAL INffSTUTEWELLCOME TROPICAL INSTITUTEMuseumThe csliihitioii of tropical disenses miitiiiiicd to attract iiiaiiy sriidiints. A spccinl csliiùition,ciititlcd .lhilnri\vcnii fcllo\vs wlio had bccii trniiicd in Loadoii. TheEtliiopinii progrminie rtartcd in Sbcwa i’roviricc, and Zinibabivc also started its owiiprogrniiinic iii three provinces. Ilisciissions Iiavc continued mitli rcprcsciitativcs of otliercotintric5 anil gwcriiiiiciirs linvc secil wliat disrancc Icmniiig iiiiglit do for tlie district or ruraliiicdicnl oficcr. district Iicaltli cnrc aiid rurnl research.Tlic philosophy lins ùccii to dwclop tlic skills of collcagiies from overseas so that they cancrtnblisli their O\VII prugraiiinics. de\dop iiintcrials niid sriiiiiilatc their stiidcnrs’ field rcscarcli.Tliiis. tliroiigliout the year :I siicccssion of iip to sis visiting fellows at any one rinie Iiavc bccii ntdie Inrtitwc. Uy this iiictliod a critical innss of trained, interested people lm hen developed inedi coiiiitry. Tests or iiiodiiles rdc\.aiit to rural iiicdicnl probleiiis have coiitiiiiicd to heproduced. but a proùlciii-solving forni wiiicli is apparently niore popular riinri the cnriicrprograinnicd learning forni is bcitig developed. A trial lins bcgiiii to coiiiparc flic two versions.Tlic Trust is workins with clic M.iinria Action I’rograiiiiiic of the World Healtii 0rgaiiis;itioii(WHO) to produce a iiiodiilc on nialaria. Learning niodiilcs hnve bccii coiisrructed incollaboratioil with collcagucr froni tlie UK aiid ovcrscas, 2nd the first iiiodiilc was coinplcicdfroiii Africa -Surgical Eiiicrgcncics, by I)r I’ Nynrango, a foriiier fcllow froiii Keiiya.160161

.IXWELLCOME FILM UNIT

WELLCOMETRUSTWELLCOME FILM UNITSTAFFParasitology Films13r L Gaodwiii. CMC. FIICI: FliSIl Fisher. FIII’SHistorical FilmsIJr iiillic I \Villiniiis. MU, I’IiDA I)lliiicrIlusciiinry ’ïildeiiIhriiig rlic past ycnr flic \Vcllc«iiie ïiiirr Filiii Unit lias coiiiplrted a scricsoffiliiisdcnliiig with thehistorical. sciciirific atid iiicdicnl aspects of tropical ùiscms.5 Tlic Il?llroiirc ïiiüi iii 7%

XMEDALS AND PRIZES

-WELLCOMETRUSTMEDALS AND PRIZESXIAPPENDIXAssociation ofMilitary Surgeons of the United States of Americallic Sir I-leiiry \Vcllcoine Med:ii aiid Prize, iiisririited by Sir Henry \Wellconic iii 1916, is awardedniiiiiidly by rlic Coiiiicil ofriic Association of Miliciry Siirgeoiis oftlie United Stares of Aiiicrica,iVadiiiigroii, IX. ïlic rccipiciirs are Medic:il Oficers oftlie Ariiicd Forces oftlie Uiiitcd Snrcs ofAriicrica or flic US i’ublic I-icalrii Scrvicc. The iiiedal niid prize are nwnrùcd for aii essay or reportoil origiilnl rcs~>.ircIi dealing wirli iiiiiirnry applicnrioiis of iiicdiciiie.Tiie iiiednl aiid prize for I‘M iixs aivarded IO M:gor K J I-loffiiiaii. Mi), MI’H, AssistantI’rofessor iii flic dcpnrt~iiciitn of I’rci.eiitivc Mcdicirie niid i’sycliiairy nr die Uiiiformcd ServicesUiii\w$ity of die I-lcilrli Scieiiccs, Uctiirsdn. Marylniid. USA, for liis cssny ciiritlcd ‘MandatorytllV ïestiits :itid tlic 1 ) q IO Scrcei>’.

iWELLCOMETRUSTAPPENDIXAOVISORV COMMITTEES OFTHETRUST 1989190 UNDER THE NEW PANEL STRUCTUREInfection and Immunity PanelDr C E Gordon Smith, CU, MI), FRCIO FIICl’ath. (Cliairi~iaii, Wellcoisc Trustee),Tlic \Vellconic TriistProfessor II M Anderson, I’hIJ, FIIS.Iniperial College of Sciriicc. Teclinology and Mcdiciiiel h G E Grifin, I’IiD, FRCI’.St George’s Hospital Medical School, Loiidoii13r W E Giittcridgc. IJ1i13.\vcllconic PIC. Ucck~nlialiiI’rofcssor II E Howclls, PhIl. FIUiol,Liverpool School ofTropicnl Medicincl à II I’ Latic. 1’1113, ARCS, IJIC,London Sdiool ofHygieneaiid Tropical MediciticI’rofesSor I McCoiinell. MA, I’IilJ,University of EdinburgliI’rofcssor E II Mosoii, MU, FIICp,University ofOsfordIiVMS, MRCl’atli. FIISE,hofcssor E H O Parry. OBE. Mil, FRCI>.1Jistaiicc Learning I’rograninie. \veiico~iie %opicai iiistitilteM Elaine Rose, SclJ, MIICllltli, FRCVS,AFRC hstiriw for Aiiiiiial Health. I-looglitoil LaboratoryDrJ J Skclicl, I’IiI1.FIIS.Narional Institute for Medical Rcscarcli, LoiidoiiPhysiology and Pharmacology PanelProfessor G J Dockray, PhIl.University of Liverpooll’rofessor C R W Edwards. MI). FRCP,Universiry of EdinburghProfessor A Guz, MV. FRCI>.Charing Cross and Wcstniinster Medical School, LondonProfessor D J Jcnkiiison. UA, I’hIJ,University Collegc LondonDr H R 1’ Miller, I’hD. UVMS. MRCVS,Moreduii Institute. EditiburgliProfessor K M Spyer, 1’IiD. VSC.Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine. LondonI>rofessorJ D Swales. MI>, FRCl’,University ofLeicesterVr L H Sniaje, MU, PhV, (Sciciitific Secretary)The Wellcomc TrustMolecular and Cell Panelvr I Helcn Muir, CUE, DPhil, IlSc, FRS. (Chairman. WckOnie Tmstcc).Kennedy Institute of Rheutiiato~ogy. LondonProfessor J J T Owen, MA, MD, FRS, (Deputy ChairnlatQUniversity of UirininghaniProfessor R J Cherry, MA, I’IiD.Uiiivcisity of EssexProfessor A Colnian. MA, Dl’ld.University of BirniitighaniDr Kay E Davies. UA, I’hD,university of Oxfordprofessor M A Fcrguson-Sinith. FRS, FRSE,University of Cambridge1)rJJ UJack. UM. 1’1i13, (Ilcpiity Cli~~irinaii, Wellconic Tnistce), Tlic ~e~~collle T~~~~170I’rofessorT U Bolton. UVctMcd, 1JIi13, MIICVS,St George’s Hospital Medical School. Lo&iiI’rofessor 1) C Liiicli. MB. FRCI’.~ ~ college and ~ Middlesex i School ~ of Medicine. ~ London ~ ~ i ~ ~171

WELLCOMETRUSTAPPIENDIXProfessor A J McMicliael, MU. 1’1i13. FIICI’,University ofOsfordI’rofcssor T F Slater, 1’1113, 13Sc. FIISClicni, FIUiol,Uriiiicl Uiiivcrsity, MiddlescsVrJ II Tata, IlSc, FIIS,National Institiitc for Medial IlescnrcliI3rJcnii OTlioiiias, MA. 1’1i13. ScD. FIISUniversity of CaiiibridgcDr M J Morgnii. UA(Mod), 1’1113. (Scieiitific Sccretaryj,ïïic \Vellcoiiic TrustNcuroscicnces PanelDrJJ UJack. UM. IJh13, (\Vcllcoriie?iiistec). The \V~llcoiiie TiiistDr 1) Cordoli. MA. MU, FRCP. (Scieiitific Secretary), The MellcoiiieThis paiicl lias been divided iiiro IWO groups ns follo\vs:Mental Health and Neurosciences GroupI’roiessor U H Aiiderroii, lJIi13,Institiitc of I’sychiitry, LondonI’rolksor I3 I’ U Coldbcrg. 13M. FIICI’, FRClJsycli,University of iMaiiciicsrcrIJr A E Harding, MI). FIICI’,Instiriitc of Nciiroiogy, LoiidoriI’rofessor M !-I Ladcr. VSc, MI], FIICl’sydi,Institiitc of l’sycliimy, LuiidoiiI’rofessor 13 Lodge. UVSc, INA. IJlilI, MRCVS,Royal Veterinary College, LoiidoiiI’rofessorJ I) MçCiillocli. I’IiI~,Uiiiwrsit y of Clrsgo:o\vProlessor S II Naliorski, I’lil~.Uiiivcrsity of LciccsrcrProfessor H I’ Rang, DPIiiI. BM. F I6Salidor Institute for Medical Rcsearcii, LondonProfessor E O R Reynolds, MD, FRCI’,University College LondonDrT W Robbms. I’hD,University of CanibridgeVision Research GroupI>rofessor S M Zeki, PIID, FRS, (Chairinail).University College LondonProfessor A C Bird, MI], FRCSInstitute of O phthnlniolog y, LondonProfcssorJ V Forrester. MD, FRCSEd,University ofAberdeenI’rofcssor R W Guillcry, F ISUniversity of OxfordDr Il F Hess, PiiV.University of CambridgeVrT 13 Lanih. I’IiV,Univcrsiry ofCanibridgel>rofcssor K H Riiddock, PIiV, DIC, AIICS,llnpcrial cokge of Science, Tcciiiiology and Medicine. LondonClinical Interest Groupprofessor sir ~ I%arr, ~ MD. ~ FRCI’. ~ FIIS, ,(Cliairni311. l ~ WckonlcTrusree). ~Thc Wellconic Trustprofessor M A Fcrgusoii-Sniitii. FRS. FRSEUniversity ofCrnibridgeProfessor A Guz, MV. FRCI’.Cliariiig Cross aiid Westminster Medical Sciiool, Loiidoiii’rofessor M H Lnder, DSc. MI>, F1ICI’~ydi.institute of 1’s ychiatry, LondonI2rofessor I) C Liiicli. MU. MRCI’,University College. Loiidon177il3

WELLCOMETRUSTAPPENDIXI’rokssor E II Mosori, MU, FIICI>,University of OxfordI’rofcssorJ 13 S\mlcs. MI), FIICIJ.Uuivcrsity of LeicesterDr Il Gordon. MA, MU, FIICI’. (Scientific Sccreciry),The Wcllconic TrustVeterinary Interest GroupThe Rt Hon Lord Swaiiii, FRS. (Chainiino. Mllcoiiie Trustee)I’rofcssor I’ M Biggs, CUE. FRCVS. FIIS, Fornierly Director, AFRCIiistitutc for Aiiiiiial Hcaltli. Hoiigliroii Laboratoryi>rofcssor Il \Y, Brocklcsby, 1)MedVct. FRCPadi.Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine. University of EdinburghProfessor I l Lodge, UVSc. INA. PhIl, MRCVÇ.lloyal Vcrcrinary College. Londonl’rufcssor I McConiiell. UVMS, MA, I’IiD, MltCl’ath. FRSE.University of EdiiibiirgliIlr H II l’Miller, l’lil). UVMS. MRCVS,Morcdiiii Iiisrirorc. EdinburghIlr M Elainc Ilosc. Sell. MIIClJatli. FRCVS,AFRC Iiistinite for Aiiiiiial Hcaltli, Hoiigliroii LaboratoryDr Uridgct M Ogihie. l’IiD,SclJ, FIBiol, (Scientific Sccrctary),Tlic \Vcllconie TrustIJrofessor II E Hoivelis. I’IiD. FIUiol.Liverpool School ofTropia1 MedicineDr II P Lmc, I’IiD. ARCS, DIC,London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineProfessor EH O Parry. OBE, MD, FIICI’.~ista~icc Learning Programnie, Wellcome Tropical InstituteDrJ G Howard, MI). PIID, FIBiol, FRS. (Scientific Secretary).Thc Wellcome TrustHistory of Medicine ConUIIitteeII G Gibbs, (Chairniaii),Chairman ofTrusrces. The WcllconicTrustDr C E Gordon Sinith. CU. MD, FRCP. FIICWth,The Wellconic TrustProfessor M Anderson, I’IiD. FBA.University of EdinburghUr G H Uricgcr, MI).The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USADr W H Urock, PliD,University of LeicesterDr l’O Williams. DSc(Hoi1). MU. FIICI’.Director, The WeIlcomcTnstE J Frccnian, UA, ALA, (Director, History of Mediciiic)The Wellconic Trust1 74Professor II M Anderson. 1’1iD. FIIS.Iiiipcrid College of Science. Techiioiogy aiid Mcdiciiie13r G E Grifiii. lJ1iD, FRCI’.St Ceorgc’s Hospital Medial School. Loiidon13r \V E Ciittcridgc. P hl~wcllconic PIC. Ucckeliliaiii‘Library PanelDrF W RatclifTc, MA, PhD, JI’, (Chaiman).University of CambridgeCJ Hunt, UA, MLitt,London School of EconomicsM Roperper of Public Records, LotidonProfcssorJ B Trapp. CBE. MA, FUWarburg Institute. Loiidon175

WELLCOWLTRUSTIlr l’O \Villimiis, IJSc(Hoii), MU, FIICI’.Director. The \Vcllcoiiic TrustXIIINDEXESEJ Frccriinn. UA, ALA. (Sccretnrl,).The \Vcllcoiiic ’EiistGrantsand Units Panel131 \V H Urock. IWJ, (Cliniriiinri),Lciccstcr UiiivcrsityI’rofnsor M Aiideno~i. I’IilJ. FIIA.Uiiivcrsity of Ediiibiirgli111 G 1-1 ürieger. MO.The Jnl~iis Hopkins Uiiivcrsity Baliimorc, USADr iV F üyiiiiiii, MI), I’IilJ,Uriiwrsity Collcpc. LondonIJr A It Cuiiiiiiigimiii, Plil).Uriixmity of CnriibridpcIJr I S L Loirdoii, MA. MI), FIICCI’.Uiiivcrsity ofOsriirùUr I’ O \Willinnis. DSc(Hoii). MB. RICI’,IJircctor. Tlic \VcllcoiiieTriisr1)r I3 E Allen, MA, I’liIJ. (Secretary).The \Vcllcoiiic Tnist176

WELLCOMETRUSTSUBJECT INDEXSUBJECT INDEX178

SUBJECT INDEX181

WELLCOME TRUSTSUBJECT INDEXEciidopcpiidrrï I(l7.iilatlidialcïllr56,~7.'rJ. IIYII82

: iticliiml 5718.5

SUBJECT INDEX

WELLCOMETRUSTsuwecr INDEX191

WELLCOMETRUSTSUQJECT INDEX193

WELLCOMETRUSSUBJECT INDEX1%

WELLCOMETRUSTSUBJEST INDEX'Uiiivïrity 75vrncclli-zoster vinir riid iicrpcr siniplrr vinisI97

WELLCOME musrINDE : 0;, I55 , 157, 176,146

93YVN 1VNOSUXdKI'iLI '96

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