<strong>Russian</strong> <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Agricultural</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Socio</strong>-<strong>Economic</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, No. 8 (8) / 2012social status <strong>and</strong> prestige both in the origin <strong>and</strong>receiving countries. The well-<strong>of</strong>f businessmencum manpower agents, who make up the weakties <strong>of</strong> these poor migrants, also try to continuethe relationship because <strong>of</strong> their business interests.Along with kinship based strong ties, it alsoincorporates weak ties, where pr<strong>of</strong>it maximization,conflicting interests etc. are major concerns.Or in other words, though the ideal socio-culturalmodel emphasizes community cohesion (somethingthat can be conceptualized as an example <strong>of</strong>a tightly structured social system), the actual behavior<strong>of</strong> the migrants indicates a loosely or disintegratedsocial system. On the contrary, thewell-<strong>of</strong>f pr<strong>of</strong>essionals <strong>and</strong> pr<strong>of</strong>essionals cummerchants mainly depend on trust based strongties, since these networks possess enough information<strong>and</strong> contacts required for upward mobility.Micro level individual’s life is thus connectedwith the macro level authorities, while the migrant’sembeddedness in the ongoing social relations<strong>and</strong> power structures regulates the nature<strong>and</strong> strength <strong>of</strong> these ties.REFERENCESGao, G. <strong>and</strong> Ting-Toomey, S. 1998. CommunicatingEffectively with the Chinese.Thous<strong>and</strong> Oaks, CA: Sage.Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. The Strength <strong>of</strong>Weak Ties. The American <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Socio</strong>logy,Volume 78, No. 6, 1361-1380.Granovetter, Mark S. 1983. The Strength <strong>of</strong>Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited.<strong>Socio</strong>logical Theory, Volume 1, 201-233.Granovetter, Mark S. 1985. <strong>Economic</strong> Action<strong>and</strong> Social Structure: The Problem <strong>of</strong> Embeddedness.The American <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Socio</strong>logy,Volume 91, No. 3, 481-510.Kloosterman, Robert, Joanne van der Leun <strong>and</strong>Jan Rath. 1999. Mixed Embeddedness:(In) formal <strong>Economic</strong> Activities <strong>and</strong> ImmigrantBusinesses in the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s. International<strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Urban <strong>and</strong> RegionalResearch, Volume 23, No. 2, 253-267.Michael Moerman. 1988. University <strong>of</strong> PennsylvaniaPress. Talking Culture. Ethnography<strong>and</strong> Conversation Analysis, p. prefacexi.Scott C. Hammond & Lowell M. Glenn. E:2004. The Ancient Practice <strong>of</strong> ChineseSocial Networking: Gunaxi <strong>and</strong> SocialNetwork Theory, Vol. 6 Nos. 1, p. 24-31.Sultana, Nayeem. 2010. The Solutions <strong>of</strong> the‘Trans-migrants’ Dilemma. The BangladeshiDiaspora in Malaysia. Dhaka University<strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> Development Studies,1(1): 181-192. Dhaka University <strong>Journal</strong><strong>of</strong> Development Studies, 1(1): 181-192.Sultana, Nayeem. 2010. Re-visiting theStrength <strong>of</strong> Weak Ties: Bangladeshi Migrationto Malaysia. <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> DiasporaStudies, 3(2): 115-142.White, H. 1980. A Heteroscedasticity ConsistentCovariance Matrix Estimator <strong>and</strong> aDirect Test <strong>of</strong> Heteroscedasticity. Econometrica,Volume.48, 817-818.14
S.B. Mustapha, P.M. Bzugu, I.M. Ali, A. Abdullahi, University <strong>of</strong> MaiduguriDETERMINANTS OF ADAPTATION TO DEFORESTATION AMONG FARMERSIN MADAGALI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIAABSTRACTS.B. Mustapha, P.M. Bzugu, I.M. Ali, A. Abdullahi, ResearchersUniversity <strong>of</strong> Maiduguri, NigeriaPhone: +2347060573884, E-mail: shettimabulama@yahoo.comReceived August 9, 2012The study examined the determinants <strong>of</strong> adaptation to deforestation among farmers in Madagali LocalGovernment Area <strong>of</strong> Adamawa state, Nigeria. Structured interview schedule were used to obtain informationfrom 200 respondents selected through simple r<strong>and</strong>om sampling techniques. The data collectedwere analyzed using descriptive (frequencies <strong>and</strong> percentages) <strong>and</strong> inferential (chi – squaretest) statistics. The result indicated that majority (84%) <strong>of</strong> the respondents were male with 21-40 years<strong>of</strong> age representing 58.50%. The study also showed that most (45%) <strong>of</strong> the respondents had attainedpost primary education with majority (80%) having 6 <strong>and</strong> above years <strong>of</strong> farming experience. The respondentsperceived fuel wood extraction as the major (42%) cause <strong>of</strong> deforestation in the study area.The result showed that the most (30.50%) frequently employed adaptation strategy against deforestationwas reducing quantity <strong>of</strong> fire wood consumption. The study further showed that the factors whichsignificantly influenced adaptation to deforestation among the respondents were age, farming experience<strong>and</strong> educational status with X 2 =9.216, 8.697 <strong>and</strong> 11.238 at P
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