by Trent A. Fisher and Werner Lemberg - The GNU Operating System

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vi The GNU Troff Manual B Request Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 C Escape Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 D Operator Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 E Register Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 F Macro Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 G String Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 H Glyph Name Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 I Font File Keyword Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 J Program and File Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 K Concept Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1 Introduction GNU troff (or groff) is a system for typesetting documents. troff is very flexible and has been used extensively for some thirty years. It is well entrenched in the UNIX community. 1.1 What Is groff? groff belongs to an older generation of document preparation systems, which operate more like compilers than the more recent interactive WYSI- WYG 1 systems. groff and its contemporary counterpart, TEX, both work using a batch paradigm: The input (or source) files are normal text files with embedded formatting commands. These files can then be processed by groff to produce a typeset document on a variety of devices. groff should not be confused with a word processor, an integrated system of editor and text formatter. Also, many word processors follow the WYSIWYG paradigm discussed earlier. Although WYSIWYG systems may be easier to use, they have a number of disadvantages compared to troff: • They must be used on a graphics display to work on a document. • Most of the WYSIWYG systems are either non-free or are not very portable. • troff is firmly entrenched in all UNIX systems. • It is difficult to have a wide range of capabilities within the confines of a GUI/window system. • It is more difficult to make global changes to a document. “GUIs normally make it simple to accomplish simple actions and impossible to accomplish complex actions.” –Doug Gwyn (22/Jun/91 in comp.unix.wizards) 1.2 History troff can trace its origins back to a formatting program called RUNOFF, written by Jerry Saltzer, which ran on the CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing System, a project of MIT, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in the mid-sixties. 2 The name came from the use of the phrase “run off a document”, meaning to print it out. Bob Morris ported it to the 635 architecture and called the program roff (an abbreviation of runoff). It was rewritten as rf for the PDP-7 (before having UNIX), and at the same time (1969), 1 What You See Is What You Get 2 Jerome H. Saltzer, a grad student then, later a Professor of Electrical Engineering, now retired. Saltzer’s PhD thesis was the first application for RUNOFF and is available from the MIT Libraries.
Page 1 and 2: groff The GNU implementation of tro
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Chapter 8: File formats 191 8 File
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