centralised system for road accident, safety and hazard studies (crash)

Edisi 2/2008ISSN 1823 7762CENTRALISED SYSTEM FORROAD ACCIDENT, SAFETY ANDHAZARD STUDIES (CRASH)MAP ASIA 2008NOISE EXPOSURE MAPPING INSHOPPING COMPLEXES USINGGEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGYGIS APPLICATION FOR CRIMEMAPPING AND MONITORINGTerbitan :Pusat Infrastruktur Data Geospatial Negara (MaCGDI )Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar (NRE)Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam 1

KANDUNGANKajian Penentuan Lokasi Memorial ParkMenggunakan Aplikasi GIS (PerkuburanIslam)High Resolution Image For ForestClassificationLhdnm Pilot Geographical InformationSystem (GIS)Detecting And Mapping Of Langat RiverAnd Its Tributaries Using Remote SensingGIS SANA SINIPersidangan dan Pameran AntarabangsaMAP ASIA 2007,di Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre(KLCC), Kuala Lumpur pada14 hingga 16 Ogos 2007Galeri Foto1914192731DARI MEJA KETUA EDITORAssalamualaikum dan Salam Sejahtera,Setelah genap 50 tahun kita merdeka, pelbagai kemajuan danpembangunan yang telah kita capai. Begitu juga dengan perkembanganGeographic Information System (GIS) di sektor awam. GIS sekarangmenjadi salah satu mekanisma dalam penyelesaian tugasan harian.Pemangkin kepada pembangunan dan kemajuan GIS adalah denganadanya Pusat Infrastruktur Data Geospatial Negara (MaCGDI).Infrastruktur maklumat geospatial negara telah dibangunkan bagimenyediakan perkhidmatan dan kemudahan ke arah penyebaran,perkongsian, penggunaan dan pengurusan maklumat geospatial dikalangan agensi-agensi sektor awam.Seiring dengan kemajuan tersebut MaCGDI juga menekankan akankepentingan dalam pendidikan GIS. Jika dilihat dari realiti semasa,bidang GIS masih bukan menjadi satu bidang pilihan utama di kalanganpelajar ketika melanjutkan pelajaran di institusi-institusi pengajiantinggi, tidak seperti bidang-bidang lain yang lebih ‘glamor’ sepertikedoktoran, undang-undang, perakaunan, dan sebagainya. Masih ramailagi yang tidak menyedari wujudnya bidang GIS dan peranannya didalam pembangunan tamadun manusia walaupun bidang berkaitanpemetaan bumi adalah di antara profesion tertua di dunia. Selaras denganitu, adalah menjadi misi kami di MaCGDI untuk ‘mempopularkan’penggunaan GIS di dalam setiap aktiviti berkaitan pembangunan danmenerap ’kepercayaan’ bahawa GIS merupakan satu elemen pentingdi dalam pembangunan sesebuah negara. MaCGDI juga menyedaribahawa komuniti GIS di Malaysia masih lagi kecil dan dengan itu adalahmenjadi satu cabaran bagi MaCGDI untuk membina satu komuniti GISyang lebih besar, berdaya saing, berinovasi dan berperanan di dalamkemakmuran negara.Sejarah GIS bermula kira-kira 15,500 tahun yang lampau dengan hanyalakaran-lakaran dan maklumat yang dilukis di dinding gua. Sejajardengan perkembangan tamadun manusia, evolusi GIS mula berkembanghingga ke era perkomputeran pada masa kini. Kini,Akhir sekali diharap artikel yang dipaparkan pada kali ini akan memberiilmu yang berguna kepada para pembaca mengenai perkembangan GISsektor awam di Malaysia. Selamat membaca!SIDANG PENGARANGPenaungY.B. Dato’ Seri Azmi bin KhalidMenteri Sumber Asli dan Alam SekitarPenasihatY. Bhg. Datuk Suboh bin Mohd YassinKetua SetiausahaKementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam SekitarKetua EditorFuziah binti Abu HanifahPengarahPusat Infrastruktur Data Geospatial Negara(MaCGDI)Editor Shaharudin bin Idrus - (LESTARI, UKM), Dr. Azhari bin Mohamed-JUPEM),Hamdan bin Ab. Aziz, Jawahiril Kamaliah binti Mohamad, Dr. Zainal bin A. Majeed,Anual bin Haji Aziz, Raja Abd. Aziz bin Raja Ali, Mariyam binti Mohamad, Norazmelbin Abd. Karim, Wan Faizal bin Wan MohamedRekabentuk Haji Muhammat Puzi bin Ahmat - (JUPEM), Ya’cob bin Abas, Siti Sapurabinti Rafee, Nurul Akmalina binti KhairuddinJurufoto Azlina binti MahadPenerbitPusat Infrastruktur Data Geospatial Negara (MaCGDI)Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar (NRE)Aras 7 & 8, Wisma Sumber Asli,No. 25 Persiaran Perdana, Presint 4,62574 Putrajaya, Malaysia.Tel: 603 - 8886 1111 Fax: 603 - 8889 4851 web: www.mygeoportal.gov.myPenafian : Kesahihan dan ketepatan tulisan atau pendapat adalah tertakluk pada cetusan idea pengirim artikel.2 Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam

GIS Application for CrimeMapping and Monitoring1Zahriah Othman, 1Safiza Suhana Kamal BaharinAbstractGIS is an effective crime-analysis tool for crime mapping because GIS is provenas a powerful tool in many disciplines related to geographical area. This projectdeals with the development of GIS and computer based system for police departmentto manage the community in better manner. This system will contribute in givingbeneficial for the police department to planning, analyzing and use it for crimemonitoring. Besides, it helps in managing spatial data and attribute data to bemore effective and systemic by providing spatial analysis, data query and searchcapabilities. The interfaces are more user-friendly to guide the user to understand,visualize, build query and statistical report using spatial and non-spatial data easily.INTRODUCTIONIn crime analysis, law enforcementofficials have to take a look at a largeamount of criminal data then figure outtheir relationships themselves. The adventof desktop computers and easy-to-use GISapplications have allowed crime mappingand analysis [3] to flourish within lawenforcement agencies.In order to encourage a police departmentto efficiently safeguard a community, itis essential that officer is provided withaccurate, organized information in a timelymanner. A GIS can provide a number ofspecialized tools to help dispatchers collectand relay this information to the officerson the scene. This application is speciallydesigned for IPK (Ibu Pejabat PolisKontijen) staffs in crime investigationdepartment to manage their task effectivelythus switch from traditional method tofully decisions support application.OBJECTIVESThe main objective of this project is todevelop the GIS application for policedepartment. It is involves integration ofspatial information and attribute data withgraphical user interface in one system.This is important to make sure the usercan grasp spatial information visually byattribute data.The second objective is to assist the policedepartment officers to analyze crimepattern and to manage spatial and attributedata systematically and easily comparedto the traditional method that is very muchrelying on statistical information and paperfiling system.PROBLEM STATEMENTAs known, advance in computer andinformation technology play major rolesin many disciplines of modern businessenvironment. However, integrating GISinto crime analysis still need specialattention. Graphical User Interface(GUI) is a main factor to consider whiledeveloping the GIS application. This isbecause the use of GIS application inassisting the crime mapping and crimemonitoring could be optimized throughthe system interface which could visualizethe result of crime analysis. Besides,a good user interface design can spellthe difference between acceptance of asoftware product and its failure in themarket. If the end-users find the softwareto be too cumbersome or difficult tounderstand, then an otherwise excellentproduct could be doomed to failure.The goal is to make the software asprofessional looking and easy to use aspossible.Many technological innovations rely uponUser Interface Design to evaluate theirtechnical complexity to a usable product.Technology alone may not win useracceptance and subsequent marketability.The user experience, or how the userexperiences the end product, is the key toacceptance. Besides that, existing systemhas no standard of information that storedinto a database because of no relationshipcreated in database system. As a result,the searching process could not be doneeffectively. Thus, the development ofthis project considers effective GUI withGIS visualization and data manipulationcapabilities.METHODOLOGYThe structured system analysis approachchosen as a methodology for developingthis GIS application. In this exertion,the proposed system will play a role as atool to assist in crime analysis and crimemapping for PDRM. This system is basedon a method used by US Department ofJustice [1] and WEBCAT framework[4]. WEBCAT [2] was developed togive a hand in facilitating crime incidentinformation sharing via online system. Themethod are as follows:1. Prepare the geographic and tabularfiles for geo-coding.2. Specify the geo-coding parameters.3. Machine-learning and text analysis.4. Geo-code.5. Review results.6. If necessary, re-specify parametersand geo-code again.The purpose of using geo-coding is toassign tabular data to a location on theearth’s surface to visualize the spatialcharacteristics of the data. It is analogousto placing a pin on a map in appropriatelocation. Unlike paper map, when geocodingin a geographic informationsystem, data associated with the pin, ordata point, are available. In order to geocodeeither electronically or manually,there must be a common geographic unitof analysis. In law enforcement, addressis primarily used as the geographic unit ofanalysis to which tabular data are geocoded.However, other types of geographicunits are also used such as parcels andpostcodes. In the case of geo-coding,geographic data used for geo-codingare called “reference data” since thegeographic data are used to reference thetabular data.SYSTEM MODELINGThe engine of the system is designedconsidering all possible inputs, outputs,table structure and database structure.Input Forms, Output Reports, Menu Screenand dialogues are parts of GUI design.Figure 1 shows the conceptual systemarchitecture for this system.Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam 3

Spatial InterfacePdRMMGatewayGatewayLEGISQuery and ResponddatabaseFigure 1: Conceptual System Architecture.The front-end of the system was designedfor GUI in ColdFusion MX and MacromediaFlash MX, and for the back-end, MicrosoftAccess stored all the information that arerelated to the system. This web based systemused Apache as web server. The physicalimplementation of logical design is theuser interface. User interface is one of themain parts of the software. To build the userinterface, this project used ColdFusion MXas a platform. Figure 2 shows the navigationflow for the system. This flow shows all theinterfaces through this system. User interfaceconsists of user forms, reports and maps.Ma in Pa ge Statistic Page Ma p PageUser have to login through the gatewayas member to use this system and isauthenticated via registered username andpassword. After police officer enters thecorrect username and password, page ‘Aduan’will be displayed. On this page, user has anoption to add new police report by clickingthe ‘Masukkan Aduan Baru’ option. After thisoption is selected, user has an option eitherto search the existing report or create a newreport.PoliceOfficerLogi n PageInvestigatorAfter the previous stage, investigator willtake an action. An investigator can update orinsert relevant information at particular reportID. For example, after the report no R005 hasbeen created by police officer, the investigatorwill be assigned to handle that R005 case.So, the investigator will search this file byusing the ‘Cari’ (search) function. After that,details of information about case R005 willbe displayed. The investigator needs to createthe case file by entering the investigation caseID or ‘No KES’.Police ReportFormSummar y ofdaily CrimeReportFigure 2: System Navigation Flow.Location of the crime also could be mappedinto this application. Thus, police departmentcan use this information to view the statisticdata (Figure 3) more clearly either attributeor spatial (Figure 4). In this research the copyof police report information can be printedas personal copy. By printing the report,the complainant can easily get the detailinformation of the report.4 Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKSThis work involves the development of thesystem, which integrates GIS element intocrime analysis and crime mapping. This kindof research is a new approach in Malaysia,especially for law enforcement. Ongoingworks still need to be done to enable PDRMto locate and retrieve data from distributedpolice stations and departments. Besidesthat, the system should have capability toallow multiple analytical tasks such as definethe shortest path, buffering analysis, etc.Along with this development, PDRM willgain benefit from the fast and efficient crimeanalysis in terms of planning, analyzingand using it for event modeling, tactical andstrategic planning.REFERENCESFigure 3: Output of Statistic Data.[1] Geocoding in Law Enforcement, FinalReport. U.S Department of Justice,Office of Community Oriented PolicingServices, COPS Publications. August2000. http://www.usdoj.gov/cops/.,2000.[2] Hendrick, J.S., Howell, T.J. London,D.M. Luehrs, E.M. Saliba, M.Brown, D. Dalton, J. Prats, F.B.Johnstone, B. WebCAT: the designand implementation of the Web-basedcrime analysis toolkit. Systems andInformation Engineering DesignSymposium, 2004 IEEE. Pp. 95-103,2004.[3] Hick, S. and Grubb, C., RegionalCrime Analysis Data-Sharing withArcIMS: Kansas City Regional CrimeAnalysis GIS. Twenty-Third AnnualESRI International User Conference SanDiego, California.[4] Martins, B. and Silva, M.J., TheWebCAT Framework AutomaticGeneration of Meta-data for WebResources Martins, Web Intelligence,2005. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference,September 2005, Pp. 236 – 242, 2005.1 Faculty of Information and CommunicationTechnology,Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.Email : zahriah@utem.edu.myEmail : safizah@utem.edu.myFigure 4: Output of Crime Mapping.Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam 5

Noise Exposure Mapping inShopping Complexes UsingGeospatial TechnologyMohamad Arshad bin AwangaAlam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd, No 19 Jalan Astaka U8/84, Bukit Jelutong Business &Technology Centre, 40150 Shah Alam Selangor, Malaysia.KEY WORDS: noise, noise exposure, GIS, GPS, geospatialAbstractEnvironmental noise is a worldwide problem. Noise results from unwanted sound.Most of the people do not realize the noise exposure level in shopping complexes.Policies on noise control have been developed in Malaysia. Noise exposure studiesare carried out to support these policies. Since important decisions are based on theresults of noise exposure studies, it is not only important to quantify noise effects,but also to have information on the these exposure level. However the need forthis information is often discarded. Noise is a common occupational hazard thatleads to one of the most common complaints in the adult population seen by theotolaryngologist – noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). Sound intensity above 80dBA of a sufficient duration may cause temporary or permanent threshold shifts.NIHL is a problem caused by sounds of significant intensity and duration (Rosen,2001). The main objective of the study is to Mapping of Noise Exposure Level inShopping Complex. In order to achieve this, the following activities were carriedout:• Measurement and data collection of noise exposure level using Digital SoundLevel Meter (model 407736): Extech Instruments.• Measurement and data collection of shopping complex locations using RUSSAPocket PC + GPS receiver.• Analysis and Mapping of the Noise Exposure Level.• Development of Noise Exposure Database and Noise Exposure MappingInformation System (NEMIS) Application.This study was conducted in 10 selected shopping complexes in WilayahPersekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya and Selangor.Continuous weekly data were obtained in 10 measurement points using SoundLevel Meter and Global Positioning System (GPS) devices. By using these datain geospatial environment, presentation of the noise information can be donedynamically to the respective user.1. INTRODUCTIONNoise pollution is more illusive than otherpollution problems. It is often mobileand it is variable through time and space.Further, noise pollution is a matter of humanperception related to personal tolerance andtaste.During the last 20 years there has beenincreasing concern with the quality of theenvironment. Along with air and watercontaminants, noise has been recognized as aserious pollutant. As noise levels have risen,the effects of noise have become pervasiveand more apparent. (NPC Library ProtectiveNoise Levels.htm, [referred on 5 October2006]).Noise pollution has become an importantfactor in the development of society, in termsof living comfort and also from an economicpoint of view. The exposure of individualsto noise can cause health problems; undercertain conditions can also affect the workefficiency and general quality of urban life.Community noise (also called environmentalnoise, residential noise or domestic noise)is defined as noise emitted from all sourcesexcept noise at the industrial workplace. Mainsources of community noise include road,rail and air traffic, industries, constructionand public work, and the neighbourhood. Themain indoor sources of noise are ventilationsystems, office machines, home appliancesand neighbours. Typical neighbourhood noisecomes from premises and installations relatedto the catering trade (restaurant, cafeterias,discotheques, etc.); from live or recordedmusic; sport events including motor sports;playgrounds; car parks; and domestic animalssuch as barking dogs. Many countries haveregulated community noise from road and railtraffic, construction machines and industrialplants by applying emission standards, andby regulating the acoustical properties ofbuildings.In contrast, few countries have regulations oncommunity noise from the neighbourhood,probably due to the lack of methods todefine and measure it, and to the difficultyof controlling it. In large cities throughoutthe world, the general population isincreasingly exposed to community dueto the sources mentioned above and thehealth effects of these exposures areconsidered to be a more and more importantpublic health problem. Specific effects tobe considered when setting communitynoise guidelines include: interference withcommunication; noise-induced hearing loss;sleep disturbance effects; cardiovascular andpsychophysiological effects; performancereduction effects; annoyance responses; andeffects on social behaviour. Since 1980,the World Health Organization (WHO) hasaddressed the problem of community noise.Health-based guidelines on communitynoise can serve as the basis for derivingnoise standards within a framework of noisemanagement.In general, noise can be define as unwantedsound, is a universal problem and most ofus have been affected by it at some time inour lives. Research into the perception ofenvironmental noise, such as that carried outin the National Noise Attitude Study, fundedby Defra and carried out by BRE in 1999-2000 showed that approximately 20% of UKrespondents reported that noise spoilt theirhome life to some extent, and 8% reportedthat their home life was spoilt either “quitea lot” or “totally”. As already mentioned,6 Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam

the London Household Survey 2002 hasindicated that 13% of the people surveyedrated road traffic noise a “serious problem”.Although we are still trying to fullyunderstand the links between environmentalnoise and health, it is clear that noise cancause adverse effects on people, includingirritation, annoyance and sleep disturbance.(Department for Environment, Food andRural Affairs (Defra), 2004. Noise MappingEngland. The London Road Traffic NoiseMap)Sound and noise are defined as a vibratorydisturbance created by a moving or vibratingsource that is capable of being detected bythe hearing organs. Noise is specificallydefined as sound that is loud, unpleasant,unexpected, or undesired and may thereforebe classified as a more specific group ofsounds. The effects of noise on people caninclude general annoyance, interference withspeech communication, sleep disturbanceand, in the extreme, hearing impairment.(Caltrans, 1998).Noise is a common occupatianal hazard thatleads to one of the most common complaintsin the adult population seen by theotolaryngologist – noise induced hearing loss(NIHL). Sound intensity above 80 dBA of asufficient duration may cause temporary orpermanent treshold shifts. NIHL is a problemcaused by sounds of significant intensity andduration. (Rosen, 2001).With the advances of informationtechnologies, the study was done to evaluatethe capability of geospatial technology inanalysing and mapping noise exposurelevel in shopping complexes. The fieldwork data collected in shopping complexeswithin Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur,Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya and Selangorwere used to support the study. The fieldworkdata were collected using Digital SoundLevel Meter and RUSSA Pocket PC + GPSreceiver.2. OBJECTIVE OF STUDYThe main objective of the study is toMapping of Noise Exposure Level inShopping Complexes. For the pilot study, thefocus of the study was done on 10 selectedshopping complexes within WilayahPersekutuan Kuala Lumpur, WilayahPersekutuan Putrajaya and Selangor. In orderto achieve this, the following activities werecarried out:• Measurement and data collection ofnoise exposure level using DigitalSound Level Meter (model 407736):Extech Instruments.• Measurement and data collection ofshopping complex locations usingRUSSA Pocket PC + GPS receiver.• Analysis and Mapping of the NoiseExposure Level.• Development of Noise ExposureDatabase and Noise Exposure MappingInformation System (NEMIS)Application.3. LITERATURE REVIEW3.1 Definition of NoiseNoise is defined as “unwanted sound.” Inthe context of protecting the public healthand welfare, noise implies adverse effectson people and the environment. Noisescause hearing loss, interferes with humanactivities at home and work, and is invarious ways injurious to people’s healthand well-being. Although hearing loss isthe most clearly measurable health hazard,noise is also linked to other physiologicaland psychological problems. (Noise ControlManual, David A. Harris)Noise is a common occupational hazard thatleads to one of the most common complaintsin the adult population seen by theotolaryngologist – noise induced hearing loss(NIHL). Sound intensity above 80 dBA of asufficient duration may cause temporary orpermanent treshold shifts. NIHL is a problemcaused by sounds of significant intensity andduration. (Rosen, 2001).Noise is considered to be any unwantedsound that may adversely affect the healthand well being of individuals or populations.Physically, sound is a mechanical disturbancepropagated as longitudinal wave motion inair and other elastic or mechanical media,such as water or steel. Its main features aresound intensity, measured as sound pressureand frequency spectrum indicating thedistribution of the total sound over high andlow frequencies. The spectrum is importantwith respect to the effects of noise on peopleand with respect to the engineering costs toreduce the noise. (WHO, 1980).3.2 Definition of SoundSound is generated by creating a disturbancein the air, which sets up a series of pressurewaves fluctuating above and below the air’snormal at mospheric pressure. The pressurewave propagates in all directions from thesource of sound. Sound travel in the air at aspeed about 330 metres per second. Our earssense these pressure fluctuations, convertthem to electrical impulse and send themto our brain, where they are interpreted assound. (Quirroutte and Warnock, 1985).Sound can travel as vibration waves in solidsor liquids. The term airborne and structureborne sound are used depending on themedium the sound is travelling in time.When the medium in which the noise stars tospread from the source is air, the noise calledairborne; when it starts vibration betweenstructures, it is called structure borne. Thestructure borne noise occurs when wall,floor or other building elements are set intovibration by direct mechanical contact withthe source, such as mechanical equipment orfootstep. (Burberry, 1977).Sound and noise are defined as a vibratorydisturbance created by a moving or vibratingsource that is capable of being detected bythe hearing organs. Noise is specificallydefined as sound that is loud, unpleasant,unexpected, or undesired and may thereforebe classified as a more specific group ofsounds. The effects of noise on people caninclude general annoyance, interference withspeech communication, sleep disturbanceand, in the extreme, hearing impairment.(Caltrans, 1998).Freestanding source of sound movesoutwards in all directions forming a sphericalwave front. Sound waves can be reflected.Sound waves are propagated in straightlines, but if obstruction occurs, waves willdiffracted around the object. Sound intensitydiminishes in proportion to the square ofthe distance from source. (Limpscomb andTaylor, 1978).3.3 Global Positioning System (GPS)ConceptGPS (Global Positioning System) technologyis a worldwide radio navigation systembased on satellites. There are 24 satellitesthat revolve the earth round the clock. Thesesatellites have the capability to determinethe position of an object on earth that comesunder their line of sight. However, in order todetermine the position of an object on earth,GPS requires each of these objects to have aGPS receiver. These GPS receivers tune to aparticular frequency and listen to the signalsBuletin Geospatial Sektor Awam 7

coming from the GPS satellites. The more thenumber of satellites the GPS receivers signalsfrom, the better the accuracy. It has beenproved that if a GPS receiver can processdata from a minimum of three satellites, itcan present a better accuracy. Upon aligningand synchronizing with the satellites, the GPSreceiver receives the location information ofthe object (namely, itself). GPS provides thefollowing information about an object thathas a GPS receiver. These are the latitude, thelongitude, the altitude, the speed at which theobject is moving, the direction of movement,the date and time of reading.3.4 Geographic Information System (GIS)ConceptA Geographic Information System or GISmay be defined as “...a computer-basedInformation system which attempts to capture,store, manipulate, analyze and displayspatially referenced and associated tabularattribute data, for solving complex research,planning and management problems”(Fischerand Nijkamp, 1992).GIS is a special case of information systemswhere the database consists of observationson spatially distributed features, activities orevents, which are definable in space as points,lines, or areas. Basically this definition entailsthe visual display of data on a map. (Clarke2001).GIS is a system whereby spatial data isstored, retrieved, manipulated and viewed.De Mers (1997) and the ESRI website (2004)summarize the processes involved as follows:• A data input system in which spatialdata from various origins are stored andprocessed.• A data storage and retrieval subsystemthat arranges spatial data in such a waythat it may be retrieved, updated andedited.• A data manipulation and analysissubsystem that interacts with the dataand performs modeling functions.• A reporting subsystem that displays theinformation in the database in tabulargraphic, or map form.3.5 Integration of GPS and GIS in NoiseExposure MappingMonitoring the effects of noise is onlypossible with an extensive spatial databaseand spatial analysing tools. Furthermorecomputation force is necessary. GIS formsa powerful set of tools for storing andretrieving, transforming and displaying spatialdata from the real world for a particular set ofpurposes. (Burrough, 1986).GIS contains a database management systemdesigned for spatial data and is therefore avery good system for managing geographicdata. GIS offers the same possibilities as otherdatabase management systems (DBMS) like:• The possibility to manage the data(setting authorisation, integrating data,version managing, verifying data,controlling and supervising accuracy andquality).• Ensuring the integrity and consistencybetween data.• Rapid access to the data• The availability of the data stored in theDBMS to many users and different kindsof applications.Furthermore GIS offers tools and datastructures to deal with the spatial componentof the data. (Bernhardsen, 1999).4. METHODOLOGY4.1 Location of Study AreaBelow is the location sites for the 10selected shopping complexes within WilayahPersekutuan Kuala Lumpur, WilayahPersekutuan Putrajaya and Selangor.1) JUSCO Taman Equine, SeriKembangan, Selangor.2) GIANT Bandar Puteri, Puchong,Selangor.3) TESCO Puchong, Puchong, Selangor.4) Bangsar Village Shopping Complex,Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur.5) Maju Junction Mall, Jalan TAR, KualaLumpur.6) Pertama Complex, Jalan TAR, KualaLumpur.7) SOGO Shopping Centre, Jalan TAR,Kuala Lumpur.8) TESCO Mutiara Damansara, PetalingJaya, Selangor.9) Alamanda Putrajaya, Putrajaya.10) Carrefour Seri Petaling, Bandar BaruSeri Petaling, Kuala Lumpur.4.2 Equipment UsedFor this research study purposes on NoiseExposure Level Mapping, the equipmentsused as below:• Digital Sound Level Meter.• RUSSA Pocket PC and GPS Receiver.4.3 Methodology WorkflowImplementation of the Noise ExposureMapping Information System (NEMIS)application will be divided into 4 majorphases. Phase I will involve data collection,editing, processing and data integration.Phase II will include the databasecreation. Phase III involved in applicationdevelopments and Phase IV for generatesthe outputs in form of graphs and dynamicmaps. Each phases were represent in differentcolours as figure below.Figure 1: Study Area8 Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam

Figure 2: Digital Sound Level Meter and SpecificationsFigure 3: RUSSA Pocket PC and GPS ReceiverData Col lection• Sound Lev el data• GPS d ataAnc illa ry datasets• Admin istrative BoundaryData Pro cessing• Microsof t Excel• Arcvie w GISPro cessedDataSpatial Inte grationQuickTime and adecompressor• data verification / upd ateare needed to see this picture.Phas e IPhas eIIIApplications• nois e Exposure MappingSpatialdat a basePhas eIIPhas e IVOu tputs+Prese ntation o f Nois e Exposure GraphPrese ntation o f Shop pingComp lexes Loc ationFigure 4: Methodology WorkflowBuletin Geospatial Sektor Awam 9

One of the most important elements ofdeveloping Noise Exposure Level Mappingapplication is finding and utilizing theappropriate data. The form of the data iscritical to the overall database design, and thesuccess of the analyses performed with theapplication system.For this study, fieldwork data collection hasbeen done for sound level data and shoppingcomplexes location data. Besides that,ancillary GIS datasets has been obtained fromJUPEM in shapefile format (administrationboundary, town). Later, sound level meter datahas been processed using Microsoft Excel andthe result then exported into GIS environment.After that, the integration data has beendone. The integration has been done betweenattributes data and spatial data which will beused for analysis purposes.Spatial database development is the process ofbuilding the digital database from the sourcedata - maps and tabular files (fieldwork data).A database construction process is dividedinto two major activities:• Creation of digital files from maps,tables and other source documents;• Organization of the digital files into aGIS database using Arcview GIS.After completed of spatial databasedevelopment, Noise Exposure Mappingapplication has been develop using WebpageMaker V2 (an open source software). Usingthis open source software, the output for noiseexposure level can be disseminate through theinternet.5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION5.1 Analysis of DataAnalysis of data were done for 10 selectedshopping centres and 10 observations werehave been done for each selected shoppingcentres. The comparison data will be shown ingraph format as below;1) Graph of Noise Exposure Levelof JUSCO Taman Equine, SeriKembangan, Selangor.2) Graph of Noise Exposure Level ofGIANT Bandar Puteri, Puchong,Selangor.3) Graph of Noise Exposure Level ofTESCO Puchong, Puchong, Selangor.4) Graph of Noise Exposure Level ofBangsar Village Shopping Complex,Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur.5) Graph of Noise Exposure Level ofMaju Junction Mall, Jalan TAR, KualaLumpur.6) Graph of Noise Exposure Level ofPertama Complex, Jalan TAR, KualaLumpur.7) Graph of Noise Exposure Level ofSOGO Shopping Centre, Jalan TAR,Kuala Lumpur.140120100100100806040806040Sound Level 20 (dbA)0806040S ound L evel vs L oc ation G raph20Sound Level (dBA)01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Min dB(A) 68 73 72 73 68 73 74 78 76 69Max dB(A) 75 84 75 76 73 80 87 90 86 73L oc a tionS ound L evel vs L oc ation G raph20Sound Level (dBA)01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Min dB(A) 68 71 70 71 70 76 72 78 76 69Max dB(A) 71 77 72 78 77 83 86 90 86 73L oc a tionS ound L evel vs L oc ation G raph1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Min dB(A) 72 71 75 70 75 82 76 77 68 75Max dB(A) 75 75 78 76 81 115 101 81 80 80L o c a tio n8) Graph of Noise Exposure Level ofTESCO Mutiara Damansara, PetalingJaya, Selangor.9) Graph of Noise Exposure Level ofAlamanda Putrajaya, Putrajaya.10) Graph of Noise Exposure Level ofCarrefour Seri Petaling, Bandar BaruSeri Petaling, Kuala Lumpur.Min dB(A)Max dB(A)Figure 5: Graph of Noise Exposure Level of JUSCO Taman EquineMin dB(A)Max dB(A)Figure 6: Graph of Noise Exposure Level of GIANT Bandar PuteriMin dB(A)Max dB(A)Figure 7: Graph of Noise Exposure Level of TESCO Puchong10 Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam

S ound L evel vs L oc ation G raphS ound L evel vs L oc ation G raph8010075807065Min dB(A)Max dB(A)6040Min dB(A)Max dB(A)60Sound Level (dBA)551 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1020Sound Level (dBA)01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Min dB(A) 65 67 68 66 66 66 67 63 67 69Max dB(A) 70 69 73 68 75 70 72 68 71 73L oc a tionMin dB(A) 67 72 71 73 70 66 66 63 67 69Max dB(A) 80 78 76 76 77 70 72 69 74 73L oc a tionFigure 8: Graph of Noise Exposure Level of Bangsar VillageShopping ComplexFigure 11: Graph of Noise Exposure Level of SOGOShopping CentreS ound L evel vs L oc ation G raphS ound L evel vs L oc ation G raph10010080806040Min dB(A)Max dB(A)6040Min dB(A)Max dB(A)20Sound Level (dBA)01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1020Sound Level (dBA)01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Min dB(A) 75 71 71 72 70 70 66 64 67 69Max dB(A) 81 76 84 75 77 80 73 70 74 73L oc a tionMin dB(A) 69 62 63 70 68 67 69 72 68 72Max dB(A) 79 70 69 78 70 81 75 81 80 76L oc a tionFigure 9: Graph of Noise Exposure Level of Maju Junction MallFigure 12: Graph of Noise Exposure Level of TESCOMutiara DamansaraS ound L evel vs L oc ation G raph12010080Min dB(A)60Max dB(A)40Sound Level (dBA) 2001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Min dB(A) 71 70 71 71 69 68 68 68 67 65Max dB(A) 104 107 79 81 80 74 74 90 85 72L oc a tionFigure 10: Graph of Noise Exposure Level of Pertama ComplexS ound L evel vs L oc ation G raph100806040Min dB(A)Max dB(A)20Sound Level (dBA)01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Min dB(A) 61 66 65 70 75 66 69 70 78 75Max dB(A) 66 70 70 76 81 71 70 81 80 82L oc a tionFigure 13: Graph of Noise Exposure Level of Alamanda PutrajayaS ound L evel vs L oc ation G raph85807570Min dB(A)Max dB(A)65Sound Level (dBA)601 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Min dB(A) 72 71 75 71 72 73 70 77 71 76Max dB(A) 76 75 78 76 78 76 71 81 80 81L o c a tio nFigure 14: Graph of Noise Exposure Level of Carrefour Seri PetalingBuletin Geospatial Sektor Awam 11

T re s ho l d v a l u e , 9 0 dBAFigure 15: Histogram of Noise Exposure Level of All Study Area5.2 DiscussionsMeasurement and data collection of noiseexposure level using Digital Sound LevelMeter were taken at 10 selected shoppingcomplexes. Based on the observation, thelowest noise exposure level was recorded61 (dBA) at Alamanda Shopping Centre,Putrajaya and the highest was recorded115 (dBA) at TESCO Puchong, Selangor.However the average noise exposure leveldata varies between 61 (dBA) to 115 (dBA)depends on the condition in the shoppingcomplexes itself during the date and time theobservation were done.The source of noise exposure level alsovaries. Source of noise from the music, voiceof peoples, nearby noise from vehicles,children screaming were recorded. Duringthe noise exposure level data observation,the surrounding conditions also take intoconsideration. Based on the histogram, itshows that there are 4 shopping complexesexceed the treshold limits.• Pertama Complex• TESCO Puchong• GIANT Puchong• JUSCO EquineBased on the Allowable Factory andMachinery Act 1967, the Action Level is 90(dBA).5.3 Precaution and Assumption MadeDue to the time limitation of the studyand other factors, several precautions andassumption has been made through the studyespecially for measurement considerations.5.3.1 Sound Level Meter MeasurementConsiderationsFor data observation using soundlevel meter, several measurementconsiderations has been made as follow;1) Wind blowing across the microphoneadds extraneous noise to themeasurement.2) Use the supplied windscreen to coverthe microphone when applicable.3) Calibrate the instrument before eachuse if possible. Especially if themeter has not been used for a longperiod of time.4) Do not store or operate the instrumentin areas of high temperature orhumidity.5) Keep meter and microphone dry.6) Avoid severe vibration when usingthe meter.7) Remove the battery when the meter isto be stored for long periods of time.5.3.2 GPS Data MeasurementConsiderationsFor GPS data observation, severalmeasurement considerations hasbeen made as follow;1) Before started any measurement,make sure at least 4 satelliteavailable on the sky to give the x,y, zcoordinate.2) Make sure at least 15 degree skyview to get the better result ofmeasurement.3) Make sure the data need to be takenabout 1-2 minutes observations toget the most accurate data.5.4 Limitation and ProblemsWhile conducting the study, some limitationsand problems were encountered. Some ofthem are as follow;1) Due to the time limitation, the scopeof the study was narrowed.2) The pilot study were selected for 10selected shopping complexes only.The travel distance of each locationof shopping complex quite farfrom each others. So that, its quitetime consuming for fieldwork datacollection purposes.3) The availability of location data/data floor plan/floor plan forshopping complexes. Some of theshopping complex does not havethe appropiate floor plan. Some ofthem only have evacuation planonly whereas there have also the12 Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam

shopping complexes does not haveboth of the informations.4) Editting task for GIS data such asadministrative boundary is very tidyand time consuming.5) Data observation for sound levelmeter need to be taken at least 3times and then average of maximumand minimum of the data observedwere recorded.6. CONCLUSION ANDRECOMMENDATIONS6.1 Conclusions1) The crucial part of the study isfieldwork data collection phase.With the good managementand planning for fieldwork datacollection tasks, it can reduce costand time saving.2) Generally, the noise exposure levelwithin the 10 selected shoppingcomplexes were between 61 (dBA)at Alamanda Shopping Centre,Putrajaya and the highest wasrecorded 115 (dBA) at TESCOPuchong, Selangor. The noiseexposure level recorded weredepends on the condition in theshopping complexes itself duringthe date and time of the observationperiod.3) The source of noise exposure levelalso varies. For example noisefrom the music, voice of peoples,from escalator, nearby noise fromvehicles, children screaming, etc.(Refer Appendix 1 for more details).4) Public awareness and supportin matters of noise environmentprotection has increased. The publicalso need to be educated to reduceof noise exposure level and avoidedto bring along their child andbaby during the peak hours at theshopping complex.5) In totality, we can conclude thatthe noise exposure level in most 10selected shopping complexes abovethe safe limits except one or twoplaces exceed the limits during thepeak hours. Based on the AllowableOSHA Noise Exposure Levels(OSHA Regulations), the ActionLevel is 85 (dBA).6) OSHA’s Permissible ExposureLimits for noise exposure is 90 dBaveraged over an 8-hour work shift.For every 5 dB increase above 90,the number of permissible hours ofexposure is cut in half.7) The Noise Exposure MappingInformation System can be furtherenhance from the aspect securityand module arrangement.In conclusion, the study has successfullyachieved the objective of the study. Themain objective of the study is to mapping ofnoise exposure level in shopping complexesusing geospatial technology. The applicationsuccessfully demonstrate the capability ofintegrating noise exposure level data withGPS data within the geospatial environment.Monitoring the effects of noise is onlypossible with an extensive spatial databaseand spatial analysing tools. Furthermorecomputation force is necessary. GIS formsa powerful set of tools for storing andretrieving, transforming and displayingspatial data from the real world for aparticular set of purposes. (Burrough, 1986).Integration of GIS and noise exposure leveldata has a number of advantages:• GIS can form a link betweengeographical and geometricalinformation of the surroundingsand the noise exposure level data.The integration makes it possible togenerate dynamic noise exposurelevel information using latest ICTtechnology for data dissemination.• GIS contains additional tools forstoring, managing, analysing andpresenting the needed geographicaldata and noise exposure level data.6.2 Recommendations1) Public awareness programmeshould be carried out for allemployees/customers who areworking or visiting at shoppingcomplexes. These employees/customers need to be educated toreduce of noise exposure level andavoided to bring along their childand baby during the peak hours atthe shopping complex.2) Duty scheme in the shoppingcomplexes should be revisedwhereby employees should notworking more than 8 hours ifexposed to the high level of noise.3) Employees who are working inshopping complexes should beeducated with the OSHA Act,Factory and Machinery Act andthe usage of Personal ProtectionEquipment (PPE).4) Every shopping complexes shouldhave or formed the safety and healthcommitee based on the requirementof OSHA (Act 514).5) Recommended that use of hearingprotective devices (earplugs,earmuffs) is permitted only ifengineering and administrativecontrols fail to reduce sound levelswithin the prescribed levels.6) Noise levels need to be monitoredwhen noise levels are known orsuspected to be at or above 85 dBor hearing protective devices arenot sufficient to lower exposure to90 dB. Workers have the right toobserve monitoring procedures andto be notified of monitoring results.7) Records of noise exposure must beretained for two years. Audiometrictest records must be retainedfor the duration of the worker’semployment. Records must be madeavailable to the employee uponrequest.8) Employees exposed at or above85 dB averaged over eight hoursmust be trained on noise hazards.Training must cover the hazards ofexposure to excessive noise levels,reasons for, and proper selection,fitting, and maintenance ofhearing protective devices, and anexplanation of audiometric testing.9) Further study should be includedon study of detail noise inducedhearing loss (NIHL) correlationswith the noise exposure level interm of cost to compensate for thenoise induced hearing loss (NIHL).10) A questionaire method should beincluded to get the real data fromthe employees/workers in theshopping complexes.11) Dynamic/remote sound level meterwhich capable to transmits thenoise exposure level data shouldbe develop to help the authority(DOSH) to monitor the noiseexposure level in the shoppingcomplexes for enforcement actionpurposes.12) Additional data to support moreaccurate noise exposure levelmonitoring system should beobtained for further enhancementof noise exposure mappinginformation system application.Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam 13

13) Further requirements and studyshould be initiated by respectiveauthority to help the public/employees aware the long termeffect of the higher noise exposurelevel.14) Development of real time earlywarning system for noise exposurelevel which exceed the treshold limitas per OSHA requirements.15) Need further study to includenot only sources in the shoppingcomplexes itself, but correlatesalso with the outside factors liketraffic flow, heavy raining, etc.As we know most probably allthe shopping complexes locationis nearby the main road. So allthe noise parameters need to takeconsiderations.16) The Authority should adopt newtechnical guidelines on the riskassessment on noise exposure at theworkplace.ReferencesBERNHARDSEN, T., (1999). Geographic Information Systems, an introduction. New York:John Wiley & Sons.BURROUGH, P.A., (1986). Principles of Geographical Information Systems for LandResource Assessment. Oxford: Clarendon Press.BURBERRY, P., (1977). Environment and Services. (8th ed.). Pearson Education Limited,England.BURNS, W., (1973). Noise and Man. (2nd ed.). JP Lippincott, Philadelphia.CLARKE, K.C, (2001). Getting started with geographical information systems 3rd ed. NewJersey: Prentice Hall.CUNNIFF, P.F., (1977). Environmental Noise Pollution, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CALTRANS), Technical NoiseSupplement, October, 1998a.CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CALTRANS), Noise Analysisand Abatement, 1998b.DAVID A. HARRIS, (2006). Noise Control Manual.Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.DAVID LIPSCOMB AND ARTHUR TAYLOR, (1978). Noise Control, Handbook ofPrinciples and Practices. Van Nostrand Reinhold Ltd., New York.DE MERS, M.N., (1997). Fundamentals of geographic information systems. New York:USA.ESRI. (2004). What is GIS. http://www.gis.com [referred on 5 October 2006]).GOODCHILD, M.F., P.A.LONGLEY, D.J.MAGUIRE AND D.W.RHINE, (1999).Geographical Information Systems Volume 2, Management Issues and Applications.New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.NPC, (2006). Library Protective Noise Levels.htm, [referred on 5 October 2006]).ROSEN, E.J., (2001). Noise Induced Hearing Loss, Grand Rounds Presentation, UTMB,Department of Otolaryngology.QUIROUTTE, R.L., WARNOCK, A.C.C., (1985). Basic of Noise Control, Building Insight,http://www.nrc.ca/irc/bsi/90-2.html.WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), (1980). Summary of Noise, EnvironmentalHealth Criteria No. 12, Geneva.14 Buletin Geospatial Sektor Awam