Safe Practices in Night Work - National Work Zone Safety ...
Safe Practices in Night Work - National Work Zone Safety ...
Safe Practices in Night Work - National Work Zone Safety ...
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<strong>Night</strong> <strong>Work</strong>• <strong>Work</strong> takes place dur<strong>in</strong>g night hours• Roadway restored every day
Necessary Conditions for <strong>Night</strong><strong>Work</strong>• Reduced traffic/bus<strong>in</strong>ess impact• Easy reconfiguration of traffic control
Advantages• Reduced traffic volume• Better access to work site• Longer work shifts – maybe• Cooler temperatures• Reduced bus<strong>in</strong>ess impact
Concerns• Visibility• <strong>Work</strong> quality• Staff<strong>in</strong>g issues• Noise & glare• <strong>Work</strong>er & driver alertness• Impaired drivers• Higher speeds• Cost – labor, materials, traffic control• Logistics, supervision
Concerns<strong>Work</strong>ersafety
Roadway <strong>Work</strong>er Deaths Dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Night</strong> Operations:What Do the Data Show?Stephanie Pratt<strong>National</strong> Institute forOccupational <strong>Safe</strong>tyand HealthCenters for DiseaseControl and Prevention
Data SourceCensus of FatalOccupational Injuries,1992-2000Identified fatalitiesus<strong>in</strong>g:Coded dataKeyword searchesNarratives
<strong>Work</strong>er Deaths <strong>in</strong> <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s910 worker deaths 1992-2000826 (91%) were vehicleor equipment-related(traffic vehicle,construction vehicle, orboth)
Deaths80706050403020100<strong>Work</strong>er Fatalities <strong>in</strong> Roadway <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s, by Timeof Day, 1992-2000 (n=726*)12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11a.m.Hourp.m.*Excludes 184 cases for which time of <strong>in</strong>cident was not reported.Source: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, special research file (excludes NYC)
<strong>Work</strong>er Fatalities <strong>in</strong> Highway <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s, by LightConditions, 1992-2000 (n=729*)700600500Deaths4003002001000Daylight Twilight DarknessLight Conditions* Excludes 181 cases for which light conditions could not be determ<strong>in</strong>ed.Source: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, special research file (excl. NYC)
<strong>Work</strong>er Fatalities <strong>in</strong> Highway <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s, by LightConditions and Year, 1992-2000 (n=910)140Deaths1201008060Total (<strong>in</strong>cludes unknowns)Daylight40200Twilight or darkness1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000YearSource: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, special research file (excludes NYC)
<strong>Work</strong>er Fatalities <strong>in</strong> Highway <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s, by LightConditions and Person Type, 1992-2000 (n=910)Deaths450400350300250200150100500DaylightTwilight ordarknessLight ConditionsUnknown<strong>Work</strong>er on footOperatorPassengerOther body positionUnknownSource: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, special research file (excl. NYC)
<strong>Work</strong>er Fatalities <strong>in</strong> Highway <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s, by LightConditions and Vehicle Type, 1992-2000 (n=910)400Deaths350300250200150100500DaylightTwilight ordarknessLight ConditionsUnknownConstructionTrafficBothSource: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, special research file (excl. NYC)
<strong>Work</strong>er Fatalities <strong>in</strong> <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s Dur<strong>in</strong>g Twilight orDarkness, by Vehicle Type and Person Type, 1992-2000(n=88)6050Deaths40302010<strong>Work</strong>er on footOperatorPassenger/other0Traffic onlyConstructiononlyVehicle TypeBothSource: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, special research file (excludes NYC)
45<strong>Work</strong>er Fatalities <strong>in</strong> <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s Dur<strong>in</strong>g Twilight orDarkness, by Detailed Vehicle Type, 1992-2000 (n=95)Deaths4035302520151050PickupCarDumpOtherOtherTruck Mach<strong>in</strong>e Other vehicle Other sourceDetailed Vehicle TypeSource: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, special research file (excludes NYC)
<strong>Work</strong>er Deaths <strong>in</strong> <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s by Activity -- Daylight vs.Twilight or DarknessFlagg<strong>in</strong>g<strong>Work</strong>er ActivitySett<strong>in</strong>g/remov<strong>in</strong>gTCDMa<strong>in</strong>tenanceRoad repair0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80DeathsTwilight/darknessDaylightSource: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, special research file (excl. NYC)
<strong>Work</strong>er Deaths <strong>in</strong> <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s Dur<strong>in</strong>g Twilightand Darkness (n=95)What Factors Contributed?Traffic vehicle entered work area (37)Impaired driver (9)<strong>Work</strong>er stepped <strong>in</strong>to path of traffic vehicle (7)<strong>Safe</strong>ty equipment not <strong>in</strong> use (7)<strong>Work</strong>er struck by mach<strong>in</strong>e part (5)Back<strong>in</strong>g (5)
Deaths80706050403020100<strong>Work</strong>er Fatalities <strong>in</strong> Highway <strong>Work</strong> <strong>Zone</strong>s, byVehicle Type and Year, 1992-2000 (n=797)Construction vehicleTraffic vehicle1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000YearBothSource: Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, special research file (excludes NYC)
Take-Home Messages<strong>Work</strong> at night is notresponsible for theoverall <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong>worker deathsPlann<strong>in</strong>g for safenight operationsshould address bothconstruction vehiclesand traffic vehicles
<strong>Night</strong>time <strong>Safe</strong>ty Concerns• Irresponsible driver behavior• High speed• Driver confusion• <strong>Work</strong> space <strong>in</strong>trusions• Poor visibility• Irresponsible worker behavior
NCHRP 476Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for Design and Operation of<strong>Night</strong>time Traffic Control forHighway Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance and Construction
Guidel<strong>in</strong>e Goals• Bridge gap – MUTCD and the needs for<strong>Night</strong> <strong>Work</strong>• Provide operational guidance
Basis of Guidel<strong>in</strong>es• MUTCD• Agency guidel<strong>in</strong>es and experience• Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g pr<strong>in</strong>ciples• Experience of researchers
PoliceEnforcement
Effective Driver Information
Channeliz<strong>in</strong>g and Guid<strong>in</strong>gDevices• Channeliz<strong>in</strong>g device types• Device spac<strong>in</strong>g• Retroreflectivity• Condition• Impact performance and ballast• Warn<strong>in</strong>g lights• Pavement mark<strong>in</strong>gs• Del<strong>in</strong>eation
Other Traffic Control Devicesand <strong>Safe</strong>ty Features• Changeable message signs• Flash<strong>in</strong>g arrow panels• Temporary signals• Rumble strips• Crash cushion• Shadow vehicles with TMA• Traffic barriers• Arrestor nets and <strong>in</strong>trusion alarms
Light<strong>in</strong>g Requirements• Illum<strong>in</strong>ation requirements by task• Illum<strong>in</strong>ation criteria• Pav<strong>in</strong>g and mill<strong>in</strong>g operations• Uniformity and glare• Equipment and systems• Light<strong>in</strong>g plan
High Visibility Apparel
Overview of <strong>Night</strong> workConcerns• <strong>Night</strong> work entails additional risks• <strong>Night</strong> work can be safe for workers andtravelers• Enhanced traffic controls reduce risks• Plann<strong>in</strong>g is critical for safe, efficientoperations
Key References for <strong>Night</strong> <strong>Work</strong>• MUTCD Part 6• NCHRP Report 475 - Procedure• NCHRP Report 476 - Guidel<strong>in</strong>es• NCHRP Res. Results Digest 216 -Light<strong>in</strong>gwww.trb.orghttp://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov
Take Home MessagesFor<strong>Safe</strong> <strong>Night</strong> <strong>Work</strong>
Adequate Enforcement
Clear Driver Guidance
Effective Channelization
<strong>Work</strong>er <strong>Safe</strong>ty Features
High Visibility Apparel
EffectiveLight<strong>in</strong>g
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